Ischigualasto / Talampaya Natural Parks
Country
Argentina
Inscribed in
2000
Criterion
(viii)
The conservation outlook for this site has been assessed as "good with some concerns" in the latest assessment cycle. Explore the Conservation Outlook Assessment for the site below. You have the option to access the summary, or the detailed assessment.
These two contiguous parks, extending over 275,300 ha in the desert region on the western border of the Sierra Pampeanas of central Argentina, contain the most complete continental fossil record known from the Triassic Period (245-208 million years ago). Six geological formations in the parks contain fossils of a wide range of ancestors of mammals, dinosaurs and plants revealing the evolution of vertebrates and the nature of palaeo-environments in the Triassic Period. © UNESCO
Summary
2025 Conservation Outlook
Finalised on
11 أكتوبر 2025
Good with some concerns
Current state and trend of VALUES
Good
Overall THREATS
Overall PROTECTION and MANAGEMENT
Full assessment
Description of values
A complete sequence of fossiliferous continental sediments representing the entire Triassic Period
Criterion
(viii)
This site is one of the rare natural World Heritage sites inscribed exclusively according to criterion (viii). The two contiguous protected areas jointly comprising it contain a complete sequence of fossiliferous continental sediments representing the entire 45 million years of geological history of the Triassic Period. No other known place in the world has a comparable fossil record revealing the evolution of vertebrate life and the nature of palaeoenvironments in the Triassic Period (World Heritage Committee, 2014). Thereby, the site is of extraordinary scientific importance (IUCN, 2000).
Rare and endemic species
The World Heritage site with a total surface area of some 275,000 hectares hosts important biodiversity values. Specifically, the site is home to a relatively intact desert and scrubland environment in the Sierras Pampeanas mountains, the habitat of several endemic, near threatened or culturally valuable species of flora and fauna, including mammals, birds and reptiles (World Heritage Committee, 2014; UNEP-WCMC, 2011; IUCN, 2000).
Important species worth mentioning include the Near Threatened Pampas cat (Leopardus colocolo), Chacoan naked-tailed armadillo (Cabassous chacoensis), Southern three-banded armadillo (Tolypeutes matacus), Pichi (Zaedyus pichiy), Mara or Patagonian hare (Dolichotis patagonum), and Greater rhea (Rhea americana); the Vulnerable Chaco tortoise (Chelonoidis chilensis), Collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) and Andean condor (Vultur gryphus), the Endangered Chaco eagle (Buteogallus coronatus) and the Least Concern
Guanaco (Lama guanicoe) and Jaguarundi (Herpailurus yagouaroundi) (Alonso Roldán et al., 2019; Camino et al., 2019; Cirignoli et al., 2019; IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2025; IUCN Consultation, 2025).
The system is also inhabited by two ratite species categorized as Vulnerable: Rhea americana and Pterocnemia pennata (Aves Argentinas).
Chica riojana (Ramorinoa girolae) is a tree-shrubby endemic species of monte desert, distributed only in La Rioja, San Luis and San Juan provinces, in Argentina. About 5 % of its distribution area is protected inside PNT. Trichocereus terscheckii is a cacti endemic species of arid lans in Argentina, classified as Vulnerable.
Important species worth mentioning include the Near Threatened Pampas cat (Leopardus colocolo), Chacoan naked-tailed armadillo (Cabassous chacoensis), Southern three-banded armadillo (Tolypeutes matacus), Pichi (Zaedyus pichiy), Mara or Patagonian hare (Dolichotis patagonum), and Greater rhea (Rhea americana); the Vulnerable Chaco tortoise (Chelonoidis chilensis), Collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) and Andean condor (Vultur gryphus), the Endangered Chaco eagle (Buteogallus coronatus) and the Least Concern
Guanaco (Lama guanicoe) and Jaguarundi (Herpailurus yagouaroundi) (Alonso Roldán et al., 2019; Camino et al., 2019; Cirignoli et al., 2019; IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2025; IUCN Consultation, 2025).
The system is also inhabited by two ratite species categorized as Vulnerable: Rhea americana and Pterocnemia pennata (Aves Argentinas).
Chica riojana (Ramorinoa girolae) is a tree-shrubby endemic species of monte desert, distributed only in La Rioja, San Luis and San Juan provinces, in Argentina. About 5 % of its distribution area is protected inside PNT. Trichocereus terscheckii is a cacti endemic species of arid lans in Argentina, classified as Vulnerable.
Scenic values
The Ischigualasto / Talampaya Natural Parks contain "scenic landscapes and features of great aesthetic and cultural value" (IUCN, 2000). Striking landscape features include the red sandstone cliffs in Talampaya National Parkt and, in Ischigualasto Provincial Park, white and multi-coloured sediments creating a stark landscape named “Valle de la Luna" or "Valley of the Moon” (World Heritage Committee, 2014; NASA, 2023).
Value of local communities in nature conservation
Although there are no Indigenous communities within the parks, numerous settlements in the surrounding areas of both parks rely on local natural resources, particularly firewood and grazing lands for livestock. These local communities play an important role in conserving and protecting the values present within the parks and their surrounding areas (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
Assessment information
There are no significant threats to the exceptional geological values of the site besides illegal collection of fossils, which is hard to prevent, especially in light of limited staffing and enforcement capacity. There are various other threats, especially to the other important biodiversity values of the site, which are clearly identified in the management plans for both the national and the provincial protected area. They include feral and domestic livestock, invasive plant species, the impacts of roads, tourism, poaching, livestock-puma conflict and livestock grazing. All require effective management responses. From an admittedly narrow perspective of the specific justification for the World Heritage inscription of the site, the threats to the Outstanding Universal Value of the site are considered low.
Recreational Activities
(Illegal collection of fossils by visitors)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Due to the high number of tourists, park rangers or professional tour guides cannot keep all the tourists accompanied, and some can wander about unsupervised. Consequently, rocks with fossils are collected illegally by visitors on some occasions (IUCN, 2000; Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019). Increased recreational and touristic demand is not being sufficiently addressed currently and requires further management response (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019).
Recreational Activities
(Waste from visitors and erosion from vehicle and motorcycle traffic)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Outside site
The number of tourists visiting the site in recent years is increasing rapidly (Radio Don, 2022; SI San Juan, 2023; Tiempo de San Juan, 2024; INFOVALLEFERTIL, 2024; Rioja Política 2024; Diario Urbano, 2025; INFOVALLEFERTIL, 2025). Most visitation occurs in a few selected parts of the World Heritage site, in particular Valle de la Luna and Cañón de Talampaya (the Valley of the Moon and the Talampaya Gorge) (World Heritage Committee, 2014). Occasionally, access by off-road motorcycles has been reported (UNEP-WCMC, 2011). The impacts include littering and localized erosion from vehicle traffic in addition to some vandalism of rock art predating the establishment of the protected areas (UNEP-WCMC, 2011). The State Party of Argentina (1999) referred to waste as a "significant environmental pressure" at a time when visitor numbers were well below current numbers. In addition, human presence leads to waste generated by the packaging of sodas, cookies, cigarettes, and similar items.
Roads, Trails & Railroads
(Direct and indirect impacts of roads)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Two main roads (National Roads Nº150 and 76) run through the site, the latter being where most road kills of wildlife have been registered. Other risks associated with roads include disturbance, alien species invasions and increased access of illegal hunters (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019). A small population of guanacos (Lama guanicoe) within the Provincial Park (Cappa et al., 2017; Cappa et al., 2019) and a species of lizzard (Liolaemus riojanus) (Kass, 2019) are potentially affected by the roads. Additionally, the presence of roads and vehicle traffic have facilitated the introduction of Salsola kali, an invasive species of plant (unpublished data). The number of animal accidents caused by vehicular traffic has remained relatively stable for the past few years. During the pandemic of COVID 19, there was a noticeable decrease in roadkill incidents due to reduced traffic (State Party of Argentina, 2023).
Invasive Non-Native/ Alien Species
(Introduced wild and feral domestic mammal species)
Invasive/problematic species
Lepus europaeus
Equus asinus
Bos taurus
Sus scrofa
Equus caballus
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
European hare (Lepus europaeus) is widespread and so are feral donkeys (Equus africanus asinus), horse (E. ferus caballus), and cattle (Bos primigenius taurus), the latter being three remnants of the former use of the site for livestock grazing (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019). Feral pigs (Sus scrofa) have also been recorded in the Talampaya National Park but not in Ischigualasto Provincial Park, although their complete distribution remains unclear (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019). It is important to note that the impacts currently generated by livestock on the ecosystem are minimal due to their low density (<2 individuals/km²).
Hunting, Collecting & Controlling Terrestrial Animals, Logging, Harvesting & Controlling Trees
(Poaching and illegal collection of firewood)
Other targeted species names
Lama guanicoe, Dolichotis patagonum, Geoffroy's Cat, Chelonoidis chilensis, Puma concolor.
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
Poaching of wildlife occurs within and near the site targeting guanacos (Lama guanicoe), maras (Dolichotis patagonum) and Geoffroy's Cat (Leopardus geoffroyi) (APN, 2019). Illegal extraction of Chaco tortoise (Chelonoidis chilensis) has also been recorded. Illegal logging of native trees for various uses (firewood, handicrafts, medicinal use) is a deeply rooted cultural practice that have increased due the accessibility provided by the National Road Nº 76 (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019).
Invasive Non-Native/ Alien Species
( Alien invasive plant species)
Invasive/problematic species
Tamarix ramosissima
Salsola kali
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Within the protected area, there are two highly invasive species. An incipient invasion of the tamarind (Tamarix ramosissima), associated with the channels of the temporary channels, has been detected next to riparian areas and roads. Control actions have been developed in PNT to eradicate population of this species in intangible zones (Pollice et al., 2024). Dense tamarisk forests and thickets modify water courses, reduce availability of ground and superficial water, increase soil salinity and affect the frequency and intensity of fire events, all of these undesirable effects especially in desert areas (Gobierno de la Provincia de San Juan, 2015; Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019).
The other invasive species present is the Russian thistle (Salsola kali), which has entered the Ischigualasto Provincial Park with the construction of a sector of National Route 150, but has not yet entered the Talampaya NP. To combat this invasive species in Ischigualasto Provincial Park, controlled burns and manual extractions were carried out since 2017, along with constant monitoring in nearby areas (Huarpe, 2017; Giannoni, 2024). Its life cycle was also studied to determine the optimal moments for intervention. In 2023, only four plants were found in the park’s tourist circuit. However, its total eradication is not considered possible, making continuous monitoring essential to keep the problem under control (Conicet, 2023). Although invasive plant species present a high threat to the other important biodiversity values of the site, they are a low threat to the key attributes for which the site was inscribed for under the World Heritage Convention.
The other invasive species present is the Russian thistle (Salsola kali), which has entered the Ischigualasto Provincial Park with the construction of a sector of National Route 150, but has not yet entered the Talampaya NP. To combat this invasive species in Ischigualasto Provincial Park, controlled burns and manual extractions were carried out since 2017, along with constant monitoring in nearby areas (Huarpe, 2017; Giannoni, 2024). Its life cycle was also studied to determine the optimal moments for intervention. In 2023, only four plants were found in the park’s tourist circuit. However, its total eradication is not considered possible, making continuous monitoring essential to keep the problem under control (Conicet, 2023). Although invasive plant species present a high threat to the other important biodiversity values of the site, they are a low threat to the key attributes for which the site was inscribed for under the World Heritage Convention.
Terrestrial Animal Farming, Ranching & Herding
(Livestock grazing )
Inside site
, Widespread(15-50%)
Outside site
Cattle, horses, and donkeys from neighbouring lands freely enter the site for grazing, thereby altering the composition of the native vegetation, soil integrity and competing with native herbivores (UNEP-WCMC, 2011; Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019). Neighbours' non-authorized domestic cattle graze in around 40% of the National Park. According to the National Wildlife Survey of 2024, the impact of the presence of wild cattle is greater than that of the presence of exotic plant species, for kex biodiversity values. Negative effects of trampling by livestock include surface materials fragmentation, landslides and/or marks on sites of archaeological importance (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019). Reus et al. (2017) did not find important overlaps in food resource use between native herbivores (Octomys mimax, Dolichotis patagonum and Lama guanicoe) and exotic herbivores (Bos taurus, Equus asinus and Lepus europaeus) at the Ischigualasto Provincial Park, because of the low densities of exotic species currently present in that area. It was found that the presence of cattle causes changes in the activity patterns of guanacos. The native ungulates generally present a unimodal pattern with a midday peak, but in the areas where cattle are present, the guanaco switch to a bimodal activity pattern (Cappa et al., 2020). The managers of Talampaya National Park and Ischigualasto Provincial Park are actively working on actions to reduce the number of livestock at the site (State Party of Argentina, 2023). In addition, some species, such as donkeys, have shown a positive relationship with Neltuma flexuosa saplings (Cappa et al., 2022).
Due to the low threat on the fossiliferous continental sediments for which the site was inscribed, the rating is low, although the threat is high in relation to the rare and endemic species of the site.
Due to the low threat on the fossiliferous continental sediments for which the site was inscribed, the rating is low, although the threat is high in relation to the rare and endemic species of the site.
Other Human Disturbances
(Livestock - predator conflict)
Inside site
, Widespread(15-50%)
Outside site
In Argentina, the puma is the predator with the widest distribution and the most frequently recorded conflicts. These conflicts are primarily related to livestock predation, with calves, foals, sheep, and goats being the most common domestic prey (Palmeira et al., 2015; Lucherini et al., 2018; Guerisoli et al., 2021). As a result, livestock farmers generally hold a negative view of this animal, as it is one of the most significant causes affecting their production (Campos et al., 2021). The conflict between predators and livestock typically leads to the death of the problematic carnivore (culling). Although this activity is infrequent and occurs outside protected areas, these predators have large territories, and their elimination is likely to cause changes in the population within protected areas.
Mining has been reported to pose a potentially high threat. If the "Famatina" and "Vicuñita" mining projects materialized, this could adversely affect the area. The impacts of increased visitation on wildlife needs to be monitored carefully.
Mining & Quarrying
(Mining in the surroundings of the site)
Outside site
While there was small-scale coal extraction in Ischigualasto before the establishment of the protected area and mining continues to play a role in adjacent communities (UNEP-WCMC, 2011), currently mining does not pose a major threat to the World Heritage site. WWF (2016) concludes that this site would be affected by oil exploitation in Talampaya river basin headwaters and by uranium mining in the areas of influence. The Provincial Park management plan refers to the mining development in the region (Gobierno de la Provincia de San Juan, 2015). Accidents while transporting dangerous substances throughout the roads that run across the site also pose potential risks. Moreover, in 2023, a report by the Federal Investment Council on mining policy and development noted that management effectiveness is at an acceptable level. However, strictly protected conservation areas cover only 3% or less in key ecoregions such as the Dry Chaco, Monte Alto, and Monte Bajo. Ischigualasto lies within the Monte Alto ecoregion, where strictly protected areas represent just 2.6% of the territory. This reveals a significant protection gap for these ecosystems and highlights potential tensions between provincial mining policy and protected area planning frameworks (Szenkman, 2023). In the future, if the "Famatina" and "Vicuñita" mining projects materialized, this could adversely affect the area (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019). Recently, a company has expressed its intention to explore La Vicuñita, among other mines, for gold extraction (Nueva Rioja, 2025). Additionally, projects such as Josemaría are located in high seismic hazard zones and involve the planned construction of large-scale infrastructure, including tailings dams up to 190 meters high. In the event of structural failure caused by seismic activity, the impacts could extend beyond the immediate project area (INPRES, 2021). While the Josemaría mining project is not located within the immediate watershed or visual basin of the Ischigualasto Provincial Park, cumulative regional risks must be considered, like the impact of potential air pollution, as airborne particulate matter generated by mining operations can pose a cumulative risk to fossil-bearing landscapes, especially in arid and open-air sites such as Ischigualasto. To date, no specific studies have been conducted to assess the potential indirect impacts of regional mining activity on the conservation of paleontological heritage within the Park.
Recreational Activities
(Impact of visitors on wildlife)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Research has shown a link between tourism and changes in the activity patterns of the small, endangered guanaco (Lama guanicoe) population in Ischigualasto Provincial Park (IPP). Before the pandemic, guanacos exhibited increased nocturnal activity in areas with high tourist presence. This shift may heighten their encounters with their natural predator, the puma, potentially disrupting predator-prey dynamics. Notably, pumas in IPP have been observed more frequently near tourist circuits. These findings highlight the need to consider both human-induced and natural environmental factors to fully understand species responses and interactions. With visitor numbers to IPP growing exponentially and expected to rise further, ongoing monitoring is essential to ensure effective conservation efforts (Ontiveros et al., 2024).
An additional species potentially affected by tourism activities is the Mara or Patagonian hare (Dolichotis patagonum), endemic to Argentina and the second largest rodent of the world. Maras are in decline due to habitat loss, hunting, and overgrazing. The abundance of Maras in IPP is low and they are elusive. A study in IPP revealed complex interactions between environmental, ecological, and human-related factors influencing mara habitat selection. Notably, maras preferred areas near tourism activities, likely perceiving them as safer from predators. Understanding these interactions is essential for conservation efforts, highlighting the need for further research on the long-term impacts of tourism on mara populations (Beninato et al., 2021).
An additional species potentially affected by tourism activities is the Mara or Patagonian hare (Dolichotis patagonum), endemic to Argentina and the second largest rodent of the world. Maras are in decline due to habitat loss, hunting, and overgrazing. The abundance of Maras in IPP is low and they are elusive. A study in IPP revealed complex interactions between environmental, ecological, and human-related factors influencing mara habitat selection. Notably, maras preferred areas near tourism activities, likely perceiving them as safer from predators. Understanding these interactions is essential for conservation efforts, highlighting the need for further research on the long-term impacts of tourism on mara populations (Beninato et al., 2021).
Other Human Disturbances
(Use of Domes )
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
The use of 'eco domes' installed in the Ischigualasto Provincial Park for tourist purposes could generate a considerable impact. However, the use of these structures for scientific purposes and on an occasional basis would minimize their impact and facilitate the work of researchers (Huarpe, 2025).
Involvement of stakeholders and rightsholders, including indigenous peoples and local communities, in decision-making processes
There are tensions with Loma Negra and Aicuña Ranch inhabitants that claim domain of some sectors of the Talampaya National Park, although there is no legal evidence of overlap with private lands. The constitution of an advisory committee to engage local people in National Park's decision making is pending. On the other hand, the World Heritage site generates direct employment and income by attracting conventional and scientific tourism to the region (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019). The dialogue between the local population and the Talampaya National Park authorities has improved notably in seeking solutions to conflicts (IUCN Consultation, 2020a). Los Baldecitos and Baldes del Rosario are the nearest settlements of World Heritage site in the San Juan Province and they have no apparent conflicts with the protected areas. The presence of livestock in both protected areas might constitute a potential conflict, but this problem is being addressed (IUCN Consultation, 2020b).
Legal framework
Both protected areas comprising the World Heritage site are on public lands and have strong legal protection. While both areas were first established at the provincial level, Talampaya became a national park under federal responsibility in 1997. Medina et al. (2016) point out that legal conservation frameworks in Argentina tend to ignore or neglect geological aspects even though quite a few protected areas have primarily been established because of their geological values, as is the case in this site. A legal framework is in place to maintain the property's Outstanding Universal Value, including its authenticity and integrity. However, there are some deficiencies in its implementation (State Party of Argentina, 2023).
Governance arrangements
The public management system is a collaborative effort between national and local authorities (State Party of Argentina, 2023). An integrated management system for ensuring a closer coordination of both protected areas, comprising this World Heritage site, is lacking. While there is existing collaboration among the various administrative bodies involved in its management, further improvements are needed.
Integration into local, regional and national planning systems (including sea/landscape connectivity)
Besides integration into regional and national tourism planning (UNEP-WCMC, 2011), attempts are being made to integrate the World Heritage site with other protected areas within La Rioja Province and into local tourism strategies (IUCN Consultation, 2020). Since the former Talampaya Provincial Park became a national park in 1997, it has been an integral element of Argentina's federal protected area system.
Boundaries
Talampaya National Park's boundaries demarcation was carried out in 2016 (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019). The demarcation had been finalized and the domain was rightfully inscribed in the correspondent cadastre (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019). Although there is no legal evidence of overlap with private properties, inhabitants from Loma Negra and Aicuña ranch claim to be possessors of sectors of the national park. This in turn affects the enforcement of the protected area in regards to its management category and the human uses admitted in the conservation unit.
While the management authority is aware of the World Heritage property's boundaries, local communities and landowners remain largely unaware of them. The updated cartography has been submitted to the World Heritage Center. Additionally, while the site lacks a buffer zone, its creation has been recognized as essential (State Party of Argentina, 2023).
While the management authority is aware of the World Heritage property's boundaries, local communities and landowners remain largely unaware of them. The updated cartography has been submitted to the World Heritage Center. Additionally, while the site lacks a buffer zone, its creation has been recognized as essential (State Party of Argentina, 2023).
Overlapping international designations
N/A
Implementation of World Heritage Committee decisions and recommendations
The technical evaluation of the World Heritage nomination reported that the national and provincial authorities were establishing "a single cooperative management regime for the site" (IUCN, 2000). The evaluation further notes that "joint management will be provided by a standing Coordinating Committee, assisted by a single Technical Advisory Group representative of key local scientific institutions, provincial agencies and non-governmental conservation organisations" to "ensure the application of uniform management policies, programmes and standards across the entire site." The World Heritage Committee (2000) made reference to this, noting that "positive response was received from the State Party concerning a cooperative management plan". While not constituting a request or recommendation this can be interpreted as an expectation of follow-up in this regard. However, a lack of harmonizing management across the two distinct legal, governance and management set-ups continues to be a reason for concern.
Climate action
No use has been made of the World Heritage Policy for Climate Change (State Party of Argentina, 2023). No additional information could be found on climate action at the time of this assessment.
Management plan and overall management system
Management of the site is guided by management and public use plans. The Argentine World Heritage Committee conducts Seminars for Administrators of World Heritage Sites in Argentina, aimed at assessing the properties' management effectiveness, exchanging information and strengthening cooperation between administrators and the Committee (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019). An integrated management system for ensuring a closer coordination of both protected areas, comprising this World Heritage site, is lacking. While there is existing collaboration among the various administrative bodies involved in its management, further improvements are needed. Despite this, according to the Party of Argentina, the current management system plays a significant role in advancing the objectives of the World Heritage Committee’s Policy on integrating a sustainable development perspective into World Heritage Convention processes. It has successfully implemented a human-centered approach, contributing to inclusive local economic development and improving livelihoods. Data and insights from the third cycle of periodic reporting will be used to enhance coordination and management across both parks (State Party of Argentina, 2023).
Law enforcement
Law enforcement is consistently described as very limited (Gobierno de la Provincia de San Juan, 2015; UNEP-WCMC, 2011; Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2001; IUCN, 1999). This can be linked to limited staffing levels and eventually funding constraints relative to the large size of the site. There are some concerns about the legal, governance and management coherence of the two protected areas jointly comprising the World Heritage site. Given the modest human and financial resources in relation to the size of the site, overall effective compliance and enforcement remains challenging.
Sustainable finance
Several references highlight the insufficient financial resources available for managing such a large World Heritage site (Gobierno de la Provincia de San Juan, 2015; Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2001; IUCN, 1999). However, the Talampaya National Park management plan reported that budget is sufficient to address the operative plans (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019). As of 2025, the available budget is adequate but could be improved to fully meet management needs (IUCN Consultation, 2025). However, existing funding sources are not secure, with 100% of the funding coming from national or federal government support. Additionally, fees are collected and provide a significant contribution to the management of the World Heritage property (State Party of Argentina, 2023). Seventy percent (70%) of the fees collected are allocated to park operations, particularly for road maintenance and the transportation of water, which must be regularly delivered using water trucks. Tourism revenue also helps cover staff salaries, contracts, equipment, and communication systems (Tiempo de San Juan, 2024). For the remaining 30%, 10% goes to the Municipality and 20% to the National University of San Juan’s Museum of Natural Sciences (State Party of Argentina, 2023, Tiempo de San Juan, 2024).
Through the Sustainable Recovery of Landscapes and Livelihoods in Argentina project, the development of local communities in the PNT and ZAM is promoted through subprojects that offer funding for research projects, community development projects, and infrastructure investment.
Through the Sustainable Recovery of Landscapes and Livelihoods in Argentina project, the development of local communities in the PNT and ZAM is promoted through subprojects that offer funding for research projects, community development projects, and infrastructure investment.
Staff capacity, training and development
The few park rangers at Talampaya National Park are well trained, with systematic, professional ranger training. There is an analytic scientific technician in PNT to develop the assessment of biodiversity and conservation issues. The challenge is primarily the limited staff numbers. Ischigualasto Provincial Park has a limited number of park rangers and the focus is on guided tours led by certified guides who also act as rangers (IUCN Consultation, 2020b). There is only one technical department responsible for coordinating conservation activities related to biodiversity monitoring and management projects to minimize conservation problems in the area. As of 2023 there is no site-based capacity-building plan or program in place, and management relies on external staff without skill transfer. To enhance coordination, joint monitoring plans are needed with personnel from both protected areas (State Party of Argentina, 2023).
Education and interpretation programmes
Both areas have the explicit objective to promote environmental education among its visitors. The Provincial Park management plan indicates the existence of an Environmental Education Plan, which is not being implemented (Gobierno de la Provincia de San Juan, 2015). Based on the 2001 Management Plan and the 2003 Public Use Plan of the National Park, environmental education activities were planned as cross-cutting actions of conservation projects. Since 2013 the National Park has an interpretation program (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019) and the environmental education plan is being developed in 2025. In 2023, visitor facilities and services at the World Heritage property were self-rated as good for education, information, interpretation, and awareness-building. However, transportation facilities were rated as poor. Despite a recognized need, there is no heritage education or awareness program for children and youth (State Party of Argentina, 2023).
Tourism and visitation management
At the time of inscription, visitor infrastructure was evaluated as modest (IUCN, 2000), as acknowledged by the State Party at the time (State Party of Argentina 1999). For the Talampaya National Park, infrastructure for tourism is reported to be adequate, with some areas requiring maintenance. The Public Use Plan for the Talampaya National Park has been updated in 2025 and systematic and permanent record of the quality of the visit or visitors satisfaction are developed annually in TPN (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
A strategy is in place to manage visitors, tourism activities, and their impacts on the World Heritage site, although there are some deficiencies in its implementation. Visitor use is effectively controlled, ensuring no harm to the Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) of the site. However, collaboration between the authorities responsible for the property and the tourism sector is limited when it comes to presenting the OUV and fostering greater appreciation. The World Heritage emblem is prominently displayed in multiple locations around the property, making it easily visible to visitors. Additionally, managers of the parks have recognized the need for coordinated actions with Ischigualasto Provincial Park to develop strategies that enhance visitation, manage tourism activities, and minimize their impact on the World Heritage site (State Party of Argentina, 2023).
Both Talampaya National Park and Ischigualasto Provincial Park have reported record growth in tourist visits in recent years after increasing promotional efforts and expanding available activities (Radio Don, 2022; SI San Juan, 2023; Tiempo de San Juan, 2024; INFOVALLEFERTIL, 2024; Rioja Política 2024; Diario Urbano, 2025; INFOVALLEFERTIL, 2025). Recently, authorities from the National Parks Administration (APN) signed a contract to update the Public Use and Integrated Tourism Development Plan for Talampaya National Park in the province of La Rioja (Argentina.gob.ar, 2024).
A strategy is in place to manage visitors, tourism activities, and their impacts on the World Heritage site, although there are some deficiencies in its implementation. Visitor use is effectively controlled, ensuring no harm to the Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) of the site. However, collaboration between the authorities responsible for the property and the tourism sector is limited when it comes to presenting the OUV and fostering greater appreciation. The World Heritage emblem is prominently displayed in multiple locations around the property, making it easily visible to visitors. Additionally, managers of the parks have recognized the need for coordinated actions with Ischigualasto Provincial Park to develop strategies that enhance visitation, manage tourism activities, and minimize their impact on the World Heritage site (State Party of Argentina, 2023).
Both Talampaya National Park and Ischigualasto Provincial Park have reported record growth in tourist visits in recent years after increasing promotional efforts and expanding available activities (Radio Don, 2022; SI San Juan, 2023; Tiempo de San Juan, 2024; INFOVALLEFERTIL, 2024; Rioja Política 2024; Diario Urbano, 2025; INFOVALLEFERTIL, 2025). Recently, authorities from the National Parks Administration (APN) signed a contract to update the Public Use and Integrated Tourism Development Plan for Talampaya National Park in the province of La Rioja (Argentina.gob.ar, 2024).
Sustainable use
Tourism and scientific research are the only legally permitted direct uses and both are carried out adequately overall despite localized concerns about tourism impacts (UNEP-WCMC, 2011). In San Juan Province, the Ischigualasto Provincial Park area has been designated as Category I under the Native Forest Law (Provincial Laws No 8174; 1439-L, National Law No 26331), which means that only tourism, research, management and protection activities are permitted there. There are locally driven sustainable tourism initiatives in place. In Villa Unión, a university program offers a degree in ecological tourism, supporting education in the field. The benefits of tourism are shared with local communities, as Ischigualasto, by law, allocates 10% of its revenue to the Municipality and 20% to the National University of San Juan’s Museum of Natural Sciences (State Party of Argentina, 2023; El Tiempo de San Juan, 2025). Nevertheless, there are cattle ranching activities in the ZAM and the National Park (PNT) has been working on a cattle eradication project since 2018, coordinated with local ranchers.
Monitoring
The management effectiveness assessment documented in the management plan for the provincial protected area suggests that some monitoring instruments are being applied (Gobierno de la Provincia de San Juan, 2015). This wording implies that there would be room for developing a systematic and comprehensive monitoring system. Monitoring of natural resources in Talampaya National Park is mostly restricted to recording special value vertebrate species during control patrols. Illegal hunting events are systematically recorded since 2010. Although cultural resources findings are recorded, a systematic monitoring of the conservation status and threats to these resources is lacking (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019). There is currently some monitoring in place, but it is not part of a structured plan. Information on the values of the World Heritage site is sufficient to define key indicators for measuring its state of conservation, but these indicators have yet to be established. A formal monitoring plan is currently being developed, regular tours and patrols are conducted, and any changes at the site are recorded. Ongoing collaboration with researchers focused on the site's values further supports the monitoring and conservation efforts (State Party of Argentina, 2023).
Research
Research is one explicit objective and among the very limited legal use options of the World Heritage site (Gobierno de la Provincia de San Juan, 2015; Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019). There is a long tradition of geological and paleontological research in the area, which has generated considerable information. New fossils have been recently found (Gaetano et al., 2022). To a lesser extent, there is research on the ecology and biology of the scrubland desert. More recently, there have been strong efforts to understand the impacts of existing and planned road infrastructure, which can and should be linked to political decision-making. Within the Talampaya National Park, important support is given to the development of research, facilitating the logistics of researchers in the field. In the National Park, 85 research projects were authorized, including 26 linked to vegetation and fungi, 29 to fauna (vertebrates and invertebrates), 16 to paleontology, 11 to geology and 3 to cultural resources (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019). At least 19 research papers have been published in international journals on Ischigualasto since the last assessment in 2017: 3 linked to vegetation, 12 to fauna and 1 to animal-plant relationship (IUCN Consultation, 2020b). The research conducted at the site is primarily led by external researchers, often in the form of specific investigations carried out by universities. However, there are no comprehensive research programs directly linked to the heritage site itself. While significant research exists, it is not focused on addressing management needs or enhancing the understanding of the Outstanding Universal Value (State Party of Argentina, 2023).
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats outside the site
There are no direct indications of major pressures stemming from outside the site. Although previous management plans paid very limited attention to external challenges (Gobierno de la Provincia de San Juan, 2015; Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2001), the recently updated management plan of the Talampaya National Park highlights several strategies that would address threats from outside the site (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019).
There is no legal framework in place to control use and activities within the broader setting of the World Heritage property and its buffer zone. The establishment of a buffer zone will be examined by both jurisdictions overseeing the site, and its boundaries will be defined within the framework of the Operational Guidelines for both parks (State Party of Argentina, 2023).
There is no legal framework in place to control use and activities within the broader setting of the World Heritage property and its buffer zone. The establishment of a buffer zone will be examined by both jurisdictions overseeing the site, and its boundaries will be defined within the framework of the Operational Guidelines for both parks (State Party of Argentina, 2023).
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats inside the site
Management effectiveness with respect to the protection of geological features is relatively good, but human resources are insufficient to protect the site’s biodiversity from poaching, grazing by exotic and feral animals and firewood extraction. A management effectiveness assessment of Ischigualasto Provincial Park (Gobierno de la Provincia de San Juan, 2015) evaluated 5 main topics, none of which rated "very satisfactory". Only one topic rated "satisfactory" (political and institutional framework); the remainder were rated either "medium" (financing, infrastructure and equipment) or "not very satisfactory" (staff, planning). On the other hand, Talampaya National Park current management plan reports adequate levels of funding, operative planning, infrastructure and equipment, while suggesting the need to increase staff, improve local participation, build capacities among tourism guides and promote management-focused research (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019). The current management system and plan are only partially effective in maintaining the site's Outstanding Universal Value, as implementation remains incomplete. Despite the identified need, no annual work or action plan has been developed.
The underlying gaps of management and protected can be traced to funding and staffing deficits. This results in limited effectiveness across most parameters typically considered in protected area management effectiveness assessments. The World Heritage site is a large representative sample of an ecologically fascinating scrubland desert with a complex mountainous topography. The ecosystem provides habitat for a dryland vegetation and its many associated species which are under severe pressure. The protection and management of the important biodiversity values of the site is compromised by insufficient management response capacity to a range of threats and a lacking overarching integrated management system. Nevertheless, given that the World Heritage status is primarily associated with the geological values, the concerns are limited from that narrow perspective.
Good practice examples
Regardless of the effectiveness of harmonizing the governance and management of the overall area, it is an encouraging example that the national and a sub-national level of a State Party government have joined forces to successfully nominate two contiguous protected areas under their corresponding jurisdictions. The State Party of Argentina highlights effective zoning as a best practice, ensuring clearly defined areas for visitation. This zoning plays a crucial role in addressing key aspects of the site's state of conservation, management, and governance (State Party of Argentina, 2023).
A complete sequence of fossiliferous continental sediments representing the entire Triassic Period
Good
Trend
Improving
The geological features of the site are effectively protected despite some illegal rock and fossil collection and not particularly vulnerable (UNEP-WCMC, 2011; Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2001; IUCN, 2000; Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019). Furthermore, scientific records about the fossil record are increasing (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
Assessment of the current state and trend of World Heritage values
Stable
Overall, the geological features of the site are effectively protected and not particularly vulnerable despite some illegal rock and fossil collection. The authenticity of the World Heritage property has been preserved, and its overall state of conservation remains intact. The Outstanding Universal Value of the property has been maintained.
Assessment of the current state and trend of other important biodiversity values
High Concern
Deteriorating
As acknowledged in the management plans for both protected areas (Gobierno de la Provincia de San Juan, 2015; Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2001; Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019), there is some degradation of the natural vegetation stemming from livestock grazing and fuelwood collection. It can be argued that degradation of the natural vegetation from these activities, as well as the road infrastructure, negatively affect the landscape beauty. A detailed assessment is beyond the scope of this exercise due to the World Heritage focus on fossils. There is credible evidence at a deteriorating trend of some rare and endemic species (UNEP-WCMC, 2011; IUCN, 2000). The guanaco population present in both protected areas was categorized as endangered by the 2019 National mammals categorization (2019) due to low density and possible isolation of this population, although the species is of Least Concern according to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
Assessment of the current state and trend of other important values
Low Concern
Deteriorating
People living in nearby settlements have been using these areas since before they were designated as protected. For this reason, both parks should also protect the traditions, cultural identities, and sense of belonging of these communities. Currently, they keep livestock in small numbers (<2 individuals/km², unpublished data), and the negative impact on the environment is minimal. Efforts to remove livestock from protected areas could generate more social conflict than positive environmental outcomes, due to the long-standing relationship between these animals and the local environment.
Additional information
Importance for research,
Contribution to education
The site is a major, globally significant scientific treasure, invaluable for research in palaeontology and evolutionary biology (IUCN, 2000; Otero et al., 2018; Gaetano et al., 2022). The spectacular fossils create major opportunities for visitor education.
Outdoor recreation and tourism,
Natural beauty and scenery
Domestic and international visitation attracted by the scenic beauty and the spectacular fossils is relatively modest but growing rapidly. The tourists also value the occasional viewing of wild animals.
The occasional viewing of wild animals is negative affected by the presence of excessive number of tourist (Malo et al., 2011) and the presence of domestic animals (i.e cattle; Cappa et al., 2020).
History and tradition,
Cultural identity and sense of belonging
People living in nearby settlements have been using these areas since before they were designated as protected. For this reason, both parks should also protect the traditions, cultural identities, and sense of belonging of these communities. Currently, they keep livestock in small numbers (<2 individuals/km², unpublished data), and the negative impact on the environment is minimal. Efforts to remove livestock from protected areas could generate more social conflict than positive environmental outcomes, due to the long-standing relationship between these animals and the local environment.
The number of people and livestock in settlements near the parks is declining due to the aging of the local population.
The most striking benefit is the extraordinary scientific significance of the site, which comes with major opportunities in terms of scientific research and visitor education. Economically, both park management requirements and tourism offer local income and employment opportunities. Both parks help preserve the "arrieros" culture (muleteer). Although this activity is in decline, it fosters a strong sense of belonging to the place. The culture of muleteers or commonly called ranchers is associated with cattle breeding found within both protected areas, requires greater attention to ensure the preservation of the main conservation value identified and other biodiversity values.
| № | Organization | Brief description of Active Projects | Website |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Parque Provincial Ischigualasto | Biologically, carnivores are vulnerable to the degradation and loss of habitat, the decrease in the availability of prey, and persecution due to conflicts with livestock activities, among others. For this reason, active management of Protected Areas is essential, including law enforcement, wildlife monitoring, area management planning, community participation, infrastructure maintenance, and land regulation. Tourism, promoting research that generates basic information to carry out management. In drylands, due to environmental limitations, extensive livestock farming is one of the main forms of management traditionally carried out by the inhabitants, with the goat being one of the most chosen species. In these contexts, the raising of small cattle and mainly for subsistence, constantly coexist with the attack of carnivores on domestic animals, causing one of the main conflicts between people and wildlife in the world. Due to the complexity of these socio-environmental conflicts, an approach from a community-based participatory aspect is required that contemplates the involvement of the people affected by the problem in order to develop proposals and solutions through collaborative research, planned actions, and evaluations. of the process and the results. This type of research can be applied to promote local and regional change policies since it interweaves the needs and knowledge of the community, scientific knowledge, and political power. That is why this project intends, through a community-based participatory research process, to record, characterize, and map the events of loss of livestock due to puma attacks in the context of three localities in the area of influence of the Provincial Park. Ischigualasto, Balde del Rosario, Los Baldecitos y Los Rincones (Fertil Valley, San Juan, Argentina). For this, four scientific-technological products will be developed: a mobile application for different users (residents, park rangers, researchers), a map of the use of space by the flocks, a situation map, and a written report. These products will be inputs for the management and management of the Ischigualasto Park, as well as a base to be replicated at the provincial and regional scale, through citizen science, in similar contexts. | |
| 2 | Rufford Fundation, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Parque Provincial Ischigualasto, Parque Nacional Talampaya | Road development is one of the primary causes of wildlife loss worldwide. Roads have a negative impact on wildlife, especially on terrestrial vertebrates such as mammals which are run over at specific landscape points. In Talampaya National Park and Ischigualasto Provincial Park, these species are victims of roadkill, resulting in ecological and economic losses. This project will assess how environmental and anthropic variables affect the selection of road crossings by wild and domestic mammals, using camera traps and GPS collars. This information is essential to design mitigation strategies, protect biodiversity and improve road safety in these protected areas. |
https://www.rufford.org/projects/teresa-yamila-ontiveros/characterization-of-mammal-crossing-points-along-roads-traversing-through-protected-areas-in-argentina-a-key-tool-for-conservation/
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| 3 | Administración de Parques Nacionales, Parque Nacional Talampaya | Two conservation projects are developed in Talampaya National Park to contribute to management actions proposed in its management plan (APN 2019). At the moment, assessment about the presence and spread and control of exotic invasive species are developed from the Department of Conservation and Public Use of PNT. One of the projects is aimed to control and assess the spread of Tamarix ramosissima. Mapping the distribution and selecting prioritary sites of this species in PNT are developed, such as mechanic control actions in restricted conservation zones of the PNT. Another project in invasive species is focused in the assessment of jabalí (Sus scrofa) presence in Talampaya National Park (Pollice, n.d.). A monitoring with cameras traps is ongoing during 2025 in zones with high probability of occurrence in PNT. During may 2025 the first record of the species was registered in PNT. The early detection of this species will allow take early control measurements to limit the spread of the species in PNT and PPI. Early communications among both protected areas where implemented to start management control measurements. |
https://sib.gob.ar/investigaciones
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