Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve

Almost all of the World Heritage site is located on communal lands or private property; therefore, conservation and management programs must be implemented through cooperative activities with the landowners. Considerable efforts have been underway to promote alternative livelihood projects, environmental education and training, compensation schemes for conservation, reforestation, and voluntary surveillance to halt illegal logging (Vidal and Rendon-Salinas, 2014; Vidal et al., 2014; State Party of Mexico, 2011; IUCN, 2018). The government's payment for environmental services, and the financial support from Mexican and international philanthropists and businesses that helped to create alternative incomes and employment for local communities, together with the Monarch Fund, have played a key role to reduce illegal logging by providing incentives for the communities to protect their forests.

The Trust for the Conservation of the Monarch Butterfly is an initiative of WWF and the Mexican Fund for the Conservation of Nature, A. C. (FMCN), in coordination with the Ministry of the Environment and the governments of Michoacán and the State of Mexico. The MF is a financial mechanism that provides economic incentives to the owners of properties in the core zone of the MBBR to not harvest the forest and to engage in forest conservation. It is based on a capital investment of 7.5 million dollars. Its implementation was and continues to be a fundamental tool for MBBR conservation and management. From 2003 to 2008, owners of 17 of the 38 properties that are within the core zone received incentives for not using the forest for wood (US$12 per m3 not used). Owners of 14 properties received incentives for conservation (US$10/ha). During this time, the MF distributed US$1.36 M. Beginning in 2009, the FMCN and the National Forestry Commission (CONAFOR) agreed
to implement ‘Competing Funds’, adding to the MF incentives with payments from CONAFOR Environmental Hydrological Services. These funds currently benefit owners of 33 properties of the core
zone. To date, US$5.17 M have been granted in total through these combined payment for ecosystem services strategies (Rendón-Salinas et al. 2023).

Nevertheless, conflicts remain in terms of the use of the "ejido" lands within the World Heritage site. Given widespread rural poverty, incentives to log and collect firewood remain high, although illegal logging has declined significantly since 2012 (Rendón-Salinas et al. 2023).

About 27,000 people live in 80 agrarian communities within the reserve's buffer zones and more than 1 million people live around the reserve (IUCN Consultation, 2024). Formerly based on mining and forestry, the economy of the monarch butterfly region faces serious economic challenges, mostly in the form of scarce and poorly paid jobs (Vidal et al., 2014). Dire regional social and economic problems remain, and they must be addressed to ensure the reserve's long-term conservation. Local communities receive economic benefits from the collection of entrance fees to the Monarch Butterfly Sanctuaries (State Party of Mexico, 2023), though there are concerns about benefit-sharing in the realm of tourism.

Building upon earlier national designations, in 2000, the "Reserva de la Biosfera Mariposa Monarca" was established and in 2006 the same area was formally designated as a biosphere reserve under UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme. In 2008, the cores zones of the biosphere reserve were inscribed as a World Heritage site.

Of 19 butterfly colonies reported to date, 14 are in the federal Biosphere Reserve and thus protected, 3 are in a protected area in Estado de Mexico, and 2 are in Michoacán state and not protected (Vidal and Rendon-Salinas, 2014). According to Rendón-Salinas et al. (2023) monarch butterflies in Mexico have formed 7–14 colonies every year, during the last 10 years, regardless of
how large the total occupied forest area is in a given year. The latest record, in December 2022, documented 11 colonies, three in Michoacán and eight in the State of Mexico, which occupied a total area of 2.21 ha of forest. Six colonies (1.52 ha) were located within the MBBR, while five (0.69 ha) were located outside of the Reserve. To date, scientists have documented 13 sanctuaries and 23 colonies in the region in total. An adequate legal framework for maintaining the OUV including conditions of Authenticity and/or Integrity of the World Heritage property exists but there are some deficiencies in implementation, with lack of resources and capacity to enforce legislation being a main concern (State Party of Mexico, 2023). The legal framework (legislation or regulations) is applied by various institutions, from the federal, state or municipal government; the site management authorities contribute and issue technical opinions before the competent agencies for the implementation of actions aimed at managing resources and productive activities. Strengthening of the institutions is required for the application of the legal framework that would allow for a better management and administration of the property (State Party of Mexico, 2023).

The MBBR is an interesting example of community based natural resource management (CBNRM) as a large percentage (80%) of the protected area is under some form of community or collective management; there are over 100 settlements with territory in the zone. There are four types of land tenure in the reserve: federal lands, private lands, indigenous communities, and ejidos. Overall, the property is managed by Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas (CONANP). In addition, 13 NGOs and academic institutions and the Monarch Butterfly Trust Fund (co-managed by the Mexican Fund for Nature and WWF-Mexico) provide inputs to management. An Advisory Council, made up of 21 representatives of rural cooperatives, communities and NGOs, assists CONANP in implementing the Management Program and Annual Operational Plans

Mexican environmental law only allows the National Commission of Protected Areas to make final decisions, thus, true participative management, defined as effective citizen power, including in the decision-making processes between citizens and institutions, is not legally recognized in the country. However, some mechanisms exist to enhance participation. The Monarch Fund, which pays for environmental services, has helped to improve acceptance of the protected area, even though opportunity costs are not fully covered. In the process of establishing leadership, NGOs play a central role as valid intermediaries between institutional and local resident stakeholders, working for increased social participation. However, strengthening social participation is limited by the characteristics of Mexican social organizations, ejidos and comunidades, in which three social classes exist with different rights pertaining to each category. Nevertheless, micro-regional councils and the consultative council make a long-term relationship between stakeholders possible; every inhabitant, regardless of social status, can take part in the process (Catalán, 2015). These elements demonstrate that the governance arrangements are somewhat effective but could be further improved.

An Advisory Council, made up of 21 representatives of rural cooperatives, communities and NGOs, assists CONANP in implementing the Management Program and Annual Operational Plans. At a broader scale, a Regional Committee integrates the efforts of the States of Michoacán and México and 27 municipalities in developing and implementing a regional land use plan (IUCN, 2008). Besides regional and national coordination, international cooperation is also an important factor for the conservation of this site. A Trinational Working Group, established by Canada, Mexico and the USA in 2014, developed short- and long-term targets and activities for preservation of the migration of the monarch butterfly (State Party of Mexico, 2017). Cooperation between the three countries continues under the framework of the North American Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC).

The site’s boundaries are defined by the Presidential Decree that established the biosphere reserve at the national level in 2000. The three defined core zones of the biosphere reserve constitute the World Heritage property, while the two buffer zones of the biosphere reserve also serve as the buffer zones of the property. Jointly, the core zones cover 14 of the historically-recorded overwintering colonies of the eastern population of the Monarch Butterfly. The remaining populations hibernate in 5 colonies outside the World Heritage site and some colonies have been lost altogether (Brower, 2013; Vidal and Rendon-Salinas, 2014; Vidal et al., 2014). While the boundaries of the World Heritage site are adequate for the protection of around 80% of the overwintering population of the monarch butterfly, the overwintering colonies outside the site should be considered as a serial extension in the future, particularly in the face of changing climatic conditions (IUCN, 2018). Nevertheless, it is important to note that the colonies located outside the biosphere reserve are within the Natural Resource Protected Area of the river valleys of Valle de Bravo, Malacatepec, Tilostoc and Temascaltepec, and the Protected Area for Flora and Fauna of Nevado de Toluca. The boundaries and buffer zone of the property are known and recognized by management authorities and local communities/users, but they could be improved to support the protection of the OUV (State Party of Mexico, 2023).

Since 2006, the property is a Biosphere Reserve as part of the Man and the Biosphere (MAB) program of UNESCO. The World Heritage Site Manager also manages this designation/programme (State Party of Mexico, 2023) so it can be expected that there is a high level of coordination between the BR and the WH site management activities, although there is no reference to World Heritage in the current Biosphere Reserve management plan.

Recent World Heritage Committee decisions include requests related to continuing efforts to combat illegal logging and agricultural encroachment, updating of the management program, ensuring that no mining activities are permitted within the World Heritage site or in its vicinity, and increasing trinational cooperation with Canada and the USA to minimize threats to the monarch butterflies along their migration route. Measures to address these requests are ongoing, however, their effectiveness will need to be further evaluated at a later stage. Work is being done on the implementation of actions to address the Committee's recommendations, under a coordination of the different actors involved in the conservation, surveillance, monitoring and management of the property in order to facilitate the achievement of the expected results (State Party of Mexico, 2023).

The Climate Change Adaptation Program has been developed in the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve, which seeks to be a planning instrument that supports and guides the implementation of adaptation measures to reduce the vulnerability of ecosystems and the population that lives in the protected area and its surroundings (State Party of Mexico, 2023). Work is underway in various projects to tackle the predicted impacts on the monarch butterflies from climate change, for example through assisted migration (Sáenz-Romero et al. 2024). There is also restoration occurring within the property and in the BR as a whole. During the rainy season, from June to September 2023, reforestation was carried out on 1,553 hectares in the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve. This involved planting 1,674,300 oyamel (Abies religiosa) and smooth pine (Pinus pseudostrobus) trees on sites affected primarily by illegal logging, pests, and forest fires. Of this area, 95 hectares were in the buffer zone, and the remainder was within the core zone of the World Heritage Site. The Government of the Estado de México, through PROBOSQUE, annually implements the EDOMÉX PROCARBONO Program, which aims to maintain or increase carbon storage in trees of forest plantations that are at least four years old and intended for timber production. This program supports actions for the management, protection, and conservation of forest-covered lands. In 2023, support was provided to nine properties covering 71 hectares (Table 14) with an amount of $106,500.00 MXN for the capture and storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the trees (State Party of Mexico, 2024). Fire management is also an ongoing aspect of site-level climate action. During the 2023-2024 period, actions were implemented for fire management through the dissemination of the Mexican Official Standard NOM-015-SEMARNAT/SAGARPA-2007, which establishes technical specifications for the use of fire in forest lands and agricultural lands. This was communicated to 18 municipal technicians from the AGROSANO program under the Government of the State of Michoacán, with the aim and commitment to replicate this standard with the communities in the municipalities where each technician is assigned. Furthermore, in partnership with Alternare A. C., the project titled "Conservation in the MBBR and the Sierra de Manantlán Biosphere Reserve" was implemented through cooperation alliances, capacity building, and intersectoral experience exchange, with the
goal of exchanging experiences and developing a communication strategy to promote mitigation actions against climate change effects in NPAs. Additionally, a multimedia communication strategy was designed to promote the implementation of conservation actions and address the vulnerability of the Monarch butterfly hibernation forests to climate change effects from a community perspective (State Party of Mexico, 2024).

Management is guided by a Management Program, a general document that lays out policies on sustainable development, wildlife management, public use, scientific research and monitoring, operations and law enforcement, rather than specific prescriptions for management. The document forms the basis for the Annual Operational Plans that are used to guide the day-to-day management activities of the many organizations involved (IUCN, 2008; State Party of Mexico, 2011; 2023). Management policies are based in the National Program for Natural Protected Areas.

The designation of the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve as a World Heritage property brings with it a certain level of stability and privilege in terms of financial and human resources, a clear legal framework, and staff with relevant expertise and experience to manage the site (IUCN Consultation, 2024). There is appropriate coordination between the relevant governmental and non-governmental actors involved in the property's management, including the participation of research organizations, and community participation, where relevant. Nevertheless, additional human, financial and technical resources would benefit its management. Recent reporting by the State Party indicates that many key factors related to the overall management system are positive and in a stable trend, with the exception of financial resources which are decreasing (State Party of Mexico, 2023). There is coordination between the range of administrative bodies involved in the management of the property, but it could be improved, and the management program has only been partially implemented and could be improved to fully protect the OUV (State Party of Mexico, 2023). There is also a need to update the current management program and consider establishing a working group to address management issues according to the competencies of the various administrative bodies to improve management coordination (State Party of Mexico, 2023).

The Federal Attorney for Environmental Protection (PROFEPA), an autonomous body of SEMARNAT, is responsible for overseeing and evaluating compliance with applicable legal provisions for the restoration, preservation, and protection of natural resources through inspections and operations, handling public complaints, and promoting social participation in environmental protection and defense matters (State Party of Mexico, 2024). In terms of preventing and combating illegal logging, coordinated surveillance is conducted between PROFEPA, the MBBR Directorate, the National Guard, the Civil Guard through the Forest and Environmental Group, and the Environmental Surveillance Committees of the Agrarian Nuclei (ejidos and communities) (State Party of Mexico, 2024). Through PROREST, seven community monitoring and surveillance committees were established and trained in 2023 in the localities of San Pablo Malacatepec, San Juan Xoconusco, and La Mesa in Estado de México, and San Juan Zitácuaro, San Cristóbal, Nicolás Romero, and Jesús de Nazareno in the State of Michoacán. These committees perform concrete actions over 1,400 hectares of the site and its buffer zone. In 2024, two additional committees were formed in San Cristóbal and Jesús de Nazareno in the State of Michoacán to supervise 600 hectares. Patrols are regulary carried out by the MBBR Directorate, in coordination with PROFEPA and the National Guard to deter environmental crimes, addressing support requests from representatives of different ejidos, localities, and communities, with collaboration and participation from various government agencies. In response to the severe deforestation and land-use change issues in Michoacán, the state government has implemented a satellite surveillance system known as Forest Guardian. This system is designed as an effective solution to monitor and report illegal land-use activities. The Forest Guardian system will notify the relevant authorities of these alerts and information, enabling them to act within their jurisdiction. It facilitates immediate action by mobilizing authorities and local communities to prevent further environmental damage (State Party of Mexico, 2024).

Overall, due to the above measures, illegal logging has significantly decreased since 2012, however, it still occurs (Rendón-Salinas et al. 2023). In recent years (2019-2022), illegal logging has affected approximately 13.5 ha per year. The observed slight increase recently is partially due to the lack of institutional presence in the area (IUCN Consultation, 2024).

Financing has been provided by several federal, state and international sources from governments, private sector, philanthropists and civil society. The Monarch Butterfly Fund (MBF), established and managed by the Mexican Fund for Nature and WWF-Mexico has a long term endowment which has been supported by the federal and state governments, civil society (international and national), and individual donors (State Party of Mexico, 2011; WWF, n.d.). The budget is mainly composed of direct fiscal resources allocated by the federal government to CONANP and funds from the Natural Protected Areas Fund (FANP), which is funded by civil society organizations. In addition, two key grant programs are implemented: the Conservation Program for Sustainable Development (PROCODES), which supports conservation and sustainable development projects with community participation, and the Program for the Protection and Restoration of Ecosystems and Priority Species (PROREST), which focuses on the recovery of degraded sites. Recently, the property has benefited from external resources through the Conservation and Sustainable Use in Mountains and Sierras (COSMOS) project, a cooperative initiative between Mexico and Germany that strengthens the sustainable management of the territory. This diversity of funding sources allows the biosphere reserve to carry out its conservation activities, though some challenges exist in terms of inter-institutional coordination. Recent reporting by the State Party has indicated a decline in financial resources allocated to the property (State Party of Mexico, 2023), and at the national level, additional financial resources dedicated to the management of World Heritage properties and the protection of their OUV would be of benefit (IUCN Consultation, 2024).

Several programs have contributed to staff training and development, but given that several federal and state government institutions, and civil society organizations are involved in management, the training and development of staff remains a challenge. This holds true in particular with regards to specialized capacities for monitoring of the butterfly overwintering colonies, tourism, and visitor management (IUCN, 2008; State Party of Mexico, 2011). Recent reporting by the State Party indicates that levels of management capacity and training is poor in a number of areas, including environmental sustainability, community participation and inclusion, and risk preparedness, among others (State Party of Mexico, 2023). At the local level, some training is implemented for managers and training for local communities on various topics, increasing governance for the conservation of the property (State Party of Mexico, 2023).

Currently the MBBR has 8 staff members including the director, deputy director, protected natural area analyst, professional coordinator, executive professionals, tourism technician and a legal advisor (State Party of Mexico, 2024).

The Environmental Education Program in the MBBR is divided into three major segments: Workshops and talks in primary schools, secondary schools, and high schools; Awareness workshops and talks for communities and ejidos, as well as participation in events to spread the importance of the protected area; Workshops and training sessions for local tourism service providers, covering various topics of interest related to the MBBR (State Party of Mexico, 2024). Furthermore, there is extensive outreach ongoing through various communication channels. For example, in February 2024, an agreement was established with Radiodifusora XHTUMI “La voz de la Sierra Oriente” 1010 AM/107.9 FM, part of the Indigenous Cultural Broadcasting System, to broadcast a program every Friday called “Alas Viajeras.” This program aims to disseminate information about the importance of the MBBR and the actions being taken for the conservation of the site. However, a more specific approach to sharing the importance of the World Heritage site and it's OUV could further strengthen education and outreach.

While some concerns remain about possible negative impacts of tourism on the overwintering colonies due to disturbance by visitors, a code of conduct and further regulations have been developed to better manage visitation (IUCN, 2018). The park's rest stations have been updated, local providers and guides have been trained, and in 2024, the study on carrying capacity and limits of acceptable change in El Rosario and Sierra Chincua Sanctuaries was updated; the property's management team also has a protocol to support the sanctuaries during the visitation season (State Party of Mexico, 2024). No new tourism infrastructure has been developed in recent years, and maintenance has been undertaken on existing infrastructure; the infrastructure that exists supports the regulation of tourism in the Monarch Butterfly hibernation sites by controlling access and offering services to visitors (State Party of Mexico, 2023). Despite having a a strategy to manage visitors, tourism activity and its derived impacts on the World Heritage property, it is not being fully implemented (State Party of Mexico, 2023).

Significant funding has been provided to work with local and Indigenous communities in the core and buffer zones of the biosphere reserve to develop a wide range of activities as alternatives to logging in the World Heritage site (State Party of Mexico, 2011; 2024). Financial support by national and international organizations and private sector is significant and has resulted in the development of various programmes and funds including the Conservation Program for Sustainable Development (PROCODES), the Program for the Protection and Restoration of Priority Ecosystems and Species (PROREST) and Payment for Environmental Services through the Monarch Butterfly Fund. Furthermore, the government of the State of Michoacán, through the Michoacán State Forestry Commission (COFOM) in collaboration with CONAFOR, implemented the Hydrological Environmental Services Payment Program in 2023 to address the demand for water by the inhabitants of the towns in the region of the property for domestic use and for crops.

Avocado crops take place in the Buffer Zone, where productive activities undertaken by the local communities are permissible and compatible with the Decree and the Management Program of the Natural Protected Area (NPA) and the World Heritage Site and its buffer zone. However, in 2023, inspections conducted by the Federal Attorney for Environmental Protection (PROFEPA) in plots designated for avocado cultivation identified eight unauthorized crops for land use change, which were subsequently shut down (State Party of Mexico, 2024), demonstrating further need to enhance support for alternative livelihoods.

Since 2001, CONANP, the Monarch Fund, and WWF have conducted annual monitoring to determine changes in forest cover in the core zone of the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve (MBBR) through the "Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV)" system. This system supports the allocation of economic incentives from the Monarch Fund and benefits the owners of these forests. A multidisciplinary group consisting of CONAFOR, the Federal Attorney for Environmental Protection, the Monarch Fund, the Institute of Biology of UNAM, and the MBBR Directorate, conducts field verification visits to points showing changes in forest cover in the core zone of the MBBR. Since 2003, CONANP, in coordination with the WWF-Telmex Telcel Foundation Alliance, has defined the methodology for measuring the forest area occupied by Monarch butterfly colonies, which continues to be used currently. Monitoring is conducted within the MBBR polygon, as well as in the Nevado de Toluca Flora and Fauna Protection Area (APFF), the Cuencas de los Ríos Valle de Bravo, Malacatepec, Tilostoc, and Temascaltepec Natural Resources Protection Area (APRN), and the Iztaccíhuatl Popocatépetl National Park (PN) influence zone, in addition to sites outside of NPA (State Party of Mexico, 2024).

The National Monarch Butterfly Monitoring Network is an initiative coordinated by CONANP in collaboration with various government institutions, academia, and civil society to track the monarch butterfly in natural protected areas (NPA) during its migratory route. The initiative encompasses four regional networks of protected areas: Center, Northeast, Northwest, and West, through which both autumn and spring migration are monitored across the northern and central regions of the country. The monitoring includes identifying sites of passage, roosting, and feeding along the
territories crossed by the monarch butterfly. In each of the natural protected areas that are part of the network, conservation actions for the ecosystems are implemented (State Party of Mexico, 2024).

Monitoring efforts take place for the area occupied by the Monarch butterfly in the hibernation sites and in forested areas in the core zone to determine the change in forest cover. The Permanent System of Evaluation of the Management Effectiveness of the Natural Protected Areas of Mexico is applied, its objective being the integral systematic evaluation of the effectiveness in the management of the federal NPA of Mexico (State Party of Mexico, 2023).

Furthermore, during 2023-2024, 11 projects were carried out for the monitoring of terrestrial vertebrates: five in the Estado de México in the municipalities of Donato Guerra, San José del Rincón, and Villa de Allende, and six in Michoacán in the municipalities of Zitácuaro, Ocampo, and Angangueo. It is important to highlight the work of community monitors who have recorded the presence and distribution of wildlife (State Party of Mexico, 2024).

The overwintering sites were a scientific mystery until 1975 when, after decades of butterfly tagging a site was last found on Cerro Pelón. Many studies have ensued, from North American universities, and more recently by Mexican scientists and conservation organizations (Vidal and Rendon-Salinas, 2014). The butterfly species has prompted research into migration ecology, pest suppression, geo-magnetism and other factors influencing orientation, and their use as environmental indicators over its migration range (UNEP-WCMC, 2011). The two current main lines of research are (1) analysis of forest change in the core area of the property, and (2) forest area occupied by monarch butterfly colonies in Mexico during hibernation; the State Party considers it necessary to generate new lines of research, especially those associated with the effects of climate change on the property, and the impacts of tourism on hibernation sites (State Party of Mexico, 2023).

The MBBR Directorate has received seven requests to carry out various research projects within the MBBR, four in 2023 and three so far in 2024. The requests come from three national institutions and one international institution. Scientific publications about the MBBR are regularly published in international journals (State Party of Mexico, 2024).

The most significant threats to the World Heritage site originate from outside its boundaries and even the State Party of Mexico. The most important threat (destruction of breeding, feeding and migratory habitat) originate across the migratory route of the monarch, particularly in the USA. The State Party of Mexico is actively engaging in trilateral cooperation with Canada and the USA, in accordance with the Action Plan for the Conservation of the Monarch Butterfly in Mexico 2018–2024 and the Trilateral Scientific Committee for the Conservation of the Monarch Butterfly.
To protect and recover the Monarch Butterfly migration phenomenon, a series of coordinated measures among the three countries involved in its life cycle are necessary and it is crucial to follow up on conservation programs for reproductive and hibernation habitats to protect and restore fir forests in Mexico, as well as breeding and feeding areas in the United States and Canada. A trinational strategy is required, including regulatory policies, environmental education programs, and collaboration with productive sectors. This strategy is essential for gradually reducing the use of agrochemicals and promoting sustainable agricultural practices. Additionally, priority research is needed to better understand the impacts of agrochemicals and climate change across the three countries. Collaboration and data exchange between scientific and governmental institutions are fundamental for effectively understanding and addressing these issues. As a result of the Trilateral Scientific Committee meeting in 2024, short- and medium-term actions were prioritized to strengthen and consolidate the conservation of the Monarch Butterfly in hibernation sites, migration routes, and breeding sites. The objectives include increasing protection and restoration of critical habitats, reducing the use of harmful agrochemicals, promoting sustainable agricultural practices in key migratory route sites, enhancing the resilience of the Monarch Butterfly and its habitat to climate change through the conservation and restoration of priority habitats, raising public awareness
about its importance and the need to conserve its habitat through educational and awareness campaigns, and strengthening international cooperation and collaboration among the three countries to address cross-border threats and reinforce policies and regulations related to its conservation at international, national, and regional levels.
As part of an effort among Mexico, the United States, and Canada, the Monarch Blitz initiative has been implemented since 2017. This campaign aims to gather trinational efforts to safeguard the Monarch Butterfly (Danaus plexippus). This initiative seeks to have people across North America locate Asclepias and examine them for eggs, larvae, chrysalises, and adult Monarchs, and report their observations over a ten-year period (State Party of Mexico, 2024).

CONANP has been undertaking an evaluation of the management effectiveness of all or most federal protected areas, through its Sistema de Informacion, Monitoreo y Evaluacion para la Conservacion (SIMEC, https://simec.conanp.gob.mx/evaluacion). However, no information specifically on this particular protected area is available.