Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks
Country
India
Inscribed in
1988
Criteria
(vii)
(x)
The conservation outlook for this site has been assessed as "good with some concerns" in the latest assessment cycle. Explore the Conservation Outlook Assessment for the site below. You have the option to access the summary, or the detailed assessment.
Nestled high in West Himalaya, India’s Valley of Flowers National Park is renowned for its meadows of endemic alpine flowers and outstanding natural beauty. This richly diverse area is also home to rare and endangered animals, including the Asiatic black bear, snow leopard, brown bear and blue sheep. The gentle landscape of the Valley of Flowers National Park complements the rugged mountain wilderness of Nanda Devi National Park. Together they encompass a unique transition zone between the mountain ranges of the Zanskar and Great Himalaya, praised by mountaineers and botanists for over a century and in Hindu mythology for much longer. © UNESCO
Summary
2025 Conservation Outlook
Finalised on
11 أكتوبر 2025
Good with some concerns
Current state and trend of VALUES
Low Concern
Overall THREATS
Overall PROTECTION and MANAGEMENT
Full assessment
Description of values
Natural beauty and aesthetic values
Criterion
(vii)
The NDNP and VoFNP are exceptionally beautiful high-altitude West Himalayan Landscapes. The NDNP is a vast glacial basin, segmented by a series of parallel north-south oriented ridges that rise to an encircling mountain rim. The rim includes several major towering peaks, the most important ones being Dunagiri (7,066 m), Changbang (6864 m), Kalanka (6,931 m), Rishi Pahar (6,992 m), Nanda Devi East (7,434 m), Nanda Khat (6,661 m), Mrightuni (6,855 m), Trisul (7,120 m), and Nanda Devi West (7,816 m). Nanda Devi is India’s second highest mountain. The area constitutes the catchment of the Rishi Ganga, an eastern tributary of the Dhauli Ganga, which flows into the Alaknanda River at Joshimath. Except, for the narrow Rishi Gorge (created by the Rishi Ganga river), the entire park is well above 3,500 m altitude (State Part of India, 1987) (UNEP-WCMC, 2011). NDNP is one of the most spectacular wilderness areas in the Himalayas, characterized by rugged high mountain landscape interspersed with glaciers, moraines, and alpine meadows. Unlike many other Himalayan areas, the park remains largely unspoiled due to its inaccessibility and absence of human settlements (IUCN, 1988).
Complementing the rugged high mountain wilderness of Nanda Devi is the Valley of Flowers, an exceptionally beautiful high altitude Himalayan valley. Located 23 kms northwest of NDNP, across the wide valley of river Bhyundar Ganga, the valley is renowned for its gently sloping terrain, breath-taking beautiful alpine meadows and rich floral diversity. Its spectacular beauty has been celebrated for over a century by renowned explorers, mountaineers, and botanists, and in literature (World Heritage Committee, 2012) (IGNFA, n.d.). In Hindu mythology, the valley is referred to as ‘Nandan Kana’, meaning ‘Garden of Lord Indra in Paradise’ (IUCN, 2005).
Of the total area of 8,750 hectares, approximately 6,358 hectares of the national park remains under perpetual snow and glaciers. Forest cover is limited to about 529 hectares while 1,863 hectares area is covered by alpine meadows where the highest concentration of flowers is found (State Party of India, 2004).
Complementing the rugged high mountain wilderness of Nanda Devi is the Valley of Flowers, an exceptionally beautiful high altitude Himalayan valley. Located 23 kms northwest of NDNP, across the wide valley of river Bhyundar Ganga, the valley is renowned for its gently sloping terrain, breath-taking beautiful alpine meadows and rich floral diversity. Its spectacular beauty has been celebrated for over a century by renowned explorers, mountaineers, and botanists, and in literature (World Heritage Committee, 2012) (IGNFA, n.d.). In Hindu mythology, the valley is referred to as ‘Nandan Kana’, meaning ‘Garden of Lord Indra in Paradise’ (IUCN, 2005).
Of the total area of 8,750 hectares, approximately 6,358 hectares of the national park remains under perpetual snow and glaciers. Forest cover is limited to about 529 hectares while 1,863 hectares area is covered by alpine meadows where the highest concentration of flowers is found (State Party of India, 2004).
Important site for in-situ conservation of biological diversity
Criterion
(x)
NDNP, with its wide range of high altitude habitats, holds significant populations of flora and fauna (World Heritage Committee, 2012). A total of 13 distinct habitats have been identified within the national park (Samant & Joshi, 2005). The park’s vegetation primarily consists of temperate forests, sub-alpine forests, alpine scrublands and alpine meadows. Floristic analysis have documented a total of 409 species belonging to 203 genera and 71 families. Among these, 24 species fall under threatened categories, including the critically endangered species such as Aconitum heterophyllum, Arnebia benthamii, Dactylorhiza hatagirea, Nardostachys jatamansi, and Picrorhiza kurrooa (Negi, et al., 2018a). Nanda Devi is the only protected area in India to hold the single wild population of Saussurea costus – a Red listed plant species (Rajvanshi, et al., 2012).
The NDNP is home to 27 recorded mammalian species, including Snow Leopard (Penthera uncia, Vulnerable), Himalayan Black Bear (Selenarctos Thibetanus, Vulnerable), Leopard (Panthera pardus, Vulnerable), Musk Deer (Moschus Chrysogaster, Endangered), and Himalayan Tahr (Hemitragus Jemlahicus, Near Threatened). Additionally, the park supports a large population of Blue Sheep (Pseudois Nayaur Nayaur) (Bhandari, et al., 2018). NDNP is also a part of the Project Snow Leopard-a Government of India initiative aimed at conserving Snow Leopards and their habitats across the Himalayan and Trans Himalayan regions (MoEF, 2008). Studies indicate abundance estimates for wild ungulates, galliformes and carnivores within NDNP are higher than those recorded in similar protected areas in Western Himalayas (World Heritage Committee, 2012).
The VoF harbors a rich assemblage of floral species representative of the West Himalaya biogeographic zone. Many of these species are globally threatened, and several have not been recorded elsewhere in Uttarakhand (World Heritage Committee, 2012). While the density of wild animals in the valley is relatively low, the species present are of significant conservation value as most fall under rare and endangered categories. Approximately 13 mammalian species have been recorded within the park and its vicinity (State Party of India, 2004) (Kala, 2005).
The NDBR forms part of the Western Himalayan Endemic Bird Area as categorized by the BirdLife International. Over 100 bird species have been recorded in the NDNP, with the highest species richness found in temperate forests dominated by oak, fir, birch, and rhododendron. Sub-alpine and alpine pastures also support significant avian diversity (BirdLife International, 2003) (Bhandari, et al., 2018).
The NDNP is home to 27 recorded mammalian species, including Snow Leopard (Penthera uncia, Vulnerable), Himalayan Black Bear (Selenarctos Thibetanus, Vulnerable), Leopard (Panthera pardus, Vulnerable), Musk Deer (Moschus Chrysogaster, Endangered), and Himalayan Tahr (Hemitragus Jemlahicus, Near Threatened). Additionally, the park supports a large population of Blue Sheep (Pseudois Nayaur Nayaur) (Bhandari, et al., 2018). NDNP is also a part of the Project Snow Leopard-a Government of India initiative aimed at conserving Snow Leopards and their habitats across the Himalayan and Trans Himalayan regions (MoEF, 2008). Studies indicate abundance estimates for wild ungulates, galliformes and carnivores within NDNP are higher than those recorded in similar protected areas in Western Himalayas (World Heritage Committee, 2012).
The VoF harbors a rich assemblage of floral species representative of the West Himalaya biogeographic zone. Many of these species are globally threatened, and several have not been recorded elsewhere in Uttarakhand (World Heritage Committee, 2012). While the density of wild animals in the valley is relatively low, the species present are of significant conservation value as most fall under rare and endangered categories. Approximately 13 mammalian species have been recorded within the park and its vicinity (State Party of India, 2004) (Kala, 2005).
The NDBR forms part of the Western Himalayan Endemic Bird Area as categorized by the BirdLife International. Over 100 bird species have been recorded in the NDNP, with the highest species richness found in temperate forests dominated by oak, fir, birch, and rhododendron. Sub-alpine and alpine pastures also support significant avian diversity (BirdLife International, 2003) (Bhandari, et al., 2018).
Diverse alpine flora
Criterion
(x)
The VoFNP is renowned for its pristine natural landscapes, including mesmerizing meadows of endemic alpine flora. The park’s floristic diversity includes a total of 609 species, belonging to 277 genera and 70 families. (Bisht, et al., 2018). The Valley lies in a transition zone between the Great Himalaya in the north and Zanskar Mountains in the south, and also between the eastern and western Himalayan phytogeographic regions. Despite covering only 1.3% of Chamoli district’s total area, the valley harbors over 600 plant species, accounting 25% of district’s vascular flora (UNEP-WCMC, 2011). The Valley has highly heterogeneous landscape, ranging from low-lying flat and gentle slopes, to steep slopes, unstable glacial moraines, stream banks, forest-meadow edges and snow bound areas. This geomorphological heterogeneity has fostered a rich diversity of flowering plants, attracting botanists and tourists from around the world (Kala, 2005 ).
In terms of threatened plants, a total of 31 species have been recorded, based on classifications provided by IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and Conservation Assessment of Management Prioritization (CAMP) (Bisht, et al., 2018). Globally threatened species viz., Aconitum falconeri, A. balfouri, Himalayan maple Acer caesium, blue Himalayan poppy Mecanopsis aculeate and Saussurea atkinsoni, are found exclusively in the VoF and are absent from the NDNP and elsewhere in Uttarakhand (UNEP-WCMC, 2011). The valley supports a greater diversity of threatened medicinal plants than other protected areas in the Indian Himalayas (World Heritage Committee, 2012).
Approximately 73% of the national park is covered by perpetual snow and ice, 6% is forested and 21% comprises alpine meadows. The vegetation transitions from sub-alpine forests (below 3,500 m) to alpine shrubs and meadows (above 3,700 m). The lower alpine zone of the valley supports a high diversity of herbaceous plant communities, which bloom in profusion during the growing season, creating a spectacular multicolored floral display. Their growth cycle is very short, and they give way to other communities later in the season (IUCN, 2005) (UNEP-WCMC, 2011).
In terms of threatened plants, a total of 31 species have been recorded, based on classifications provided by IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and Conservation Assessment of Management Prioritization (CAMP) (Bisht, et al., 2018). Globally threatened species viz., Aconitum falconeri, A. balfouri, Himalayan maple Acer caesium, blue Himalayan poppy Mecanopsis aculeate and Saussurea atkinsoni, are found exclusively in the VoF and are absent from the NDNP and elsewhere in Uttarakhand (UNEP-WCMC, 2011). The valley supports a greater diversity of threatened medicinal plants than other protected areas in the Indian Himalayas (World Heritage Committee, 2012).
Approximately 73% of the national park is covered by perpetual snow and ice, 6% is forested and 21% comprises alpine meadows. The vegetation transitions from sub-alpine forests (below 3,500 m) to alpine shrubs and meadows (above 3,700 m). The lower alpine zone of the valley supports a high diversity of herbaceous plant communities, which bloom in profusion during the growing season, creating a spectacular multicolored floral display. Their growth cycle is very short, and they give way to other communities later in the season (IUCN, 2005) (UNEP-WCMC, 2011).
Cultural and Spiritual Significance
The NDBR hold high religious and cultural significance. In Hindu mythology, Nanda Devi is considered a manifestation of Goddess Parvati, the consort of Lord Shiva. The area is regarded as sacred status, particularly by the Hindus. The entire Nanda Devi basin is of divine importance, and every twelfth year, devotees undertake the Nanda Devi Raj pilgrimage to the foot of Trisul peak to worship their patron deity, the ‘Bliss-giving Goddess’ Nanda Devi (Palni, et al., 2012).
Approximately seven kilometers south of the entrance of VoFNP, a trail leads to the revered site of Hemkund Sahib. This place holds spiritual significance for Sikhs, as it is believed that their tenth guru, Guru Govind Singh, mediated and attained enlightenment (oneness with God) along the banks of Lokpal Lake at Hemkund. A small Gurdwara was developed in 1935-36 and the construction of present day Gurudwara began in 1986, reaching completion in 1993. For the Hindus, the Lokpal Lake is a unique and sacred feature of the Himalayan landscape. According to Hindu belief, Lakshman, the younger brother of Lord Rama, mediated here. A small temple dedicated to Lakshman stands next to the Gurudwara, further enhancing the spiritual significance of the site (Gupta, et al., 2018b).
Approximately seven kilometers south of the entrance of VoFNP, a trail leads to the revered site of Hemkund Sahib. This place holds spiritual significance for Sikhs, as it is believed that their tenth guru, Guru Govind Singh, mediated and attained enlightenment (oneness with God) along the banks of Lokpal Lake at Hemkund. A small Gurdwara was developed in 1935-36 and the construction of present day Gurudwara began in 1986, reaching completion in 1993. For the Hindus, the Lokpal Lake is a unique and sacred feature of the Himalayan landscape. According to Hindu belief, Lakshman, the younger brother of Lord Rama, mediated here. A small temple dedicated to Lakshman stands next to the Gurudwara, further enhancing the spiritual significance of the site (Gupta, et al., 2018b).
Conservation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) through local belief
In Doonagiri village of NDBR, tribal people of Bhotiya community have an ancient practice of conserving the medicinal plants of the region for centuries. This is mainly attributed to their religious belief that if someone from outside the village uproots the medicinal plants from their village, it is treated as an evil act which may bring misery of great order to the village folks. They nurture a belief that Lord Hanuman came to their village and uprooted all their medicinal plants which was the cause of untreatable diseases, which struck the people later. Thus, medicinal plant conservation is an integral part of sustainable living by these people with the nature (Kandari, et al., 2014).
Assessment information
Both national parks remain well protected due to their remoteness and limited accessibility. There are no human inhabitants within the parks, and the only permitted activity is community-based nature tourism, regulated by the Forest Department. However, the heritage site and its buffer zone face threats from illegal harvesting and overexploitation of biological resources. The alpine meadows of the national parks are particularly vulnerable to the illegal collection of MAPs. Certain village communities in the buffer zone are known to venture into core zones to collect species such as Allium humile, Allium stracheyi, Angelica glauca, and Arnebia benthamii. The case of Ophiocordyceps sinensis, which thrives in remote alpine areas, presents a significant challenge. Unregulated harvesting has not only reduced its abundance in the wild but has also led to secondary impacts such as extensive turf digging, grassland deterioration, tree debarking for firewood, and waste deposition by harvesters. Further, high market demand for certain medicinal species such as Aconitum balfourii, Aconitum violaceum, Fritillaria roylei, Polygonatum cirrhifolium, Polygonatum verticillatum, Podophyllum hexandrum, and Swertia chirayita at local, national, and international levels has put their wild populations in the NDBR under severe pressure. The VoF attracts thousands of visitors annually, particularly during the peak flowering season. High tourist footfall has made certain ecologically fragile areas within VoF and the adjacent Bhyundar Valley more vulnerable to habitat deterioration and species loss. The rare and sacred Brahm Kamal (Saussurea obvallata), a threatened species, has been particularly affected by trampling. Additionally, human disturbances such as excessive foot traffic, over-exploitation, and tourism-related activities have facilitated the spread of invasive species, including Polygonum polystachyum, Impatiens sulcata, Claytosmunda claytoniana, Chenopodium album, Cuscuta europaea, Rumex nepalensis, and Urtica dioica. Many of these species have been known to supress native floral diversity in the valley. Finally, while poaching has largely subsided in NDBR, occasional incidents of opportunistic hunting continue to be recorded within and outside the national park.
Hunting, Collecting & Controlling Terrestrial Animals
(Poaching)
Other targeted species names
Alpine Musk Deer, Asiatic Black Bear, Snow Leopard
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
Incidence of poaching has reduced since the creation of Eco Development Committees in NDBR, however, stray incidents of opportunistic hunting have been recorded within core zones and outside national parks. Poaching of Alpine Musk Deer for its musk pod by both local communities and outsiders has been reported in certain forest patches. The nature varies from poaching for personal consumption to organized poaching for commercial purposes (Ilyas, 2015). In 2020, the then Divisional Forest Officer (DFO) of NDNP reported the arrest of five poachers found in possession of musk deer and mountain goat body parts, along with wire traps used for hunting (Roy, 2020). Additionally, hunting of the Asiatic Black Bear has been documented as a threat to the species in the biosphere reserve (Yadav, et al., 2019b). In 2021, the then officer in charge of NDBR reported that 19 hunters with 300 traps intended for poaching Snow Leopards were apprehended between September and October of the previous year (Singh, 2021).
Given these ongoing incidents, it is crucial to further strengthen law enforcement efforts by the forest administration to safeguard the biodiversity of the biosphere reserve.
Given these ongoing incidents, it is crucial to further strengthen law enforcement efforts by the forest administration to safeguard the biodiversity of the biosphere reserve.
Gathering, Harvesting & Controlling Terrestrial Plants & Fungi
(Unregulated Extraction of Medicinal Plants)
Other targeted species names
Allium humile, Allium stracheyi, Angelica glauca, Arnebia benthamii, Aconitum heterophyllum, Aconitum balfourii, Aconitum violaceum, Dactylorhiza hatagirea, Ephedra gerardiana, Fritillaria roylei, Juniperus communis, Nardostachys grandiflora, Picrorhiza
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
The NDBR is located in the high mountains ranges of Garhwal Himalayas in Uttarakhand. This region supports numerous rare and endemic plant species of significant medicinal and therapeutic value. However, many high-altitude MAP species hold substantial commercial value and face severe threats from overexploitation (Kumar, 2017).
More than 90% of the plant species used in herbal industries is extracted from the wild, majority of which comes from the sub-alpine and alpine regions of the Himalayas. This has resulted in considerable reduction in population density and depletion of habitat of many medicinal plant species in the Western Himalayas (Negi, et al., 2018b). Medicinal plants such as Aconitum heterophyllum, Angelica glauca, Dactylorhiza hatagirea, Nardostachys grandiflora, Picrorhiza kurroa, Podophyllum hexandrum, Polygonatum verticillatum are high in demand at local, national and international markets. Their high use values within NDBR and throughout Indian Himalayan Region has led to threats of over exploitation and indiscriminate harvesting of their wild populations (Negi, et al., 2018b). Populations and availability of many other species such as Aconitum balfourii, Aconitum violaceum, Fritillaria roylei, Polygonatum cirrhifolium, Polygonatum verticillatum, Podophyllum hexandrum, and Swertia chirayita has declined in the NDBR due to various reasons including illegal harvesting. Among these Aconitum balfourii, Juniperus communis, Ephedra gerardiana and A. violaceum become very rare and only few individuals have been seen in the region for last two decades (Negi, et al., 2018b).
In the Niti valley also known as Upper Dhauli valley, a cold-arid and buffer zone of the NDBR, Dactylorhiza hatagirea, Picrorhiza kurroa, Sinopodophyllum hexandrum, Saussurea obvallata, and Arnebia benthamii, are consumed locally by the indigenous Bhotiya community and traded regionally. These species command high market prices of Rs. 4000–8000/ kg, Rs. 800–1500/kg, Rs. 800–1500/kg, Rs. 800–1000/kg, Rs. 1000–1500/kg, respectively (Mishra, et al., 2023). However, unregulated harvesting patterns have threatened their survival. Uprooting of the whole plant of Picrorhiza kurroa damages young buds and hinders natural propagation. Overharvesting and unsustainable extraction of Dactylorhiza hatagirea such as uprooting its entire underground plant parts (roots or rhizomes) for local demand and trade has led to a drastic population decline, with surveys in Niti Valley reporting only 10–15 individuals of the species in the Amrit Ganga sub-watershed, a sharp reduction over the past 8–10 years (Mishra, et al., 2023).
The buffer zone villages of Lata, Tolma, and Reni have been identified for special monitoring due to concerns over illegal harvesting of medicinal plants in the region. The Dharansi and Dibrugheta alpine meadows of NDNP, located near these villages, are particularly vulnerable, as local communities regularly harvest medicinal species such as Allium humile, Allium stracheyi, Angelica glauca, and Arnebia benthamii from the surrounding meadows (Negi, et al., 2018a).
The case of Caterpillar fungus (Ophiocordyceps sinensis) also presents important concerns. Naturally occurring in the alpine pastures of the Dhauli Ganga, Gori, Mandakini, Pindar and Rishi Ganga valleys within NDBR, the species harvesting has surged as a major livelihood source. While harvesting is legal in some parts of India, trade remains illegal, leading to widespread smuggling into Nepal and China. High profits and weak institutional monitoring have encouraged illegal trade in and around NDBR. Further, while state government regulations prohibit collection of caterpillar fungus from national parks and wildlife sanctuaries, these areas remain open for collection (Yadav, et al., 2019a).
Unregulated harvesting of caterpillar fungus in NDBR threatens the ecological integrity of their alpine ecosystems which support growth of many high value and threatened species (Negi, et al., 2020) (Yadav, et al., 2016). In the NDBR, harvesters remove nearly all visible caterpillar fungi, leaving little for natural reproduction by the end of the harvesting season. Additionally, habitat degradation from extensive digging of alpine meadow turf, consequent grassland deterioration and influx of harvesters during the collection period (May–July) poses further threats. Overgrazing, tree cutting for firewood, and trampling cause damage to alpine flora, while the deposition of waste—including plastics, paper, and human feces—further degrades the fragile ecosystem (Yadav, et al., 2016) (Yadav, et al., 2019a). Research indicates growing concerns among harvesters and traders regarding the long-term sustainability of current practices, as Ophiocordyceps sinensis becomes increasingly scarce due to overexploitation and habitat destruction (Yadav, et al., 2016).
More than 90% of the plant species used in herbal industries is extracted from the wild, majority of which comes from the sub-alpine and alpine regions of the Himalayas. This has resulted in considerable reduction in population density and depletion of habitat of many medicinal plant species in the Western Himalayas (Negi, et al., 2018b). Medicinal plants such as Aconitum heterophyllum, Angelica glauca, Dactylorhiza hatagirea, Nardostachys grandiflora, Picrorhiza kurroa, Podophyllum hexandrum, Polygonatum verticillatum are high in demand at local, national and international markets. Their high use values within NDBR and throughout Indian Himalayan Region has led to threats of over exploitation and indiscriminate harvesting of their wild populations (Negi, et al., 2018b). Populations and availability of many other species such as Aconitum balfourii, Aconitum violaceum, Fritillaria roylei, Polygonatum cirrhifolium, Polygonatum verticillatum, Podophyllum hexandrum, and Swertia chirayita has declined in the NDBR due to various reasons including illegal harvesting. Among these Aconitum balfourii, Juniperus communis, Ephedra gerardiana and A. violaceum become very rare and only few individuals have been seen in the region for last two decades (Negi, et al., 2018b).
In the Niti valley also known as Upper Dhauli valley, a cold-arid and buffer zone of the NDBR, Dactylorhiza hatagirea, Picrorhiza kurroa, Sinopodophyllum hexandrum, Saussurea obvallata, and Arnebia benthamii, are consumed locally by the indigenous Bhotiya community and traded regionally. These species command high market prices of Rs. 4000–8000/ kg, Rs. 800–1500/kg, Rs. 800–1500/kg, Rs. 800–1000/kg, Rs. 1000–1500/kg, respectively (Mishra, et al., 2023). However, unregulated harvesting patterns have threatened their survival. Uprooting of the whole plant of Picrorhiza kurroa damages young buds and hinders natural propagation. Overharvesting and unsustainable extraction of Dactylorhiza hatagirea such as uprooting its entire underground plant parts (roots or rhizomes) for local demand and trade has led to a drastic population decline, with surveys in Niti Valley reporting only 10–15 individuals of the species in the Amrit Ganga sub-watershed, a sharp reduction over the past 8–10 years (Mishra, et al., 2023).
The buffer zone villages of Lata, Tolma, and Reni have been identified for special monitoring due to concerns over illegal harvesting of medicinal plants in the region. The Dharansi and Dibrugheta alpine meadows of NDNP, located near these villages, are particularly vulnerable, as local communities regularly harvest medicinal species such as Allium humile, Allium stracheyi, Angelica glauca, and Arnebia benthamii from the surrounding meadows (Negi, et al., 2018a).
The case of Caterpillar fungus (Ophiocordyceps sinensis) also presents important concerns. Naturally occurring in the alpine pastures of the Dhauli Ganga, Gori, Mandakini, Pindar and Rishi Ganga valleys within NDBR, the species harvesting has surged as a major livelihood source. While harvesting is legal in some parts of India, trade remains illegal, leading to widespread smuggling into Nepal and China. High profits and weak institutional monitoring have encouraged illegal trade in and around NDBR. Further, while state government regulations prohibit collection of caterpillar fungus from national parks and wildlife sanctuaries, these areas remain open for collection (Yadav, et al., 2019a).
Unregulated harvesting of caterpillar fungus in NDBR threatens the ecological integrity of their alpine ecosystems which support growth of many high value and threatened species (Negi, et al., 2020) (Yadav, et al., 2016). In the NDBR, harvesters remove nearly all visible caterpillar fungi, leaving little for natural reproduction by the end of the harvesting season. Additionally, habitat degradation from extensive digging of alpine meadow turf, consequent grassland deterioration and influx of harvesters during the collection period (May–July) poses further threats. Overgrazing, tree cutting for firewood, and trampling cause damage to alpine flora, while the deposition of waste—including plastics, paper, and human feces—further degrades the fragile ecosystem (Yadav, et al., 2016) (Yadav, et al., 2019a). Research indicates growing concerns among harvesters and traders regarding the long-term sustainability of current practices, as Ophiocordyceps sinensis becomes increasingly scarce due to overexploitation and habitat destruction (Yadav, et al., 2016).
Changes in traditional ways of life and knowledge systems that result in negative impact
(Depleting Indigenous Knowledge of Medicinal Plants)
Outside site
Medicinal plants are integral to the local healthcare system of Indigenous communities in remote areas. However, the traditional knowledge of wild medicinal plants is rapidly declining worldwide. Surveys in the upper Dhauli Ganga Valley in the buffer of NDBR reveal that the local Bhotiya community has knowledge about 38 medicinal plants for curing 24 different ailments. However, the practice of using medicinal plants in their local healthcare system is sharply declining, leading to a loss of knowledge and its transfer to younger generations. Older individuals, particularly those above 60, possess extensive knowledge of medicinal plants, while younger generations (18–30 years) show little interest in herbal medicine due to painstaking nature of finding herbs in nature, preparation of medicine and use of such medicines. Consequently, traditional knowledge of medicinal plants remains largely with older people (>50 years) and is not being transferred to the younger generation (Kumar, et al., 2015).
Migration to urban centers, such as Gopeshwar, Rishikesh and Dehradun for education and employment has further disrupted this transfer of knowledge, as younger generations move away from their ancestral villages. Additionally, this knowledge is mostly unwritten, and older people do not want to share the knowledge with others, except their own relatives. This leads to accumulation of traditional knowledge mostly with the older generations. The availability of modern healthcare services at Gamshali, Burans, Indo-Tibetan Border Police camps, and state-run health camps has also contributed to the decline in traditional medicinal practices (Kumar, et al., 2015).
Another key factor is the decreasing availability of medicinal plants near villages. Following a ban on the collection of medicinal plants from the biosphere reserve, local healers and practitioners struggle to obtain the required plants in sufficient quantities (Negi, et al., 2018b).
The loss of this knowledge could have implications in terms of weakening traditional conservation practices linked to medicinal plants. Recognizing the role of Indigenous knowledge in biodiversity conservation, as highlighted in Article 8(j) of the Convention on Biological Diversity, is crucial. To address this decline, management authorities should prioritize the documentation and preservation of traditional medicinal knowledge, facilitate educational initiatives, and promote community biodiversity registers to ensure that this valuable knowledge is not lost (Kumar, et al., 2015).
Migration to urban centers, such as Gopeshwar, Rishikesh and Dehradun for education and employment has further disrupted this transfer of knowledge, as younger generations move away from their ancestral villages. Additionally, this knowledge is mostly unwritten, and older people do not want to share the knowledge with others, except their own relatives. This leads to accumulation of traditional knowledge mostly with the older generations. The availability of modern healthcare services at Gamshali, Burans, Indo-Tibetan Border Police camps, and state-run health camps has also contributed to the decline in traditional medicinal practices (Kumar, et al., 2015).
Another key factor is the decreasing availability of medicinal plants near villages. Following a ban on the collection of medicinal plants from the biosphere reserve, local healers and practitioners struggle to obtain the required plants in sufficient quantities (Negi, et al., 2018b).
The loss of this knowledge could have implications in terms of weakening traditional conservation practices linked to medicinal plants. Recognizing the role of Indigenous knowledge in biodiversity conservation, as highlighted in Article 8(j) of the Convention on Biological Diversity, is crucial. To address this decline, management authorities should prioritize the documentation and preservation of traditional medicinal knowledge, facilitate educational initiatives, and promote community biodiversity registers to ensure that this valuable knowledge is not lost (Kumar, et al., 2015).
Invasive Non-Native/ Alien Species, Problematic Native Species
(Invasive species suppressing native floral diversity)
Invasive/problematic species
Chenopodium album
Cuscuta europaea
Rumex nepalensis
Urtica dioica
Claytosmunda claytoniana
Other invasive species names
Polygonum polystachyum, Impatiens sulcate
Inside site
, Widespread(15-50%)
Outside site
Biological invasion, as an anthropogenic ecological perturbation threatens endemic biodiversity, disrupts natural ecological succession, and alters community structure and composition. Additionally, it has consequences for ecosystem services. One such invasion is that of Polygonum polystachyum, a herbaceous native species to the Himalayan region. It reproduces both vegetatively through rhizomes and sexually via seeds. In the Western Himalayas, it is considered as a native but aggressive colonizer, often acting as a local invader. The species has been colonizing and disrupting plant diversity in the NDBR (Negi, et al., 2017).
The instability of land in alpine meadows, due to natural disturbances or past anthropogenic pressures, is a major factor contributing to the high density and colonization of P. polystachyum (Negi, et al., 2017). Anthropogenic disturbances in VoFNP, such as tourism activities, trampling, and over-exploitation, have also facilitated the establishment of other weedy and invasive species. Surveys over time indicate that previously disturbed areas in VoFNP support higher densities of P. polystachyum along with other invasive species, including Impatiens sulcata, Claytosmunda claytoniana, Chenopodium album, Cuscuta europaea, Rumex nepalensis, and Urtica dioica, compared to undisturbed areas (Bisht, et al., 2022).
Earlier P. polystachyum was mostly found in disturbed habitats such as freshly eroded slopes, former livestock camping sites, riverbanks, avalanche-prone areas, and treeline edges up to 3,800 meters above sea level (Kala, 1998) (Kala, 2004). However, recent studies indicate its widespread expansion in large areas of VoFNP, many areas in NDNP and other sub-alpine and alpine areas of the biosphere reserve (Negi, et al., 2017).
Long-term monitoring in VoFNP and buffer zone areas (specifically, the Hemkund Sahib Trek and Lata Kharak areas) from 2015 to 2018 consecutively revealed that area under P. polystachyum increased significantly every year in invaded areas and partially in un-invaded sites. The average density of species rose from 29.2 individual/m2 (ind/m2) in 2003 to 53.52 ind/m2 in 2021. Successive monitoring also found that species richness significantly decreased with the advancing years in the invaded sites, suggesting that the continued expansion of P. polystachyum may lead to the population decline of associated plant species in the near future.
The species preferred altitudinal ranges were found to be 3,500–3,700 m in VoFNP, 3,500–3,600 m along the Hemkund Sahib Trek, and 3,900–4,000 m in the Lata Kharak area. These zones are also critical habitats for numerous high-value native and endemic medicinal plants. Monitoring exercise observed P. polystachyum in the habitat of many high value threatened and native medicinal plants, including:
VoFNP: Aconitum balfourii, Paris polyphylla, Podophyllum hexandrum, Dactylorhiza hatagirea, Fritillaria roylei
Hemkund Sahib Trek: Aconitum balfourii, Saussurea obvallata, Aconitum violaceum, Picrorhiza kurrooa, Rheum webbianum
Lata Kharak area: Picrorhiza kurrooa, Podophyllum hexandrum
Medicinal plants in alpine ecosystem generally have restricted habitat as per their physiological characteristic and specific requirement of particular plants in alpine ecosystem. And invasion of P. polystachyum in specific habitats of medicinal plants may pose a threat to them in the near future (Negi, et al., 2021). Managing P. polystachyum has become a persistent challenge, as control efforts and subsequent re-infestation appear to be inextricably linked, creating a vicious cycle (Negi, et al., 2017). Given the species’ rapid spread and its effects on floristic composition, continuous monitoring is essential to assess its long-term ecological impacts (Bisht, et al., 2018). Another invasive species Cuscuta europaea a stem parasite is adversely affecting size and density of medicinal plant populations in the VoFNP (Negi, et al., 2018a).
The instability of land in alpine meadows, due to natural disturbances or past anthropogenic pressures, is a major factor contributing to the high density and colonization of P. polystachyum (Negi, et al., 2017). Anthropogenic disturbances in VoFNP, such as tourism activities, trampling, and over-exploitation, have also facilitated the establishment of other weedy and invasive species. Surveys over time indicate that previously disturbed areas in VoFNP support higher densities of P. polystachyum along with other invasive species, including Impatiens sulcata, Claytosmunda claytoniana, Chenopodium album, Cuscuta europaea, Rumex nepalensis, and Urtica dioica, compared to undisturbed areas (Bisht, et al., 2022).
Earlier P. polystachyum was mostly found in disturbed habitats such as freshly eroded slopes, former livestock camping sites, riverbanks, avalanche-prone areas, and treeline edges up to 3,800 meters above sea level (Kala, 1998) (Kala, 2004). However, recent studies indicate its widespread expansion in large areas of VoFNP, many areas in NDNP and other sub-alpine and alpine areas of the biosphere reserve (Negi, et al., 2017).
Long-term monitoring in VoFNP and buffer zone areas (specifically, the Hemkund Sahib Trek and Lata Kharak areas) from 2015 to 2018 consecutively revealed that area under P. polystachyum increased significantly every year in invaded areas and partially in un-invaded sites. The average density of species rose from 29.2 individual/m2 (ind/m2) in 2003 to 53.52 ind/m2 in 2021. Successive monitoring also found that species richness significantly decreased with the advancing years in the invaded sites, suggesting that the continued expansion of P. polystachyum may lead to the population decline of associated plant species in the near future.
The species preferred altitudinal ranges were found to be 3,500–3,700 m in VoFNP, 3,500–3,600 m along the Hemkund Sahib Trek, and 3,900–4,000 m in the Lata Kharak area. These zones are also critical habitats for numerous high-value native and endemic medicinal plants. Monitoring exercise observed P. polystachyum in the habitat of many high value threatened and native medicinal plants, including:
VoFNP: Aconitum balfourii, Paris polyphylla, Podophyllum hexandrum, Dactylorhiza hatagirea, Fritillaria roylei
Hemkund Sahib Trek: Aconitum balfourii, Saussurea obvallata, Aconitum violaceum, Picrorhiza kurrooa, Rheum webbianum
Lata Kharak area: Picrorhiza kurrooa, Podophyllum hexandrum
Medicinal plants in alpine ecosystem generally have restricted habitat as per their physiological characteristic and specific requirement of particular plants in alpine ecosystem. And invasion of P. polystachyum in specific habitats of medicinal plants may pose a threat to them in the near future (Negi, et al., 2021). Managing P. polystachyum has become a persistent challenge, as control efforts and subsequent re-infestation appear to be inextricably linked, creating a vicious cycle (Negi, et al., 2017). Given the species’ rapid spread and its effects on floristic composition, continuous monitoring is essential to assess its long-term ecological impacts (Bisht, et al., 2018). Another invasive species Cuscuta europaea a stem parasite is adversely affecting size and density of medicinal plant populations in the VoFNP (Negi, et al., 2018a).
Recreational Activities
(Habitat degradation risk due to high tourist numbers)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Outside site
Before 1982, the Nanda Devi west peak inside the national park was most popular among mountaineers and trekkers, after the Mount Everest. Tourism and mountaineering to the peak led to heavy destruction of biological resources, i.e., poaching of wild animals, tree felling by expedition parties, illegal collection of medicinal herbs, and accumulation of garbage inside the national park. Uncontrolled activities inside the park area from surrounding villages for a variety of reasons, coupled with increased mountaineering activities, consequent environment degradation led to the declaration of this area as a national park in 1982 and was closed for human activities from 1983 (Negi, et al., 2018a). It was only in 2003 that a 9km trail within the park (till Dibrugheta meadow) was opened for trekking, with strict regulations prohibiting overnight camping and capping visitors at 500 annually. The trekking activities are regulated by forest department in partnership with the local community which receives a share in trail management fees. Camping sites have been developed in the buffer area and villagers offer homestays to visitors (UNEP-WCMC, 2011).
Mountaineering within VoFNP is regulated by State Government under its order No. 997/CS/MT/2004. Two peaks-Rabtan (6,126 m) and Ghori Parbat (6,601 m) within the national park are open for mountaineering, subject to permission from Chief Wildlife Warden (IUCN, 2005). Visit to national park for trekking require permit from the forest department along with payment of nominal fees (Badola, et al., 2018).
Near the VoF (6 km away from the Park entrance) lies Hemkund Sahib and Laxman temple which attract 4-5 lakhs of pilgrims annually between July and October-tourist season. Hemkund Sahib has emerged a strong religious resort as well as a tourist destination despite the fact that its geographical location is not accessible by road and involves a trek of a total of 19 km from Govindghat town (Gupta, et al., 2018b). Solid waste from small teashops, snack bars, temporary sheds along the trek route and mules hired by tourists and pilgrims are manged by the Eco Development Committees (EDCs) formed under Joint Forest Management Rules, 2001 (IGNFA, n.d.). To mitigate damage to alpine flora along the trekking route, EDCs have installed informational signage highlighting the region’s ecological sensitivity (IGNFA, n.d.). These efforts to minimise damage, however, are not enough. The valley experiences significant tourist footfall, with an average of 13,000 visitors annually, particularly during the peak flowering season (August–September). While religious tourism is the primary attraction, the valley also draws foreign tourists and nature enthusiasts. An increase in the number of tourists has greatly influenced the threatened medicinal plants of the area. Major segment of the villagers (95%) of the buffer zone depends on the tourists who visited this area in large numbers every year. This excessive pressure of tourism not only affects the angiosperm diversity but also the lichen which are known to be the pioneer of succession. (Bisht, et al., 2022). In particular, the rare Brahm Kamal (Saussurea obvallata)—a sacred and threatened species—has been impacted by trampling. In the past, NDBR management sought the support of the Hemkund Sahib Head priest, who agreed to include a message in prayers, urging visitors to respect the valley’s natural beauty, which Guru Gobind Singhji, the 10th Sikh Guru, revered (Sinha, 2019). Another threat associated with high tourist numbers is spread of invasive species, such as Polygonum polystachyum, which are known to suppress native plant diversity. Field surveys in VoFNP and buffer zone-the Hemkund trek and the Lata kharak area indicates that this species is gradually expanding to higher altitudes, likely facilitated by high flow of tourists (Negi, et al., 2021).
Mountaineering within VoFNP is regulated by State Government under its order No. 997/CS/MT/2004. Two peaks-Rabtan (6,126 m) and Ghori Parbat (6,601 m) within the national park are open for mountaineering, subject to permission from Chief Wildlife Warden (IUCN, 2005). Visit to national park for trekking require permit from the forest department along with payment of nominal fees (Badola, et al., 2018).
Near the VoF (6 km away from the Park entrance) lies Hemkund Sahib and Laxman temple which attract 4-5 lakhs of pilgrims annually between July and October-tourist season. Hemkund Sahib has emerged a strong religious resort as well as a tourist destination despite the fact that its geographical location is not accessible by road and involves a trek of a total of 19 km from Govindghat town (Gupta, et al., 2018b). Solid waste from small teashops, snack bars, temporary sheds along the trek route and mules hired by tourists and pilgrims are manged by the Eco Development Committees (EDCs) formed under Joint Forest Management Rules, 2001 (IGNFA, n.d.). To mitigate damage to alpine flora along the trekking route, EDCs have installed informational signage highlighting the region’s ecological sensitivity (IGNFA, n.d.). These efforts to minimise damage, however, are not enough. The valley experiences significant tourist footfall, with an average of 13,000 visitors annually, particularly during the peak flowering season (August–September). While religious tourism is the primary attraction, the valley also draws foreign tourists and nature enthusiasts. An increase in the number of tourists has greatly influenced the threatened medicinal plants of the area. Major segment of the villagers (95%) of the buffer zone depends on the tourists who visited this area in large numbers every year. This excessive pressure of tourism not only affects the angiosperm diversity but also the lichen which are known to be the pioneer of succession. (Bisht, et al., 2022). In particular, the rare Brahm Kamal (Saussurea obvallata)—a sacred and threatened species—has been impacted by trampling. In the past, NDBR management sought the support of the Hemkund Sahib Head priest, who agreed to include a message in prayers, urging visitors to respect the valley’s natural beauty, which Guru Gobind Singhji, the 10th Sikh Guru, revered (Sinha, 2019). Another threat associated with high tourist numbers is spread of invasive species, such as Polygonum polystachyum, which are known to suppress native plant diversity. Field surveys in VoFNP and buffer zone-the Hemkund trek and the Lata kharak area indicates that this species is gradually expanding to higher altitudes, likely facilitated by high flow of tourists (Negi, et al., 2021).
NDBR is susceptible to hydropower development-run-of-river type and storage (impoundment) type due to presence of large Himalayan Rivers and variations in topography. HEPs proposed across different basin-Rishi Ganga, Bhyundar Ganga, Dhauli Ganga and Alaknanda-III raise concerns about their impact on biodiversity values in the NDBR, especially the buffer area. These river basins encompass different ecosystem-temperate and subalpine forests, alpine scrubs, steep slopes, moraines, plateaus, and marshes; provide habitat and corridors for many endangered species such as Snow Leopard, Himalayan brown bear, Tibetan Wolf, Himalayan Musk Deer, Asiatic Black bear; and support vulnerable bird species such as Cheer Pheasant and Monal Pheasants. Construction of HEPs over these basins pose risk of altering and significantly affecting integrity of these habitats and key wildlife corridors in the biosphere reserve. As per wildlife experts, projects particularly over Rishi Ganga basin and Bhyundar Ganga basin may negatively impact the OUVs of NDNP and VoF heritage site. The buffer area also observes significant pilgrim tourist numbers (4-5 lakh annually) who pay their homage to Hemkund Sahib. To improve visitor access and reduce travel time, infrastructure projects such as ropeways and link roads have been proposed. Besides, the Char Dham Project-the massive road-widening initiative to improve access to the four major pilgrimage sites may have ecological implications for the NDNP given its proximity to the pilgrimage sites. In general, wildlife scientists have warned against construction of roads in the NDBR, warning that if not carefully planned they may pose a significant threat to the threatened species such as snow leopard. Roads often fragment habitats, open previously inaccessible areas to human activity, and increase the risk of illegal activities such as poaching of Snow Leopards and their prey.
Natural disasters pose another major risk. Chamoli district, where NDBR is located, is prone to landslides and earthquakes due to its position in a seismically active Himalayan region. The 2021 Chamoli floods, one of the most devastating disasters in Uttarakhand, highlighted the region’s fragility. The flood significantly altered the landscape of the Rishi Ganga and Dhauli Ganga valleys, increasing the likelihood of future landslides and debris flows. Additionally, the reserve is at risk of glacial lake outburst floods. Expanding glacial lakes, such as Kagbhusandi Lake within NDNP and Hemkund Lake near the VoF, are affected by avalanches, which could trigger flooding and debris flows, potentially impacting downstream human settlements and fragile alpine ecosystems. Climate change is an overarching threat, influencing ecological processes across the reserve. Rising temperatures and shifting precipitation patterns are driving changes in vegetation dynamics, including the upward movement of treelines, decline in herbaceous diversity alongside expansion of hardy shrubs and woody plants in traditional alpine areas. These changes may alter the ecological balance of sites and their floral heritage.
Natural disasters pose another major risk. Chamoli district, where NDBR is located, is prone to landslides and earthquakes due to its position in a seismically active Himalayan region. The 2021 Chamoli floods, one of the most devastating disasters in Uttarakhand, highlighted the region’s fragility. The flood significantly altered the landscape of the Rishi Ganga and Dhauli Ganga valleys, increasing the likelihood of future landslides and debris flows. Additionally, the reserve is at risk of glacial lake outburst floods. Expanding glacial lakes, such as Kagbhusandi Lake within NDNP and Hemkund Lake near the VoF, are affected by avalanches, which could trigger flooding and debris flows, potentially impacting downstream human settlements and fragile alpine ecosystems. Climate change is an overarching threat, influencing ecological processes across the reserve. Rising temperatures and shifting precipitation patterns are driving changes in vegetation dynamics, including the upward movement of treelines, decline in herbaceous diversity alongside expansion of hardy shrubs and woody plants in traditional alpine areas. These changes may alter the ecological balance of sites and their floral heritage.
Roads, Trails & Railroads
(Linear Infrastructure for Pilgrims)
Outside site
The VoFNP and Hemkund Sahib are important tourist and pilgrimage destinations within the NDBR, and have experienced a surge in visitor traffic. The trek to VoF is approximately 13 km from Pulna village, which itself is 3 km from Govindghat-the base point for the 14 km trek to Ghangaria. From Ghangaria, one trail leads to the VoF (3–4 km), while another ascends to Hemkund Sahib (6 km). The route to the VoF is relatively less challenging compared to the steeper treks from Bhuyandhar to Ghangaria or to Hemkund Sahib (Gupta, et al., 2018b).
To facilitate visitor access and reduce travel time, a 6.4 km road is planned to connect the Govindghat-Pulna motor road with the Bhuyandhar motor road. This proposed road will run beneath the alignment of the ropeway from Govindghat to Ghangaria and Hemkund Sahib. Together, the construction of link road and ropeway will divert approximately 32 hectares of forest land near the NDNP and will adversely affect more 4,100 trees (Deputy Conservator of Forest Nanda Devi National Park, 2022a) (Divisional Conservator of Forest Nanda Devi National Park, 2022c). The project area is home to several wildlife species, including the Himalayan Musk Deer, Serow, Common Leopard, Snow Leopard, Asiatic Black Bear, and Brown Bear (Deputy Conservator of Forest Nanda Devi National Park, 2022b). While mitigation measures have been proposed, there has been no documented discussion on the project's potential impact—particularly during the construction phase—on wildlife movement, habitat fragmentation, or the risk of escalating human-wildlife conflict. Wildlife researchers have cautioned against road construction in the NDBR, warning that if not carefully planned, it could pose a significant threat to the threatened species such as Snow Leopard. Roads often fragment habitats, open previously inaccessible areas to human activity, and increase the risk of illegal activities such as poaching of Snow Leopards and their prey. Thus, careful planning is essential to minimize habitat destruction (Maheshwari & Sharma, 2010) (Maheshwari, et al., 2013).
Additionally, the widely publicized Char Dham Project—a massive road-widening initiative covering approximately 900 km of national highways to improve access to the four major pilgrimage sites (Yamunotri, Gangotri, Kedarnath, and Badrinath)—may also have ecological implications for the NDNP. These shrines are situated along the banks of the Yamuna, Bhagirathi, Mandakini, and Alaknanda rivers in the ecologically fragile Ganga basin. Harbouring some of the pristine dense forests, the vicinity of the Chardham project entails three national parks: Gangotri, Govind, and Nanda Devi. The NDNP lies along the route to Badrinath and could face environmental consequences. Construction activities involves large-scale excavation and the removal of thousands of slow-growing high-altitude trees, such as deodar (Himalayan cedar), birch, and oak, which could destabilize mountain slopes and heighten the risk of landslides. The Char Dham valleys are already highly landslide-prone and are located in a seismically active zone with a history of earthquakes (National Green Tribunal Principal Bench, New Delhi).
To facilitate visitor access and reduce travel time, a 6.4 km road is planned to connect the Govindghat-Pulna motor road with the Bhuyandhar motor road. This proposed road will run beneath the alignment of the ropeway from Govindghat to Ghangaria and Hemkund Sahib. Together, the construction of link road and ropeway will divert approximately 32 hectares of forest land near the NDNP and will adversely affect more 4,100 trees (Deputy Conservator of Forest Nanda Devi National Park, 2022a) (Divisional Conservator of Forest Nanda Devi National Park, 2022c). The project area is home to several wildlife species, including the Himalayan Musk Deer, Serow, Common Leopard, Snow Leopard, Asiatic Black Bear, and Brown Bear (Deputy Conservator of Forest Nanda Devi National Park, 2022b). While mitigation measures have been proposed, there has been no documented discussion on the project's potential impact—particularly during the construction phase—on wildlife movement, habitat fragmentation, or the risk of escalating human-wildlife conflict. Wildlife researchers have cautioned against road construction in the NDBR, warning that if not carefully planned, it could pose a significant threat to the threatened species such as Snow Leopard. Roads often fragment habitats, open previously inaccessible areas to human activity, and increase the risk of illegal activities such as poaching of Snow Leopards and their prey. Thus, careful planning is essential to minimize habitat destruction (Maheshwari & Sharma, 2010) (Maheshwari, et al., 2013).
Additionally, the widely publicized Char Dham Project—a massive road-widening initiative covering approximately 900 km of national highways to improve access to the four major pilgrimage sites (Yamunotri, Gangotri, Kedarnath, and Badrinath)—may also have ecological implications for the NDNP. These shrines are situated along the banks of the Yamuna, Bhagirathi, Mandakini, and Alaknanda rivers in the ecologically fragile Ganga basin. Harbouring some of the pristine dense forests, the vicinity of the Chardham project entails three national parks: Gangotri, Govind, and Nanda Devi. The NDNP lies along the route to Badrinath and could face environmental consequences. Construction activities involves large-scale excavation and the removal of thousands of slow-growing high-altitude trees, such as deodar (Himalayan cedar), birch, and oak, which could destabilize mountain slopes and heighten the risk of landslides. The Char Dham valleys are already highly landslide-prone and are located in a seismically active zone with a history of earthquakes (National Green Tribunal Principal Bench, New Delhi).
Dams & Water Management/Use
(Hydroelectric Projects)
Outside site
The NDBR is highly suitable for hydropower development (dams) due to its large Himalayan Rivers and significant topographical variations. However, the development of hydropower projects within its buffer zone of the NDBR, along with the cumulative impacts of multiple hydro-technical projects, poses a potential threat to its biodiversity values (World Heritage Committee, 2012). Several hydroelectric projects (HEPs) have been proposed across different river basins—including the Dhauli Ganga, Rishi Ganga, Alaknanda-III sub-basin, and Bhyundar Ganga—raising concerns about their potential impact on the biodiversity values of the biosphere reserve. While some of these projects have been stalled, their revival in the future could affect the reserve’s ecological health. Some of the projects within different river basins and their implications are detailed below.
Dhauli Ganga basin: The Dhauli Ganga River originates in the high peaks of Chamoli and joins the Alaknanda near Joshimath. Its catchment forms the buffer zone of the NDBR, providing critical habitats for many rare, endangered and threatened (RET) species. Over 250 species of birds have been recorded here, including the critically endangered Indian white-backed Vulture and the vulnerable Cheer Pheasant. The basin also supports large mammals such as Snow Leopard, Himalayan Brown Bear and Tibetan Wolf (Rajvanshi, et al., 2012).Several HEPs have been proposed on the Dhauliganga River, including the 130 MW Tamak-Lata, 135 MW Jhelum-Tamak, 55MW Malari-Jhelum and 171 MW Lata-Tapovan. Given the restricted distribution of the Snow Leopard and the Himalayan Brown Bear in Uttarakhand—and with the eastern limit of the Brown Bear’s range occurring in this region—hydropower development is likely to significantly alter the habitats of these high-conservation-value species (Rajvanshi, et al., 2012). Additionally, the construction of the 520 MW Tapovan Vishnugad project has been controversial. In 2019, villagers from Tapovan filed a lawsuit citing violations of environmental norms in the construction of the project barrage. Investigations revealed that muck disposal from construction activities was damaging the Dhauli Ganga River, resulting in an environmental compensation penalty of Rs. 57,96,000 (approximately $66,000) imposed on the developer by the National Green Tribunal (National Green Tribunal Principal Bench, 2021). Later, in 2021 flash floods in Chamoli completely destroyed the project infrastructure, completely washing away the construction site.
Rishi Ganga basin: The Rishi Ganga basin covers the catchment of Rishi Ganga River, which originates at the base of the Nanda Devi West peak (7,817m) and joins the Dhauli Ganga at Reni village. This area lies within the NDNP and its buffer zone, and comprises diverse ecosystems-temperate and subalpine forests, alpine scrubs, steep slopes, moraines, plateaus, and marshes-which probide habitats to many endangered and threatened species, (Rajvanshi, et al., 2012). The 13.2 MW Rishi Ganga HEP, near Reni village-situated on the northwestern edge of NDNP, faced significant opposition due to violations of environmental regulations. In 2019, villagers petitioned against the developer for carrying out blasting activities near the core and buffer areas of the biosphere reserve along with unregulated extraction of riverbed material and the operation of a stone crusher 5–7 km from the river basin without requisite clearances. The Uttarakhand High Court at Nainital responded by directing the district administration to prohibit the use of explosives and mining activities without proper permissions and supervision (Uttarakhand High Court at Nanital, 2019) (Mathur, 2021). Despite ongoing legal proceedings, construction on the project continued, and it was eventually commissioned in 2020. However, in February 2021, the Chamoli flash flood completely destroyed the project, washing away its infrastructure (SANDRP, 2021). In addition to the now-destroyed Rishi Ganga HEP, two more projects—35 MW Rishi Ganga-I and 35 MW Rishi Ganga-II—have been proposed. These projects fall within the NDNP, with their zone of influence falling within crucial wildlife corridors that connect NDNP and VoF NP. (Rajvanshi, et al., 2012). Snow Leopard experts have advised against development of high-altitude hydropower projects as they are a key threat to species habitat (Maheshwari & Sharma, 2010). Further, in 2012, the WII warned that hydropower development in the Rishi Ganga Basin would negatively impact the OUVs of the World Heritage Site (Rajvanshi, et al., 2012).
Bhyundar Ganga basin: The Bhyundar Ganga Basin is steep, narrow valley that serves as a critical ecological zone within the NDBR. Its main river, the Bhyundar Ganga, forms at the confluence of the Paspawati River (which flows through the VoFNP), and the Lakshman Ganga (which originates from Hemkund Lake). The river then flows down through the Bhyundar Valley, eventually joining the Alaknanda at Govindghat (Rajvanshi, et al., 2012). A Run-of-River HEP has been proposed in this basin, with its ZOI extending into the buffer of the biosphere reserve. The Bhyundar Ganga basin contains crucial natural habitats supporting in-situ biodiversity conservation, including many RET endangered species. Hydropower development within this sensitive sub-basin could severely impact critical habitats and pose a threat to the OUVs of the World Heritage Site (Rajvanshi, et al., 2012).
Alaknanda sub basin III:The Alaknanda River, from its origin in the high peaks near Chamoli to its confluence with the Dhauli Ganga River, forms the Alaknanda Sub-Basin III. Flowing past Badrinath and southward toward Joshimath, this river receives inflows from tributaries such as Khiron Ganga and Bhyundar Ganga (Rajvanshi, et al., 2012). A significant portion of this sub-basin is part of the buffer zone of the biosphere reserve, providing essential habitat for RET species and other species of high conservation value. This sub-basin serves as a crucial wildlife corridor connecting Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary and Khiron Valley to the biosphere reserve, thereby facilitating movement of large mammals such as the Snow Leopard and Himalayan Brown Bear. However, the ZoI of the proposed 30 MW Alaknanda HEP and 4 MW Khirao Ganga HEP would fall within these critical habitats, posing a threat to wildlife movement. The construction and the associated disturbances from these projects could significantly impact the habitat integrity of Snow Leopards, Brown Bears, Asiatic Black Bears, Musk Deer, Himalayan Tahr, and Monal Pheasants, thereby undermining the ecological value of the biosphere reserve (Rajvanshi, et al., 2012).
Dhauli Ganga basin: The Dhauli Ganga River originates in the high peaks of Chamoli and joins the Alaknanda near Joshimath. Its catchment forms the buffer zone of the NDBR, providing critical habitats for many rare, endangered and threatened (RET) species. Over 250 species of birds have been recorded here, including the critically endangered Indian white-backed Vulture and the vulnerable Cheer Pheasant. The basin also supports large mammals such as Snow Leopard, Himalayan Brown Bear and Tibetan Wolf (Rajvanshi, et al., 2012).Several HEPs have been proposed on the Dhauliganga River, including the 130 MW Tamak-Lata, 135 MW Jhelum-Tamak, 55MW Malari-Jhelum and 171 MW Lata-Tapovan. Given the restricted distribution of the Snow Leopard and the Himalayan Brown Bear in Uttarakhand—and with the eastern limit of the Brown Bear’s range occurring in this region—hydropower development is likely to significantly alter the habitats of these high-conservation-value species (Rajvanshi, et al., 2012). Additionally, the construction of the 520 MW Tapovan Vishnugad project has been controversial. In 2019, villagers from Tapovan filed a lawsuit citing violations of environmental norms in the construction of the project barrage. Investigations revealed that muck disposal from construction activities was damaging the Dhauli Ganga River, resulting in an environmental compensation penalty of Rs. 57,96,000 (approximately $66,000) imposed on the developer by the National Green Tribunal (National Green Tribunal Principal Bench, 2021). Later, in 2021 flash floods in Chamoli completely destroyed the project infrastructure, completely washing away the construction site.
Rishi Ganga basin: The Rishi Ganga basin covers the catchment of Rishi Ganga River, which originates at the base of the Nanda Devi West peak (7,817m) and joins the Dhauli Ganga at Reni village. This area lies within the NDNP and its buffer zone, and comprises diverse ecosystems-temperate and subalpine forests, alpine scrubs, steep slopes, moraines, plateaus, and marshes-which probide habitats to many endangered and threatened species, (Rajvanshi, et al., 2012). The 13.2 MW Rishi Ganga HEP, near Reni village-situated on the northwestern edge of NDNP, faced significant opposition due to violations of environmental regulations. In 2019, villagers petitioned against the developer for carrying out blasting activities near the core and buffer areas of the biosphere reserve along with unregulated extraction of riverbed material and the operation of a stone crusher 5–7 km from the river basin without requisite clearances. The Uttarakhand High Court at Nainital responded by directing the district administration to prohibit the use of explosives and mining activities without proper permissions and supervision (Uttarakhand High Court at Nanital, 2019) (Mathur, 2021). Despite ongoing legal proceedings, construction on the project continued, and it was eventually commissioned in 2020. However, in February 2021, the Chamoli flash flood completely destroyed the project, washing away its infrastructure (SANDRP, 2021). In addition to the now-destroyed Rishi Ganga HEP, two more projects—35 MW Rishi Ganga-I and 35 MW Rishi Ganga-II—have been proposed. These projects fall within the NDNP, with their zone of influence falling within crucial wildlife corridors that connect NDNP and VoF NP. (Rajvanshi, et al., 2012). Snow Leopard experts have advised against development of high-altitude hydropower projects as they are a key threat to species habitat (Maheshwari & Sharma, 2010). Further, in 2012, the WII warned that hydropower development in the Rishi Ganga Basin would negatively impact the OUVs of the World Heritage Site (Rajvanshi, et al., 2012).
Bhyundar Ganga basin: The Bhyundar Ganga Basin is steep, narrow valley that serves as a critical ecological zone within the NDBR. Its main river, the Bhyundar Ganga, forms at the confluence of the Paspawati River (which flows through the VoFNP), and the Lakshman Ganga (which originates from Hemkund Lake). The river then flows down through the Bhyundar Valley, eventually joining the Alaknanda at Govindghat (Rajvanshi, et al., 2012). A Run-of-River HEP has been proposed in this basin, with its ZOI extending into the buffer of the biosphere reserve. The Bhyundar Ganga basin contains crucial natural habitats supporting in-situ biodiversity conservation, including many RET endangered species. Hydropower development within this sensitive sub-basin could severely impact critical habitats and pose a threat to the OUVs of the World Heritage Site (Rajvanshi, et al., 2012).
Alaknanda sub basin III:The Alaknanda River, from its origin in the high peaks near Chamoli to its confluence with the Dhauli Ganga River, forms the Alaknanda Sub-Basin III. Flowing past Badrinath and southward toward Joshimath, this river receives inflows from tributaries such as Khiron Ganga and Bhyundar Ganga (Rajvanshi, et al., 2012). A significant portion of this sub-basin is part of the buffer zone of the biosphere reserve, providing essential habitat for RET species and other species of high conservation value. This sub-basin serves as a crucial wildlife corridor connecting Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary and Khiron Valley to the biosphere reserve, thereby facilitating movement of large mammals such as the Snow Leopard and Himalayan Brown Bear. However, the ZoI of the proposed 30 MW Alaknanda HEP and 4 MW Khirao Ganga HEP would fall within these critical habitats, posing a threat to wildlife movement. The construction and the associated disturbances from these projects could significantly impact the habitat integrity of Snow Leopards, Brown Bears, Asiatic Black Bears, Musk Deer, Himalayan Tahr, and Monal Pheasants, thereby undermining the ecological value of the biosphere reserve (Rajvanshi, et al., 2012).
Geological Events, Severe Weather Events
(Flash Floods, and Glacial Lake Outburst floods)
Outside site
The 2021 Chamoli floods is one of the most devastating disasters for the 21st century in Uttarakhand, underscoring the fragile nature of the NDBR and the broader Garhwal Himalayan region. The Himalaya, an ecologically sensitive and geologically young mountain system, are shaped by ongoing tectonic and neo-tectonic activities. Climate change has further heightened the region’s vulnerability, with rising global temperatures accelerating glacial recession and destabilizing mountain slopes (Mehta, et al., 2021).
On the morning of February 7, 2021, a catastrophic flash flood and debris flow originated from the Raunthi Glacier (4,250 m) in the Rishi Ganga catchment. The Raunthi Glacier, a compound valley-type glacier extending between 4,250 and 6,500 meters above sea level, experienced a massive slope failure at an altitude of 5,600 m. This created an admixture of snow, glacier ice, rock fragments, water saturated sediments and moraine debris, in the valley floor. This material coming from the slide blocked the stream coming from the Raunthi glacier and formed temporary ponds/lakes at an altitude of about 3800 m amsl. Subsequently, a large section of rock mass and hanging glacier fell down and breached the temporarily formed ponds/lakes. As a result, a large volume of debris and water struck the valley bottom, which simultaneously collected huge amounts of loose sediments enroute. The impounded water studded with debris from the surrounding regions and glacial loose sediments (moraines) moved downstream causing massive devastation to settlements in Reni, Tapovan and Vishnuprayag villages. The magnitude of the disaster was immense, with over 205 lives lost or unaccounted for. Two hydropower dams were completely demolished, and four suspension bridges along with one motorable bridge were washed away. An initial assessment by an agency of the World Bank, NTPC, and media sources estimated the financial losses at more than Rs 1,500 crores. The flood obliterated the Rishi Ganga hydroelectric dam near Reni village and severely impacted the under construction Tapovan Vishnugad project near Tapovan. Beyond the immediate destruction, the event dramatically altered the landscape of the Rishi Ganga and Dhauliganga valleys, increasing the likelihood of future landslides and debris flows, and making the entire region more vulnerable (Mehta, et al., 2021).
In addition to flash floods, the region is also at risk from glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs). In NDBR, 35 glacial lakes have been mapped, most of which are larger than 1,270 square meters and located at elevations above 4,000 meters. Some of these lakes, including Kagbhusandi Lake, located within NDNP, and Hemkund Lake, situated near the VoF, are expanding and pose potential hazards to downstream settlements in the Laxman Ganga catchment. These lakes are frequently affected by avalanches, which generate waves that may overtop the lake’s outlet or trigger its breaching, resulting in large-scale flooding and debris flow (Mal & Singh, 2014). Past events have already demonstrated the destructive potential of GLOFs in the region. Between 2002 and 2003, a moraine-dammed glacial lake on Gankhwi Gad in the foreland of the Gankhwi glacier breached, triggering heavy debris flows that caused severe destruction to human settlements and infrastructure. The village of Siagari in the Dhauli Ganga Valley was completely buried under debris from this outburst, despite the lake being relatively small. If larger glacial lakes such as Kagbhusandi and Hemkund were to breach, the consequences could be catastrophic, particularly for downstream settlements like Ghangaria, Bhyundar, Pulna, and Govindghat (Mal & Singh, 2014).
Beyond the threat to human settlements, GLOFs could have ecological consequences, including habitat degradation and the loss of floral biodiversity in fragile alpine ecosystems. Given these risks, continuous monitoring of glacial lakes and the implementation of effective risk mitigation strategies are crucial for protecting both human and ecological communities.
On the morning of February 7, 2021, a catastrophic flash flood and debris flow originated from the Raunthi Glacier (4,250 m) in the Rishi Ganga catchment. The Raunthi Glacier, a compound valley-type glacier extending between 4,250 and 6,500 meters above sea level, experienced a massive slope failure at an altitude of 5,600 m. This created an admixture of snow, glacier ice, rock fragments, water saturated sediments and moraine debris, in the valley floor. This material coming from the slide blocked the stream coming from the Raunthi glacier and formed temporary ponds/lakes at an altitude of about 3800 m amsl. Subsequently, a large section of rock mass and hanging glacier fell down and breached the temporarily formed ponds/lakes. As a result, a large volume of debris and water struck the valley bottom, which simultaneously collected huge amounts of loose sediments enroute. The impounded water studded with debris from the surrounding regions and glacial loose sediments (moraines) moved downstream causing massive devastation to settlements in Reni, Tapovan and Vishnuprayag villages. The magnitude of the disaster was immense, with over 205 lives lost or unaccounted for. Two hydropower dams were completely demolished, and four suspension bridges along with one motorable bridge were washed away. An initial assessment by an agency of the World Bank, NTPC, and media sources estimated the financial losses at more than Rs 1,500 crores. The flood obliterated the Rishi Ganga hydroelectric dam near Reni village and severely impacted the under construction Tapovan Vishnugad project near Tapovan. Beyond the immediate destruction, the event dramatically altered the landscape of the Rishi Ganga and Dhauliganga valleys, increasing the likelihood of future landslides and debris flows, and making the entire region more vulnerable (Mehta, et al., 2021).
In addition to flash floods, the region is also at risk from glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs). In NDBR, 35 glacial lakes have been mapped, most of which are larger than 1,270 square meters and located at elevations above 4,000 meters. Some of these lakes, including Kagbhusandi Lake, located within NDNP, and Hemkund Lake, situated near the VoF, are expanding and pose potential hazards to downstream settlements in the Laxman Ganga catchment. These lakes are frequently affected by avalanches, which generate waves that may overtop the lake’s outlet or trigger its breaching, resulting in large-scale flooding and debris flow (Mal & Singh, 2014). Past events have already demonstrated the destructive potential of GLOFs in the region. Between 2002 and 2003, a moraine-dammed glacial lake on Gankhwi Gad in the foreland of the Gankhwi glacier breached, triggering heavy debris flows that caused severe destruction to human settlements and infrastructure. The village of Siagari in the Dhauli Ganga Valley was completely buried under debris from this outburst, despite the lake being relatively small. If larger glacial lakes such as Kagbhusandi and Hemkund were to breach, the consequences could be catastrophic, particularly for downstream settlements like Ghangaria, Bhyundar, Pulna, and Govindghat (Mal & Singh, 2014).
Beyond the threat to human settlements, GLOFs could have ecological consequences, including habitat degradation and the loss of floral biodiversity in fragile alpine ecosystems. Given these risks, continuous monitoring of glacial lakes and the implementation of effective risk mitigation strategies are crucial for protecting both human and ecological communities.
Fire & Fire Management
(Forest Fires)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
The hills of Uttarakhand witness forest fires every year during the summer season and the number of these fire events is reported to have increased due to frequent anthropogenic disturbances, as well as changes in climate. These fires cause significant damage to the natural resources. Damage due to forest fire is more severe in logged and plantation (Pine forest) areas and repeated burning in forests results in destruction of the ground flora and reduced vegetative growth rate. This leads to change in plant community structure, changes in soil nutrient status and accelerated erosion (Gupta, et al., 2018a).
Within NDBR, individual forest fire incidents have been recorded. In 2017, one hectare of forest area within the reserve was reported burned in February, marking the onset of the fire season in the state (Sharma, 2017). In May 2018, the loss of 500 trees due to fires was recorded (Sharma, 2018). More recently, in 2024, a fire erupted in the forests of Selang within NDNP (The Pioneer Media, 2024). However, the long-term impact of forest fires on biodiversity and vegetation in the reserve remains unknown, making it a potential threat that requires further assessment and monitoring.
Within NDBR, individual forest fire incidents have been recorded. In 2017, one hectare of forest area within the reserve was reported burned in February, marking the onset of the fire season in the state (Sharma, 2017). In May 2018, the loss of 500 trees due to fires was recorded (Sharma, 2018). More recently, in 2024, a fire erupted in the forests of Selang within NDNP (The Pioneer Media, 2024). However, the long-term impact of forest fires on biodiversity and vegetation in the reserve remains unknown, making it a potential threat that requires further assessment and monitoring.
Changes in Temperature Regimes
(Climate Change leading to shift in species distribution )
Inside site
, Throughout(>50%)
Outside site
With the growing threat of global warming, the Himalayan ecosystem faces significant challenges, particularly in high-altitude alpine habitats, which are among the most fragile and dynamic. Climate factors such as summer and winter precipitation, topography, soil composition, and glacial recession strongly influence species distribution.
Studies in the VoFNP indicate that the Tipra Valley Glacier has been retreating at a rate of 14.15 meters per year, leading to vegetation succession in newly exposed areas. Pioneer species like Arenaria have been recorded at 4,500 meters, while woody plants such as Pinus wallichiana (at 3,865 m), Picea smithiana (at 3,700 m), and Populus ciliata (at 3,712 m) have migrated upward from their previously established altitudinal ranges of 2500 to 3800 m asl, from 2700 to 3700 m asl, and from 3000 to 3700 m, respectively. Between 3,200 and 3,800 meters range it was found that in addition common woody species such as Rhododendron campanulatum, R. lepidotum, and Juniper, some unusual compositions of plant species such as Pinus wallichiana, Picea smithiana, Rhododendron barbatum, Populus ciliata, and Rosa macrophylla, comparatively low altitudinal woody plants, are gradually occupying this zone. These species not only survived the throughout the year but have increased in number and size over the entire zone of ablation. Below 3,200 meters, the VoF is characterized by valley-fill sediments, moraines, terraces, landslide debris, and wide meadows that support a diverse mix of herbs, shrubs, and trees. Water from melting glaciers and ice walls sustains plant and animal life in the valley. Because of the rich diversity of flora in this zone, it was identified as a national park and later declared World Heritage Site. However, recent observations indicate that its floristic pattern and density have been gradually changed and reduced. There has been a decline in the herbaceous diversity, with an increase in shrubs (Salix and Rosa sp.) and trees (Betula utilis, Populus sp.), suggesting that current temperatures are no longer optimal for the valley’s traditional alpine flora. Locals have described this transformation as the "Valley of Flowers becoming flowerless." Many valley-side slopes, which once remained snow-covered for most of the year, now appear barren, allowing hardy species such as Rhododendron, Cotoneaster, and Juniper to colonize exposed bedrock and morainic deposits. The presence of warm-adapted species at higher altitudes reflects an ecological response to climate change and microclimatic shifts in VoFNP. If this trend continues, it could lead to the dominance of hardy, invasive species at the expense of the valley’s unique alpine vegetation, altering its ecological balance and floral heritage (Bisht, et al., 2016).
Climate change in the Himalayan region is also driving significant shifts in the timberline ecotone of the NDBR, particularly influencing the expansion of Betula utilis forests toward alpine meadows. The timberline primarily consists of coniferous (Abies pindrow, Pinus wallichiana, Cedrus deodara, and Picea smithiana) and birch (B. utilis) forests. B. utilis dominates the upper timberline on north-facing slopes, forming a narrow belt interspersed with Rhododendron campanulatum and Salix spp. as understory species. Beyond this zone, B. utilis grows in a stunted, scattered form, merging into Rhododendron and krummholz vegetation, marking the upper timberline boundary (Maletha, 2017). Surveys have recorded B. utilis at elevations up to 4,100 m above sea level (asl), with pure and mixed B. utilis forests characterizing the timberline ecotone. Tree species richness declines with increasing altitude, and B. utilis is the only broadleaved deciduous species forming mature, pure stands at elevations reaching 4,200 m asl. Unlike other species, B. utilis shows greater sensitivity to climate warming, which appears to be facilitating its upward expansion. In relation to altitude, the expansion of plant species at the timberline zone is a significant indicator of climate change triggered by global warming. The regeneration rates of B. utilis vary along the altitudinal gradient, with the highest seedling densities recorded in pure forests at 3,600–4,100 m asl, while moderate seedling recruitment occurs at middle elevations (3,000–3,500 m). The seedlings and saplings of B. utilis have been observed to extend their ranges, increasing the density of pure and mixed B. utilis forests by 268 ha and 224 ha, respectively, in the timberline ecotone of NDBR. This expansion, driven by increased seedling establishment and sapling growth above the existing treeline, provides clear evidence of the species' upward movement in response to climate warming (Maletha, et al., 2023). With increasing altitude, B. utilis density rises, whereas other species decline, reinforcing its ability to colonize previously inhospitable terrain under warming conditions. The observed upward movement of B. utilis toward alpine meadows suggests that recent climate conditions have become favourable for seedling establishment at higher elevations, leading to a gradual shift of the treeline. If the current warming trend continues in the western Himalaya, the timberline is likely to advance further upslope, with B. utilis and R. campanulatum expanding into previously unsuitable habitats (Maletha, 2017). Treeline advance may lead to a reduction in the area available for alpine and nival species and can cause the fragmentation of remaining habitat (Greenwood & Jump, 2014).
Therefore, long-term ecological monitoring is essential to assess the effects of vegetation shifts in response to climate warming and to understand their likely impact on native alpine biodiversity and habitat integrity.
Studies in the VoFNP indicate that the Tipra Valley Glacier has been retreating at a rate of 14.15 meters per year, leading to vegetation succession in newly exposed areas. Pioneer species like Arenaria have been recorded at 4,500 meters, while woody plants such as Pinus wallichiana (at 3,865 m), Picea smithiana (at 3,700 m), and Populus ciliata (at 3,712 m) have migrated upward from their previously established altitudinal ranges of 2500 to 3800 m asl, from 2700 to 3700 m asl, and from 3000 to 3700 m, respectively. Between 3,200 and 3,800 meters range it was found that in addition common woody species such as Rhododendron campanulatum, R. lepidotum, and Juniper, some unusual compositions of plant species such as Pinus wallichiana, Picea smithiana, Rhododendron barbatum, Populus ciliata, and Rosa macrophylla, comparatively low altitudinal woody plants, are gradually occupying this zone. These species not only survived the throughout the year but have increased in number and size over the entire zone of ablation. Below 3,200 meters, the VoF is characterized by valley-fill sediments, moraines, terraces, landslide debris, and wide meadows that support a diverse mix of herbs, shrubs, and trees. Water from melting glaciers and ice walls sustains plant and animal life in the valley. Because of the rich diversity of flora in this zone, it was identified as a national park and later declared World Heritage Site. However, recent observations indicate that its floristic pattern and density have been gradually changed and reduced. There has been a decline in the herbaceous diversity, with an increase in shrubs (Salix and Rosa sp.) and trees (Betula utilis, Populus sp.), suggesting that current temperatures are no longer optimal for the valley’s traditional alpine flora. Locals have described this transformation as the "Valley of Flowers becoming flowerless." Many valley-side slopes, which once remained snow-covered for most of the year, now appear barren, allowing hardy species such as Rhododendron, Cotoneaster, and Juniper to colonize exposed bedrock and morainic deposits. The presence of warm-adapted species at higher altitudes reflects an ecological response to climate change and microclimatic shifts in VoFNP. If this trend continues, it could lead to the dominance of hardy, invasive species at the expense of the valley’s unique alpine vegetation, altering its ecological balance and floral heritage (Bisht, et al., 2016).
Climate change in the Himalayan region is also driving significant shifts in the timberline ecotone of the NDBR, particularly influencing the expansion of Betula utilis forests toward alpine meadows. The timberline primarily consists of coniferous (Abies pindrow, Pinus wallichiana, Cedrus deodara, and Picea smithiana) and birch (B. utilis) forests. B. utilis dominates the upper timberline on north-facing slopes, forming a narrow belt interspersed with Rhododendron campanulatum and Salix spp. as understory species. Beyond this zone, B. utilis grows in a stunted, scattered form, merging into Rhododendron and krummholz vegetation, marking the upper timberline boundary (Maletha, 2017). Surveys have recorded B. utilis at elevations up to 4,100 m above sea level (asl), with pure and mixed B. utilis forests characterizing the timberline ecotone. Tree species richness declines with increasing altitude, and B. utilis is the only broadleaved deciduous species forming mature, pure stands at elevations reaching 4,200 m asl. Unlike other species, B. utilis shows greater sensitivity to climate warming, which appears to be facilitating its upward expansion. In relation to altitude, the expansion of plant species at the timberline zone is a significant indicator of climate change triggered by global warming. The regeneration rates of B. utilis vary along the altitudinal gradient, with the highest seedling densities recorded in pure forests at 3,600–4,100 m asl, while moderate seedling recruitment occurs at middle elevations (3,000–3,500 m). The seedlings and saplings of B. utilis have been observed to extend their ranges, increasing the density of pure and mixed B. utilis forests by 268 ha and 224 ha, respectively, in the timberline ecotone of NDBR. This expansion, driven by increased seedling establishment and sapling growth above the existing treeline, provides clear evidence of the species' upward movement in response to climate warming (Maletha, et al., 2023). With increasing altitude, B. utilis density rises, whereas other species decline, reinforcing its ability to colonize previously inhospitable terrain under warming conditions. The observed upward movement of B. utilis toward alpine meadows suggests that recent climate conditions have become favourable for seedling establishment at higher elevations, leading to a gradual shift of the treeline. If the current warming trend continues in the western Himalaya, the timberline is likely to advance further upslope, with B. utilis and R. campanulatum expanding into previously unsuitable habitats (Maletha, 2017). Treeline advance may lead to a reduction in the area available for alpine and nival species and can cause the fragmentation of remaining habitat (Greenwood & Jump, 2014).
Therefore, long-term ecological monitoring is essential to assess the effects of vegetation shifts in response to climate warming and to understand their likely impact on native alpine biodiversity and habitat integrity.
Involvement of stakeholders and rightsholders, including indigenous peoples and local communities, in decision-making processes
Currently, there are no human inhabitations inside either national park. The buffer zone consists of 47 villages, with residents belonging predominantly to two ethnic groups: the Indo-Mongoloid (Bhotiya) and the Indo-Aryan communities. The Bhotiyas primarily inhabit the higher valleys. Human activities are regulated to protect the core zones while allowing sustainable restoration activities, value addition to resources, limited and controlled tourism, marginal grazing, and collection of medicinal plants and herbs. These activities are permitted in a manner that minimizes ecological impact, encouraging sustainable resource use within the buffer zone (Dobriyal, 2015) (State Party of India, 2002).
Local communities actively participate in management decision-making for the NDBR. Villagers contribute to the development of their village-level plans in collaboration with NDBR management. Elected village council leaders, known as gram panchayats, attend three to four meetings annually to discuss sustainable development and management planning for the buffer area. Training programs and capacity-building workshops support the preparation and implementation of micro-plans. Additionally, NDBR management collaborates with research institutions such as the GB Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development (GBPNIHESD) to train farmers in medicinal plant cultivation. Routine training camps are also conducted for eco-restoration activities, ensuring sustainable management of the biosphere reserve’s buffer zone. (State Party of India, 2002). The buffer zone consists of reserved forests, civil forests, and community forest land. Reserved forests are managed by the Forest Department, while civil forests fall under the jurisdiction of the Revenue Department. Community forest lands are managed by Van Panchayats, which are democratically elected village forest councils responsible for natural resource management. Villagers contribute to the preparation of micro-plans for their respective Van Panchayats, ensuring alignment with the overall management objectives of NDBR (State Party of India, 2004; Pande, et al., 2022).
In NDNP, villagers actively participate in tourism around the permitted trekking trail to the Dibrugheta meadow, which is regulated by the Forest Department through a permit system. Local communities receive a share of trail management fees, and while overnight camping is prohibited, designated sites and homestays in the buffer zone accommodate visitors. Plans have been developed for nearby villages such as Lata, Tolma, Peng, and Reni to train and register local youth as nature guides, establish homestays, and create local tour operators for eco-cultural tourism (UNEP-WCMC, 2011). Approximately 25% of households near NDNP engage in tourism-related activities, working as homestay owners, porters, trekking guides, drivers, and tour operators, with women playing a role in cooking, maintaining homestays, and producing woollen handicrafts. (Badola, et al., 2018).
In VoFNP, three villages—Pulna, Bhyundar, and Ghangaria—are located in the buffer zone. Pulna is a permanent settlement, while Bhyundar and Ghangaria are seasonally occupied during the tourist season. Residents depend heavily on tourism, particularly between April and October, when 400,000 to 500,000 pilgrims visit Hemkund Sahib and thousands of tourists trek through VoFNP. Many villagers own hotels, guesthouses, and mules, while others work as tour operators and porters. (State Party of India, 2005; Badola, et al., 2018; Gupta, et al., 2018b). To manage tourism-related impacts and ensure local benefits, the Forest Department has established two Eco-Development Committees (EDCs) in Bhyundar and Govindghat. These committees manage tourism-related waste, charge registration fees from mule owners and porters, and collect an eco-fee from tourists and stall owners. The revenue supports occasional employment opportunities for local youth and women. (Badola, et al., 2018). Additionally, the Forest Department has established a nature interpretation center in Ghangaria which is managed by the EDCs to enhance visitor awareness. Collaborative efforts have facilitated training programs in ecotourism and mountaineering skills for local youth. (IUCN, 2005).
Young community members in NDBR have a positive attitude toward tourism. They view tourism as a more stable livelihood alternative compared to traditional occupations such as agriculture and forest-based livelihoods, which are vulnerable to climate variability and market competition. Unlike traditional livelihoods, tourism provides immediate financial returns with lower investment in time, money, and physical labour. Given their outlook, local youth has called for greater investments in tourism infrastructure, including training for local youth as guides and travel agents, as well as access to subsidized tourism-related equipment (Dobriyal, et al., 2017). However, certain challenges persist. Firstly, while tourism activities in and around NDNP have generated income for local communities, a significant portion of tourism revenue is appropriated by wealthier households, external tourist agencies and hotel owners. Many villagers lack the skills and infrastructure to manage tourism-related businesses, limiting their ability to benefit financially (Badola, et al., 2018). Secondly, although the EDCs outside VoFNP have succeeded in providing equitable tourism benefit-sharing at the village level, they remain largely excluded from broader monetary and policy decisions. They primarily function as isolated units with minimal external support and lack coordination with other EDCs, limiting their ability to influence tourism governance at a larger scale (Badola, et al., 2018).
Local communities actively participate in management decision-making for the NDBR. Villagers contribute to the development of their village-level plans in collaboration with NDBR management. Elected village council leaders, known as gram panchayats, attend three to four meetings annually to discuss sustainable development and management planning for the buffer area. Training programs and capacity-building workshops support the preparation and implementation of micro-plans. Additionally, NDBR management collaborates with research institutions such as the GB Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development (GBPNIHESD) to train farmers in medicinal plant cultivation. Routine training camps are also conducted for eco-restoration activities, ensuring sustainable management of the biosphere reserve’s buffer zone. (State Party of India, 2002). The buffer zone consists of reserved forests, civil forests, and community forest land. Reserved forests are managed by the Forest Department, while civil forests fall under the jurisdiction of the Revenue Department. Community forest lands are managed by Van Panchayats, which are democratically elected village forest councils responsible for natural resource management. Villagers contribute to the preparation of micro-plans for their respective Van Panchayats, ensuring alignment with the overall management objectives of NDBR (State Party of India, 2004; Pande, et al., 2022).
In NDNP, villagers actively participate in tourism around the permitted trekking trail to the Dibrugheta meadow, which is regulated by the Forest Department through a permit system. Local communities receive a share of trail management fees, and while overnight camping is prohibited, designated sites and homestays in the buffer zone accommodate visitors. Plans have been developed for nearby villages such as Lata, Tolma, Peng, and Reni to train and register local youth as nature guides, establish homestays, and create local tour operators for eco-cultural tourism (UNEP-WCMC, 2011). Approximately 25% of households near NDNP engage in tourism-related activities, working as homestay owners, porters, trekking guides, drivers, and tour operators, with women playing a role in cooking, maintaining homestays, and producing woollen handicrafts. (Badola, et al., 2018).
In VoFNP, three villages—Pulna, Bhyundar, and Ghangaria—are located in the buffer zone. Pulna is a permanent settlement, while Bhyundar and Ghangaria are seasonally occupied during the tourist season. Residents depend heavily on tourism, particularly between April and October, when 400,000 to 500,000 pilgrims visit Hemkund Sahib and thousands of tourists trek through VoFNP. Many villagers own hotels, guesthouses, and mules, while others work as tour operators and porters. (State Party of India, 2005; Badola, et al., 2018; Gupta, et al., 2018b). To manage tourism-related impacts and ensure local benefits, the Forest Department has established two Eco-Development Committees (EDCs) in Bhyundar and Govindghat. These committees manage tourism-related waste, charge registration fees from mule owners and porters, and collect an eco-fee from tourists and stall owners. The revenue supports occasional employment opportunities for local youth and women. (Badola, et al., 2018). Additionally, the Forest Department has established a nature interpretation center in Ghangaria which is managed by the EDCs to enhance visitor awareness. Collaborative efforts have facilitated training programs in ecotourism and mountaineering skills for local youth. (IUCN, 2005).
Young community members in NDBR have a positive attitude toward tourism. They view tourism as a more stable livelihood alternative compared to traditional occupations such as agriculture and forest-based livelihoods, which are vulnerable to climate variability and market competition. Unlike traditional livelihoods, tourism provides immediate financial returns with lower investment in time, money, and physical labour. Given their outlook, local youth has called for greater investments in tourism infrastructure, including training for local youth as guides and travel agents, as well as access to subsidized tourism-related equipment (Dobriyal, et al., 2017). However, certain challenges persist. Firstly, while tourism activities in and around NDNP have generated income for local communities, a significant portion of tourism revenue is appropriated by wealthier households, external tourist agencies and hotel owners. Many villagers lack the skills and infrastructure to manage tourism-related businesses, limiting their ability to benefit financially (Badola, et al., 2018). Secondly, although the EDCs outside VoFNP have succeeded in providing equitable tourism benefit-sharing at the village level, they remain largely excluded from broader monetary and policy decisions. They primarily function as isolated units with minimal external support and lack coordination with other EDCs, limiting their ability to influence tourism governance at a larger scale (Badola, et al., 2018).
Legal framework
NDNP was designated as a national park in 1982 under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Following its notification, all human activities—including mountaineering, trekking, livestock grazing in alpine pastures, and collection of biomass resources such as fuelwood, fodder, and NTFPs—were banned. In 1988, NDNP was designated as a biosphere reserve, with the national park forming the core zone and a buffer zone encompassing surrounding villages and forests. (UNEP-WCMC, 2011). In 2003, NDNP was reopened for regulated ecotourism under Uttarakhand’s new ecotourism policy. A controlled tourism program, managed by the Forest Department in collaboration with local communities, now allows a maximum of 500 tourists annually to access the trail up to Dibrugheta meadow (UNEP-WCMC, 2011).
VoFNP was declared a national park in 1982 under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Before this designation, the valley served as a summer grazing ground for migratory pastoralists. With the establishment of the park, all land rights, including ownership, were transferred to the government, and livestock grazing was completely banned (UNEP-WCMC, 2011; State Party of India, 2002). In 2000, VoFNP was identified as an additional core zone within NDBR, covering 8,790 hectares. This designation was formally approved by UNESCO in 2004. (IUCN, 2005). Trekking within national park requires a permit from the forest department along with payment of nominal entry fees (Badola, et al., 2018). Mountaineering is regulated under State Government Order No. 997/CS/MT/2004, which aligns with Uttarakhand’s guidelines for mountaineering expeditions. Two peaks—Rataban (6,126 m) and Ghori Parbat (6,601 m)—are open for climbing, but only with permission from the Chief Wildlife Warden and under specific conditions (IUCN, 2005).
NDNP and VoFNP are separated by the Dhauli Ganga River, which flows southwest from the international border with China. The surrounding land consists of reserved forests managed by the Forest Department, civil forests under the jurisdiction of the District Magistrate, and small portions of community forests managed by Van Panchayats (village forest councils). Some small pockets of private land exist along the valley floor, but all intervening land falls within the buffer zone of NDBR. (IUCN, 2005). The forest areas in the buffer are governed by several legal frameworks, including the Indian Forest Act, 1927; the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972; and the Forest Conservation Act, 1980, along with various allied regulations. The key legal attribute is that the species listed under the various schedules of the Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 are afforded total protection, wherever found, while under the Forest Conservation Act 1980, conversion of any forest land for non-forestry purposes is prohibited without prior approval from Central Government. Additionally, tree felling in forested hill areas is strictly prohibited under a directive from the Supreme Court of India (State Party of India, 2004; IUCN, 2005).
VoFNP was declared a national park in 1982 under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Before this designation, the valley served as a summer grazing ground for migratory pastoralists. With the establishment of the park, all land rights, including ownership, were transferred to the government, and livestock grazing was completely banned (UNEP-WCMC, 2011; State Party of India, 2002). In 2000, VoFNP was identified as an additional core zone within NDBR, covering 8,790 hectares. This designation was formally approved by UNESCO in 2004. (IUCN, 2005). Trekking within national park requires a permit from the forest department along with payment of nominal entry fees (Badola, et al., 2018). Mountaineering is regulated under State Government Order No. 997/CS/MT/2004, which aligns with Uttarakhand’s guidelines for mountaineering expeditions. Two peaks—Rataban (6,126 m) and Ghori Parbat (6,601 m)—are open for climbing, but only with permission from the Chief Wildlife Warden and under specific conditions (IUCN, 2005).
NDNP and VoFNP are separated by the Dhauli Ganga River, which flows southwest from the international border with China. The surrounding land consists of reserved forests managed by the Forest Department, civil forests under the jurisdiction of the District Magistrate, and small portions of community forests managed by Van Panchayats (village forest councils). Some small pockets of private land exist along the valley floor, but all intervening land falls within the buffer zone of NDBR. (IUCN, 2005). The forest areas in the buffer are governed by several legal frameworks, including the Indian Forest Act, 1927; the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972; and the Forest Conservation Act, 1980, along with various allied regulations. The key legal attribute is that the species listed under the various schedules of the Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 are afforded total protection, wherever found, while under the Forest Conservation Act 1980, conversion of any forest land for non-forestry purposes is prohibited without prior approval from Central Government. Additionally, tree felling in forested hill areas is strictly prohibited under a directive from the Supreme Court of India (State Party of India, 2004; IUCN, 2005).
Governance arrangements
The management of NDBR falls under the overall authority of the state forest department. A DFO oversees both NDNP and VoFNP and reports to the Director of NDBR. Management planning for the biosphere reserve is guided by a Landscape Management Plan, which primarily focuses on conservation and sustainable development in the buffer zone. The core zone is managed separately under the decadal management plans of the national parks.
Village communities in the buffer participate in the planning process. Elected village council leaders are invited to quarterly meetings to discuss management strategies and sustainable development initiatives for the buffer area. Capacity-building workshops and training programs are conducted to support villagers in preparing and implementing micro-plans. In addition to village-level planning, communities also contribute to the conservation and management of their community forest lands. As democratically elected grassroots bodies, Village Panchayats provide a platform for local communities to have a voice in conservation decision-making (State Party of India, 2002; State Party of India, 2004).
Village communities in the buffer participate in the planning process. Elected village council leaders are invited to quarterly meetings to discuss management strategies and sustainable development initiatives for the buffer area. Capacity-building workshops and training programs are conducted to support villagers in preparing and implementing micro-plans. In addition to village-level planning, communities also contribute to the conservation and management of their community forest lands. As democratically elected grassroots bodies, Village Panchayats provide a platform for local communities to have a voice in conservation decision-making (State Party of India, 2002; State Party of India, 2004).
Integration into local, regional and national planning systems (including sea/landscape connectivity)
The site is also designated as a Biosphere Reserve and is broadly incorporated into the National Wildlife Action Plan and other regional and national conservation strategies. However, there appears to be a disconnect between the conceptualization of protected area categories at the global and national levels and their actual implementation on the ground. For instance, while the Biosphere Reserve model is designed around a zonation system, this remains largely theoretical in practice. The stringent legal provisions governing National Parks take precedence over the zonation framework of the Biosphere Reserve, resulting in conflicts with the local Bhotiya tribal communities over resource use (Saigal, et al., 2018). Additionally, the Biosphere Reserve is facing increasing ecological pressure due to the rapid expansion of unregulated pilgrim tourism and unplanned infrastructure development (Badola, et al., 201; Dobriyal, et al., 2017). There is a persistent demand for road construction to improve access, and infrastructure development remains a major threat to the fragile Himalayan ecosystem (Gupta, et al., 2018b). To ensure the long-term protection and conservation of the area, better-integrated planning and stricter regulations are essential.
Boundaries
The NDNP is a vast glacial basin encircled by sixteen peaks ranging from 6,000 to 7,500 meters. The national park is drained by the Rishi Ganga, which carves through the deep and nearly inaccessible Rishi Ganga Gorge, forming its western boundary. The Rishi Ganga is an eastern tributary of Dhauli Ganga which flows into Alaknanda River (IUCN, 1988; UNEP-WCMC, 2011).
The VoFNP is bounded by Gauri Parvat (6,590 m) and Rataban (6,126 m) in the east, Kunt Khal (4,430 m) in the west, Saptsring (5,038 m) in the south and Nilgiri Parvat (6,479 m) in the north. River Pushapawati, which originates from Tipra glacier flows down through the park. The valley portion of the park runs in the east west direction along the banks of river Pushpawati. The river flows down the valley and joins the Lakshman Ganga at Ghangaria to form Bhyundar River. This river drains into Alaknanda, a tributary of Ganges at Gobindghat about 12 km downstream (Kala, 1998).
The two national parks are separated by the Dhauli Ganga River, which flows southwest from the international border with China, along with its tributaries. The land on either side of the river consists mainly of reserved forests, civil forests and community forests. Small pockets of private land exist along the valley floor, all within the buffer zone (IUCN, 2005). Additionally, the Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary and Reserved Forest Divisions to the west, south, and east of the biosphere reserve provide further ecological buffering (World Heritage Committee, 2012).
The buffer zone, however faces threats. Opportunistic poaching incidents involving species such as the Asiatic Black Bear, Alpine Musk Deer, and Snow Leopard has been documented. Additionally, illegal and unregulated harvesting of medicinal plants, particularly in alpine meadows, remains a persistent issue. Unsustainable harvesting has put many commercially valuable species at risk, including Aconitum heterophyllum, Dactylorhiza hatagirea, Nardostachys grandiflora, Picrorhiza kurroa, Podophyllum hexandrum, and Polygonatum verticillatum. A significant concern is the proposed construction of hydropower projects in the Dhauli Ganga, Rishi Ganga, and Bhyundar Ganga river basins. These areas encompass diverse ecosystems—temperate and subalpine forests, alpine scrubs, steep slopes, moraines, plateaus, and marshes—that support key species such as the Snow Leopard, Himalayan Brown Bear, and Himalayan Musk Deer. Additionally, the buffer zone experiences high tourist footfall due to Hemkund Sahib, the world’s highest Gurudwara. To improve access, infrastructure projects such as link roads and ropeways have been proposed. Construction of roads in NDBR could have ecological consequences, including forest land diversion and fragmentation, extensive tree felling, and disruption of habitats of many endangered and threatened species.
The VoFNP is bounded by Gauri Parvat (6,590 m) and Rataban (6,126 m) in the east, Kunt Khal (4,430 m) in the west, Saptsring (5,038 m) in the south and Nilgiri Parvat (6,479 m) in the north. River Pushapawati, which originates from Tipra glacier flows down through the park. The valley portion of the park runs in the east west direction along the banks of river Pushpawati. The river flows down the valley and joins the Lakshman Ganga at Ghangaria to form Bhyundar River. This river drains into Alaknanda, a tributary of Ganges at Gobindghat about 12 km downstream (Kala, 1998).
The two national parks are separated by the Dhauli Ganga River, which flows southwest from the international border with China, along with its tributaries. The land on either side of the river consists mainly of reserved forests, civil forests and community forests. Small pockets of private land exist along the valley floor, all within the buffer zone (IUCN, 2005). Additionally, the Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary and Reserved Forest Divisions to the west, south, and east of the biosphere reserve provide further ecological buffering (World Heritage Committee, 2012).
The buffer zone, however faces threats. Opportunistic poaching incidents involving species such as the Asiatic Black Bear, Alpine Musk Deer, and Snow Leopard has been documented. Additionally, illegal and unregulated harvesting of medicinal plants, particularly in alpine meadows, remains a persistent issue. Unsustainable harvesting has put many commercially valuable species at risk, including Aconitum heterophyllum, Dactylorhiza hatagirea, Nardostachys grandiflora, Picrorhiza kurroa, Podophyllum hexandrum, and Polygonatum verticillatum. A significant concern is the proposed construction of hydropower projects in the Dhauli Ganga, Rishi Ganga, and Bhyundar Ganga river basins. These areas encompass diverse ecosystems—temperate and subalpine forests, alpine scrubs, steep slopes, moraines, plateaus, and marshes—that support key species such as the Snow Leopard, Himalayan Brown Bear, and Himalayan Musk Deer. Additionally, the buffer zone experiences high tourist footfall due to Hemkund Sahib, the world’s highest Gurudwara. To improve access, infrastructure projects such as link roads and ropeways have been proposed. Construction of roads in NDBR could have ecological consequences, including forest land diversion and fragmentation, extensive tree felling, and disruption of habitats of many endangered and threatened species.
Overlapping international designations
The designated World Heritage Site, encompassing the NDNP and VoFNP, forms the core zone of the NDBR. The management of these national parks is integrated within the broader framework of the biosphere reserve, guided by a Landscape Management Plan, initially developed for 2003/04–2012/13 and updated regularly. This plan is implemented through annual management strategies formulated in consultation with relevant stakeholders at the village, district, and state levels. The Landscape Management Plan primarily focuses on conservation and management interventions within the buffer and transition zones, while separate plans have been developed for NDNP and VoFNP to ensure effective protection of the core zone. The Forest Department of Uttarakhand serves as the managing authority, with a DFO overseeing both national parks under the supervision of the Director of NDBR. The Chief Wildlife Warden of Uttarakhand holds overall responsibility for the biosphere reserve. The total annual budget for NDBR is approximately USD 272,000, with allocations of USD 45,000 for VoFNP and USD 75,000 for NDNP. (IUCN, 2005).
Implementation of World Heritage Committee decisions and recommendations
When approving the inscription of the VoFNP as an extension of NDNP on the UNESCO World Heritage List, the World Heritage Committee recommended that the State Party of India enhance the natural values and protection of the site. This included further extensions to incorporate the corridor connecting NDNP and VoFNP, as well as additional areas representing the full altitudinal range and trans-Himalayan elements within the Biosphere Reserve (World Heritage Committee, 2005). Information and data are required to assess the progress of implementing this recommendation.
Climate action
The management plans for the core zones and the broader landscape plan for the NDBR are not publicly available, making it difficult to assess the extent to which climate change has been integrated into the conservation and management objectives of the national parks and the biosphere reserve. However, ecological surveys indicate signs of climate warming. In VoFNP, researchers have observed a gradual shift in floristic diversity—characterized by a decline in herbaceous plant diversity and an increase in woody shrubs (Salix and Rosa spp.) and trees (Betula utilis, Populus spp.). Many valley-side slopes, which once remained snow-covered for most of the year, now appear barren, allowing hardy species such as Rhododendron, Cotoneaster, and Juniper to colonize exposed bedrock and morainic deposits. The presence of warm-adapted species in traditionally alpine zones suggests an ecological response to global warming and microclimatic fluctuations (Bisht, et al., 2016). Surveys also indicate increased seedling and sapling recruitment of Himalayan birch (Betula utilis) above the treeline and its expansion into alpine meadows in the NDNP (Negi, et al., 2025). Given these changes, it is crucial for NDBR management to implement long-term ecological monitoring to assess the impacts of shifting vegetation and tree lines in response to climate warming and to integrate climate adaptation strategies into conservation planning.
Management plan and overall management system
The management of the NDBR is guided by a Landscape Management Plan, prepared every ten years and implemented annually in consultation with local, district, and state authorities. The focus of this plan is on the buffer zone, and it does not directly govern the national park areas (UNEP-WCMC, 2011). The core areas of the biosphere reserve-NDNP and VoFNP, are managed mainly through their own dedicated management plans.
The management of the NDNP is guided by a comprehensive and science-based management plan prepared through participatory process for 10 years (from 2009-2010 to 2018-2019) and has been updated regularly. The plan identifies the threats impacting the biodiversity of the NDNP and includes a component on hydro power projects near the park (Mathur, et al., 2015). The first MEE for Nanda Devi was conducted between 2009 and 2010 by the WII. The Park secured a ‘very good’ rank with an overall MEE score of 75.78% (Mathur, et al., 2015). More recent and updated MEE assessments are needed to evaluate the park's management strengths, identify key weaknesses, and recommend opportunities for improvement.
The latest management plan for the VoFNP is not publicly available. However, the accessible Draft Management Plan (2005) provides insights into the site's management objectives and key activities undertaken by the national park authority.
The management of the NDNP is guided by a comprehensive and science-based management plan prepared through participatory process for 10 years (from 2009-2010 to 2018-2019) and has been updated regularly. The plan identifies the threats impacting the biodiversity of the NDNP and includes a component on hydro power projects near the park (Mathur, et al., 2015). The first MEE for Nanda Devi was conducted between 2009 and 2010 by the WII. The Park secured a ‘very good’ rank with an overall MEE score of 75.78% (Mathur, et al., 2015). More recent and updated MEE assessments are needed to evaluate the park's management strengths, identify key weaknesses, and recommend opportunities for improvement.
The latest management plan for the VoFNP is not publicly available. However, the accessible Draft Management Plan (2005) provides insights into the site's management objectives and key activities undertaken by the national park authority.
Law enforcement
The NDNP and the VoFNP are designated national parks under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, granting them the highest level of legal protection. Biotic interventions are prohibited, except for habitat management of flora and fauna, ensuring the integrity and authenticity of these protected areas. No human habitation is allowed inside the parks, and the collection of biological resources is prohibited. Entry is regulated through a permit system, requiring official authorization for all visitors and buffer zone residents. The forest department enforces protection through regular patrolling and a local information system with active participation from local communities in anti-poaching efforts (State Party of India, 2004; UNEP-WCMC, 2011).
The forest staff at NDNP undertakes 8-9 long distance patrolling in a year from May to October and 10-12 short distance patrolling during the winter season. Patrolling reports are well maintained and provide details on monitoring of wildlife and their status. The frontline forest staff is aided with resources such as firearms, vehicles, motorcycles, weapons and wireless equipment. Additionally, GPS, camera and binoculars are provided by UNESCO under the World Heritage Programme. While these resources are adequate, equipment for long-distance patrolling in high-altitude areas needs regular replacement. Additional manpower is also required for the protection and management of the national park as present staff is burdened with duties and targets associated with the biosphere reserve and catchment area treatment of river valley projects (Mathur, et al., 2015).
Despite these measures, challenges persist in enforcing conservation laws effectively. Ecological surveys indicate that communities from Tolma, Lata, and Reni villages have been harvesting medicinal plants such as Arnebia benthamii, Allium humile, Angelica glauca, and Allium stracheyi from the alpine meadows in NDNP (Nath, et al., 2022).
The threat of illegal harvesting and overexploitation of herbs from alpine areas is particularly concerning in the case of Ophiocordyceps sinensis—a medicinal caterpillar fungus. The Uttarakhand State Government has issued guidelines for the collection and trade of the caterpillar fungus from the reserved forests through village-level forest councils known as Van Panchayat. Under these regulations, the Van Panchayat issues permit for collection of the fungus, and each collector has to pay a royalty of INR 1,000 (USD 12) per 100 g of the fungus. The forest department buys the collected produce at an advance payment of INR 50,000 (USD 577) per kg to the harvester, and later auctions the collection to traders authorized by trading permits. The balance after the auction is paid to the harvester after deducting 10% commission. While collection of caterpillar fungus is officially prohibited in wildlife sanctuaries and national parks, these areas remain open for caterpillar fungus harvesting, as government rules are not strictly enforced and often collection sites are in remote alpine meadows (Yadav, et al., 2019a). Studies suggest that villagers in and around NDBR are willing to collect both inside and outside the core zone of the biosphere reserve, and that their collection patterns are strongly linked to the location of their historic meadows. In villages that do not directly border, or their traditional alpine areas do not fall into the core zone, these villagers do not collect inside the core zone. In cases of the villages whose traditional alpine areas do border, or are located inside the core zone, these villages do collect inside the core zone. Some collectors camp within core zone camp out of the view of the forest department, while some are comfortable camping directly in view of the forest department dwellings. These structures are only occasionally used by the department staff during patrols. The alpine patrols by the frontline staff are rare, and when they occur, villagers simply move out of view. Furthermore, because forest department officials are slow moving in the terrain, local people were well aware of their visits to the field sites in advance. Villagers’ comfort in their mountainous terrain place them in an advantageous position in comparison to the department staff (Caplins, et al., 2018).
Opportunistic poaching also remains a concern. The poaching of Alpine Musk Deer for its musk pod has been reported in certain forest patches within the biosphere reserve, involving both local communities and outsiders (Ilyas, 2015). In 2020, the then DFO of NDNP reported the arrest of five poachers found in possession of musk deer and mountain goat body parts, along with wire traps used for hunting (Roy, 2020). Additionally, hunting of the Asiatic Black Bear has been documented as a threat in the biosphere reserve (Yadav, et al., 2019b). In 2021, the then officer in charge of NDBR reported that 19 hunters with 300 traps intended for poaching Snow Leopards were apprehended between September and October of the previous year (Singh, 2021).
Given these ongoing threats, it is crucial to strengthen law enforcement efforts in NDBR. Enhancing patrolling in alpine areas, improving local information systems, and deeper engagement with communities are essential to safeguarding the biodiversity of the biosphere reserve.
The forest staff at NDNP undertakes 8-9 long distance patrolling in a year from May to October and 10-12 short distance patrolling during the winter season. Patrolling reports are well maintained and provide details on monitoring of wildlife and their status. The frontline forest staff is aided with resources such as firearms, vehicles, motorcycles, weapons and wireless equipment. Additionally, GPS, camera and binoculars are provided by UNESCO under the World Heritage Programme. While these resources are adequate, equipment for long-distance patrolling in high-altitude areas needs regular replacement. Additional manpower is also required for the protection and management of the national park as present staff is burdened with duties and targets associated with the biosphere reserve and catchment area treatment of river valley projects (Mathur, et al., 2015).
Despite these measures, challenges persist in enforcing conservation laws effectively. Ecological surveys indicate that communities from Tolma, Lata, and Reni villages have been harvesting medicinal plants such as Arnebia benthamii, Allium humile, Angelica glauca, and Allium stracheyi from the alpine meadows in NDNP (Nath, et al., 2022).
The threat of illegal harvesting and overexploitation of herbs from alpine areas is particularly concerning in the case of Ophiocordyceps sinensis—a medicinal caterpillar fungus. The Uttarakhand State Government has issued guidelines for the collection and trade of the caterpillar fungus from the reserved forests through village-level forest councils known as Van Panchayat. Under these regulations, the Van Panchayat issues permit for collection of the fungus, and each collector has to pay a royalty of INR 1,000 (USD 12) per 100 g of the fungus. The forest department buys the collected produce at an advance payment of INR 50,000 (USD 577) per kg to the harvester, and later auctions the collection to traders authorized by trading permits. The balance after the auction is paid to the harvester after deducting 10% commission. While collection of caterpillar fungus is officially prohibited in wildlife sanctuaries and national parks, these areas remain open for caterpillar fungus harvesting, as government rules are not strictly enforced and often collection sites are in remote alpine meadows (Yadav, et al., 2019a). Studies suggest that villagers in and around NDBR are willing to collect both inside and outside the core zone of the biosphere reserve, and that their collection patterns are strongly linked to the location of their historic meadows. In villages that do not directly border, or their traditional alpine areas do not fall into the core zone, these villagers do not collect inside the core zone. In cases of the villages whose traditional alpine areas do border, or are located inside the core zone, these villages do collect inside the core zone. Some collectors camp within core zone camp out of the view of the forest department, while some are comfortable camping directly in view of the forest department dwellings. These structures are only occasionally used by the department staff during patrols. The alpine patrols by the frontline staff are rare, and when they occur, villagers simply move out of view. Furthermore, because forest department officials are slow moving in the terrain, local people were well aware of their visits to the field sites in advance. Villagers’ comfort in their mountainous terrain place them in an advantageous position in comparison to the department staff (Caplins, et al., 2018).
Opportunistic poaching also remains a concern. The poaching of Alpine Musk Deer for its musk pod has been reported in certain forest patches within the biosphere reserve, involving both local communities and outsiders (Ilyas, 2015). In 2020, the then DFO of NDNP reported the arrest of five poachers found in possession of musk deer and mountain goat body parts, along with wire traps used for hunting (Roy, 2020). Additionally, hunting of the Asiatic Black Bear has been documented as a threat in the biosphere reserve (Yadav, et al., 2019b). In 2021, the then officer in charge of NDBR reported that 19 hunters with 300 traps intended for poaching Snow Leopards were apprehended between September and October of the previous year (Singh, 2021).
Given these ongoing threats, it is crucial to strengthen law enforcement efforts in NDBR. Enhancing patrolling in alpine areas, improving local information systems, and deeper engagement with communities are essential to safeguarding the biodiversity of the biosphere reserve.
Sustainable finance
The total annual budget for NDBR equals to US $ 272,000, of which US $ 45,000 is for VoF National Park and US $ 75,000 for NDNP (IUCN, 2005). As per MEE for Nanda Devi, funds under NDBR are released time by the Government of India, but allocations from the state government are generally delayed until the end of the financial year. A third source of funding comes from catchment area treatment programs. The resource allocation, however, primarily focuses on buffer area management and eco-development activities. Budgetary allocation for explicit conservation and management inside the NDNP is inadequate (Mathur, et al., 2015). Due to the lack of an MEE assessment for VoFNP, it is difficult to assess the adequacy of funds for its management and conservation needs.
Staff capacity, training and development
The Forest Department, Uttarakhand is the designated management authority for the NDBR. A DFO, who reports to the Director of NDBR, oversees the management of both the VoF and NDNP, with overall responsibility resting with the Chief Wildlife Warden of Uttarakhand. The biosphere reserve has 67 permanent staff, with 20 stationed in NDNP and 16 in the VoFNP.
Further, management activities such as trail maintenance along the approach route to the VoF and Hemkund Sahib, as well as environmental awareness initiatives for visitors, are carried out in close collaboration with EDCs in Bhyundar and Govindghat (IUCN, 2005). However, according to the MEE, the allocation of staff for explicit conservation and management of the NDNP is inadequate. Another gap in staff capacity is the lack of formal training in protected area management—no officer at NDNP has undergone diploma or certificate-level training in this field. Training at the WII is essential to enhance their expertise (Mathur, et al., 2015).
Additionally, while staff deployment at VoFNP is considered adequate, there is still a need for officer training. Officers at the Deputy Conservator of Forest (DCF) and Assistant Conservator of Forest (ACF) levels should undergo the nine-month Postgraduate Diploma in Wildlife Management conducted by WII (Mathur, et al., 2015). The frontline staff has received trainings on plant identification, biodiversity monitoring, conservation and management of rare and endangered plant species, handling of forest offences, use of scientific instruments and fire arms, high altitude survival strategies, resolution of man-animal conflicts and development of micro plans with local village communities (State Party of India, 2004).
Further, management activities such as trail maintenance along the approach route to the VoF and Hemkund Sahib, as well as environmental awareness initiatives for visitors, are carried out in close collaboration with EDCs in Bhyundar and Govindghat (IUCN, 2005). However, according to the MEE, the allocation of staff for explicit conservation and management of the NDNP is inadequate. Another gap in staff capacity is the lack of formal training in protected area management—no officer at NDNP has undergone diploma or certificate-level training in this field. Training at the WII is essential to enhance their expertise (Mathur, et al., 2015).
Additionally, while staff deployment at VoFNP is considered adequate, there is still a need for officer training. Officers at the Deputy Conservator of Forest (DCF) and Assistant Conservator of Forest (ACF) levels should undergo the nine-month Postgraduate Diploma in Wildlife Management conducted by WII (Mathur, et al., 2015). The frontline staff has received trainings on plant identification, biodiversity monitoring, conservation and management of rare and endangered plant species, handling of forest offences, use of scientific instruments and fire arms, high altitude survival strategies, resolution of man-animal conflicts and development of micro plans with local village communities (State Party of India, 2004).
Education and interpretation programmes
NDNP: The forest department has established two small nature interpretation centers in Joshimath town and Reni village for tourists visiting NDNP. Visitors are provided with awareness materials about the park. However, as per the MEE, these centers require significant upgrades and modernization. There is also a need to establish two more comprehensive interpretation-cum-extension centers along the main road to Mana or Malari under the Biosphere Program and UNESCO World Heritage Program to enhance visitor education and engagement (Mathur, et al., 2015).
VoFNP: At the entrance to the VoFNP, the Forest Department operates a post and interpretation center in Ghangaria, where visitors can access brochures, books, and posters. The center is managed by EDC members, who also conduct slide and film shows for tourists (Gupta, et al., 2018b). Additionally, the EDCs have installed informational signboards along the trekking route to Hemkund Sahib, educating visitors about alpine flower diversity (IGNFA, n.d.). Strengthening these efforts is crucial, high tourism pressure within VoFNP has made certain areas vulnerable to ecological deterioration and rare and sacred species like Brahm Kamal (Saussurea obvallata) have been impacted by trampling along tourist trekking routes (Sinha, 2019). Enhanced visitor awareness can help mitigate such threats and promote conservation.
Buffer Zone: The NDBR management collaborates with local village council leaders (Gram Panchayat heads) to promote sustainable development and buffer zone management. Training programs and capacity-building workshops are organized for buffer zone residents to support micro-plan preparation and implementation. Additionally, the NDBR management works with research institutions such as the GBPNIHESD to train farmers in medicinal plant cultivation on farmlands. Routine training camps are also conducted for eco-restoration activities, ensuring sustainable management of the biosphere reserve’s buffer zone (State Party of India, 2002).
VoFNP: At the entrance to the VoFNP, the Forest Department operates a post and interpretation center in Ghangaria, where visitors can access brochures, books, and posters. The center is managed by EDC members, who also conduct slide and film shows for tourists (Gupta, et al., 2018b). Additionally, the EDCs have installed informational signboards along the trekking route to Hemkund Sahib, educating visitors about alpine flower diversity (IGNFA, n.d.). Strengthening these efforts is crucial, high tourism pressure within VoFNP has made certain areas vulnerable to ecological deterioration and rare and sacred species like Brahm Kamal (Saussurea obvallata) have been impacted by trampling along tourist trekking routes (Sinha, 2019). Enhanced visitor awareness can help mitigate such threats and promote conservation.
Buffer Zone: The NDBR management collaborates with local village council leaders (Gram Panchayat heads) to promote sustainable development and buffer zone management. Training programs and capacity-building workshops are organized for buffer zone residents to support micro-plan preparation and implementation. Additionally, the NDBR management works with research institutions such as the GBPNIHESD to train farmers in medicinal plant cultivation on farmlands. Routine training camps are also conducted for eco-restoration activities, ensuring sustainable management of the biosphere reserve’s buffer zone (State Party of India, 2002).
Tourism and visitation management
Entry to the parks is regulated by a permit system which stipulates that no visitor or buffer zone resident can enter the area without obtaining a permit.
In NDNP, a controlled tourism program, managed by the forest department in collaboration with local communities, permits a maximum of 500 tourists annually on the trail to Dibrugheta meadow. Local communities receive a share of trail management fees and contribute to fire prevention, and anti-poaching efforts. While overnight camping is not allowed inside the national park area, camping sites and homestays have been developed in the buffer area (UNEP-WCMC, 2011). Two small nature interpretation centres in Joshimath and Reni provide visitor services and educational materials on Nanda Devi to raise awareness among tourists. These centres, however, need considerable improvement and updating (Mathur, et al., 2015).
In VoFNP two EDCs have been established in Bhyundar and Govindghat, to manage the solid waste generated from tourism activities and to ensure that local people benefit from tourism. EDCs charge registration fees from mule owners, porters and an eco-fee from tourists and stall keepers (Badola, et al., 2018).
A forest department post and interpretation center at Ghangaria provides brochures, books, and posters, and collects entry fees. Throughout the 4–5 month tourist season, morning and evening slide shows, conducted by trained nature guides and EDC members, educate visitors on biodiversity and wildlife conservation (Gupta, et al., 2018b). Map of VoF has been installed in the entrance of the Park depicting main flowering areas within the Park along with the sketches of flowers their flowering period. Similarly, guided nature trails marked distinctly in the VoFNP enable tourists and naturalists to explore the Valley more efficiently and avoid trampling of precious flora. Sign boards indicating glaciers, landscapes, mountains, peaks, rivers, and moraines along with their names have been set up inside the Park (State Party of India, 2004).
VoF experiences significant tourist footfall, with an average of 13,000 visitors annually, particularly during the peak flowering season (August–September). While religious tourism is the primary attraction, the valley also draws foreign tourists and nature enthusiasts. An increase in the number of tourists has greatly influenced the threatened medicinal plants of the area. Major segment of the villagers (95%) of the buffer zone depends on the tourists who visited this area in large numbers every year. This excessive pressure of tourism not only affects the angiosperm diversity but also the lichen which are known to be the pioneer of succession. (Bisht, et al., 2022). In particular, the rare Brahm Kamal (Saussurea obvallata)—a sacred and threatened species—has been impacted by trampling. In the past, NDBR management sought the support of the Hemkund Sahib Head priest, who agreed to include a message in prayers, urging visitors to respect the valley’s natural beauty, which Guru Gobind Singhji, the 10th Sikh Guru, revered (Sinha, 2019). Another concern is the spread of invasive species, particularly Polygonum polystachyum, which suppresses native plant diversity. Field surveys indicate that this species is gradually expanding to higher altitudes, likely facilitated by the high influx of tourists along the VoFNP and Hemkund trekking routes (Negi, et al., 2021). To mitigate these threats, it is essential to implement conservation measures, including continuous monitoring of invasive, threatened, and endemic plant species and enforcing effective control measures for opportunistic species. Strict regulations should be enforced to maintain the integrity of the World Heritage Site, including limiting tourist numbers during peak months, preventing garbage accumulation and plastic disposal within the park, and further efforts in promoting awareness among local communities, forest personnel, and nature guides on plant identification and conservation significance (Bisht, et al., 2022). Additionally, along the Hemkund Sahib trekking route, there is significant pressure on Himalayan birch tree (Betula utilis), which is frequently used/debarked by Nepalese workers and other non-local individuals for constructing and repairing huts during the tourist season (Maletha, et al., 2020). Addressing these challenges through strict enforcement, awareness programs, and sustainable tourism practices is crucial for safeguarding VoFNP’s unique biodiversity.
In NDNP, a controlled tourism program, managed by the forest department in collaboration with local communities, permits a maximum of 500 tourists annually on the trail to Dibrugheta meadow. Local communities receive a share of trail management fees and contribute to fire prevention, and anti-poaching efforts. While overnight camping is not allowed inside the national park area, camping sites and homestays have been developed in the buffer area (UNEP-WCMC, 2011). Two small nature interpretation centres in Joshimath and Reni provide visitor services and educational materials on Nanda Devi to raise awareness among tourists. These centres, however, need considerable improvement and updating (Mathur, et al., 2015).
In VoFNP two EDCs have been established in Bhyundar and Govindghat, to manage the solid waste generated from tourism activities and to ensure that local people benefit from tourism. EDCs charge registration fees from mule owners, porters and an eco-fee from tourists and stall keepers (Badola, et al., 2018).
A forest department post and interpretation center at Ghangaria provides brochures, books, and posters, and collects entry fees. Throughout the 4–5 month tourist season, morning and evening slide shows, conducted by trained nature guides and EDC members, educate visitors on biodiversity and wildlife conservation (Gupta, et al., 2018b). Map of VoF has been installed in the entrance of the Park depicting main flowering areas within the Park along with the sketches of flowers their flowering period. Similarly, guided nature trails marked distinctly in the VoFNP enable tourists and naturalists to explore the Valley more efficiently and avoid trampling of precious flora. Sign boards indicating glaciers, landscapes, mountains, peaks, rivers, and moraines along with their names have been set up inside the Park (State Party of India, 2004).
VoF experiences significant tourist footfall, with an average of 13,000 visitors annually, particularly during the peak flowering season (August–September). While religious tourism is the primary attraction, the valley also draws foreign tourists and nature enthusiasts. An increase in the number of tourists has greatly influenced the threatened medicinal plants of the area. Major segment of the villagers (95%) of the buffer zone depends on the tourists who visited this area in large numbers every year. This excessive pressure of tourism not only affects the angiosperm diversity but also the lichen which are known to be the pioneer of succession. (Bisht, et al., 2022). In particular, the rare Brahm Kamal (Saussurea obvallata)—a sacred and threatened species—has been impacted by trampling. In the past, NDBR management sought the support of the Hemkund Sahib Head priest, who agreed to include a message in prayers, urging visitors to respect the valley’s natural beauty, which Guru Gobind Singhji, the 10th Sikh Guru, revered (Sinha, 2019). Another concern is the spread of invasive species, particularly Polygonum polystachyum, which suppresses native plant diversity. Field surveys indicate that this species is gradually expanding to higher altitudes, likely facilitated by the high influx of tourists along the VoFNP and Hemkund trekking routes (Negi, et al., 2021). To mitigate these threats, it is essential to implement conservation measures, including continuous monitoring of invasive, threatened, and endemic plant species and enforcing effective control measures for opportunistic species. Strict regulations should be enforced to maintain the integrity of the World Heritage Site, including limiting tourist numbers during peak months, preventing garbage accumulation and plastic disposal within the park, and further efforts in promoting awareness among local communities, forest personnel, and nature guides on plant identification and conservation significance (Bisht, et al., 2022). Additionally, along the Hemkund Sahib trekking route, there is significant pressure on Himalayan birch tree (Betula utilis), which is frequently used/debarked by Nepalese workers and other non-local individuals for constructing and repairing huts during the tourist season (Maletha, et al., 2020). Addressing these challenges through strict enforcement, awareness programs, and sustainable tourism practices is crucial for safeguarding VoFNP’s unique biodiversity.
Sustainable use
The collection of NTFPs, particularly MAPs, remains a significant issue for the sustainable use of biological resources in NDBR. The reserve management has collaborated with research institutions to train farmers in cultivating high-value medicinal species, aiming to reduce dependence on wild harvesting (State Party of India, 2002). However, species such as Aconitum heterophyllum, Angelica glauca, Dactylorhiza hatagirea, Nardostachys grandiflora, Picrorhiza kurroa, Podophyllum hexandrum, and Polygonatum verticillatum continue to be overexploited due to high market demand and high use values within NDBR and throughout Indian Himalaya (Negi, et al., 2018b). More structured efforts are needed to scale up MAP cultivation, ensuring the availability of quality planting material, improved agronomic practices, post-harvest techniques, and efficient marketing channels. Actively involving local farmers in planning and implementation will be key to making cultivation a sustainable livelihood alternative (Maikhuri, et al., 2017).
The alpine meadows in the core zone remain vulnerable to unauthorized collection of medicinal species. Neighboring village communities often enter these remote areas to harvest Ophiocordyceps sinensis, a highly valuable caterpillar fungus. Limited and infrequent patrolling by forest staff in these remote alpine areas presents enforcement challenges, as local villagers, accustomed to the mountainous landscape, can navigate the area with ease. Additionally, many communities continue to follow customary resource governance systems, often disregarding conservation policies that prohibit entry and resource extraction from protected areas (Caplins, et al., 2018).
To reduce dependence on wild harvesting of caterpillar fungus, it is essential to explore alternative livelihood opportunities such as ecotourism, expanding local handloom enterprises, livestock husbandry, and promoting the sustainable collection of other NTFPs. Strengthening these livelihood options can help incentivize harvesters to shift away from unsustainable extraction practices (Yadav, et al., 2019a).
Human-wildlife conflict is an important issue for the NDNP management, especially, with regards to their relations with the neighbouring village residents. During winter, harsh climatic conditions inside the national park force black bears, wild boars, and leopards to seek shelter in the buffer areas, particularly in forest panchayats, where they damage crops and prey on livestock in surrounding villages. The damage to fruit orchards and potato fields is particularly severe (Mathur, et al., 2015). The compensation system for crop damage and livestock depredation, however, is complex and inadequate, making it difficult for affected communities to receive timely relief. Surveys in Lata and Tolma villages indicate that many villagers are unaware of compensation schemes for crop damage (Singh, 2016). Additionally, bureaucratic hurdles delay disbursements. For livestock depredation claims, cases must be reported within 24 hours, accompanied by photographic evidence and a veterinary certificate—requirements that are often impractical. Locating a lost or attacked animal itself may take a day, many villagers lack cameras, and veterinarians are stationed far from remote settlements. Furthermore, knowledge of the compensation procedure is limited to a few individuals within villages, further complicating access to relief. As a result, compensation payments often take between two to five years, and in some cases, claims remain unpaid altogether. Lastly, compensation paid is below the market value and does not cover the economic losses suffered (Naitthani & Kainthola, 2015; Singh, 2016). Immediate reforms are needed to minimize wildlife damage and streamline the compensation system, ensuring fair and timely relief for affected communities.
The alpine meadows in the core zone remain vulnerable to unauthorized collection of medicinal species. Neighboring village communities often enter these remote areas to harvest Ophiocordyceps sinensis, a highly valuable caterpillar fungus. Limited and infrequent patrolling by forest staff in these remote alpine areas presents enforcement challenges, as local villagers, accustomed to the mountainous landscape, can navigate the area with ease. Additionally, many communities continue to follow customary resource governance systems, often disregarding conservation policies that prohibit entry and resource extraction from protected areas (Caplins, et al., 2018).
To reduce dependence on wild harvesting of caterpillar fungus, it is essential to explore alternative livelihood opportunities such as ecotourism, expanding local handloom enterprises, livestock husbandry, and promoting the sustainable collection of other NTFPs. Strengthening these livelihood options can help incentivize harvesters to shift away from unsustainable extraction practices (Yadav, et al., 2019a).
Human-wildlife conflict is an important issue for the NDNP management, especially, with regards to their relations with the neighbouring village residents. During winter, harsh climatic conditions inside the national park force black bears, wild boars, and leopards to seek shelter in the buffer areas, particularly in forest panchayats, where they damage crops and prey on livestock in surrounding villages. The damage to fruit orchards and potato fields is particularly severe (Mathur, et al., 2015). The compensation system for crop damage and livestock depredation, however, is complex and inadequate, making it difficult for affected communities to receive timely relief. Surveys in Lata and Tolma villages indicate that many villagers are unaware of compensation schemes for crop damage (Singh, 2016). Additionally, bureaucratic hurdles delay disbursements. For livestock depredation claims, cases must be reported within 24 hours, accompanied by photographic evidence and a veterinary certificate—requirements that are often impractical. Locating a lost or attacked animal itself may take a day, many villagers lack cameras, and veterinarians are stationed far from remote settlements. Furthermore, knowledge of the compensation procedure is limited to a few individuals within villages, further complicating access to relief. As a result, compensation payments often take between two to five years, and in some cases, claims remain unpaid altogether. Lastly, compensation paid is below the market value and does not cover the economic losses suffered (Naitthani & Kainthola, 2015; Singh, 2016). Immediate reforms are needed to minimize wildlife damage and streamline the compensation system, ensuring fair and timely relief for affected communities.
Monitoring
Since NDNP was closed to all human activity in 1982, the Forest Department has conducted an ecological expedition every decade to assess the impact of the ban on biodiversity and species composition within the park. These expeditions are conducted by experts from reputed scientific institutions, and their findings are submitted to the park management to guide conservation efforts. Due to difficult terrain, the department doesn’t not conduct its own routine census to monitor species populations, and therefore relies on these expeditions for ecological evaluation (Mathur, et al., 2015; Negi, et al., 2018a).
For the VoFNP, administrative arrangements are in existence for monitoring the conservation status of the property. These monitoring exercise are being carried out periodically internally by the forest department and externally through expert agencies. The periodicity and intensity of monitoring depends upon the objective of monitoring and targeted outputs. Scientists from the expert agencies like Wildlife Institute of India (WII), Botanical Survey of India (BSI), Indian Council Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE) and GB Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development (GBPNIHESD) have been periodically monitoring on biodiversity of the national park (State Party of India, 2004).
Although the results of the latest official monitoring conducted or commissioned by the forest administration are not publicly available, ecological surveys and research carried out by various institutions provide valuable insights into key biodiversity trends within the heritage site and the key threats affecting it.
Monitoring studies by scientists from GBPNIHESD between 1993 and 2015 indicated positive changes in plant diversity, forest composition, and overall ecological conditions in NDNP. The park’s vegetation is primarily composed of temperate forests, sub-alpine forests, alpine scrublands, and alpine meadows. Betula utilis and Abies spectabilis dominate forest communities between 3,300–3,900 m and 3,300–3,650 m, respectively. The regeneration of A. spectabilis in the park’s forests and the increasing population of B. utilis along trails and trekking routes indicate significant regeneration in recent years. Rhododendron campanulatum forms the krummholz zone, while R. anthopogon, R.lepidotum, Lonicera spinosa, and Salix karelinii are dominant species of the alpine scrubland. The richness and density of shrub species have increased over the past two decades. In terms of alpine meadows, Dibrugheta recorded the highest number of plant species (143), spanning 55 families and 111 genera. This meadow also harbors the highest number of threatened and high-value medicinal species, making it a priority for conservation (Negi, et al., 2018a).
Floristic surveys conducted by another GBPNIHESD team in the VoFNP between 2017 and 2019 identified anthropogenic activities such as trampling and unsustainable harvesting for research purposes as major causes of habitat deterioration. Fewer individuals of threatened species, including Aconitum violaceum, A. heterophyllum, Saussurea obvallata, and Fritillaria roylei were recorded, indicating increased pressure on these plants and need for stronger conservation efforts (Bisht, et al., 2018). Additionally, 23 species recorded by Frank Smythe in 1938 were untraceable during surveys, emphasizing the necessity of comprehensive floristic documentation using authenticated voucher specimens (Bisht, et al., 2018). Lastly, invasive species such as Polygonum polystachyum and Cuscuta europaea are expanding within the valley, threatening native biodiversity and potentially altering floristic composition (Bisht, et al., 2018). Therefore, there is an urgent need to conserve the endemic and threatened plant species in VoFNP by regularly monitoring the populations of invasive, threatened, and endemic species and implementing effective control measures for opportunistic species (Bisht, et al., 2022).
In addition to ecological monitoring, WII conducted interactions and capacity-building workshops with forest department officials and community representatives in 2019 to assess the state of conservation across the biosphere reserve. Respondents indicated that populations of threatened species such as the snow leopard and musk deer are believed to be stable, though systematic monitoring is required to confirm these trends. Further, while poaching has reportedly declined, there has been a steady increase in pilgrim tourism and medicinal plant extraction in the buffer zone, raising concerns about long-term ecological sustainability (Nath, et al., 2022).
Climate change is a significant factor influencing biodiversity distribution. In NDNP, the observed upward shift of Pinus wallichiana and the expansion of Betula utilis into alpine meadows at Dharasi indicate alterations in species' altitudinal ranges due to rising temperatures. This migration highlights the impact of climate warming on vegetation dynamics. Long-term ecological monitoring is essential to understanding these shifts and their relationship with climate change, allowing for more effective conservation and management strategies (Negi, et al., 2018a; Negi, et al., 2025).
For the VoFNP, administrative arrangements are in existence for monitoring the conservation status of the property. These monitoring exercise are being carried out periodically internally by the forest department and externally through expert agencies. The periodicity and intensity of monitoring depends upon the objective of monitoring and targeted outputs. Scientists from the expert agencies like Wildlife Institute of India (WII), Botanical Survey of India (BSI), Indian Council Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE) and GB Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development (GBPNIHESD) have been periodically monitoring on biodiversity of the national park (State Party of India, 2004).
Although the results of the latest official monitoring conducted or commissioned by the forest administration are not publicly available, ecological surveys and research carried out by various institutions provide valuable insights into key biodiversity trends within the heritage site and the key threats affecting it.
Monitoring studies by scientists from GBPNIHESD between 1993 and 2015 indicated positive changes in plant diversity, forest composition, and overall ecological conditions in NDNP. The park’s vegetation is primarily composed of temperate forests, sub-alpine forests, alpine scrublands, and alpine meadows. Betula utilis and Abies spectabilis dominate forest communities between 3,300–3,900 m and 3,300–3,650 m, respectively. The regeneration of A. spectabilis in the park’s forests and the increasing population of B. utilis along trails and trekking routes indicate significant regeneration in recent years. Rhododendron campanulatum forms the krummholz zone, while R. anthopogon, R.lepidotum, Lonicera spinosa, and Salix karelinii are dominant species of the alpine scrubland. The richness and density of shrub species have increased over the past two decades. In terms of alpine meadows, Dibrugheta recorded the highest number of plant species (143), spanning 55 families and 111 genera. This meadow also harbors the highest number of threatened and high-value medicinal species, making it a priority for conservation (Negi, et al., 2018a).
Floristic surveys conducted by another GBPNIHESD team in the VoFNP between 2017 and 2019 identified anthropogenic activities such as trampling and unsustainable harvesting for research purposes as major causes of habitat deterioration. Fewer individuals of threatened species, including Aconitum violaceum, A. heterophyllum, Saussurea obvallata, and Fritillaria roylei were recorded, indicating increased pressure on these plants and need for stronger conservation efforts (Bisht, et al., 2018). Additionally, 23 species recorded by Frank Smythe in 1938 were untraceable during surveys, emphasizing the necessity of comprehensive floristic documentation using authenticated voucher specimens (Bisht, et al., 2018). Lastly, invasive species such as Polygonum polystachyum and Cuscuta europaea are expanding within the valley, threatening native biodiversity and potentially altering floristic composition (Bisht, et al., 2018). Therefore, there is an urgent need to conserve the endemic and threatened plant species in VoFNP by regularly monitoring the populations of invasive, threatened, and endemic species and implementing effective control measures for opportunistic species (Bisht, et al., 2022).
In addition to ecological monitoring, WII conducted interactions and capacity-building workshops with forest department officials and community representatives in 2019 to assess the state of conservation across the biosphere reserve. Respondents indicated that populations of threatened species such as the snow leopard and musk deer are believed to be stable, though systematic monitoring is required to confirm these trends. Further, while poaching has reportedly declined, there has been a steady increase in pilgrim tourism and medicinal plant extraction in the buffer zone, raising concerns about long-term ecological sustainability (Nath, et al., 2022).
Climate change is a significant factor influencing biodiversity distribution. In NDNP, the observed upward shift of Pinus wallichiana and the expansion of Betula utilis into alpine meadows at Dharasi indicate alterations in species' altitudinal ranges due to rising temperatures. This migration highlights the impact of climate warming on vegetation dynamics. Long-term ecological monitoring is essential to understanding these shifts and their relationship with climate change, allowing for more effective conservation and management strategies (Negi, et al., 2018a; Negi, et al., 2025).
Research
Research and monitoring efforts in the NDBR are ongoing and conducted by various research universities and institutions specializing in high-altitude landscapes. The GBPNIHESD has been designated as the Lead/Coordinating Institution for NDBR and other Himalayan biosphere reserves. It plays a crucial role in facilitating research and development activities while compiling and disseminating relevant scientific information. The Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change (MoEFCC), Government of India, also funds research projects in biosphere reserves under the Man and Biosphere (MAB) Program (State Party of India, 2002). One such initiative was the SECURE Himalayas project—"Securing Livelihoods, Conservation, Sustainable Use, and Restoration of High-Range Himalayan Ecosystems"—which was implemented between 2017 and 2023 in collaboration with United Nations Development Programme and the Global Environment Facility. With a total investment of $8,378,880, the project focused on strengthening conservation efforts while supporting local livelihoods.
The Draft Management Plan (2005) for VoFNP identified several key research priorities, including the management of invasive weeds such as Polygonum polystachyum, Impatiens sulcata, and Osmunda claytoniana, as well as the development of a long-term conservation strategy for forests in VoFNP and its adjacent areas. Other research areas included assessing the impact of tourism on the park's fragile ecosystem, studying snow-plant relationships in high-altitude environments, and investigating changes in phenological characteristics with altitude (State Party of India, 2005).
Beyond these efforts, various universities and research organizations actively conduct studies on biodiversity, eco-restoration, and conservation within the biosphere reserve. The NDBR authorities collaborate with these institutions to organize education camps, seminars, and farmer-to-farmer technology transfer programs. These initiatives aim to promote sustainable conservation practices and enhance local community engagement in environmental stewardship, ensuring that scientific research translates into practical conservation and management strategies (State Party of India, 2002).
The Draft Management Plan (2005) for VoFNP identified several key research priorities, including the management of invasive weeds such as Polygonum polystachyum, Impatiens sulcata, and Osmunda claytoniana, as well as the development of a long-term conservation strategy for forests in VoFNP and its adjacent areas. Other research areas included assessing the impact of tourism on the park's fragile ecosystem, studying snow-plant relationships in high-altitude environments, and investigating changes in phenological characteristics with altitude (State Party of India, 2005).
Beyond these efforts, various universities and research organizations actively conduct studies on biodiversity, eco-restoration, and conservation within the biosphere reserve. The NDBR authorities collaborate with these institutions to organize education camps, seminars, and farmer-to-farmer technology transfer programs. These initiatives aim to promote sustainable conservation practices and enhance local community engagement in environmental stewardship, ensuring that scientific research translates into practical conservation and management strategies (State Party of India, 2002).
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats outside the site
The development of hydropower projects poses a significant threat to the biodiversity values in the buffer area of NDBR. Due to the presence of large Himalayan Rivers and diverse topography, the region is highly susceptible to hydropower expansion. According to the MEE, threats from hydropower projects have been integrated into management planning. However, the absence of a publicly available management plan makes it difficult to assess or review these measures. Strict vigilance is essential, particularly concerning proposed hydropower projects in the Rishi Ganga, Bhyundar Ganga, Dhauli Ganga, and Alaknanda-III river basins. These basins encompass a variety of ecosystems, including temperate and subalpine forests, alpine scrubs, steep slopes, moraines, plateaus, and marshes, which provide critical habitats for endangered species such as the Snow Leopard, Himalayan Brown Bear, Tibetan Wolf, Himalayan Musk Deer, and Asiatic Black Bear, as well as vulnerable bird species like the Cheer Pheasant and Monal Pheasant. The construction of hydropower projects in these areas risks disrupting habitat integrity and key wildlife corridors within the biosphere reserve.
Additionally, the construction of linear infrastructure such as roads requires careful planning to minimize forest fragmentation and habitat loss. Road development in and around Nanda Devi is a particular concern for species like the Snow Leopard, as roads can fragment habitats, increase human activity, and heighten the risk of illegal activities such as poaching of the Snow Leopard and its prey. Management authorities must ensure that infrastructure projects are planned with strict ecological considerations to mitigate these threats.
Additionally, the construction of linear infrastructure such as roads requires careful planning to minimize forest fragmentation and habitat loss. Road development in and around Nanda Devi is a particular concern for species like the Snow Leopard, as roads can fragment habitats, increase human activity, and heighten the risk of illegal activities such as poaching of the Snow Leopard and its prey. Management authorities must ensure that infrastructure projects are planned with strict ecological considerations to mitigate these threats.
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats inside the site
The NDBR is managed by the state forest department, with a DFO overseeing the national parks under the supervision of the NDBR Director. Protection is enforced via regular patrolling and a local information systems with active participation from local communities in anti-poaching efforts. Despite these measures, certain threats persist.
While poaching has significantly declined, stray incidents of opportunistic hunting of endangered species such as the Snow Leopard, Asiatic Black Bear, and Alpine Musk Deer have been recorded within and around the reserve.
Collection of NTFPs such as MAPs is another issue. NDBR management has collaborated with research institutions to train farmers in cultivation of several high value species medicinal plants and to reduce their reliance on wild harvesting. However, species such as Aconitum heterophyllum, Angelica glauca, Dactylorhiza hatagirea, Nardostachys grandiflora, Picrorhiza kurroa, Podophyllum hexandrum, and Polygonatum verticillatum continue to be overexploited in wild due to their high market demand and high use values within and outside the NDBR. More structured efforts are needed to scale up MAP cultivation, ensuring sufficient availability of planting material, improved agronomic practices, post-harvest techniques, and effective marketing channels. Engaging local farmers in planning and implementation will be crucial for making cultivation a viable livelihood alternative.
The alpine meadows in the core zone remain vulnerable to unauthorized collection of medicinal species. Neighboring village communities are known to enter these areas to harvest species such as Ophiocordyceps sinensis, a highly valuable caterpillar fungus. Comparatively limited and infrequent patrolling by forest staff in these remote alpine areas poses enforcement challenges, as local villagers, accustomed to the mountainous landscape, can easily access these areas. Additionally, many local communities continue to follow customary resource governance systems, often disregarding state-imposed conservation policies that prohibit entry and collection of biological resources from protected areas. Strengthening enforcement mechanisms, deeper engagement with communities, and promotion of alternative livelihood options is critical.
Forest department staff is deployed across both core and buffer zones. However, the MEE for NDNP has highlighted the need for additional manpower requirement for core areas as present staff is more burdened with responsibilities and targets of buffer zone management. Training for forest officials in protected area management from institutions such as the WII also needs to be prioritized. Budget allocations specifically for the management and conservation of core zones also require enhancement.
Tourism presents both opportunities and challenges for NDBR. The reserve is an important hub for nature-based tourism and pilgrimage, with the Hemkund Sahib Gurudwara and VoF attracting large numbers of visitor. Community-based institutions, with support from the forest department, play a vital role in managing solid waste along the trekking route to the VoFNP and Gurudwara, educating tourists about biodiversity, and guiding nature trails. However, high tourist footfall, especially during peak flowering season has made certain ecologically fragile within the VoF more vulnerable to habitat degradation and species loss. To maintain the integrity of the World Heritage Site, stricter regulations are needed, including visitor caps during peak months, improved waste management, and enhanced awareness programs for local communities, forest personnel, and nature guides on plant identification and conservation significance.
Anthropogenic interference in the VoF by tourism activities, trampling and overexploitation have also facilitated the spread of invasive and weedy species, including Polygonum polystachyum, Impatiens sulcata, Claytosmunda claytoniana, Chenopodium album, Cuscuta europaea, Rumex nepalensis, and Urtica dioica, many of which suppress native biodiversity. Long-term monitoring is essential, as P. polystachyum is shifting to higher altitudes and expanding into alpine meadows within the national park and other areas near the core zone. Currently, park authorities manually control its spread by removing aerial portions in select areas of VoFNP but no parallel measures have been in other parts of NDBR. Integrated planning is crucial to prevent proliferation of P. polystachyum before they become a greater ecological threat.
While poaching has significantly declined, stray incidents of opportunistic hunting of endangered species such as the Snow Leopard, Asiatic Black Bear, and Alpine Musk Deer have been recorded within and around the reserve.
Collection of NTFPs such as MAPs is another issue. NDBR management has collaborated with research institutions to train farmers in cultivation of several high value species medicinal plants and to reduce their reliance on wild harvesting. However, species such as Aconitum heterophyllum, Angelica glauca, Dactylorhiza hatagirea, Nardostachys grandiflora, Picrorhiza kurroa, Podophyllum hexandrum, and Polygonatum verticillatum continue to be overexploited in wild due to their high market demand and high use values within and outside the NDBR. More structured efforts are needed to scale up MAP cultivation, ensuring sufficient availability of planting material, improved agronomic practices, post-harvest techniques, and effective marketing channels. Engaging local farmers in planning and implementation will be crucial for making cultivation a viable livelihood alternative.
The alpine meadows in the core zone remain vulnerable to unauthorized collection of medicinal species. Neighboring village communities are known to enter these areas to harvest species such as Ophiocordyceps sinensis, a highly valuable caterpillar fungus. Comparatively limited and infrequent patrolling by forest staff in these remote alpine areas poses enforcement challenges, as local villagers, accustomed to the mountainous landscape, can easily access these areas. Additionally, many local communities continue to follow customary resource governance systems, often disregarding state-imposed conservation policies that prohibit entry and collection of biological resources from protected areas. Strengthening enforcement mechanisms, deeper engagement with communities, and promotion of alternative livelihood options is critical.
Forest department staff is deployed across both core and buffer zones. However, the MEE for NDNP has highlighted the need for additional manpower requirement for core areas as present staff is more burdened with responsibilities and targets of buffer zone management. Training for forest officials in protected area management from institutions such as the WII also needs to be prioritized. Budget allocations specifically for the management and conservation of core zones also require enhancement.
Tourism presents both opportunities and challenges for NDBR. The reserve is an important hub for nature-based tourism and pilgrimage, with the Hemkund Sahib Gurudwara and VoF attracting large numbers of visitor. Community-based institutions, with support from the forest department, play a vital role in managing solid waste along the trekking route to the VoFNP and Gurudwara, educating tourists about biodiversity, and guiding nature trails. However, high tourist footfall, especially during peak flowering season has made certain ecologically fragile within the VoF more vulnerable to habitat degradation and species loss. To maintain the integrity of the World Heritage Site, stricter regulations are needed, including visitor caps during peak months, improved waste management, and enhanced awareness programs for local communities, forest personnel, and nature guides on plant identification and conservation significance.
Anthropogenic interference in the VoF by tourism activities, trampling and overexploitation have also facilitated the spread of invasive and weedy species, including Polygonum polystachyum, Impatiens sulcata, Claytosmunda claytoniana, Chenopodium album, Cuscuta europaea, Rumex nepalensis, and Urtica dioica, many of which suppress native biodiversity. Long-term monitoring is essential, as P. polystachyum is shifting to higher altitudes and expanding into alpine meadows within the national park and other areas near the core zone. Currently, park authorities manually control its spread by removing aerial portions in select areas of VoFNP but no parallel measures have been in other parts of NDBR. Integrated planning is crucial to prevent proliferation of P. polystachyum before they become a greater ecological threat.
The management of NDBR is undertaken by the state forest department. The protection regime is enforced by regular patrolling by frontline forest staff, and local information systems with active support from community. However, challenges remain. Overexploitation has threatened abundance of several species in the wild. Initiatives have been taken to collaborate with farmers in the buffer zone but more structured efforts are required to scale up cultivation. Another important challenge is unauthorized collection of resources from the core zone, as alpine meadows, especially, are susceptible to illegal harvesting of several valuable species. Patrolling by forest staff is comparatively limited in remote alpine areas. Strengthening enforcement mechanisms, deeper engagement with communities, and promotion of alternative livelihood options is crucial. Furthermore, even though forest staff are deployed across core and buffer areas, manpower is generally inadequate. Funding for meeting management objectives of the core zone also needs to be scaled up. Tourism is regulated by the forest department with support from community based institutions such as Eco Development Councils. However, high tourist number have made certain ecologically fragile areas within the VoF and the adjacent Bhyundar valley more vulnerable to habitat degradation. Controlling the spread of invasive species such as Polygonum polystachyum presents another concern. While measures have been taken by department to control its spread within the VoFNP, paralleled steps are yet to be undertaken in the other parts of the NDBR. Integrated planning is critical to prevent further proliferation of weedy and invasive species. Management planning considers potential threats such as hydropower development in the NDBR. Strict monitoring is essential, especially for hydropower projects proposed in Rishi Ganga, Bhyundar Ganga, Dhauli Ganga, and Alaknanda-III river basins. Climate change also requires better integration within management planning and long-term monitoring is required to better understand these changes and their likely impact. Lastly, human-wildlife conflict poses a significant challenge for the NDBR management, potentially straining their relationship with the communities in the buffer zone. The compensation system remains inadequate, with bureaucratic delays and payouts that fall below market value, failing to fully cover economic losses. Streamlining the compensation process and ensuring fair, timely relief is crucial to fostering coexistence and maintaining local support for conservation efforts.
Good practice examples
Some of the good management practices at NDBR include:
- Community-Based Institutions: EDCs play a key role in managing solid waste along trekking routes and educating visitors on the importance of alpine biodiversity and conservation.
- Regulated Trekking Routes: Identifying and designating trekking routes along the periphery of NDNP helps minimize tourist impact on core areas while providing livelihood opportunities for neighboring village communities.
- Ecological Expeditions: The forest department commissions ecological expeditions, where independent scientific experts assess the impact of activity on biodiversity, ensuring evidence-based conservation management.
- Community-Based Institutions: EDCs play a key role in managing solid waste along trekking routes and educating visitors on the importance of alpine biodiversity and conservation.
- Regulated Trekking Routes: Identifying and designating trekking routes along the periphery of NDNP helps minimize tourist impact on core areas while providing livelihood opportunities for neighboring village communities.
- Ecological Expeditions: The forest department commissions ecological expeditions, where independent scientific experts assess the impact of activity on biodiversity, ensuring evidence-based conservation management.
Natural beauty and aesthetic values
Good
Trend
Stable
The NDNP and VoFNP are exceptionally scenic high-altitude landscapes in the Western Himalayas, known for their outstanding biodiversity. Their natural beauty is largely preserved due to their remoteness and limited accessibility. Both parks remained unexplored until the 1930s and, with the exception of regulated community-based ecotourism, they have been free from significant anthropogenic pressure since 1938. As a result, these parks encompass relatively undisturbed natural habitats that serve as control sites for the continuation of natural ecological processes (World Heritage Committee, 2012).
The two national parks exhibit high levels of biodiversity and endemism. Both national parks represent high degree of diversity and endemism (State Party of India, 2002). They are separated by the Dhauli Ganga River, which flows southwest from the international border with China, along with its tributaries. The land on either side of the river primarily consists of reserved, civil, and community forests, with only small pockets of private land along the valley floor. All the surrounding land falls within the buffer zone (IUCN, 2005). There are 47 villages within the buffer zone, where regulated human activities such as ecological restoration, controlled ecotourism, limited grazing, and the collection of medicinal herbs are permitted under strict management to minimize their impact on the core zone (Dobriyal, 2015; Badola, et al., 2018).
Given the challenging terrain, absence of human inhabitatants in the core area, and well-regulated activities in the buffer zone, the parks' aesthetic values and natural beauty remain largely intact.
The two national parks exhibit high levels of biodiversity and endemism. Both national parks represent high degree of diversity and endemism (State Party of India, 2002). They are separated by the Dhauli Ganga River, which flows southwest from the international border with China, along with its tributaries. The land on either side of the river primarily consists of reserved, civil, and community forests, with only small pockets of private land along the valley floor. All the surrounding land falls within the buffer zone (IUCN, 2005). There are 47 villages within the buffer zone, where regulated human activities such as ecological restoration, controlled ecotourism, limited grazing, and the collection of medicinal herbs are permitted under strict management to minimize their impact on the core zone (Dobriyal, 2015; Badola, et al., 2018).
Given the challenging terrain, absence of human inhabitatants in the core area, and well-regulated activities in the buffer zone, the parks' aesthetic values and natural beauty remain largely intact.
Important site for in-situ conservation of biological diversity
Low Concern
Trend
Stable
The inscribed site is naturally well protected due to their remoteness and inaccessibility. There are no human inhabitants within the protected areas, and the only permitted activity is regulated, community-based ecotourism facilitated by the Forest Department (World Heritage Committee, 2012).
NDNP has been closed to all human activities, including mountaineering, adventure tourism, livestock grazing, and the collection of NTFP, since 1983 (Soliri, 2001; Bosak, 2008). Following the ban, the Forest Department has conducted ecological expeditions every ten years to assess its impact on biodiversity and plant species composition. Findings from these expeditions and long-term monitoring surveys indicate a significant improvement in the status of flora, fauna, and their habitats within the national park (World Heritage Committee, 2012). Two types of forest communities, i.e. Betula utilis along timberline, and mixed forest of Abies spectabilis with B. utilis form the dominant forests inside the park. The regeneration of A. spectabilis has been notably higher inside the park compared to the buffer zone, suggesting a positive impact of the activity ban. Similarly, B. utilis along trekking routes has shown good regeneration in recent years, with high sapling density further reinforcing the benefits of restricted human activity. Shrub species richness and density have also increased over the past two decades. Monitoring surveys from 1993 to 2013 indicate that overall forest composition and health have improved compared to 1993 and 2003, demonstrating the effectiveness of conservation measures within the national park since the ban (Negi, et al., 2018a).
In VoFNP, periodic monitoring is conducted both internally by the Forest Department and externally by expert agencies. Results indicate that the overall status of flora, fauna, and habitats has been maintained (World Heritage Committee, 2012). However, experts emphasize the need for continuous floral monitoring, as 23 plant species documented by Frank Smythe in 1938 were untraceable in surveys conducted between 2016 and 2017. Additionally, VoFNP experiences significant visitor footfall, with an average of 13,000 tourists annually, especially during the peak flowering season (August–September). Increased tourist activity has made certain areas of the valley more vulnerable to habitat degradation and species loss. An increase in the number of tourists has greatly influenced the threatened medicinal plants of the area. The excessive tourism pressure highlights the urgent need for conservation efforts to protect endemic and threatened plant species in VoFNP (Bisht, et al., 2022).
Lastly, regarding fauna, interviews conducted by WII with frontline forest staff and local communities suggest that populations of threatened species such as the snow leopard and musk deer are thought to be stable. However, further systematic monitoring is needed to assess long-term population trends (Nath, et al., 2022).
NDNP has been closed to all human activities, including mountaineering, adventure tourism, livestock grazing, and the collection of NTFP, since 1983 (Soliri, 2001; Bosak, 2008). Following the ban, the Forest Department has conducted ecological expeditions every ten years to assess its impact on biodiversity and plant species composition. Findings from these expeditions and long-term monitoring surveys indicate a significant improvement in the status of flora, fauna, and their habitats within the national park (World Heritage Committee, 2012). Two types of forest communities, i.e. Betula utilis along timberline, and mixed forest of Abies spectabilis with B. utilis form the dominant forests inside the park. The regeneration of A. spectabilis has been notably higher inside the park compared to the buffer zone, suggesting a positive impact of the activity ban. Similarly, B. utilis along trekking routes has shown good regeneration in recent years, with high sapling density further reinforcing the benefits of restricted human activity. Shrub species richness and density have also increased over the past two decades. Monitoring surveys from 1993 to 2013 indicate that overall forest composition and health have improved compared to 1993 and 2003, demonstrating the effectiveness of conservation measures within the national park since the ban (Negi, et al., 2018a).
In VoFNP, periodic monitoring is conducted both internally by the Forest Department and externally by expert agencies. Results indicate that the overall status of flora, fauna, and habitats has been maintained (World Heritage Committee, 2012). However, experts emphasize the need for continuous floral monitoring, as 23 plant species documented by Frank Smythe in 1938 were untraceable in surveys conducted between 2016 and 2017. Additionally, VoFNP experiences significant visitor footfall, with an average of 13,000 tourists annually, especially during the peak flowering season (August–September). Increased tourist activity has made certain areas of the valley more vulnerable to habitat degradation and species loss. An increase in the number of tourists has greatly influenced the threatened medicinal plants of the area. The excessive tourism pressure highlights the urgent need for conservation efforts to protect endemic and threatened plant species in VoFNP (Bisht, et al., 2022).
Lastly, regarding fauna, interviews conducted by WII with frontline forest staff and local communities suggest that populations of threatened species such as the snow leopard and musk deer are thought to be stable. However, further systematic monitoring is needed to assess long-term population trends (Nath, et al., 2022).
Diverse alpine flora
Low Concern
Trend
Stable
Monitoring studies conducted in NDNP in 2015 indicate that among the four alpine meadows—Dharansi, Dibrugheta, Betaraoli, and Sarasaupatal—Dibrugheta exhibited the highest species richness, with 143 species belonging to 55 families and 111 genera. This meadow also supports the highest number of threatened and high-value medicinal plant species with significant population density, making it a conservation priority for the forest department. However, given its proximity to the buffer zone villages of Lata, Tolma, and Reni—identified for special monitoring due to illegal harvesting of medicinal plants—Dibrugheta faces heightened conservation concerns (Negi, et al., 2018a).
More than 600 floral species have been recorded from the VoFNP, however floristic surveys conducted between 2016 and 2017 recorded fewer individuals of Aconitum violaceum, A. heterophyllum, Saussurea obvallata, Fritillaria roylei indicating pressure on these threatened species and need for conservation efforts (Bisht, et al., 2018). Human disturbances, including tourism, trampling, and overexploitation, have led to habitat degradation in certain areas of the valley. This has facilitated the spread of weedy and invasive species such as Polygonum polystachyum, Claytosmunda claytoniana, Chenopodium album, Cuscuta europaea, Rumex nepalensis, and Urtica dioica (Bisht, et al., 2022). Climate change is another concern, with surveys indicating a gradual shift in floristic diversity—characterized by a decline in herbaceous plant diversity and an increase in woody shrubs (Salix and Rosa spp.) and trees (Betula utilis, Populus spp.). The presence of warm-adapted species in traditionally alpine zones suggests an ecological response to global warming and microclimatic fluctuations. If these trends persist, hardy species may proliferate at the expense of ecologically sensitive shrubs and herbaceous plants that once defined the valley’s alpine vegetation (Bisht, et al., 2016). Continuous monitoring of alpine flora in the core zone is essential, with a particular focus on the populations of threatened and high-value plant species.
Another aspect that requires further research and long-term monitoring is the livestock grazing in VoFNP. Concerns over its impact on floral diversity led to the prohibition of grazing in the park since 1982. However, the removal of grazing pressure has inadvertently resulted in the proliferation of Polygonum polystachyum, creating virtual monocultures in areas where livestock previously congregated. The ecological impact of grazing- or its removal- on alpine meadows remains a subject of ongoing debate among ecologists. While overgrazing and accumulation of nutrients at sites where livestock congregates is detrimental to floral diversity, grazing by livestock may also enhance herbaceous plant diversity by preventing dominating of few aggressive species (Nath, et al., 2022).
More than 600 floral species have been recorded from the VoFNP, however floristic surveys conducted between 2016 and 2017 recorded fewer individuals of Aconitum violaceum, A. heterophyllum, Saussurea obvallata, Fritillaria roylei indicating pressure on these threatened species and need for conservation efforts (Bisht, et al., 2018). Human disturbances, including tourism, trampling, and overexploitation, have led to habitat degradation in certain areas of the valley. This has facilitated the spread of weedy and invasive species such as Polygonum polystachyum, Claytosmunda claytoniana, Chenopodium album, Cuscuta europaea, Rumex nepalensis, and Urtica dioica (Bisht, et al., 2022). Climate change is another concern, with surveys indicating a gradual shift in floristic diversity—characterized by a decline in herbaceous plant diversity and an increase in woody shrubs (Salix and Rosa spp.) and trees (Betula utilis, Populus spp.). The presence of warm-adapted species in traditionally alpine zones suggests an ecological response to global warming and microclimatic fluctuations. If these trends persist, hardy species may proliferate at the expense of ecologically sensitive shrubs and herbaceous plants that once defined the valley’s alpine vegetation (Bisht, et al., 2016). Continuous monitoring of alpine flora in the core zone is essential, with a particular focus on the populations of threatened and high-value plant species.
Another aspect that requires further research and long-term monitoring is the livestock grazing in VoFNP. Concerns over its impact on floral diversity led to the prohibition of grazing in the park since 1982. However, the removal of grazing pressure has inadvertently resulted in the proliferation of Polygonum polystachyum, creating virtual monocultures in areas where livestock previously congregated. The ecological impact of grazing- or its removal- on alpine meadows remains a subject of ongoing debate among ecologists. While overgrazing and accumulation of nutrients at sites where livestock congregates is detrimental to floral diversity, grazing by livestock may also enhance herbaceous plant diversity by preventing dominating of few aggressive species (Nath, et al., 2022).
Assessment of the current state and trend of World Heritage values
Stable
Both national parks remain largely well-protected due to their remoteness and limited accessibility. Both areas are characterized by high levels of biodiversity and endemism. There are 47 villages within the buffer zone, where regulated human activities such as ecological restoration, controlled ecotourism, limited grazing, and the collection of medicinal herbs are permitted under strict management to minimize their impact on the core zone. Ecological expeditions commissioned by the Forest Department indicate that overall forest composition and health in NDNP have improved compared to assessments from 1993 and 2003. Higher regeneration of Abies spectabilis in the forests inside the national park as compared to the buffer zone, suggest a positive impact of the activity ban since 1938. Similarly, Betul utilis along trekking routes has shown good regeneration in recent years, with high sapling density further reinforcing the benefits of restricted human activity. Shrub species richness and density have also increased over the past two decades. Periodic monitoring in VoFNP also indicates that the overall status of flora, fauna, and habitats has been largely maintained. However, experts emphasize the need for continuous floral monitoring, as 23 plant species documented by Frank Smythe in 1938 were untraceable in recent surveys. Further, high tourist volume poses risk of habitat deterioration of ecologically fragile areas in the valley and also make way for spread of weedy and invasive species which suppress native floral diversity. Long-term monitoring is also required to understand the impact of climate warming on altering species composition and ecosystem dynamics, especially in traditionally alpine areas. Lastly, populations of endangered faunal species, such as the snow leopard and musk deer, appear to be stable within the biosphere reserve. However, more systematic monitoring is required to accurately assess population trends.
Assessment of the current state and trend of other important values
Data Deficient
Data Deficient
Other values include the religious and cultural significance of the site, as well as the sacred importance local communities place on medicinal plant conservation. Currently, there is no data or evidence indicating threats to these sites or any potential deterioration in their value.
Additional information
Wilderness and iconic features,
Sacred natural sites or landscapes
The site has un-matched aesthetic and wilderness values. The presence of Hindu and Sikh shrine Badrinath and Hemkund Sahib in the vicinity of the site results in numerous visits to Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve for religious purposes (~1.5 million per year) which in its present form of maangement has been an environmental disservice.
Natural disasters such as landslides and avalanches in the lower parts of Valley of Flowers poses a challenge for the management as it affects the visitation and interpretation of the PA.
Carbon sequestration,
Soil stabilisation,
Water provision (importance for water quantity and quality)
This site of high biological diversity offers significant water resources, air quality management regulation and influences local and regional weather characteristics including precipitation and temperature. The site provides good quality water at critical times of the year to the urban, industrial and agricultural activities that primarily take place in the buffer zone of Nanda Devi National Park.
Climate change and melting of glaciers in the Himalayas and resultant disasters has been a cause of global concern.
The site provides significant values in terms of natural beauty, biological integrity and provides valuable ecosystem services. The site provides good quality water and sustain many communities and industries at critical times of the year.
| № | Organization | Brief description of Active Projects | Website |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Wildlife Institute of India (WII), Dehradun | The WII has been implementing several UNESCO sponsored research and monitoring projects in this site. |
http://www.wii.gov.in/
|
| 2 | Govind Ballabh Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment & Sustainable Development (GBPNIHESD), Almora | The Institute is the lead organization of the Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change of the Government of India for research and monitoring activities in the site. |
http://gbpihed.gov.in/
|
| 3 | Department of Science and Technology, Government of India | Under the National Action Plan on Climate Change, a dedication mission called National Mission on Sustaining Himalayan Ecosystem (NMSHE) is being undertaken to assess climate change effects and adaptation strategies through various Task Forces. | |
| 4 | UNDP and Govt of India | The Government of India and United Nations Development Programme, with support from the Global Environment Facility, are implementing a new programme in the high altitude Himalayas entitled “SECURE Himalayas - Securing livelihoods, conservation, sustainable use and restoration of high range Himalayan ecosystems”, to ensure conservation of locally and globally significant biodiversity, land and forest resources in the high Himalayan ecosystem, while enhancing the lives and livelihoods of local communities. |
https://www.in.undp.org/content/india/en/home/projects/securing-livelihoods-in-the-himalayas.html
|
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