Colchic Rainforests and Wetlands
Country
Georgia
Inscribed in
2021
Criteria
(ix)
(x)
The conservation outlook for this site has been assessed as "good" in the latest assessment cycle. Explore the Conservation Outlook Assessment for the site below. You have the option to access the summary, or the detailed assessment.
The property comprises seven component parts, within an 80km long corridor along the warm-temperate and extremely humid eastern coast of the Black Sea. They provide a series of the most typical Colchic ecosystems at altitudes ranging from sea level to more than 2,500 metres above it. The main ecosystems are ancient deciduous Colchic rainforests and wetlands, percolation bogs and other mire types of the distinct Colchic mire region. The extremely humid broad-leaved rainforests comprise a highly diverse flora and fauna, with very high densities of endemic and relict species, with significant numbers of globally threatened species and relict species, which survived the glacial cycles of the Tertiary. © UNESCO
Summary
2025 Conservation Outlook
Finalised on
11 أكتوبر 2025
Good
Current state and trend of VALUES
Good
Overall THREATS
Overall PROTECTION and MANAGEMENT
Full assessment
Description of values
Ancient rainforests persisting over glacial cycles with characteristic vertical zoning and ecological succession
Criterion
(ix)
The Colchic rainforests are among the most humid temperate rainforests in the world and rank among the oldest nemoral broad/leaved forests globally. While they are distinguished from other temperate forests by their rich evergreen understoreys, they also display a remarkably dense mosaic of forest types, with 23 forest associations co-existing within an area of only about 200 km2. Together with the Hyrcanian forests, they are the most important relicts of Arcto-Tertiary forests in western Eurasia. Their peculiar and diverse community, which has survived the Pleistocene glacial cycles, includes a multitude of relict and endemic species. It reflects exceptionally constant climatic conditions and is an invaluable example of the manifold long-term evolutionary processes of forest biota over at least 10-15 million years (State Party of Georgia, 2019).
Diversity of mires and unique percolations bogs, and their ecological processes including the associated peatlands
Criterion
(ix)
Extensive paludified areas along the Black Sea coast due to the warm-temperate and very humid climate, which is extremely favourable for the growth of mires. Their exceptional character has led to the
recognition of a distinct Colchis mire region. Of particular global importance are their percolation bogs, which exist nowhere else in the World and can be considered the simplest and hence “ideal” mire type, due to almost permanent water supply exclusively by precipitation. Percolation bogs are essential for the functional
understanding of all mires, and hence of terrestrial carbon storage in general. The region is characterized by an entire series of mire types, which together form a globally un-paralleled successional continuum.
he attributes noted as
significant under criterion (ix) are the ecological
processes related to the Colchic Rainforests, the
ecological processes related to the Colchic mires and
associated peatlands and the evolutionary processes
related to the flora and fauna of the Colchic Centre of
Plant Diversity Euxinian-Colchic ecoregion. The
attributes noted as significant under criterion (x) are
species richness, restricted range species and
Threatened species (State Party of Georgia, 2019).
recognition of a distinct Colchis mire region. Of particular global importance are their percolation bogs, which exist nowhere else in the World and can be considered the simplest and hence “ideal” mire type, due to almost permanent water supply exclusively by precipitation. Percolation bogs are essential for the functional
understanding of all mires, and hence of terrestrial carbon storage in general. The region is characterized by an entire series of mire types, which together form a globally un-paralleled successional continuum.
he attributes noted as
significant under criterion (ix) are the ecological
processes related to the Colchic Rainforests, the
ecological processes related to the Colchic mires and
associated peatlands and the evolutionary processes
related to the flora and fauna of the Colchic Centre of
Plant Diversity Euxinian-Colchic ecoregion. The
attributes noted as significant under criterion (x) are
species richness, restricted range species and
Threatened species (State Party of Georgia, 2019).
Diversity of vertebrates and invertebrates including relict species
Criterion
(x)
The property records almost 500 species of vertebrates, plus a high number of invertebrate species. It hosts an extremely high – for a non-tropical, non-island region – proportion of endemic species. The contribution of endemic species to herpetofauna and mammals of the region (excl. bats) is 28%. Among these species are many relict species, which survived the glacial cycles of the Tertiary in this glacial refuge area and hence provide a window into the ancient past of Eurasia’s natural
heritage. Some of the Caucasian relict species, such as Nordmann’s fir and Caucasian Salamander, have been isolated for over 14-15 millions of years from their closest relatives elsewhere. Of outstanding importance are also the gene pool and species which dispersed after the glaciations from the Colchic Rainforests and
Wetlands to pan-Europe and northern Eurasia (State Party of Georgia, 2019).
heritage. Some of the Caucasian relict species, such as Nordmann’s fir and Caucasian Salamander, have been isolated for over 14-15 millions of years from their closest relatives elsewhere. Of outstanding importance are also the gene pool and species which dispersed after the glaciations from the Colchic Rainforests and
Wetlands to pan-Europe and northern Eurasia (State Party of Georgia, 2019).
Evolution and ongoing speciation of flora and fauna in a glacial refuge area
Criterion
(x)
This relict community has survived first the Pleistocene glacial cycles and later historical anthropogenic pressures in the very inaccessible Colchic rainforests and – to a lesser degree – wetlands. This community includes a high diversity of animals and plants not adapted to cold climate. Survival of this community has
been possible only in this persistent system with its exceptionally constant climatic conditions. These allowed tertiary species to survive in spite of regularly and deep cooling, which drove many species to extinction elsewhere (State Party of Georgia, 2019).
been possible only in this persistent system with its exceptionally constant climatic conditions. These allowed tertiary species to survive in spite of regularly and deep cooling, which drove many species to extinction elsewhere (State Party of Georgia, 2019).
Presence of large mammal species
The property harbours healthy populations of large mammal species that are not listed as globally threatened, but which are important in the regional context, including European Brown Bear (Ursus arctos– LC), Grey Wolf (Canis lupus – LC) and European Lynx (Lynx lynx – LC). (State Party of Georgia, 2019). These species play key ecological roles as apex predators and keystone species, contributing to the regulation of prey populations and overall ecosystem balance. Their presence indicates the ecological integrity of the site and the availability of extensive, undisturbed habitats.
Colchic ecoregion and climate refuge
The property is located in the Colchic biogeographical area, part of the Euxinian Colchic ecoregion, recognized as an important climate refuge due to consistent warm and humid climate and proximity to the Black Sea (IUCN, 2021). The region’s role as a long-term refuge has enabled the survival of numerous relict, endemic, and ancient lineages of flora and fauna, contributing to its exceptional biodiversity and ecological processes. This function remains critical under current and future climate change scenarios, making it globally significant for biodiversity conservation.
Rare and relict biodiversity of Ispani Mire
The composition of the Ispani Mire is a peatland complex is unique, as the water level is very constant without groundwater feeding, due to the evenly distributed annual precipitation. This uniformity allows the wetland to be remarkably biodiverse, hosting rare and relict vegetation communities and supporting the migration of globally threatened species such as the critically endangered sociable lapwing (Vanellus gregarius) and the vulnerable eastern imperial eagle (Aquila heliaca). Other noteworthy species are also found, such as the European otter (Lutra lutra), the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and the white-headed duck (Oxyura leucocephala) (Ramsar, 2020).
Assessment information
Current threats regarding poaching, development and agricultural use are considered low, largely due to focused management efforts by the State Party to protect the property’s World Heritage values. The expansion of the buffer zones and investment in the overall protection and management provides increased resilience for the component parts. Invasive species and pathogens remain a key threat and should continue to be a particular point of the current monitoring programme, undertaken by the managing agency. The recently announced port development near components 3-7 will need to carefully managed to ensure protection of the property's Outstanding Universal Value.
Shipping Lanes
(Development of ports and shipping facilities in region)
Outside site
The Anaklia Deep Sea Port close to component areas 3-7 was put on hold in 2020 (IUCN, 2020). In May 2024 the Georgian Minister of Economy and Sustainable Development announced the awarding of the contract to develop the port (Medabde, 2024). In 2023 the World Heritage Committee adopted the minor boundary modification to extend the northern buffer zone of component 7, as well as buffer zones of components 3 and 6 totalling 1023 ha in all (IUCN, 2023). On adoption, these buffer zone extensions were afforded the same legally established protected area designation as those buffer zones that are already inscribed. Extensive EIA and mitigation measures will need to be carefully monitored to ensure no impacts to the World Heritage values of component areas 3-7 as the project progresses.
Pathogens
(Diseased Colchian Box Tree and Chestnut Tree)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
The Colchian Box Tree (Buxus colchica) and Chestnut Tree (Castanea spp.) face significant threats from diseases such as Boxwood Blight and Chestnut Blight. These diseases not only compromise the health of these key species but also impact the broader ecosystem, affecting wildlife dependent on these trees for habitat and food (IUCN Consultation, 2024a).
Invasive Non-Native/ Alien Species
(Invasive Species)
Invasive/problematic species
Calonectria pseudonaviculata
Cydalima perspectalis
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
Invasive alien species are likely to be found in all components, however tend to be located in the buffer zones. Invasive alien species generally are not found in the core areas, except for a very small amount represented in the Mtirala –Kintrishi component. Two non-native pests from East Asia, the Box Tree Moth (Cydalima perspectalis), and the Fungus (Calonectria pseudonaviculata) have damaged a large proportion of the Boxwood of the Colchic rainforests in the Mtirala –Kintrishi component, but regrowth and recovery has been observed since 2018. In 2020 the Agency of Protected Areas initiated the preparation of an Invasive Alien Species management plan (IUCN, 2020). Current status of management actions and outcomes to reduce impact of these alien species is currently unknown.
Hunting, Collecting & Controlling Terrestrial Animals, Logging, Harvesting & Controlling Trees
(Poaching and illegal logging)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Outside site
Poaching can be an issue in localized areas of the property which threatens wildlife populations as it targets species for illegal trade or subsistence. In the surrounding areas of Mtirala National Park particularly there are issues of illegal logging and poaching (IUCN, 2024a)
Annual & Perennial Non-Timber Crops, Terrestrial Animal Farming, Ranching & Herding
( Agricultural Activities)
Outside site
Local agricultural practices, including the use of harmful pesticides and fertilizers, contribute to habitat degradation and water pollution. Low levels of eco-awareness among local populations exacerbate these issues, as the importance of conservation may not be fully understood or prioritized (IUCN, 2024a).
Involvement of stakeholders and rightsholders, including indigenous peoples and local communities, in decision-making processes
Stakeholder involvement in planning and management of protected areas in Georgia is legally prescribed in the 1966 Law of Georgia on the System of Protected Areas and implemented through Regional Advisory Boards (specific for each protected area), which bring together representatives of municipalities, institutions active in the region, resource users and other important stakeholders (IUCN, 2021). There are active Junior Ranger Programmes (Mtirala National Park) and Friends Associations (the Kintrishi Protected Areas), which act as further catalysts of local stakeholder support and communications of the protected areas contributing to the components (State Party of Georgia, 2019).
Legal framework
The protected areas system of Georgia is based on the 1996 “Law of Georgia on the System of Protected Areas”. All individual protected areas contributing to the World Heritage property are legally established based on laws which are passed by parliament. All of the seven components of the property are state-owned, which includes 3 National Parks (Mtirala National Park, most parts of Kintrishi National Park, and some parts of Kolkheti National Park) two strict nature reserves (Kintrishi and Kobuleti Strict Nature Reserve), one Managed Reserve (Kobuleti Managed Reserve, Buffer Zone) . The component parts that are part of national parks are either within their strict protection zones or their visitor zones. The visitor zones of national parks differ from strict protection zones only in that they are accessible for visitors along marked trails and provide for small-scale visitor infrastructure (State Party of Georgia, 2019).
Governance arrangements
The component areas of the Colchic Rainforests and Wetlands are managed as branches of the Agency of Protected Areas of Georgia (APA). APA is a Legal Entity of Public Law, which was established in 2008 as a result of institutional reform and reports to the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Agriculture of Georgia. They report to the Agency’s headquarters in Tbilisi and are financed from the central government budget through APA. Therefore all somponent protected areas belong to the same institution. APA’s “primary responsibility is to manage Georgia’s strict nature reserves, national parks, natural monuments, managed reserves, protected landscapes, biosphere reserves, world heritage sites and wetland sites of international importance” (State Party of Georgia, 2019).
In preparation for the World Heritage listing, the State Party developed, in cooperation with local and national stakeholders, a draft “Integrated Management and Monitoring Framework" for the property.
Although the framework does not replace the legally binding management plans of individual component protected areas, it establishes a mechanism for their coordinated implementation and monitoring, which focuses particularly on management actions and procedures to maintain, enhance and present the Outstanding Universal Value of the entire property (State Party of Georgia, 2019).
In preparation for the World Heritage listing, the State Party developed, in cooperation with local and national stakeholders, a draft “Integrated Management and Monitoring Framework" for the property.
Although the framework does not replace the legally binding management plans of individual component protected areas, it establishes a mechanism for their coordinated implementation and monitoring, which focuses particularly on management actions and procedures to maintain, enhance and present the Outstanding Universal Value of the entire property (State Party of Georgia, 2019).
Integration into local, regional and national planning systems (including sea/landscape connectivity)
Several of the municipalities surrounding the component areas of the property have developed plans for their spatial development. These plans fully recognize and support the existence of the protected areas contributing to the series, and the need for their management as per the individual site management plans. The Agency of Protected Areas of Georgia as a key institutional stakeholder is always involved in consultations during the development of these plans (State Party of Georgia, 2019) which assists in ensuring a consistent approach to the different component areas.
Boundaries
The State Party undertook minor boundary modifications to enhance protection and management of components in 2023 as recommended by the World Heritage Committee (UNESCO, 2021). Of particular note is that buffer zones were increased in some areas in-between components – particularly the lower Rioni River, which flows between components No. 5 and No. 6, and contain key river habitat for the critically endangered sturgeon.
The State Party has undertaken an extension of Kolkheti National Park to include the lower reaches of the Rioni River. This extension increased Nabada’s buffer zone by 190 ha through a new buffer zone section separated from the existing buffer zone and covering the lower part of the Rioni River. The Rioni River represents important habitats for six Critically Endangered sturgeon species. The area corresponds with a newly created Strict Protection Zone of Kolkheti National Park (IUCN, 2023). The minor boundary modification was adopted by the World Heritage Committee in 2023.
In nearly all components, the buffer zone mostly follows the borders of the Traditional Use Zones and Managed Protection Zones (State Party of Georgia, 2019).
The increase of the buffer zone extension is expected to have positive impacts and increase the integrity of the property. This is mainly due to permitted activities being more strictly controlled and therefore reducing threats arising from alterations to the hydrological regime, peat extraction, nutrient and pesticide input from agriculture and encroachment from infrastructure development. It will improve the hydrological and ecological connectivity and resilience of the component parts, where appropriate, and support the re-colonization of sturgeon from the Rioni River to other areas (IUCN, 2023).
The State Party has undertaken an extension of Kolkheti National Park to include the lower reaches of the Rioni River. This extension increased Nabada’s buffer zone by 190 ha through a new buffer zone section separated from the existing buffer zone and covering the lower part of the Rioni River. The Rioni River represents important habitats for six Critically Endangered sturgeon species. The area corresponds with a newly created Strict Protection Zone of Kolkheti National Park (IUCN, 2023). The minor boundary modification was adopted by the World Heritage Committee in 2023.
In nearly all components, the buffer zone mostly follows the borders of the Traditional Use Zones and Managed Protection Zones (State Party of Georgia, 2019).
The increase of the buffer zone extension is expected to have positive impacts and increase the integrity of the property. This is mainly due to permitted activities being more strictly controlled and therefore reducing threats arising from alterations to the hydrological regime, peat extraction, nutrient and pesticide input from agriculture and encroachment from infrastructure development. It will improve the hydrological and ecological connectivity and resilience of the component parts, where appropriate, and support the re-colonization of sturgeon from the Rioni River to other areas (IUCN, 2023).
Overlapping international designations
The Colchic Rainforests and Wetlands contain two Ramsar sites in two component areas. The Ispani Mire Ramsar site and the Wetlands of Central Kolkheti Ramsar site (Ramsar, 2024), however the effectiveness of these overlapping designations in regard to their management remains unclear.
Implementation of World Heritage Committee decisions and recommendations
The Committee in 2021 strongly encouraged the State Party to submit the proposed extensions of the buffer zones of the Churia component part towards the North and of the Nabada component part to support the conservation of the sturgeon population as a minor boundary modification, if possible, by 1 February 2023. Other recommendations included to: continue to assess the feasibility of expanding the buffer zones around component parts 4, 5, 6, and 7 to ensure that they have higher connectivity, and to provide further details of the conclusions of this feasibility study to the World Heritage Centre. The State Party subsequently submitted minor boundary modifications to increase the buffer zones and support sturgeon conservation. The boundary modifications were endorsed by the WH Committee in 2023. The State Party undertook a feasibility study and further concluded that another buffer zone extension would be possible in the medium term, as soon as the legal basis and the relevant management regime has been established. This second buffer zone extension would consist of seven areas being added to the existing buffer zones. The feasibility study concluded that the creation of a continuous buffer zone encompassing the Imnati/Pitchori, Nabada and Churia component parts would not be feasible for socio-economic reasons and not necessary to protect the property’s OUV (IUCN, 2023).
The WH Committee also recommended that the State Party finalize the Joint Management Plan for the entire serial property as a matter of priority and submit it to the World Heritage Centre for review by IUCN (UNESCO, 2021).The State Party has submitted the 'Integrated Management and Monitoring Framework (IMMF)' which serves as the Joint Management Plan for property, for review to UNESCO in 2024 (IUCN, 2024b).
The WH Committee also recommended that the State Party finalize the Joint Management Plan for the entire serial property as a matter of priority and submit it to the World Heritage Centre for review by IUCN (UNESCO, 2021).The State Party has submitted the 'Integrated Management and Monitoring Framework (IMMF)' which serves as the Joint Management Plan for property, for review to UNESCO in 2024 (IUCN, 2024b).
Climate action
insufficient data/unknown
Management plan and overall management system
All protected areas in Georgia are required to have legally binding management plans (IUCN, 2021). The management plans of the seven components are guided by dedicated regulations and management plans which are valid for six years (two three-year operational planning phases). The State Party has finalised its 'Integrated Management and Monitoring Framework' which is considered to be the joint management plan for the property (IUCN, 2024b). This will provide a strong enabling framework for the coordinated management of all the component areas that report to the Agency of Protected Areas. The centralised approach to protected area administration helps ensure that all component parts receive adequate oversight and that there is a consistent approach to management of the component parts in relation to management planning and resource allocation (IUCN, 2021).
Law enforcement
The administrations of the component protected areas support each other with regard to guarding and patrolling, to prevent any illegal activities, such as illegal natural resources use (e.g. illegal logging, poaching, illegal collection of wild plants). This is achieved via exchange of experiences and good practice in relation to law enforcement and the use of surveillance tools, patrol planning, detection of violations and other relevant ranger competencies. The site's protection and patrolling program outlines key objectives to assist in protection and conservation of the areas values in relation to illegal use of natural resources, especially poaching of wild animals and illegal logging.
APA supports site managers through the organization of training courses on these competencies within the framework of its internal capacity building activities (State Party of Georgia, 2019).
APA supports site managers through the organization of training courses on these competencies within the framework of its internal capacity building activities (State Party of Georgia, 2019).
Sustainable finance
Financial resources for the management of the component areas are in place and sufficient to support the management systems set out by their management plans (State Party of Georgia, 2019).
Core funding for the protected areas has remained relatively stable, and there has been a growing interest from international partners and donors, including the Caucasus Nature Fund (CNF) who continues to provide crucial financial support to two of the national parks (IUCN, 2024b). CNF provides operational costs, including conservation activities, infrastructure improvements, capacity building, and biodiversity research. This support also extends to providing salary supplements, monitoring key species within biodiversity, implementing various projects and activities, raising awareness among local communities, and facilitating staff training programs.
In addition to operational funding, APA works with various international donors to improve the infrastructure (including visitor infrastructure) and organizational capacity of the protected areas. Examples include the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency. Their support has included assistance for master plans for Sustainable Ecotourism Development for Mtirala and Kolkheti National Parks and the Kintrishi Protected Areas; waste management plans for Kobuleti and Kintrishi Protected Areas and Kolkheti National Park; as well as support through the provision of fire and waste management equipment, and contributing to enhancing staff qualifications through various training programs (IUCN, 2024b).
Core funding for the protected areas has remained relatively stable, and there has been a growing interest from international partners and donors, including the Caucasus Nature Fund (CNF) who continues to provide crucial financial support to two of the national parks (IUCN, 2024b). CNF provides operational costs, including conservation activities, infrastructure improvements, capacity building, and biodiversity research. This support also extends to providing salary supplements, monitoring key species within biodiversity, implementing various projects and activities, raising awareness among local communities, and facilitating staff training programs.
In addition to operational funding, APA works with various international donors to improve the infrastructure (including visitor infrastructure) and organizational capacity of the protected areas. Examples include the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency. Their support has included assistance for master plans for Sustainable Ecotourism Development for Mtirala and Kolkheti National Parks and the Kintrishi Protected Areas; waste management plans for Kobuleti and Kintrishi Protected Areas and Kolkheti National Park; as well as support through the provision of fire and waste management equipment, and contributing to enhancing staff qualifications through various training programs (IUCN, 2024b).
Staff capacity, training and development
The capacity and resourcing of the local protected areas administrations to manage the Colchic Rainforests and Wetlands is sufficient, but could be improved. The Agency of Protected Areas and its partners continue to improve capacity and resourcing, in cooperation with local stakeholders, municipalities, and international partners. Three international cooperation projects have invested in infrastructure, equipment, training, management capacity and institutional development of the three largest protected areas (i.e. Kolkheti National Park, Mtirala National Park and Kintrishi Protected Areas). Kintrishi Protected Areas and Mtirala National Park receive operational funding support from the Caucasus Nature Fund, an ecoregional conservation trust fund. A National Capacity Building Plan for Protected Area Staff was developed in 2016, and is being implemented (State Party of Georgia, 2019).
The APA supports staff capacity building initiatives such as the organization of training courses on these tourism and visitor competencies within the framework of its internal capacity building activities (State Party of Georgia, 2019). More recently the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency has contributed to enhancing staff qualifications through various training programs including participating in study tours to Sweden to enhance their professional expertise (IUCN, 2024b).
The APA supports staff capacity building initiatives such as the organization of training courses on these tourism and visitor competencies within the framework of its internal capacity building activities (State Party of Georgia, 2019). More recently the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency has contributed to enhancing staff qualifications through various training programs including participating in study tours to Sweden to enhance their professional expertise (IUCN, 2024b).
Education and interpretation programmes
The visitor services of the component protected areas exchange experience and good practice and initiate joint initiatives in relation to interpretation and environmental education e.g. on production of information and interpretation materials, establishment of exhibitions in their visitor centres, joint school outreach programmes, and a joint presence at relevant national and international meetings and conferences. Community outreach activities are prescribed in the individual management plans, the administrations of the component protected areas cooperate in developing and conveying communications messages related to the conservation of the Outstanding Universal Value of the series for local community outreach, including local information and consultation events regarding the property (State Party of Georgia, 2019). The administrations of the component protected areas, in cooperation with their existing Friends’ Associations (where relevant) and other relevant stakeholders, established a joint Junior World Heritage Ranger Programme with coordinated event schedules, information materials and mutual visits, with a focus on the properties World Heritage status and Outstanding Universal Value (State Party of Georgia, 2019). The administrations of the different component areas host various events, eco-educational activities, and community education programs (IUCN, 2024b).
Since receiving World Heritage status, the Agency of Protected Areas has been actively working on developing the Colchic Rainforests and Wetlands as a strong and recognizable brand. Efforts have been made to ensure that the site's identity is consistently reflected across various documents and branded products. Informational brochures, booklets, and accessories featuring the UNESCO logo are regularly produced, providing both textual and visual information about the site. These materials are prominently presented at international events, exhibitions, and other promotional activities, which significantly enhance the visibility and recognition of the property (IUCN, 2024b).
Since receiving World Heritage status, the Agency of Protected Areas has been actively working on developing the Colchic Rainforests and Wetlands as a strong and recognizable brand. Efforts have been made to ensure that the site's identity is consistently reflected across various documents and branded products. Informational brochures, booklets, and accessories featuring the UNESCO logo are regularly produced, providing both textual and visual information about the site. These materials are prominently presented at international events, exhibitions, and other promotional activities, which significantly enhance the visibility and recognition of the property (IUCN, 2024b).
Tourism and visitation management
Tourism appears well managed, with only localised impacts and relatively low numbers of visitation (IUCN, 2021). There is adequate infrastructure of trails, viewpoints, access, along well-established circuits, and professional and or local guides are available at most of the components. Visitor services of the component protected areas exchange experience and good practice in relation to tourism (State Party of Georgia, 2019).
Under the guidance of the Agency of Protected Areas, the administrations of individual components of the property coordinate the implementation of their existing sustainable tourism and visitation strategies, so that the overall impact of tourism does not impair the Outstanding Universal Value and visitor experience is optimized at the same time (State Party of Georgia, 2019).
Under the guidance of the Agency of Protected Areas, the administrations of individual components of the property coordinate the implementation of their existing sustainable tourism and visitation strategies, so that the overall impact of tourism does not impair the Outstanding Universal Value and visitor experience is optimized at the same time (State Party of Georgia, 2019).
Sustainable use
Although in the past there has been use of resources including fire wood collection and hunting, only small parts of the buffer zones of some of the component areas are affected by traditional natural resource use. At the time of inscription, the property was not considered to suffer from excessive adverse effects of unsustainable resource use. The population in the valleys of Mtirala-Kintrishi protected area has decreased significantly in the last one hundred years, leading to a reduction of pressures from fuel wood use, grazing and other natural resource use. Rainforest areas have been and continue to be protected against adverse affects from logging and other resource use, because of their remoteness and inaccessibility (State Party of Georgia, 2019).
Fuelwood is harvested legally by local communities in a regulated manner in the buffer zone of Mtirala-Kintrishi component areas. Modest totals of 178 m3 and 159 m3 of fuel wood were harvested by local inhabitants under the control of APA from the entire buffer zone in 2017 and 2018, respectively. APA considers that these amounts are fully sustainable and do not compromise the effectiveness of the buffer zone, or the Outstanding Universal Value of Mtirala-Kintrishi component area (State Party of Georgia, 2019). The APA ensures that the cumulative effect of sustainable natural resource use in the traditional use zones of all component protected areas is monitored and kept to such a level that the integrity of the Outstanding Universal Value of the entire property is maintained or enhanced (IUCN Consultation, 2024b).
Fuelwood is harvested legally by local communities in a regulated manner in the buffer zone of Mtirala-Kintrishi component areas. Modest totals of 178 m3 and 159 m3 of fuel wood were harvested by local inhabitants under the control of APA from the entire buffer zone in 2017 and 2018, respectively. APA considers that these amounts are fully sustainable and do not compromise the effectiveness of the buffer zone, or the Outstanding Universal Value of Mtirala-Kintrishi component area (State Party of Georgia, 2019). The APA ensures that the cumulative effect of sustainable natural resource use in the traditional use zones of all component protected areas is monitored and kept to such a level that the integrity of the Outstanding Universal Value of the entire property is maintained or enhanced (IUCN Consultation, 2024b).
Monitoring
The monitoring regime of the protected areas contributing to the series is prescribed in their respective management plans. Monitoring is conducted by the administrations of the component protected areas, and coordinated by APA. Consistent standardized monitoring methodologies are used to monitor the conservation status of the main attributes of Outstanding Universal Value of the series (State Party of Georgia, 2019). The data is collected centrally and is regularly updated to ensure comprehensive tracking of the condition of these attributes. This monitoring process includes a variety of indicators related to ecological, cultural, and environmental factors, which are crucial to maintaining the integrity of the site. APA ensures that this data is systematically compiled and analysed (IUCN, 2024b).
The indicators and monitoring protocols build on existing initiatives of biodiversity monitoring in Georgian protected areas, such as those of the Caucasus Nature Fund, UNDP, the Kolkheti Fund, Shota Rustaveli University Batumi, Greifswald University, Ilia State University Tbilisi, the NGO NACRES, and the KfW-funded Support Programme for Protected Areas in Georgia (State Party of Georgia, 2019).
The indicators and monitoring protocols build on existing initiatives of biodiversity monitoring in Georgian protected areas, such as those of the Caucasus Nature Fund, UNDP, the Kolkheti Fund, Shota Rustaveli University Batumi, Greifswald University, Ilia State University Tbilisi, the NGO NACRES, and the KfW-funded Support Programme for Protected Areas in Georgia (State Party of Georgia, 2019).
Research
Biodiversity research is carried out by a variety of researchers from several different countries, and data are made available to the national park administration. Rangers also undertake research such as the installation of camera traps and disease monitoring, although capacity could be improved. All the research results are presented to the national park administration and reports and articles sent to the national park administration and the Agency of Protected Areas. All the data is combined and stored in one overall database (State Party of Georgia, 2019).
The nomination dossier outlined a number of areas of improvement to enhance the property's biodiversity conservation and research programme, and it is currently unclear if these have been implemented.
The nomination dossier outlined a number of areas of improvement to enhance the property's biodiversity conservation and research programme, and it is currently unclear if these have been implemented.
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats outside the site
The managing agency, APA, is a key stakeholder in regional planning proposals and actively participates in these processes. Several existing ports and shipping facilities exist A small oil terminal constructed in 2008 undertook a full EIA process to understand potential impacts on components 3-7. None were identified and monitoring and disaster response plans have been developed, with periodic reports required to be sent to the Ministry. APA along with the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Agriculture of Georgia stays involved in decision making that relates to the port area (IUCN 2020). Given the deliberate stakeholder involvement in various protected areas components that make up the property, the legal planning requirements and the promotion of the property by APA, the management system and governance is considered adequate to identify and address emerging potential threats to the property that originate from outside its boundaries.
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats inside the site
The various systems and governance currently in place including the centralised system which is overseen by Georgian Agency of Protected Areas; the legal requirements of each individual component to have management plans in place; the community outreach and stakeholder engagement; along with and the development of the Integrated Management and Monitoring Framework which ensures coordinated management, monitoring, and conservation of the site, promotes an effective way to assist in addressing threats inside the property. However funding for addressing identified threats may be a concern should there be requirement to substantially fund any threats that arise.
The various systems and governance currently in place including the centralised system which is overseen by the Georgian Agency of Protected Areas, the legal requirements of each individual component to have management plans in place, the strong community outreach and stakeholder engagement, along with and the development of the Integrated Management and Monitoring Framework ensures coordinated management, monitoring, and conservation of the site and promotes an effective way to assist in addressing threats inside the property. However funding for addressing identified threats may be a concern in the future should there be requirements to substantially fund any threats that arise. Recent developments include the strengthening of staff capacity through targeted training programs and the integration of advanced monitoring technologies, which enhance the agency’s ability to track ecological changes and respond proactively. Additionally, increased collaboration with local communities and stakeholders has fostered greater support for conservation initiatives, while efforts to diversify funding sources are underway to ensure long-term financial sustainability. These measures collectively contribute to improved adaptive management and resilience of the property’s values.
Good practice examples
The Georgian Agency of Protected Areas (APA) exemplifies best practice through its centralized management approach, which ensures consistent protection of the property's Outstanding Universal Value. Successful initiatives include community engagement programs, integrated monitoring systems, and sustainable tourism development that balances visitor access with conservation needs.
Ancient rainforests persisting over glacial cycles with characteristic vertical zoning and ecological succession
Good
Trend
Stable
The Colchic rainforests are some of the oldest and most natural deciduous forests in Western Eurasia (Nakhutsrishvili et al. 2011). Their status as one of the oldest and best preserved examples of temperate broad-leaved forests worldwide is considered unchanged since inscription. The structural intactness of the Colchic rainforests is proven by the continuous forest cover and natural species composition and age distribution (State Party of Georgia, 2019) with no major threats identified to the ancient rainforests.
Diversity of mires and unique percolations bogs, and their ecological processes including the associated peatlands
Good
Trend
Stable
The structural intactness of the Colchic wetlands – particularly the peatlands – can be deduced from the physical (peat profiles, overall shape, and surface characteristics), chemical (e.g. pH, nutrient concentrations) and biological characteristics (e.g. peat decomposition over depth, species composition) of each of the property's mires. The lowland component areas of the series contain either entire mires (Ispani, Imnati, Nabada, Grigoleti) or mires with their surrounding forest areas (Pitshora). A small exception is Churia mire, where a 50m wide stripe of mire has been excluded from Kolkheti National Park and is not managed for any other purpose than nature conservation (State Party of Georgia, 2019).
The mires of Ispani, Imnati, and Grigoleti are ombrotrophic, i.e., exclusively or predominantly fed by atmospheric precipitation. This makes them hydrologically relatively independent of upstream water input from neighbouring rivers and streams. The minerotrophic mires of Pitchori, Nabada and Churia are also partly rain-fed.
The rain-fed percolation bogs Ispani 2 and Imnati have very high vertical mire oscillation capacity, which compensates absolute water level fluctuations, leading to permanent high relative water levels. This effect, which occurs in Grigoleti and Pitshora mire in reduced form, buffers the mire system against external hydrological disturbance (Weber, 1902).
All six mires of the series are located in the immediate vicinity of the sea. The fresh groundwater lens on which they have grown is stabilized by coastal forcing from the underlying saltwater layer, which adds to the stabilizing effect of the other factors as discussed above. The Nabada and Churia mires with their flat surface and only low elevation above sea water level are situated in the largest subsidence area of the Colchic Lowlands, guarantying a continuous peat accumulation.
While the seaward buffer zones of some component areas are narrow or even missing in some areas (e.g. Nabada, Churia mires) they all have extensive buffer zones on the landward, upstream side. Significant parts of these buffer zones are forested, which leads to a further stabilization of the hydrological regimes affecting the functional integrity of the property's mires
(State Party of Georgia, 2019). Overall the mires are considered intact enabling these ecological processes to continue with no significant threats identified.
The mires of Ispani, Imnati, and Grigoleti are ombrotrophic, i.e., exclusively or predominantly fed by atmospheric precipitation. This makes them hydrologically relatively independent of upstream water input from neighbouring rivers and streams. The minerotrophic mires of Pitchori, Nabada and Churia are also partly rain-fed.
The rain-fed percolation bogs Ispani 2 and Imnati have very high vertical mire oscillation capacity, which compensates absolute water level fluctuations, leading to permanent high relative water levels. This effect, which occurs in Grigoleti and Pitshora mire in reduced form, buffers the mire system against external hydrological disturbance (Weber, 1902).
All six mires of the series are located in the immediate vicinity of the sea. The fresh groundwater lens on which they have grown is stabilized by coastal forcing from the underlying saltwater layer, which adds to the stabilizing effect of the other factors as discussed above. The Nabada and Churia mires with their flat surface and only low elevation above sea water level are situated in the largest subsidence area of the Colchic Lowlands, guarantying a continuous peat accumulation.
While the seaward buffer zones of some component areas are narrow or even missing in some areas (e.g. Nabada, Churia mires) they all have extensive buffer zones on the landward, upstream side. Significant parts of these buffer zones are forested, which leads to a further stabilization of the hydrological regimes affecting the functional integrity of the property's mires
(State Party of Georgia, 2019). Overall the mires are considered intact enabling these ecological processes to continue with no significant threats identified.
Diversity of vertebrates and invertebrates including relict species
Good
Trend
Stable
Most of the fauna that are considered attributes of the property (e.g. endemic and globally threatened herpetofauna, mollusks, small mammals) are relatively immobile and have relatively small home ranges and local distribution areas. While limited information is available about the conservation status of
individual species within the property, no specific evidence has emerged about dramatic deteriorations of conservation status or of local extinctions (State Party of Georgia, 2019) and are considered stable and intact enabling these ecological processes to continue. No significant threats appear to affect the species diversity of the property.
individual species within the property, no specific evidence has emerged about dramatic deteriorations of conservation status or of local extinctions (State Party of Georgia, 2019) and are considered stable and intact enabling these ecological processes to continue. No significant threats appear to affect the species diversity of the property.
Evolution and ongoing speciation of flora and fauna in a glacial refuge area
Good
Trend
Stable
Survival of the relict communities has been possible due to the persistent system of an exceptionally constant climatic conditions. This has allowed tertiary species to survive in spite of regularly and deep cooling. At the time of nomination in 2019 the functional ancient Colchic rainforests of the relevant component areas (Mtirala-Kintrishi, Pitchori and Churia) were considered to be in a good overall state of conservation (state Party of Georgia, 2019). Overall the status of the relict communities is considered stable enabling these ecological processes to continue with no significant threats identified.
Assessment of the current state and trend of World Heritage values
Stable
The World Heritage values appear stable since the time of inscription in 2021. The overall community structure and diversity of flora and fauna of the component areas is considered to be in a natural or very near-natural state. The mires of the Colchic Rainforests and Wetlands are considered fundamentally intact, which is demonstrated by the ongoing natural processes involved in their function such as Sphagnum growth, peat decomposition, and mooratmung. The forests of the component areas were also considered to be in a near-pristine state, whereas the forests of the buffer zone are sufficiently intact to support and protect ecosystem functionality within the property. Some of the property's buffer zones have been extended since inscription, adding to the property's overall protection and conservation. In relation to the conservation status of globally threatened, endemic and relict species as pertinent to World Heritage criterion x, limited information is available about the conservation status of individual species within the property, however no specific evidence has emerged regarding any deteriorations of conservation status or of local extinctions. The managing agency continues to monitor and collect data on the conservation status of the main attributes of Outstanding Universal Value. The data is collected centrally and is regularly updated to ensure comprehensive tracking of the condition of these attributes. This monitoring process includes a variety of indicators related to ecological, cultural, and environmental factors, which are crucial to maintaining the integrity of the sites.
Assessment of the current state and trend of other important biodiversity values
Good
Stable
In addition to the World Heritage values, other key biodiversity components within the property, such as migratory bird populations, amphibians, and freshwater species, appear stable with no significant declines reported (IUCN Consultation, 2025). Habitat connectivity within and beyond the property supports species movement and genetic exchange. Continued habitat protection and restoration efforts contribute positively to maintaining overall ecosystem resilience and biodiversity health.
Additional information
Carbon sequestration,
Soil stabilisation
The mires and peatlands contribute to significant carbon sequestration, aiding climate regulation.
Nearby development and potential wetland drainage threaten carbon storage capacity
History and tradition,
Sacred natural sites or landscapes,
Sacred or symbolic plants or animals,
Cultural identity and sense of belonging
Local communities maintain sustainable practices that preserve cultural heritage and biodiversity.
Some pressure from modernization, but traditional knowledge remains strong
Provision of jobs,
Tourism-related income
Tourism activities have grown, with increasing focus on sustainability and visitor education to minimize impacts.
Infrastructure development and visitor management challenges may affect habitat and water quality
Importance for research
Ongoing research programs contribute to a better understanding and management of the property’s biodiversity.
Climate variability may impact long-term research conditions and species behavior
The Colchic Rainforests and Wetlands World Heritage site generates a range of key benefits that support both biodiversity conservation and local communities. It provides vital habitat for threatened and endemic species, contributing to the preservation of global biodiversity. The site’s extensive mires and peatlands play a significant role in carbon storage and climate regulation, helping mitigate climate change. Traditional land-use practices maintained by local communities sustain cultural heritage while promoting biodiversity-friendly resource use. Sustainable tourism is growing, offering economic opportunities and raising awareness about conservation. Additionally, ongoing research and monitoring enhance understanding of ecological processes, informing effective management and long-term protection of the site’s Outstanding Universal Value.
References
| № | References |
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| 1 |
IUCN (2021). World Heritage Nomination- IUCN Technical Evaluation Colchic Rainforests and Wetlands (Georgia). [online] Gland Switzerland. Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1616/documents/ [Accessed 29 November 2024].
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| 2 |
IUCN (2023). IUCN Technical Evaluation Report, Minor Boundary Modification Proposal, Colchic Rainforests and Wetlands (Georgia). [online] Gland, Switzerland. Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1616/documents/ [Accessed, 29 November 2024.
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| 3 |
IUCN Consultation (2024a). IUCN World Heritage Confidential Consultation form: Respondent 1. Colchic Rainforests and Wetlands World Heritage Area, Georgia.
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| 4 |
IUCN Consultation (2024b). IUCN World Heritage Confidential Consultation form: Respondent 2. Colchic Rainforests and Wetlands World Heritage Area, Georgia.
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| 5 |
Menabde, G. (2024) [online] Georgia’s Anaklia Deep-Water Port Becomes Chinese Geopolitical Project. Available at: https://jamestown.org/program/georgias-anaklia-deep-water-p… [Accessed 31 December 2024].
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| 6 |
Nakhutsrishvili, G., Zazanashvili, N. and Batsatsashvili, K. (2011). ‘Regional Profile: Colchic and Hyracanic Temperate Rainforests of the Western Eurasian Caucasus’. In DellaSala, D. (ed.) Temperate and Boreal Rainforests of the World pp. 250–257, Island Press, Washington, DC.
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| 7 |
Ramsar (2020) Ispani Mire Ramsar Information Sheet. Ramsar Sites Information Service. [online] https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/894 [Accessed 14 December 2024]
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| 8 |
State Party of Georgia (2019) Nomination of Colchic Rainforests and Wetlands as a World Heritage Site. [online] Tblisi, Georgia: Agency of Protected Areas. Available at: [Accessed 4 December 2024]
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| 9 |
State Party of Georgia (2020) State Party supplementary information for the nomination of Colchic Rainforests and Wetlands as a World Heritage Site. [online] Tblisi, Georgia: Agency of Protected Areas. Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1616/documents/ [Accessed 3 December 2024]
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| 10 |
UNESCO (2021) [online] Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1616/documents/ Accessed 29 November 2024
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| 11 |
Weber, C.A. (1902). Über die Vegetation und Entstehung des Hochmoores in Augstumal im Memeldelta mit vergleichenden Ausblicken auf andere Hochmoore der Erde. [On vegetation and genesis of the raised bog of Aukstumal in Memel delta, with comparisons to other bogs worlswide]. 252 p. Berlin: Paul Parey. (in German).
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