Malpelo Fauna and Flora Sanctuary
Country
Colombia
Inscribed in
2006
Criteria
(vii)
(ix)
The conservation outlook for this site has been assessed as "good with some concerns" in the latest assessment cycle. Explore the Conservation Outlook Assessment for the site below. You have the option to access the summary, or the detailed assessment.
Located some 506 km off the coast of Colombia, the site includes Malpelo island (350 ha) and the surrounding marine environment (857,150 ha). This vast marine park, the largest no-fishing zone in the Eastern Tropical Pacific, provides a critical habitat for internationally threatened marine species, and is a major source of nutrients resulting in large aggregations of marine biodiversity. It is in particular a ‘reservoir' for sharks, giant grouper and billfish and is one of the few places in the world where sightings of the short-nosed ragged-toothed shark, a deepwater shark, have been confirmed. Widely recognized as one of the top diving sites in the world, due to the presence of steep walls and caves of outstanding natural beauty, these deep waters support important populations of large predators and pelagic species (e.g. aggregations of over 200 hammerhead sharks and over 1,000 silky sharks, whale sharks and tuna have been recorded) in an undisturbed environment where they maintain natural behavioural patterns. © UNESCO
Summary
2025 Conservation Outlook
Finalised on
11 أكتوبر 2025
Good with some concerns
Current state and trend of VALUES
Low Concern
Overall THREATS
Overall PROTECTION and MANAGEMENT
Full assessment
Description of values
Undisturbed marine wilderness
Criterion
(vii)
The pristine underwater environment of Malpelo Fauna and Flora Sanctuary featuring dramatic cliffs, rock formations, caves and tunnels, as well as abundant and diverse marine life is of striking natural beauty (World Heritage Committee, 2015). A sight of extraordinary natural beauty, major aggregations of the full range of large top predators and pelagic species constitute an increasingly rare phenomenon in the world's overfished oceans. It is one of the few areas in the world where natural population densities and behavioral patterns of these species can be observed in an undisturbed "marine wilderness” (IUCN, 2006, World Heritage Committee, 2006).
Globally significant marine protected area with unaltered and non-threatened ecosystems
Criterion
(ix)
One of the largest no-fishing zones in the Eastern Tropical Pacific, the Malpelo Fauna and Flora Sanctuary is a globally significant marine protected area with unaltered and non-threatened ecosystems, free of invasive species impacts, that is essential to maintain and replenish the population of sharks, groupers, snappers and billfish in the Eastern Tropical Pacific (World Heritage Committee, 2006). The confluence of several marine currents turns the property into an unusual geographical spot with a complex and diverse array of habitats and species. The three major marine communities surrounding Malpelo Island can be distinguished as belonging to the vertical habitats, the coral reefs and the pelagic. Large top predators continue to fulfil their ecological roles and behaviour patterns continue undisturbed, providing unique opportunities for research. The evolutionary processes associated with the extreme isolation, the convergence of several ocean currents and related nutrient regimes and the geological formations are of great ecological importance and scientific interest (World Heritage Committee, 2015).
Malpelo island harbors a wide diversity of marine predators and presents all the characteristics of the last refuges for marine megafauna (Letessier et al., 2019). The small island and its rocky satellites are believed to serve as an aggregation point of critical importance for the reproduction of numerous marine species. Impressive populations of marine species include Giant Grouper, Billfish and various shark species, including major aggregations of Hammerhead Shark, Silky Shark, Whale Shark and Tuna. Seventeen marine mammals’ species were documented, besides numerous reptiles (some endemic). In 2017, the first detection of the uncommon Dwarf sperm whale (Kogia sima) around Malpelo island was also reported (Juhel et al., 2021). Close to 400 fish species have been recorded, including several endemics. The small terrestrial areas are home to several endemic animal species, including three endemic lizards (Phyllodactylus transversalis, Anolis agassizi and Diploglossus millepunctatus), snails (Malpelina labiate and Ischnocion conica) and one species of crab (Johngarthia malpilensis), and also support large nesting seabird colonies. Most shark populations have even been increasing (Fundación Malpelo, 2016), evidencing the importance of this site in global conservation efforts for these threatened species (Bessudo, 2021). There is a high diversity of fish assemblages and piscivorous species show both high biomass and high endemism values (Quimbayo et al., 2017). Malpelo is home to the largest seabird nesting colony in Colombia, the largest Nazca Booby nesting colony in the world, and is the only site where this and other seabirds nest in Colombia (López-Victoria & Estela, 2006; López-Victoria & Rozo, 2006, 2007).
Malpelo island harbors a wide diversity of marine predators and presents all the characteristics of the last refuges for marine megafauna (Letessier et al., 2019). The small island and its rocky satellites are believed to serve as an aggregation point of critical importance for the reproduction of numerous marine species. Impressive populations of marine species include Giant Grouper, Billfish and various shark species, including major aggregations of Hammerhead Shark, Silky Shark, Whale Shark and Tuna. Seventeen marine mammals’ species were documented, besides numerous reptiles (some endemic). In 2017, the first detection of the uncommon Dwarf sperm whale (Kogia sima) around Malpelo island was also reported (Juhel et al., 2021). Close to 400 fish species have been recorded, including several endemics. The small terrestrial areas are home to several endemic animal species, including three endemic lizards (Phyllodactylus transversalis, Anolis agassizi and Diploglossus millepunctatus), snails (Malpelina labiate and Ischnocion conica) and one species of crab (Johngarthia malpilensis), and also support large nesting seabird colonies. Most shark populations have even been increasing (Fundación Malpelo, 2016), evidencing the importance of this site in global conservation efforts for these threatened species (Bessudo, 2021). There is a high diversity of fish assemblages and piscivorous species show both high biomass and high endemism values (Quimbayo et al., 2017). Malpelo is home to the largest seabird nesting colony in Colombia, the largest Nazca Booby nesting colony in the world, and is the only site where this and other seabirds nest in Colombia (López-Victoria & Estela, 2006; López-Victoria & Rozo, 2006, 2007).
Part of the Eastern Tropical Pacific Marine Corridor
Malpelo Fauna and Flora Sanctuary is an integral part of the Eastern Tropical Pacific Marine Corridor, a marine conservation site network regionally known by its Spanish acronym CMAR. CMAR also includes World Heritage sites in Costa Rica, Ecuador and Panama and another marine and coastal protected area in Colombia. While much of the potential remains to be realized, CMAR constitutes a rare chance for large scale marine management and conservation across international boundaries.
The objective of this regional initiative is the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and marine resources in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Islands (ETP). This corridor includes as core areas the marine protected areas of Malpelo Fauna and Flora Sanctuary, Gorgona National Natural Park, Coiba National Park, Galápagos National Park and Marine Reserve, Cocos Island National Park, and recently, Revillagigedo National Park in Mexico has been integrated into the CMAR.
Environmentally, it represents a unique opportunity to protect exceptional marine ecosystems. Economically, it seeks to promote activities such as sustainable fishing and responsible tourism, while socially, it provides opportunities to improve the living conditions of communities related to the corridor in the five countries. Finally, it represents a concrete example of the exchange of experiences, coordination of actions, and information activities through government coordination.
The objective of this regional initiative is the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and marine resources in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Islands (ETP). This corridor includes as core areas the marine protected areas of Malpelo Fauna and Flora Sanctuary, Gorgona National Natural Park, Coiba National Park, Galápagos National Park and Marine Reserve, Cocos Island National Park, and recently, Revillagigedo National Park in Mexico has been integrated into the CMAR.
Environmentally, it represents a unique opportunity to protect exceptional marine ecosystems. Economically, it seeks to promote activities such as sustainable fishing and responsible tourism, while socially, it provides opportunities to improve the living conditions of communities related to the corridor in the five countries. Finally, it represents a concrete example of the exchange of experiences, coordination of actions, and information activities through government coordination.
Submerged geological heritage
Malpelo preserves evidence of an extraordinary phenomenon in Earth’s geological history: The effects of the Galápagos hotspot and the rupture of the ancient Farallon tectonic plate, occurring 20 million years ago, have given rise to mosaics shaped by a complex pattern of rift spreading centers. This is supported by studies of magnetic anomalies in the Panama Basin, resulting in a submerged landscape of exceptional natural beauty (Cuervo, 2021).
Assessment information
Illegal artisanal and, more importantly, illegal industrial fishing within and around the marine protected zone is a continuing problem. Vessels from various nations illegally enter and fish within the site, attracted by the abundance of pelagic fishes and sharks, causing great damage to the ecosystem. While several actions have been implemented under the framework of CMAR and national legislation, a continued and more efficient monitoring and law enforcement is required in the no-take areas. Illegal fishing in the wider region is even more challenging and likely to impact on the longer term integrity of the site.
Other Human Disturbances
(Disturbance of terrestrial fauna and flora)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
The small naval station on the island impacts local fauna and flora, even though care is taken to reduce disturbance of native biodiversity and risk of introduction of alien species to a minimum (Herron et al., 2007; Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia, 2015).
Fishing, Harvesting & Controlling Aquatic Species
(Illegal fishing)
Other targeted species names
Sphyrna lewini, Carcharhinus falciformis, C. galapagensis, Alopias vulpinus, Thunnus albacares, billfish from the family Istiophoridae
Inside site
, Widespread(15-50%)
Outside site
Illegal artisanal and, more importantly, illegal industrial fishing within and around the marine protected zone is a continuing problem. Colombian fishers within the zone are no longer a major issue, but vessels from various nations illegally enter and fish within the Sanctuary, attracted by the abundance of pelagic fishes and sharks, causing great damage to the ecosystem. A single boat can extract thousands of sharks in a few hours (IUCN Consultation, 2020b). Illegal fishing targets sharks, given the high price of fins in the Asian market; dettached fins, which is an illegal practice in Colombia, have been found in fishing vessels (IUCN Consultation, 2020b; Fundación Malpelo, 2016). In 2016, from 19 vessels that practiced illegal fishing, only 3 were effectively legally processed, due to legal gaps (Fundación Malpelo, 2016). In 2017, 2018 and 2019, a total of three, five and 32 illegal fishing boats were recorded in the area, respectively (IUCN Consultation, 2020b). It is important to note that this high number in 2019 corresponds mainly to a single encounter with 28 small fast boats that usually work together and tend to have a mother ship situated further away. Illegal fishing in the wider region is even more challenging and likely to impact on the longer-term integrity of the property. More efficient monitoring and law enforcement is required in the no-take areas. One of the main drivers behind the rise in illegal fishing is the expansion of fishing fleets in countries with high demand for marine products, coupled with other global factors. This trend not only threatens artisanal fisheries but also poses significant challenges to conservation efforts in Malpelo. Among the most impacted species is the hammerhead shark, largely due to its migratory behavior. Although protective measures in Malpelo Island have been effective in limiting fishing activities, they have not adequately addressed the issue of bycatch, particularly by small-scale, non-industrial vessels operating locally (Buelvas, 2022). Enforcement needs to be improved by increasing the number of vessels patrolling the surrounding waters and/or by introducing new technologies. As a response to the threat, permanent presence of personnel either of Parques Nacionales Naturales or of the Colombian Navy has been established. However, insufficient resources and equipment, as well as logistical constraints, have made it difficult to ensure effective enforcement throughout this large area (IUCN Consultation, 2020b). A promising scheme is the current presence of a vessel with Parques Nacionales Naturales personnel managed by Biodiversity Conservation Colombia, under a signed agreement. This sailing catamaran named 'Silky' has been operating since 2018, increasing the number of days present in the island; this is an effective deterrent to illegal fishing (Fundacion Malpelo 2019b). A recent fishing law (Ley 1851 de 2017) has toughened legal consequences of illegal fishing and is expected to further deter this practice. Some of the illegal boats have been processed, but legal action needs to be better coordinated after apprehension of boats and gear. There is currently a national committee of relevant authorities (Mesa Nacional de lucha en contra de la Pesca Ilegal) discussing ways to reduce illegal fishing in Colombia including in marine protected areas (Fundacion Malpelo, 2019b). Colombia also actively participates in binational meeting with the governments of Ecuador and the government of Costa Rica to coordinate and mitigate illegal, unregulated and undeclared fishing (Ministerio de Ambiente, 2020). In the third Periodic Report, the current impacts of illegal activities were considered significant, affecting an extensive area of the Malpelo Sanctuary (State Party of Colombia, 2023). While several actions have been implemented under the framework of CMAR and national legislation (IUCN consultation, 2024), the capacity of managers to respond to this threats is deemed low (State Party of Colombia, 2023).
Since 2017, there has been an agreement with the Colombian Biodiversity Conservation Foundation (BCC), which operates the catamaran Silky. This catamaran and the BCC Foundation crew support park rangers in prevention, surveillance, and control activities. Additionally, within the framework of their functions, they influence the management and environmental management of the PA and its area of influence (Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia, 2024). In addition, the protected area participates in the Pacific territorial table against illegal and illicit fishing where national institutions (DIMAR, AUNAP, ARC, Chancellery, DIAN, ICBF, FGN, Migration Colombia) generate fishing management mechanisms in Colombian seas.
Since 2017, there has been an agreement with the Colombian Biodiversity Conservation Foundation (BCC), which operates the catamaran Silky. This catamaran and the BCC Foundation crew support park rangers in prevention, surveillance, and control activities. Additionally, within the framework of their functions, they influence the management and environmental management of the PA and its area of influence (Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia, 2024). In addition, the protected area participates in the Pacific territorial table against illegal and illicit fishing where national institutions (DIMAR, AUNAP, ARC, Chancellery, DIAN, ICBF, FGN, Migration Colombia) generate fishing management mechanisms in Colombian seas.
Changes in Temperature Regimes
(Climate change and extreme ocean temperatures)
Inside site
, Throughout(>50%)
Outside site
The current planning instrument (Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia, 2024) identifies anomalies in surface water temperature as an anthropogenic pressure related to climate change that can cause physiological stress, affect coral communities, change ecosystem productivity, cause plankton blooms (e.g., toxic algae), alter species behaviour, and disrupt nutrient dynamics, among other effects. Due to its geographical location, types of ecosystems, and logistical factors, conservation management in the Malpelo FFS is limited to promoting the intrinsic resilience of species, communities, and ecosystems by maintaining their ecological integrity. The response to this phenomenon focuses on generating knowledge through research, monitoring of physicochemical parameters, and monitoring of bioindicators (e.g., coral bleaching events) in order to understand their behaviour and accurately predict their future trends, as well as to understand the vulnerability of VOCs and their impact on the ecological integrity of the marine protected area. Of the strategies for adaptation to climate change defined in the National Plan for Adaptation to Climate Change (PNACC), the Malpelo FFS is working on two that apply to the particular context of this marine protected area. Actions are being taken as part of the strategy for managing knowledge about climate change and its potential impacts, through the generation of relevant information. On the other hand, as part of the strategy for incorporating climate change adaptation into environmental, territorial, and sectoral planning, actions are being included in the planning of the marine protected area, specifically in the management plan and monitoring program (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
In the information provided by the State Party for the third Periodic Report, the impacts of climate change were described as intermittent or sporadic, without significantly affecting the site's attributes (except for the temperature change). However, the State Party acknowledged a lack of capacity and resources to respond effectively to this increasing challenge (State Party of Colombia, 2023).
In the information provided by the State Party for the third Periodic Report, the impacts of climate change were described as intermittent or sporadic, without significantly affecting the site's attributes (except for the temperature change). However, the State Party acknowledged a lack of capacity and resources to respond effectively to this increasing challenge (State Party of Colombia, 2023).
Inadequate fisheries management in the wider region is one of the most serious potential threat. Also, accidental introduction of exotic species and increasing tourism pose relatively low-level potential threats to date, however, strong measures need to be taken to prevent future invasions. In the longer term, the pressure on marine resources is expected to increase in line with global trends and as a function of resource depletion elsewhere. Illegal fishing requires monitoring and law enforcement while management of legal fisheries in the wider marine region likewise needs to respond to the increasing demand. Studies on plastic marine pollution besides the comparatively well-understood situation in the North Pacific are insufficient at the moment. Controls over the diving activity mitigate serious threats, thus have to be reinforced constantly with management actions to ensure its reduced impact on the environment. The introduction of foreign species to the terrestrial system of Malpelo must be prevented with strict controls to the entrance of people and provisions. In order to minimize the risks, controls must be made in the embarkment site in the continent, when disembarking in the island and during the permanence in Malpelo.
Recreational Activities
(Increasing diving tourism and scientific visits)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Recreational and scientific diving, as well as boating, can negatively affect the natural values of the Sanctuary. While a relatively small number of divers visit the Protected Area, around 500 per year, an active control and management of tourism is strictly required (Parques Nacionales de Colombia, 2015). Diving "Liveaboards" are visited by the Sanctuary rangers checking diver's numbers and giving an introductory talk with general information about the area, "Do and don’ts" and environmental interpretation. The impact of visitors over the environment was considered as a priority for the third Periodical Report for management (State Party of Colombia, 2023).
Invasive Non-Native/ Alien Species
(Accidental introduction of alien invasive species)
Other invasive species names
Carijoa cf. riisei, Theridion sp., Acanthaster planci
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
There is a probable risk that some species of starfish and corals, such as Acanthaster planci and Carijoa riisei, may become invasive species in the marine ecosystems of the protected area. Similarly, there is a potential for species to enter the terrestrial environment that could have this type of impact on the area. This situation represents a risk given the high degree of endemism reported in the Sanctuary, as invasive species could cause the displacement or disappearance of resident and endemic species, habitat modification, the introduction of diseases, and alterations in food chains, negatively affecting the integrity of ecosystems, their functions, and the environmental services they provide. In response to this, Malpelo FFS is moving forward with the implementation of a monitoring protocol to evaluate the dynamics of species with invasive potential in the area. In addition, a protocol of good practices for entry into the protected area was established to reduce the likelihood of invasive species entering the terrestrial and marine environment.
In the marine environment, the SFF continues to monitor this situation on an ongoing basis (Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia, 2024).
The terrestrial fauna and flora could be affected by the accidental introduction of some species with invasive potential, so the necessary precautions should be taken. At least one introduced spider species has been identified, although it does not imply a risk for the Malpelo biota, since it has very specific requirements of vegetation that it does not find in the island (Posada et al., unpublished data). No evidence of an increasing impact of this threat has been identified, and the lack of updated information does not allow for a proper assessment of the current level of threat.
In the marine environment, the SFF continues to monitor this situation on an ongoing basis (Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia, 2024).
The terrestrial fauna and flora could be affected by the accidental introduction of some species with invasive potential, so the necessary precautions should be taken. At least one introduced spider species has been identified, although it does not imply a risk for the Malpelo biota, since it has very specific requirements of vegetation that it does not find in the island (Posada et al., unpublished data). No evidence of an increasing impact of this threat has been identified, and the lack of updated information does not allow for a proper assessment of the current level of threat.
Fishing, Harvesting & Controlling Aquatic Species
(Inadequate fisheries management in the wider region)
Other targeted species names
Sharks and rays, tuna, billfish, marine mammals, birds, turtles
Outside site
In the medium term, the management of fisheries in the wider seascape must be considered in the management of Malpelo FFS. The designation of the multiple-use area Distrito Nacional de Manejo Integrado Yurupari - Malpelo in 2017 can help support the sustainable use of fisheries in the region (Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible, 2017). A revised (2020-2025) management plan is currently under development (IUCN Consultation, 2020a) but is not yet completed (IUCN Consultation, 2024).
As several species are migratory, strong horizontal and vertical coordination is needed to address this threat. Colombia's active participation in the regional collaboration CMAR (including also Ecuador, Panama and Costa Rica, and which now includes fisheries agencies in addition to protected area agencies) is a good way to increase much needed regional collaboration (CMAR, 2020). Bilateral agreements between the governments of Colombia, Ecuador and Costa Rica have been signed to address issues relating to illegal and unregulated fishing (Ministerio de Ambiente, 2020). Colombia needs to ensure an active participation in other international treaties related to fisheries, high seas management and migratory and endangered species.
As the inadequate fisheries management in the wider region is directly linked to the rise in illegal fishing in Malpelo, driven by the expansion of fishing fleets in countries with high global demand for marine products, and is further exacerbated by the decline in marine productivity in other regions due to climate change, overextraction, the lack of regulatory frameworks, and additional pressures, this threat is rated as high.
As several species are migratory, strong horizontal and vertical coordination is needed to address this threat. Colombia's active participation in the regional collaboration CMAR (including also Ecuador, Panama and Costa Rica, and which now includes fisheries agencies in addition to protected area agencies) is a good way to increase much needed regional collaboration (CMAR, 2020). Bilateral agreements between the governments of Colombia, Ecuador and Costa Rica have been signed to address issues relating to illegal and unregulated fishing (Ministerio de Ambiente, 2020). Colombia needs to ensure an active participation in other international treaties related to fisheries, high seas management and migratory and endangered species.
As the inadequate fisheries management in the wider region is directly linked to the rise in illegal fishing in Malpelo, driven by the expansion of fishing fleets in countries with high global demand for marine products, and is further exacerbated by the decline in marine productivity in other regions due to climate change, overextraction, the lack of regulatory frameworks, and additional pressures, this threat is rated as high.
Garbage & Solid Waste
(Plastic marine pollution)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
Major risks include increasing marine traffic, which is addressed by the PSSA (Particularly Sensitve Sea Area) designation by the International Maritime Organization in 2002. Under this designation, boats greater that 500 tons have to pass at least six miles away from the island. The confirmation of garbage patches in various parts of the Pacific is an even more complex and truly global challenge. Recent research has recorded marine plastic pollution both north and south of the Eastern Tropical Pacific suggesting that even remote locations far from pollution sources can be at risk (Eriksen et al., 2013). Furthermore, the presence of abandoned or lost fishing gear such as nets and longlines is an increasing problem in our oceans and Malpelo FFS is not exempt. Sharks, fish, birds and turtles have been observed trapped in these 'ghost nets' in the area (IUCN Consultation, 2020b). The pollution of marine waters was also identified as in the third Periodic Report as one of the factors affecting negatively the World Heritage Site and the capacity of managers to respond was considered as low (State Party of Colombia, 2023).
Involvement of stakeholders and rightsholders, including indigenous peoples and local communities, in decision-making processes
Due to the remoteness of the area, there are no local communities within or in the vicinity of the World Heritage site. Cooperation with the Navy station personnel located within the site is effective. The Malpelo FFS has an agreement with the Biodiversity Conservation Colombia Foundation, which constitutes an important mechanism for cooperation and participation in the management of the protected area, as it helps to reduce the financial gap and improve management effectiveness through the generation of knowledge about VOCs and the strengthening of environmental authority (IUCN Consultation, 2025). The agreement with the Biodiversity Conservation Colombia Foundation aims to prevent and mitigate pressures that could negatively affect the natural and cultural elements that characterize protected areas and the systems that comprise them. This agreement was extended on June 20, 2023, and will expire on February 6, 2037.
Legal framework
An analysis, sponsored by Conservation International and produced by WildAid (2010), identified a number of challenges in the broader Eastern Pacific Seascape, including unclear or incomplete enforcement policy frameworks; inadequate strategies, staffing and technologies to detect and intercept offenders; inadequate preparation for effective legal cases. This constraints result in difficulties in both administrative and judicial processes and unclear and overlapping responsibilities between different institutions (IUCN Consultation, 2020b). The Illegal Fishing Law (Ley 1851 de 2017) has helped improve the legal framework at a national level, including some of the inefficiencies that were identified a few years ago for Malpelo FFS. Additionally, Colombia has two other tools to denounce illegal activities in EEZ: The National Identification Vessel tool (www.uvicolombia.org) and the Guia para el control y la vigilancia de los recursos pesqueros de Colombia (www.guiarecursospesqueros.org). In December 2022, the communication channel for the activation of the Joint External Circular (CEC) was updated to include vessel tracking using satellite platforms. The procedure stipulates that, once a vessel with suspicious activity is identified on satellite platforms, or through notification from the Navy or Coast Guard, the General Maritime Directorate (DIMAR), tour operators, or third parties, the information is validated through satellite platforms, which establishes the location of the fishing incident and serves as input for advancing administrative and criminal proceedings. Part of the procedure includes notification to the Colombian Navy outpost and requesting support from the naval unit present in the protected area. Once the seizure of hydrobiological resources within the protected area is carried out, it is taken to a safe harbour to activate the Joint External Circular (CEC).
Despite these advances and the existence of an adequate legal framework to protect this World Heritage Site, the State Party still identifies certain shortcomings in its implementation. For example, the lack of awareness among judicial authorities about the ecosystem importance of this protected area and the failure to minimize crimes committed due to illegal fishing (State Party of Colombia, 2023).
Despite these advances and the existence of an adequate legal framework to protect this World Heritage Site, the State Party still identifies certain shortcomings in its implementation. For example, the lack of awareness among judicial authorities about the ecosystem importance of this protected area and the failure to minimize crimes committed due to illegal fishing (State Party of Colombia, 2023).
Governance arrangements
The island and surrounding waters are administered by Colombia's Protected Areas Agency - Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia (PNN). There are multiple agreements that allow PNN to work collaboratively with the Colombian Navy, different NGO (notably Fundación Malpelo, Conservation International and Biodiversity Conservation Colombia), and other organisations.
Integration into local, regional and national planning systems (including sea/landscape connectivity)
This large marine protected area is a key component of Colombia’s National Protected Area System (Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia, 2015) and an integral part of the Eastern Tropical Pacific Marine Corridor (CMAR, 2020), and it is also a focal site for the ETPS Eastern Tropical Pacific Seascape identified in 2004 by CI with other protected areas of Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama and Ecuador (Conservation International, 2020). Bi-lateral agreements have been achieved between Colombia and Costa Rica, and Colombia and Ecuador, regarding patrolling and law enforcement in their respective waters to reduce illegal fishing (Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia, 2015; Ministerio de Ambiente, 2020). Within the framework of CMAR, the four countries agreed at the UNFCCC COP 26 in Glasgow (November 2021) to designate Malpelo, Cocos Island, Galápagos, and Coiba protected areas as Biosphere Reserves. Malpelo FFS has been included in the IUCN Green List since 2020 (Category IV). The site's excellent conservation status, the establishment of the Scientific and Ecotourism Decision-Making Committee, joint monitoring efforts within CMAR, and the benefits it provides as a fish nursery were key achievements that contributed to its inclusion in the IUCN Green List (State Party of Colombia, 2023).
In addition, it is the first area in Colombia to be recognized as a “Blue Park” in 2017, for demonstrating effective protection of its ecosystems and key species through management that includes regulation of activities, surveillance, and monitoring.
The declaration of the Colinas y Lomas Submarinas de la Cuenca Pacífico Norte National District of Integrated Management (Hills and Seamounts of the North Pacific Basin National District of Integrated Management - DNMI) together with the extensions of the Yuruparí-Malpelo DNMI and Malpelo FFS according to the ProtConn metric, would increase the percentage of the protected and connected category of the national network of marine protected areas in the Pacific to almost 51%. In other words, there would be a 36% increase in the metric compared to the current values of 15%. This suggests that the declaration of the new area and the expansions of existing ones will create links that bridge the distances between oceanic and continental MPAs. In this case, all continental MPAs (within the continental shelf) can be connected to oceanic MPAs by intermediate links (300 km), meaning that the expansions shorten the distances that species would have to travel to reach an MPA. Most of the links in the network are of intermediate dispersion (300 km), followed by those of high dispersion (1,000 km) and short dispersion (1 km). At the regional level, the metric suggests that the Colinas y Lomas MPA and the expansions of existing MPAs in the Colombian Pacific would increase connectivity by approximately 5% in the eco-regions involved in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Marine Corridor (CMAR) (UICN Green List, 2024).
In addition, it is the first area in Colombia to be recognized as a “Blue Park” in 2017, for demonstrating effective protection of its ecosystems and key species through management that includes regulation of activities, surveillance, and monitoring.
The declaration of the Colinas y Lomas Submarinas de la Cuenca Pacífico Norte National District of Integrated Management (Hills and Seamounts of the North Pacific Basin National District of Integrated Management - DNMI) together with the extensions of the Yuruparí-Malpelo DNMI and Malpelo FFS according to the ProtConn metric, would increase the percentage of the protected and connected category of the national network of marine protected areas in the Pacific to almost 51%. In other words, there would be a 36% increase in the metric compared to the current values of 15%. This suggests that the declaration of the new area and the expansions of existing ones will create links that bridge the distances between oceanic and continental MPAs. In this case, all continental MPAs (within the continental shelf) can be connected to oceanic MPAs by intermediate links (300 km), meaning that the expansions shorten the distances that species would have to travel to reach an MPA. Most of the links in the network are of intermediate dispersion (300 km), followed by those of high dispersion (1,000 km) and short dispersion (1 km). At the regional level, the metric suggests that the Colinas y Lomas MPA and the expansions of existing MPAs in the Colombian Pacific would increase connectivity by approximately 5% in the eco-regions involved in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Marine Corridor (CMAR) (UICN Green List, 2024).
Boundaries
Terrestrial areas are covered in their entirety, and marine boundaries cover a broad range of the diverse habitats with an area of 9585 km2 (Parques Nacionales Naturales, 2015), which is the core area declared as Word Heritage in 2006 and has not been enlarged. In 2017, a large adjacent multiple-use area was created to complement the conservation objectives of Malpelo Fauna and Flora Sanctuary. The Distrito Nacional de Manejo Integrado Yuruparí-Malpelo, with an extension of almost 27000 km2, was established in September 2017 by the Ministerio de Medio Ambiente and the Autoridad Nacional de Acuicultura y Pesca under resolution 1908 as a strategic area for the development of sustainable and responsible fishing practices (Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible, 2017). Both the enlargement of 2017 of Malpelo FFS, and the creation of Yuruparí-Malpelo National District of Integrated Management were also conceived to enhance the protection of the core area of 2006, but have not been formally updated by the State Party at UNESCO as buffer zone.
In 2017, the Malpelo FFS covered an area of 2,667,908 hectares. In its latest expansion (Resolution 0669 of 2022), the Malpelo SFF reached a marine protected area of 4,815,114 hectares. The expansion of 2,095,901 hectares increased the representativeness of low-lying and underwater ridge landscape units. It also increased the protection area for zones with a high concentration of different conservation targets, such as medium pelagic species (sierra wahoo, marlin, billfish, and yellowfin tuna). In the expanded area and throughout the current extension, there are other species that are conservation targets and also meet one of the three threat criteria according to the IUCN, such as: the hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata), which is critically endangered (CR); the hammerhead shark (Sphyrna lewini), whale shark (Rhincodon typus), and black turtle (Chelonia mydas), which are endangered (EN); thresher sharks (Alopias vulpinus, A. superciliosus and A. pelagicus), the oceanic whitetip shark (Carcharhinus longimanus), the devilfish (Manta birostris), the bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus), the leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea), and the sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus), which are classified as vulnerable (VU). The current extension of the Sanctuary, together with the expansion of the Yuruparí-Malpelo DNMI and the declaration of the Colinas y Lomas de la Cuenca del Pacífico Norte DNMI, contribute to the conservation objectives stipulated by the CMAR: to promote the conservation and management of marine resources in the protected areas of the tropical eastern Pacific, with special emphasis on ecosystems and species that are endangered, endemic, and of ecological importance. In addition to promoting connectivity between various species present in the Colombian Pacific as well as in other marine protected areas of the same CMAR (UICN Green List, 2024) .
In 2017, the Malpelo FFS covered an area of 2,667,908 hectares. In its latest expansion (Resolution 0669 of 2022), the Malpelo SFF reached a marine protected area of 4,815,114 hectares. The expansion of 2,095,901 hectares increased the representativeness of low-lying and underwater ridge landscape units. It also increased the protection area for zones with a high concentration of different conservation targets, such as medium pelagic species (sierra wahoo, marlin, billfish, and yellowfin tuna). In the expanded area and throughout the current extension, there are other species that are conservation targets and also meet one of the three threat criteria according to the IUCN, such as: the hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata), which is critically endangered (CR); the hammerhead shark (Sphyrna lewini), whale shark (Rhincodon typus), and black turtle (Chelonia mydas), which are endangered (EN); thresher sharks (Alopias vulpinus, A. superciliosus and A. pelagicus), the oceanic whitetip shark (Carcharhinus longimanus), the devilfish (Manta birostris), the bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus), the leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea), and the sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus), which are classified as vulnerable (VU). The current extension of the Sanctuary, together with the expansion of the Yuruparí-Malpelo DNMI and the declaration of the Colinas y Lomas de la Cuenca del Pacífico Norte DNMI, contribute to the conservation objectives stipulated by the CMAR: to promote the conservation and management of marine resources in the protected areas of the tropical eastern Pacific, with special emphasis on ecosystems and species that are endangered, endemic, and of ecological importance. In addition to promoting connectivity between various species present in the Colombian Pacific as well as in other marine protected areas of the same CMAR (UICN Green List, 2024) .
Overlapping international designations
N/A
Implementation of World Heritage Committee decisions and recommendations
The inscription decision in 2006 recommended improving management, highlighting illegal fishing, as well as strengthening tourism management, developing long term funding and embarking on research in the poorly known deeper areas, including seamounts. Collaborative work with other agencies and NGO has helped increase surveillance of the area. Regardless of progress, more funding and control operations are still needed. Since its inscription, the property was not object of any recommendation or decision from the World Heritage Committee.
Climate action
The National Development Plan 2022-2026 outlines strategic lines for an economic transition to achieve carbon neutrality and consolidate climate-resilient territories, and financing for climate action, re-industrialisation and sustainable development (PNN, 2023).
The protected area in the 2024-2029 management plan characterizes climate and oceanographic conditions and updates the assessment of pressures and threats to the PA's VOCs, including changes in sea surface temperature as the main climate change pressure on VOCs. Although this assessment of pressures and threats was updated, the need to generate a vulnerability analysis of the VOCs in the face of climate change is mentioned, which would provide detailed information on the real risk to the VOCs. As a result of this information gap, the vulnerability assessment is included in the research portfolio (2023-2028) as one of the priority needs to be addressed. In addition, in the monitoring program (2023-2028) changes were made to the design of oceanographic monitoring and its indicators, which are being implemented since 2020 by the protected area team, in order to have continuous and comparable information that can be used as input for the vulnerability assessment (UICN Green List, 2024).
The protected area in the 2024-2029 management plan characterizes climate and oceanographic conditions and updates the assessment of pressures and threats to the PA's VOCs, including changes in sea surface temperature as the main climate change pressure on VOCs. Although this assessment of pressures and threats was updated, the need to generate a vulnerability analysis of the VOCs in the face of climate change is mentioned, which would provide detailed information on the real risk to the VOCs. As a result of this information gap, the vulnerability assessment is included in the research portfolio (2023-2028) as one of the priority needs to be addressed. In addition, in the monitoring program (2023-2028) changes were made to the design of oceanographic monitoring and its indicators, which are being implemented since 2020 by the protected area team, in order to have continuous and comparable information that can be used as input for the vulnerability assessment (UICN Green List, 2024).
Management plan and overall management system
The island and surrounding waters are administered by Colombia's Protected Areas Agency - Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia (PNN). There are multiple agreements that allow PNN to work collaboratively with the Colombian Navy, different NGO (notably Fundación Malpelo, Conservation International and Biodiversity Conservation Colombia), and other organisations. The involvement of multiple organisations has helped to cover an important portion of the costly implementation of the management plan. For example, an Endowment Fund of 5M USD allocates 40% of funding for management activities, but this is not enough. Fundación Malpelo operates the endowment resources. The cost of surveillance to control illegal fishing throughout the protected area is high, and several agreements have been signed specifically to cover this activity. These include a 2014 agreement between PNN, the Malpelo Foundation, the Colombian National Navy, and Conservation International, and a more recent 2017 agreement between PNN and Biodiversity Conservation Colombia to support prevention, surveillance, and control activities using the catamaran Silky, staffed by both institutions. Biodiversity Conservation Colombia provides the vessel and crew, while Parques Nacionales provides part of the fuel, other coastal operating expenses, and onboard personnel (Parques Nacionales Naturales, 2024; Partnership agreement No. 001 of 2017, National Natural Parks and the Biodiversity Conservation Foundation Colombia, 2017). The Colombian Navy, with a permanent station on Malpelo Island, is assisting with surveillance for the presence of fishing vessels. While cooperation with non-governmental organizations and intergovernmental cooperation between different agencies is very positive, numerous challenges persist, especially in the area of law enforcement. The Malpelo FFS has an updated Management Plan for 2024-2029, approved by Resolution 233 of June 25, 2024.
Law enforcement
The Navy, Fundación Malpelo and Conservation International have been supporting the Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia in enforcement activities and through a collaboration agreement between these organizations, a surveillance vessel had been on patrol in the area, however the vessel is not operating at the time thus the agreement needs to be updated. A promising scheme is the current presence of a vessel with Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia personnel managed by Biodiversity Conservation Colombia, under a signed agreement from 2017. This sailing catamaran named 'Silky' has been operating since 2018 increasing the number of days present in the island; this should be an effective deterrent to illegal fishing. However, compared to the large size of the site, the law enforcement capacity remains limited and the site remains under pressure from industrial and semi-industrial illegal fishing (Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia, 2015). Legal proceedings of cases of illegal fishing and legal sanctions were also assessed as having the poorest performance among all management actions (IUCN Consultation, 2020b). The enormous distance that separates Malpelo from the continent and, above all, from the authorities that can carry out legal processes against the illegal fishermen, has been a great impediment. The logistics required to catch offenders and bring them before the authorities involve several days of navigation, and times are very restrictive in this aspect of Colombian law, which provides that a person can only be detained for up to 36 hours before being brought before a judge (IUCN Consultation, 2020c).
Sustainable finance
A privately administered 5 million USD endowment (Conservation International/Global Conservation Fund + Fondo Acción) with public-private governance provides annual funding since 2009 for main activities of the management plan through an NGO operator that also leverages significant additional funding. This endowment is managed by Fundación Malpelo and it is expected to expand its support for new objectives (Bohórquez, 2023). The full potential of tourism revenues remains to be realized. The National Park and National Parks (PNP) provides an annual budget for the area and seven employees (National Natural Parks of Colombia, 2024). Other funding is covered by multiple projects, and is raised by different organizations (see projects). Another funding initiative is the Pacífico Foundation, an international alliance created in 2017 and composed of four environmental funds, dedicated to ensuring the sustainable management of the Eastern Tropical Pacific, which includes Malpelo Island. The foundation collaborates with the governments of Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, and Costa Rica, as well as with the Marine Corridor of the Eastern Tropical Pacific (CMAR), MigraMar, and other regional organizations. Regarding the founding sources detailed by the State Party in the Third Periodic Report 56% of the funding sources originate from bilateral international funding, while 44% come from government sources (State Party of Colombia, 2023).This diversification of funding sources provide an opportunity for the financial sustainability of the site. However, it is still considered inadequate by the State Party to meet basic management needs. This issue reflects a broader national trend, as the share of the environmental budget allocated to National Parks has decreased from 16.7% to 8% (State Party of Colombia, 2023), directly impacting the funding available for Malpelo Flora and Fauna Sanctuary.
With the signing of the joint declaration between the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development, National Natural Parks of Colombia, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, the Fund for Biodiversity and Protected Areas Natural Heritage, World Wildlife Fund (WWF-Colombia and WWF US), Wildlife Conservation Society, Conservation International, The Nature Conservancy, and Andes Amazon Foundation, Colombia has established a Program for Permanent Financing (PFP) called HERENCIA COLOMBIA, which will secure funding and increase the capacity of Colombia's protected areas in a landscape context. The HeCo Program is conceived as one of the country's major commitments to contribute to the fulfilment of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), in line with Colombia's commitments to the Climate Change Convention under its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This program accompanied, among other things, the expansion of the Malpelo SFF and promotes the coordinated management of the Yuruparí-Malpelo NIMD and the Malpelo FFS through the establishment of common processes for engaging with stakeholders seeking agreements that achieve better and greater impacts.
With the signing of the joint declaration between the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development, National Natural Parks of Colombia, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, the Fund for Biodiversity and Protected Areas Natural Heritage, World Wildlife Fund (WWF-Colombia and WWF US), Wildlife Conservation Society, Conservation International, The Nature Conservancy, and Andes Amazon Foundation, Colombia has established a Program for Permanent Financing (PFP) called HERENCIA COLOMBIA, which will secure funding and increase the capacity of Colombia's protected areas in a landscape context. The HeCo Program is conceived as one of the country's major commitments to contribute to the fulfilment of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), in line with Colombia's commitments to the Climate Change Convention under its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This program accompanied, among other things, the expansion of the Malpelo SFF and promotes the coordinated management of the Yuruparí-Malpelo NIMD and the Malpelo FFS through the establishment of common processes for engaging with stakeholders seeking agreements that achieve better and greater impacts.
Staff capacity, training and development
Navy personnel stationed on the island on a rotational basis are trained to follow protocols to minimize the risks of introducing alien invasive species. The Navy also supports the management of the area, as does Fundación Malpelo through a cooperative agreement. Furthermore, Parques Naciones Naturales de Colombia have signed an agreement in 2017 with Biodiversity Conservation Colombia to support the presence of personnel in the area aboard the sailing catamaran 'Silky'. This scheme has increased substantially the presence in the area discouraging illegal fishing. However, even with this external support, the number of staff is insufficient, as also suggested by the effectiveness analysis, the permanent staff must be strengthened and the existing ones qualified as currently 7 park rangers are responsible for a 4.8 million hectare marine national park (National Natural Parks of Colombia, 2024).
Education and interpretation programmes
Oral and video presentations are conducted in Bogota, Cali, and Buenaventura at secondary schools, universities, international meetings, and on-board boats visiting Malpelo to raise awareness of the conservation values of the Sanctuary and best practice protocols to protect those values (Fundación Malpelo, 2019a) (IUCN consultation, 2024). As part of the environmental education strategy, there is a work plan that guides actions. The awareness talks given to children in Buenaventura's institutions are tailored to each age group. In this regard, educational talks have been designed for sixth and seventh, eighth and ninth, and tenth and eleventh grade groups. In addition, introductions to the importance of the protected area are tailored to researchers and visitors (UICN Green List, 2024).
Tourism and visitation management
The third Periodic Report shows no significantly negative impacts due to tourism and visitation of Malpelo Sanctuary (State Party of Colombia, 2023). The ordination of activities in the Sanctuary are regulated with the current management plan for the 2024-2029 period (Resolution 233 of June 25, 2024), and also an Ecotourism Ordination Plan for the 2023-2027 period.
Malpelo Sanctuary holds an annual amount of 500 visitors into diving "Live Aboards" ships which offers accommodation, food and equipment for SCUBA diving. The ships have to use mooring points since the anchoring is prohibited. The maintainance of moorings relays in alliances with BCC Foundation since 2017 (Convenio 001 de 2017). Others restrictions for ecoturism include a restricted schedule from 7:00 to 16:00 in 37 diving sites with maximum carrying capacity of 25 divers per day in groups that consist of a zodiac boat, a pilot, a maximum of six divers and an experience diving guide. It is mandatory to carry a minimum -security equipment (Surface Marker Buoy, GPS-AIS, diving computer) and keep a mandatory maximum depth of 121 feet or 40m.
A Park ranger usually assists the "Live Aboard" to evaluate the regulations over visitors, and also to assist and present daily briefing and diving activities (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
Malpelo Sanctuary holds an annual amount of 500 visitors into diving "Live Aboards" ships which offers accommodation, food and equipment for SCUBA diving. The ships have to use mooring points since the anchoring is prohibited. The maintainance of moorings relays in alliances with BCC Foundation since 2017 (Convenio 001 de 2017). Others restrictions for ecoturism include a restricted schedule from 7:00 to 16:00 in 37 diving sites with maximum carrying capacity of 25 divers per day in groups that consist of a zodiac boat, a pilot, a maximum of six divers and an experience diving guide. It is mandatory to carry a minimum -security equipment (Surface Marker Buoy, GPS-AIS, diving computer) and keep a mandatory maximum depth of 121 feet or 40m.
A Park ranger usually assists the "Live Aboard" to evaluate the regulations over visitors, and also to assist and present daily briefing and diving activities (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
Sustainable use
Recreational and scientific diving in the Sanctuary is strictly regulated, limiting the number of boats, the number of divers and prohibiting anchoring in sensitive areas. The terrestrial system of Malpelo is visited very occasionally by visitors, under strict control measures and for reduced spaces of time. In the island it is prohibited to spend the night as a tourist, and only Navy personnel and Park rangers spend several days on the island (Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia, 2015). The regulation of tourist activities is detailed in the updated planning instrument approved for the period (2024–2029) (Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia, 2024).
Monitoring
The Fundación Malpelo has monitored populations of hammerhead sharks since 2000 (Fundación Malpelo, 2019a) and now supports the Malpelo FFS with the monitoring of large pelagics. Monitoring is also carried out through annual expeditions organized by the National Natural Parks and the Malpelo Foundation, partially funded by the Malpelo Endowment Fund. Monitoring of the Nazca boobies has also been conducted at Malpelo, where the largest breeding colony is located. (López-Victoria y Estela, 2007). Starting in 2021, population density monitoring began in the early morning hours, where an average adult density of 250.3 out of 75.6 individuals/4050 m2 was obtained (Muriel-Hoyos, 2022a). In cooperation with the Universidad del Valle, monitoring of some key endemic fish species has been conducted since 2013 (Parques Nacionales Naturales, 2015; Fundacion Malpelo, 2019a). Currently, monitoring is carried out by Park rangers of the Malpelo FFS, considering the method used for monitoring sampling, the species selected to monitor were A. rubinoffi, L. bimaculatus and A. stephensi (Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia, 2024). Other groups of terrestrial organisms, besides the nesting sea birds, were monitored for several years, until the National Parks cabin burned down, which greatly limited the logistics for researchers who needed to stay on the island for a few days in order to monitor the endemic terrestrial species (IUCN Consultation, 2020c). The current monitoring program (2023-2028) prioritizes three endemic lizard species (Diploglossus millepunctatus, Anolis agassizi, and Phyllodactylus transversalis) and one crab species (Johngarthia malpilensis), with monitoring conducted monthly by the Malpelo FFS team. Another conservation target is the coral community. Since 2003, the Malpelo FFS has been included in the Colombian National Reef Monitoring System (SIAC), coordinated by the Institute of Marine and Coastal Research (INVEMAR). Furthermore, in 2016, the INVEMAR Coral Reef Condition Trend Indicator (ICTAC) protocol was implemented.
Research
Since 1999, research activities has been conducted in the Sanctuary by the Colombian Institute for Marine and Coastal Investigation (INVEMAR), the Colombian Navy, Calidris Association, Malpelo Foundation, the Universidad del Valle, Universidad Javeriana, other Universities and National Natural Parks of Colombia (PNN). The Malpelo FFS is remote and in excellent ecological conditions, making it an ideal site for the study of diverse biological groups. Consequently, the scientific literature on the area has expanded significantly over recent decades. Current research efforts include trophic structure analyses based on stable isotope studies, such as the work by Estupiñán et al. (2024), which provides the first insights into the marine trophic structure of Malpelo Island and highlights functional traits of species inhabiting this ecosystem. Regarding terrestrial vertebrates, recent studies have focused on the foraging behaviour of the Nazca booby (Sula granti) within the Sanctuary, which hosts the world’s largest breeding population of this species. In addition, new information has been generated on endemic fish species within the protected area, with an emphasis on genetic diversity, ecology, and the documentation of new species (Tavera et al., 2021; Rojas-Vélez et al., 2021). Invertebrate research has also expanded, with particular focus on the invertebrate fauna associated with the invasive coral Carijoa riisei, and on surveys of terrestrial invertebrate populations aimed at identifying potential introduced species. Recent work by Millán-Márquez et al. (2024) provides critical information regarding the specific symbionts of reef-building corals in Malpelo.
Marine flora research is currently underway in collaboration with the National University of Colombia, aiming to expand knowledge of marine plant communities in the area. To enhance understanding of the underwater ecosystems, pilot tests of Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) have been conducted, along with scientific expeditions in collaboration with INVEMAR targeting mesophotic ecosystems. In addition, research on oceanographic conditions in the pelagic environment includes monitoring the expansion of anoxic zones in the Eastern Tropical Pacific and expeditions to assess carbon capture in oceanic protected areas of the Colombian Pacific, with sampling stations located in the region. Ongoing research is also conducted around Malpelo Island and its surrounding waters by Migramar and the Malpelo Foundation, aimed at improving understanding of the distribution and migratory patterns of key species such as sharks and large pelagics. Initiatives like Migramar are particularly focused on the Eastern Tropical Pacific Marine Corridor (CMAR).
Marine flora research is currently underway in collaboration with the National University of Colombia, aiming to expand knowledge of marine plant communities in the area. To enhance understanding of the underwater ecosystems, pilot tests of Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) have been conducted, along with scientific expeditions in collaboration with INVEMAR targeting mesophotic ecosystems. In addition, research on oceanographic conditions in the pelagic environment includes monitoring the expansion of anoxic zones in the Eastern Tropical Pacific and expeditions to assess carbon capture in oceanic protected areas of the Colombian Pacific, with sampling stations located in the region. Ongoing research is also conducted around Malpelo Island and its surrounding waters by Migramar and the Malpelo Foundation, aimed at improving understanding of the distribution and migratory patterns of key species such as sharks and large pelagics. Initiatives like Migramar are particularly focused on the Eastern Tropical Pacific Marine Corridor (CMAR).
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats outside the site
Malpelo is involved in various regional initiatives focused on ecosystem connectivity, regional management of fisheries and other natural resources, and collaborative efforts (IUCN consultation, 2024). These include the Integrated Management of Yuruparí-Malpelo, CMAR, and bilateral agreements between the governments of Colombia, Ecuador, and Costa Rica aimed at addressing illegal and unregulated fishing. Nonetheless illegal fishing and unregulated regional fishing remains a major challenge.
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats inside the site
Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia evaluates on a periodic basis the management effectiveness of all national protected areas. The most recent assessment was carried out in 2025 using the AEMAPPS methodology, with a management effectiveness index of 74% in the short term (AEMAPPS, 2025) and in the medium and long term in 2021 (AEMAPPS, 2023), with an index of 77% and 70%. Additionally, in 2024, the mid-term evaluation of the Green List Standard was completed by the Group of Experts (IUCN Green List, 2024). Since the assessment was made, recommendations have been followed on strengthening the National Agency personnel, updating monitoring protocols and a better coordination between Fundación Malpelo and park officers. Details of recent actions for management effectiveness, including aspects of governance, are described in the Management Plan 2024-2029 (Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia, 2024). Despite multiple issues, particularly regarding control of illegal fishing, Malpelo has been recognized as one of the most effective marine protected areas in the world (Edgar et al., 2014), and has been recognized as a Hope Spot since 2016 (Mission Blue, 2020) and a Blue Park since 2017 (Marine Conservation Institute, 2017) and was included in the IUCN Green List in 2020 (IUCN, 2020). It has also been recognized as an Important Bird and Biodiversity Area since 2005.
Management activities have advanced significantly since inscription and the protected area has increased its financial, technical, human and operational resources. However, further consolidation of funding and management is needed, including on a regional basis (mostly coordinated by CMAR), and in particular, increased efforts in Staff capacity and law enforcement are needed. Formal coordination between the Navy, PNN and Biodiversity Conservation Colombia is supporting enforcement activities. However, due to the large size of the site, law enforcement capacity remains low due to lack of personnel and equipment and therefore the site remains under pressure from illegal fishing. The Malpelo FFS has an updated management plan approved by Resolution 233 of June 25, 2024, valid until 2029.
Good practice examples
1) The conservation history of Malpelo FFS, including the successful World Heritage nomination, is based on an exemplary cooperation between governmental and non-governmental actors. Malpelo Fauna and Flora Sanctuary has positioned itself as one of the five best sites to dive in the world for its geological characteristics and the biodiversity it houses. This classification has become a tool for the defense of Malpelo since it has been possible to articulate efforts with national and international co-operators, who have made technical and financial contributions for the marine protection of the area. This public-private alliance has materialized through the consolidation of a heritage fund and the signing of an agreement that has allowed to guarantee the permanent operational presence in the archipelago, in addition to achieving articulations for research in the most distant areas of Malpelo Fauna and Flora Sanctuary.
2) Yuruparí-Malpelo National District Integrated Management: The enlargement of Malpelo Fauna and Flora Sanctuary in 2017 to 2.667.907 and in 2022 to 4,815,114 hectares and the creation of Yuruparí-Malpelo National District of Integrated Management is a good example of WH protection, which was possible thanks to the agreements with the fishing sector that works sustainably at the influence zone of Malpelo. This expansion of SFF Malpelo and creation of DNMI Yuruparí-Malpelo obeyed to an exhaustive process during several years, that leaded the country to plan a responsible achievement of protected area targets of other multilateral environmental agreements (CBD Aichi Target 11) in a detailed, technical, and scientific work with broad agreements (mainstreaming UNESCO WHL with CBD Post 2020 Framework).
3) The Eastern Tropical Marina Corridor (CMAR): This has proven to be a good practice among Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, and Panama to foster international efforts towards the protection of 4 marine protected areas that are WHS, making possible joint actions and capacity building through technical cooperation.
4) Pacific Foundation: A funding international initiative composed of four environmental funds from Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador and Panama, dedicated to ensuring the sustainable management of the Eastern Tropical Pacific, which includes Malpelo Island.
2) Yuruparí-Malpelo National District Integrated Management: The enlargement of Malpelo Fauna and Flora Sanctuary in 2017 to 2.667.907 and in 2022 to 4,815,114 hectares and the creation of Yuruparí-Malpelo National District of Integrated Management is a good example of WH protection, which was possible thanks to the agreements with the fishing sector that works sustainably at the influence zone of Malpelo. This expansion of SFF Malpelo and creation of DNMI Yuruparí-Malpelo obeyed to an exhaustive process during several years, that leaded the country to plan a responsible achievement of protected area targets of other multilateral environmental agreements (CBD Aichi Target 11) in a detailed, technical, and scientific work with broad agreements (mainstreaming UNESCO WHL with CBD Post 2020 Framework).
3) The Eastern Tropical Marina Corridor (CMAR): This has proven to be a good practice among Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, and Panama to foster international efforts towards the protection of 4 marine protected areas that are WHS, making possible joint actions and capacity building through technical cooperation.
4) Pacific Foundation: A funding international initiative composed of four environmental funds from Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador and Panama, dedicated to ensuring the sustainable management of the Eastern Tropical Pacific, which includes Malpelo Island.
Undisturbed marine wilderness
Good
Trend
Stable
The pristine natural beauty of the site remains largely preserved.
Globally significant marine protected area with unaltered and non-threatened ecosystems
Low Concern
Trend
Stable
Ecological processes remain largely intact in the site as evidenced by the population densities of a broad range of apex predators and pelagic species. The location of the site and its related role as an aggregation point enable dispersal and replenishment of benthic larvae of corals, fish and mollusks and other marine life in the broader Eastern Tropical Pacific.
Some of the species of elasmobranchii have shown certain fluctuations in their numbers, most likely influenced by the El Niño and La Niña phenomena. However, most of these populations, e.g. those of spotted eagle rays and whitetip reef sharks, show overall stable or positive trends, with the exception of the scalloped hammerhead shark (Sphyrna lewini, EN), whose population has declined by almost 70% in the last ten years (Fundación Malpelo, 2019a; Bessudo, 2023). An assessment by García (2013) evaluated the ecological integrity of the site based on three main indicators - birds (Sula granti), corals and fish - and concluded that the overall ecological integrity was good.
Some of the species of elasmobranchii have shown certain fluctuations in their numbers, most likely influenced by the El Niño and La Niña phenomena. However, most of these populations, e.g. those of spotted eagle rays and whitetip reef sharks, show overall stable or positive trends, with the exception of the scalloped hammerhead shark (Sphyrna lewini, EN), whose population has declined by almost 70% in the last ten years (Fundación Malpelo, 2019a; Bessudo, 2023). An assessment by García (2013) evaluated the ecological integrity of the site based on three main indicators - birds (Sula granti), corals and fish - and concluded that the overall ecological integrity was good.
Assessment of the current state and trend of World Heritage values
Stable
The current state and trend of World Heritage values continue to be very good despite the occurrence of illegal fishing. Ecological processes remain largely intact in the site as evidenced by the population densities of a broad range of apex predators and pelagic species. Populations of most key species remain stable. One alarming exception is the scalloped hammerhead whose population has decreased by almost 70% in the last ten years.
Assessment of the current state and trend of other important biodiversity values
Low Concern
Data Deficient
The above mentioned illegal fishing is a broader challenge transcending national boundaries, including within the regional CMAR efforts. Over the last four years, CMAR has supported the Malpelo FFS with resources from the cooperation agreement between National Parks and the Principality of Monaco (2018). During the implementation of the South-South cooperation project “Joint work between CMAR and the Coral Triangle (Asia)”, developed by the Presidential Cooperation Agency (APC-Colombia) and National Parks, the protected area participated as one of the case studies in terms of structure, operation, and management of different types of marine protected areas in technical exchanges between CMAR and the Coral Triangle -CTICFF.
Within the framework of the “Migravías del Pacífico Este Tropical” initiative promoted by the regional NGO Migramar, it has benefited from scientifically produced information on migratory species by this organization, which is a member of the CMAR regional science group, and has benefited protected island areas such as the Malpelo FFS and the Yuruparí-Malpelo NIMD. Similarly, it has allowed the Sanctuary to strengthen its relationship with neighbouring oceanic MPAs in Panama, mainly the Cordillera Coiba Marine Reserve (Panama), on the migratory route described for this region as the Coiba-Malpelo Migratory Route.
Within the framework of the “Migravías del Pacífico Este Tropical” initiative promoted by the regional NGO Migramar, it has benefited from scientifically produced information on migratory species by this organization, which is a member of the CMAR regional science group, and has benefited protected island areas such as the Malpelo FFS and the Yuruparí-Malpelo NIMD. Similarly, it has allowed the Sanctuary to strengthen its relationship with neighbouring oceanic MPAs in Panama, mainly the Cordillera Coiba Marine Reserve (Panama), on the migratory route described for this region as the Coiba-Malpelo Migratory Route.
Assessment of the current state and trend of other important values
Good
Stable
The submerged geological value of the property remains intact (Londoño & Rodríguez, 2021).
Additional information
Importance for research
The Sanctuary is in very good condition regarding contamination and other modifications and impacts. Jointly with the population densities and behaviour patterns considered natural Malpelo is a reference area for many aspects of marine ecology and biology.
Fishing areas and conservation of fish stocks
The Malpelo FFS serves as a major reproduction, breeding and nursery area for many forms of marine life and contributes to the productivity of the fisheries of the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Conservation of a number of fish species of high commercial relevance depends on Malpelo's no-take zones.
Natural beauty and scenery
Beyond possible economic benefits for the industry of the tourism, Malpelo has been considered by several specialized publications as one of the 10 best places to dive in the world. The possibility of diving in a place where the marine populations are in an almost original state is invaluable and of a scenic beauty difficult to find in other places.
Outdoor recreation and tourism
Dive tourism is the main economic activity. Divers are mostly attracted by mega-fauna, but it is still small scale (500 divers/year). The diving operation is currently based only from Colombian ports with two liveaboard, but before there were boats from Panama and Costa Rica operating in the area. This has given the Colombians national boat operators an exclusive niche in the diving activity in Malpelo which is world renowned. There are more divers from other countries than nationals. This activity provides jobs and benefits especially to the communities of the Pacific coast as well as extra funding to Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia through the fees that divers have to pay.
The Malpelo FFS is of major importance for conservation and research, and serves as an aggregation, reproduction, breeding and nursery site for numerous marine species that are of great importance for the Eastern Tropical Pacific fisheries and to preserve the global biodiversity. The large predators and pelagic species are the basis for the high-end diving tourism, which brings economic and social benefits. It is a pristine key-site that contributes to ecosystem connectivity across the Eastern Tropical Pacific Marine Corridor and a place of priceless scenic beauty.
| № | Organization | Brief description of Active Projects | Website |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Colombian Navy | Patrol boat and personnel for law enforcement. | |
| 2 | Conservation International, Fundación Malpelo, Asociación Calidris and Universities | Support for participation in activities related to the Eastern Tropical Pacific Seascape (ETPS) to coordinate conservation policies, research, and management, and facilitate information exchange. | |
| 3 | Environmental Action Fund of Colombia | Annual contribution of more than US$230,000 per year (proceeds from the Malpelo Endowment Fund) to support management. Endowment manager. | |
| 4 | Fundación Malpelo | Hammerhead shark research (funding from the Malpelo Endowment Fund); development of management effectiveness and conservation (funded by Conservation International ETPS). |
www.fundacionmalpelo.org
|
| 5 | Conservation International | Strengthening fisheries management in the Eastern Pacific Tropical Seascape : reducing IUU fishing in four MPAs (Cocos, Malpelo, Galapagos and Coiba) by strengthening the fisheries enforcement chain (detection, interdiction and prosecution) and improving policy frameworks (policy and institutional capacity strengthening, information systems building, communication and outreach) |
https://www.conservation.org/places/Eastern-Tropical-Pacific-Seascape
|
| 6 | MigraMar | Founded in 2006, MigraMar is a network of scientists working on research and conservation of migratory marine species in the region of the Eastern Pacific. Its goal is to implement effective plans for management and conservation that are in keeping with the nature of these creatures. |
www.migramar.org
|
| 7 | Biodiversity Conservation Colombia | Biodiversity Conservation Colombia is an NGO funded by the Biodiversity Conservation Trust. The main objective of this NGO is to help in the presence of Colombian National Natural Park personnel in the Malpelo FFS. This is achieved by the support of a vessel (sailing catamaran) called 'Silky' run by Biodiversity Conservation Colombia crew. |
www.biodiversityconservationco.org
|
| 8 | Patrimonio Natural (Colombia), Fondo Acción (Colombia), Fundación Natura (Panama), Forever Costa Rica. (Costa Rica | Pacifico Foundation is an international alliance comprised of 4 enviromental funds with the aim to ensure the sustainable management of the Eastern Tropical Pacific, which includes Malpelo Island. This Foundation works in partnership with the governments of Panama, Colombia, Ecuador and Costa Rica, the Marine Corridor of the Eastern Tropical Pacific (CMAR), MigraMar and other organizations in the region. |
https://redpacifico.net/
|
| 9 | Colombian government, World Wildlife Fund (WWF), and various other community, public, and private sector partners | Herencia Colombia is a public-private partnership program that seeks to protect Colombia's natural and cultural heritage. It aims to contribute to the expansion of protected land and marine areas, increase resilience, effective management, and connectivity between them, seeking to generate benefits for local communities and mobilize public and private financial resources to reduce the funding gap. |
https://www.parquesnacionales.gov.co/herencia-colombia/
https://www.parquesnacionales.gov.co/herencia-colombia/
https://www.minambiente.gov.co/herencia-colombia/
|
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