Škocjan Caves
Country
Slovenia
Inscribed in
1986
Criteria
(vii)
(ix)
The conservation outlook for this site has been assessed as "good with some concerns" in the latest assessment cycle. Explore the Conservation Outlook Assessment for the site below. You have the option to access the summary, or the detailed assessment.
This exceptional system of limestone caves comprises collapsed dolines, some 6 km of underground passages with a total depth of more than 200 m, many waterfalls and one of the largest known underground chambers. The site, located in the Kras region (literally meaning Karst), is one of the most famous in the world for the study of karstic phenomena. © UNESCO
Summary
2025 Conservation Outlook
Finalised on
11 أكتوبر 2025
Good with some concerns
Current state and trend of VALUES
Low Concern
Overall THREATS
Overall PROTECTION and MANAGEMENT
Full assessment
Description of values
Exceptional natural karst phenomenon
Criterion
(vii)
This exceptional blind valley and cave system comprises over 6 km of underground passages with a total depth of about 250 m, many waterfalls and one of the largest known underground chambers (Blatnik et al., 2020). The site is located in the Kras region (Karst in German) and is one of the most famous districts in the world for the study of karst phenomena, arguably part of the cradle of karstology (World Heritage Committee, 2014; Cerkvenik, 2024). The Reka River, with an average flow of 8.2 m3/s and flood flows to 387 m3/s, suddenly disappears underground into a canyon passage averaging 20-30 m wide and 30-110 m high. The river roars down cascades and over waterfalls passing through the huge Martel Chamber, 2.55 million cubic metres in volume (Walters and Hajna, 2020), beyond which exploration is limited by the river flowing into a sump where the ceiling descends to river level. The halls and chambers are profusely decorated by speleothem formations (World Heritage Committee, 2014). Upper level cave passages provide evidence of stages in the development of the cave network.
On-going geological karst processes
Criterion
(viii)
An impressive array of exceptional karst manifestations, the result of past and present geological, geomorphological, speleological and hydrological processes, are clearly at display for scientists and visitors alike within a relatively small area. The heart of the site, the main cave system with the underground stretches of the Reka River, has been formed in a thick layer of cretaceous limestone. The constantly dynamic system is an outstanding textbook example of contact Karst with well-developed features, such as a blind valley, collapsed dolines, openings, chasms and caves (World Heritage Committee, 2014).
History of cave exploration
Criterion
(viii)
Ever since the first explorations and scientific studies were carried out in the 19th century, the cave system has been considered one of the most important karst features in Europe. Since then, all organisations responsible for it have maintained the cave system in good condition. The caves were first explored by Svetina in 1839, who descended 100 m into the Reka. Speleological research began in 1851 (and continues to date), and was followed by visits in 1893 and in 1894 by the famous speleologist Martel, who published accounts in the book ‘Les Abimes’ (Peric, Muller, 2017). The most important cave exploration was undertaken in the period 1884-1921 by the German-Austrian Mountaineering Society (DÖAV) and locals (IUCN Consultation, 2020a). The explored cave system is 6.2 km long and 250 m deep (Blatnik et al., 2020). A new entrance has been recently discovered (IUCN Consultation, 2020b).
Combination of alpine and Mediterranean ecosystems and species
A mixture of habitats is represented corresponding to the floras of Central Europe, the Mediterranean, Submediterranean, Ilyrian and Alpine, all of which are present side by side. Some endemic, rare and threatened species including Orobanche hederae, Lamium wettsteinii, Campanula justiniana, Primula Auricula and Adiantum capillus-veneris, are found in the site (Mulec, 2018).
Underground fauna with endemic species
The geological diversity of the site supports an equally fascinating biological diversity, which has important implications for land and water management (World Heritage Committee, 2014). Subterranean habitats are available in narrow fissures and voluminous cave passages and rivers. The wider region has more than 200 species of troglobitic animals specialised for subterranean environments. Up to date, 30 troglobiontic species have been found in the Škocjan Caves, 16 stygobionts (fauna living within groundwater systems) and 14 terrestrial troglobionts (Blatnik et al., 2020). Cave beetles are especially common. In the surrounding park area there is a highly diverse bat population
The presence of twelve species has been recorded in the cave, permanently or occasionally present in the cave system. Among them, the most numerous are the Schreibers's long-fingered bat (Miniopterus scheibersii), whose colony migrates between the Škocjan Caves and Predjama, and the long-fingered bat (Myotis capacinii). Winter colonies of the long-winged bat reach up to 7,000 individuals, while summer colonies number a few thousand individuals. The remaining species are significantly less numerous. Species that can be found in the cave during hibernation or maternity colonies are the greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum), the Mediterranean horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus euryale), the lesser horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus hipposideros), the barbastelle (Barbastella barbastellus), the common bat (Myotis myotis) and the branched bat (Myotis euryale). Site managers have also recorded the occasional presence of the broad-eared bat (Barbastella barbastellus), the little bat (Pipistrellus pipistrellus), the sharp-eared bat (Myotis blythi) and the leather-bearded bat (Plecotus macrobullaris) (Škocjan Caves Management Plan, 2024-2028). The surface flora and fauna are also rich, because of the diverse landscape and special microclimatic conditions associated with enclosed depressions in karst terrain.
The presence of twelve species has been recorded in the cave, permanently or occasionally present in the cave system. Among them, the most numerous are the Schreibers's long-fingered bat (Miniopterus scheibersii), whose colony migrates between the Škocjan Caves and Predjama, and the long-fingered bat (Myotis capacinii). Winter colonies of the long-winged bat reach up to 7,000 individuals, while summer colonies number a few thousand individuals. The remaining species are significantly less numerous. Species that can be found in the cave during hibernation or maternity colonies are the greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum), the Mediterranean horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus euryale), the lesser horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus hipposideros), the barbastelle (Barbastella barbastellus), the common bat (Myotis myotis) and the branched bat (Myotis euryale). Site managers have also recorded the occasional presence of the broad-eared bat (Barbastella barbastellus), the little bat (Pipistrellus pipistrellus), the sharp-eared bat (Myotis blythi) and the leather-bearded bat (Plecotus macrobullaris) (Škocjan Caves Management Plan, 2024-2028). The surface flora and fauna are also rich, because of the diverse landscape and special microclimatic conditions associated with enclosed depressions in karst terrain.
Assessment information
Current threats to the World Heritage values come mostly from external factors, such as urbanization, infrastructure development, and water quality concerns. Water use in the Reka River catchment currently has a limited impact on the water regime. However, the construction of new reservoirs (e.g., Klivnik, Mola, Padež), combined with global climate change effects, poses a significant potential threat to the cave system's hydrological balance. Tourism pressure is increasing, presenting localized challenges, including trail degradation, overcrowding, and ecological impacts like the proliferation of lampenflora. The site's natural beauty and phenomena remain largely intact, but noticeable land development, such as state spatial plans for wind farms at Dolenja Vas and Senožeška Brda, represents a growing concern. Additionally, invasive alien species, particularly plants along the Reka River, continue to threaten native biodiversity.
Dams & Water Management/Use
(Impacts on water level and flow from reservoirs, dams etc.)
Inside site
, Widespread(15-50%)
The underground river canyon of Škocjan Caves was cut into the limestone bedrock by the Reka River (World Heritage Committee, 2014). In the early 1980s, two reservoirs - Klivnik and Mola - were built in the upper Reka catchment (IUCN, 1986). Apart from drinking water supply, water permits in the Reka catchment have also been issued for hydro powered flour- and sawmills, and for abstraction for irrigation of agricultural land. The current use of water is not having a major impact on the existing water regime and water quality of the Reka River and has not posed any risk or danger to the environment (Škocjan Caves Management Plan, 2019-2023). However, the construction of a new dam and creation of a water reservoir (for drinking water) on a tributary of the River Reka, the Padež, has been discussed for decades. If it were constructed, then river discharge into Škocjan Cave would be directly affected (World Heritage Committee, 1996). The updated management plan does not indicate that the plans for water accumulations at Padež/Suhorca on the Reka River have been abandoned entirely (Skocjan Caves Management Plan, 2024-2028), however in 2022 the new government stopped the project and started to search for new sources of drinking water for the Slovene coast (IUCN Consultation, 2024).
Renewable Energy
(Windfarm development)
Inside site
, Scattered(5-15%)
Wind farm construction in the area of the Vremscica ridge has not progressed but the economic pressure from potential investors for construction at the Volovja Reber ridge is still very high (World Heritage Committee, 1996; IUCN Consultation, 2024). There are a few new proposals for wind farms in the vicinity of village of Volce and Dolenja vas, but these have not been accepted yet (IUCN Consultation, 2020a, 2024). In 2024, an initiative for a national spatial plan of the Ministry of natural Resources and Spatial Planning was launched to build a chain of wind farms near Ilirska Bistrica (Državni et al., 2024; Pobuda et al., 2024; MMC, 2024), in an area that is within the Park's buffer zone.
Recreational Activities
(Increasing visitation)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
There has been a significant increase of visitors to the cave. In the last decade, visitor numbers have doubled, from 100,000 per year in 2008 to 200,000 in 2019 (Škocjan Caves Management Plan, 2019-2023; IUCN Consultation, 2020a). Although the management of tourist traffic is efficient, the impact of increased visitation on the cave ecosystem should be evaluated (IUCN Consultation, 2020a, b). Studies have shown a significant impact of tourism on airborne particles in the cave, including increased concentrations of bacteria and microbial load (Mulec et al., 2017), and problems with “lampenflora”, growing around artificial lights in the cave (Škocjan Caves Management Plan, 2019-2023). The updated management plan for the Škocjan Caves indicates that the total number of visitors in 2023 was 185,147, which shows a significant increase compared to previous years, particularly after the COVID-19 pandemic when visitor numbers were much lower (83,559 in 2021 and 46,451 in 2020) (Skocjan Caves Management Plan, 2024-2028). The park manager has largely succeeded in reducing the biggest problem with visitors to the park, which is the excessive number of day visitors. The maximum number of people visiting the park in summer during peak visitor times is now around 1,300, whereas a few years ago this figure was around 2,500 (Skocjan Caves Management Plan, 2024-2028). The park's management has adopted a strategy of limiting visitors (which is necessary especially in the main tourist season) and introduced online ticket sales. The effects of this measure turned out to be very positive in 2023, when the tourism industry was recovering from the Covid pandemic (IUCN Consultation, 2024).
There has also been an expansion of airport facilities north of the park that adds to traffic and noise (IUCN Consultation, 2017), however the impacts of this on the OUV is not clear.
There has also been an expansion of airport facilities north of the park that adds to traffic and noise (IUCN Consultation, 2017), however the impacts of this on the OUV is not clear.
Water-borne & other effluent Pollution
(Water pollution)
Inside site
, Scattered(5-15%)
Outside site
Up until the 1990s, the Reka River was one of the most heavily polluted rivers in Slovenia, mainly due to the organic acids and fibreboard factories in Ilirska Bistrica, a settlement in the buffer zone and in the catchment of the Reka River. Pollution prevention works were initiated with the construction of wastewater treatment plants and reservoirs for low flow recharge. In the nineties, the industrial production decreased and so did the pollution levels (IUCN, 1986; Šraj et al., 2008; WWF, 2011). However, continuing regional development, including an expanding wood industry, adds an unknown continuing threat (IUCN Consultation, 2017), as industrial wastewater is not collected and treated appropriately (Škocjan Caves Management Plan, 2019-2023).
Water quality in the cave improved significantly after the closure of the TOK plant in the 1990s and has remained about the same since then, but further efforts will be needed to improve water quality further. The improvement of the water quality is due to the river’s self‐cleaning capability; nevertheless, some organic pollution events are occasionally detected flowing into the cave system (Blatnik et al., 2020; IUCN Consultation, 2020b; WWF, 2011; Škocjan Caves Management Plan, 2019-2023). Wastewater is still a major issue in the catchment, as most of the villages in the buffer zone still do not have any organised municipal wastewater collection or treatment systems. Leaks from cesspits, or direct discharge into the river, affects the water quality in the Park and might pollute the cave system. Agriculture might also contribute to pollution, especially from pesticides, fertilisers and improperly managed manure storage (IUCN Consultation, 2020a; Škocjan Caves Management Plan, 2019-2023).
Another significant danger is traffic accidents and leakages from trucks that transport petroleum products and hazardous materials. Furthermore, a considerable number of illegal waste dumps still exists in the Park’s surroundings. The rehabilitation of the Globovnik industrial waste dump that was used by the organic acids factory in Ilirska Bistrica is finally progressing. A contractor was selected to prepare the project documentation, and the landfill is scheduled to be rehabilitated in 2026 (IUCN Consultation, 2024).
Micro-plastic in the river, as well as plastic waste floating into the cave during heavy rainfall, are also of increasing concern (Škocjan Caves Management Plan, 2019-2023). Pollution or contamination of surface and underground waters, which may originate from agricultural runoff, industrial activities, or improper waste management in the wider catchment area remains a threat also in the recent times (Skocjan Caves Management Plan, 2024-2028).
Although the current chemical water quality is assessed as good, there still are several threats that require ongoing monitoring.
Water quality in the cave improved significantly after the closure of the TOK plant in the 1990s and has remained about the same since then, but further efforts will be needed to improve water quality further. The improvement of the water quality is due to the river’s self‐cleaning capability; nevertheless, some organic pollution events are occasionally detected flowing into the cave system (Blatnik et al., 2020; IUCN Consultation, 2020b; WWF, 2011; Škocjan Caves Management Plan, 2019-2023). Wastewater is still a major issue in the catchment, as most of the villages in the buffer zone still do not have any organised municipal wastewater collection or treatment systems. Leaks from cesspits, or direct discharge into the river, affects the water quality in the Park and might pollute the cave system. Agriculture might also contribute to pollution, especially from pesticides, fertilisers and improperly managed manure storage (IUCN Consultation, 2020a; Škocjan Caves Management Plan, 2019-2023).
Another significant danger is traffic accidents and leakages from trucks that transport petroleum products and hazardous materials. Furthermore, a considerable number of illegal waste dumps still exists in the Park’s surroundings. The rehabilitation of the Globovnik industrial waste dump that was used by the organic acids factory in Ilirska Bistrica is finally progressing. A contractor was selected to prepare the project documentation, and the landfill is scheduled to be rehabilitated in 2026 (IUCN Consultation, 2024).
Micro-plastic in the river, as well as plastic waste floating into the cave during heavy rainfall, are also of increasing concern (Škocjan Caves Management Plan, 2019-2023). Pollution or contamination of surface and underground waters, which may originate from agricultural runoff, industrial activities, or improper waste management in the wider catchment area remains a threat also in the recent times (Skocjan Caves Management Plan, 2024-2028).
Although the current chemical water quality is assessed as good, there still are several threats that require ongoing monitoring.
Residential Areas, Commercial & Industrial Areas
(Urban development)
Outside site
There is limited development in the World Heritage site, but ongoing developments in the buffer zone, as well as encroaching urban and commercial development nearby. Given the small size of the site (401 ha), urban expansion and intensification in the vicinity are a serious problem, especially because the western boundary of the core zone abuts a motorway corridor at Divača. Two industrial zones have been constructed close to the World Heritage site. Increasing activities in industrial zones might affect the underground ecosystems (IUCN Consultation, 2020b). Urbanization and infrastructure development in the surrounding areas, which may increase pollution risks and habitat fragmentation remain a potential threat (Škocjan Caves Management Plan, 2024-2028).There are also plans to reopen a limestone quarry in the buffer zone (IUCN Consultation, 2020a).
Invasive Non-Native/ Alien Species
(Presence and spread of invasive alien species)
Outside site
Presence and spread of invasive alien species, such as plants along the Reka River and animals like invasive fish species could threaten native biodiversity (State Party of Slovenia, 2024). Invasive plants alter soil chemistry and hydrology, leading to the degradation of habitats that native plants depend on. Non-native fish species introduced into the river system for recreational fishing or accidentally through other means often prey on or compete with native species. Invasive fish species can outcompete native species, like the critically endangered Austropotamobius pallipes (Škocjan Caves Management Plan, 2024-2028).
Various developments outside the World Heritage site have potential to negatively affect the World Heritage values by impacting aesthetics through visual and noise pollution up to the park boundary. Notable developments, such as proposed wind farms (e.g., Dolenja Vas and Senožeška Brda), pose a particular threat. The quality of natural processes, including water flow and water pollution, is at risk from potential construction of reservoirs (e.g., Klivnik, Mola, Padež) and agricultural runoff, which could severely alter the hydrological regime. The resilience of the natural ecosystem, including its flora and fauna (terrestrial and aquatic), is being reduced by habitat destruction in the buffer zone and adjacent areas, compounded by the spread of invasive alien species, such as Fallopia japonica and Solidago canadensis. Global climate changes, through altered precipitation patterns and extreme weather events, may also affect the biological values of the site, potentially exacerbating existing pressures more gradually.
Roads, Trails & Railroads
(Motorway)
Outside site
New motorways have been constructed adjacent to the core zone of the World Heritage site and a national spatial plan is being prepared for the Postojna/Divača-Jelšane motorway section in the transitional area (Škocjan Caves Management Plan, 2019-2023). A second railroad track of the Divača–Koper railway line is also under construction (IUCN Consultation, 2020a). Expansion of other corridors may be under consideration, as well as continuing expansion of urban and commercial zones (World Heritage Committee, 1996).
Renewable Energy
(Hydropower developments)
Inside site
, Throughout(>50%)
There is potential for construction of further freshwater reservoirs in the Reka basin because of interest in further freshwater supplies. Construction of a dam with a water reservoir on the Padež River, which would directly affect river discharge into Škocjan Cave, has been discussed for decades (World Heritage Committee, 1996). At present, there are some new ongoing discussions on the issue, but no information is currently available (IUCN Consultation, 2020a). Although none of the ideas for the construction of water reservoirs have been officially cancelled, it does not seem that these ideas are expected to be developed at the moment (Škocjan Caves Management Plan, 2024-2028).
Residential Areas
(Urban development)
Inside site
, Widespread(15-50%)
Outside site
Development pressure from neighbouring Trieste, Divača and other areas has been high over the last few decades (housing, industrial and commercial areas, motorways, etc.) and will inevitably continue into the future. National spatial plans are currently being prepared for the Postojna/Divača-Jelšane motorway section and the M8 Kalce-Jelšane transportable gas pipeline in the transitional area. Plans are also in preparation for the construction of two wind farms in the municipality of Divača (Škocjan Cave Management Plan, 2019-2023); the management plan for 2024–2028 continues to reference plans for constructing wind farms in the municipality of Divača. Specifically, it mentions Wind Farm Dolenja Vas (a state spatial plan is under consideration) and Wind Farm Senožeška Brda (a state spatial plan for this wind farm in Divača municipality is still in preparation) (Škocjan Caves management plan, 2024-2028). In 2024 The Ministry of Natural Resources and Spatial Planning lauunched another initiative for a national spatial plan of windmills Ilirska Bistrica (Državni et al. 2024; Pobuda et al., 2024; MMC, 2024).
The World Heritage site is very vulnerable because it is small (4.1 km2), has no effective buffer zone on its western boundary, and has an actively occupied buffer zone with increasing development on its eastern (upstream) boundary. Hence, urban expansion and encroachment cannot be sustained without potentially damaging World Heritage values: there is almost no margin for further encroachment (IUCN Consultation, 2017).
The World Heritage site is very vulnerable because it is small (4.1 km2), has no effective buffer zone on its western boundary, and has an actively occupied buffer zone with increasing development on its eastern (upstream) boundary. Hence, urban expansion and encroachment cannot be sustained without potentially damaging World Heritage values: there is almost no margin for further encroachment (IUCN Consultation, 2017).
Changes in Physical & Chemical Regimes, Changes in Temperature Regimes, Changes in Precipitation & Hydrological Regime
(Variability in precipitation patterns and extreme weather events)
Inside site
, Scattered(5-15%)
Outside site
Variability in precipitation patterns and extreme weather events affect the water flow in the Reka River and can potentially alter the caves' hydrological dynamics (UNESCO National Commission, 2021; State Party of Slovenia, 2024). The underground system might face even bigger oscillations in the future, prolonged periods of low water regime, and extreme floods. A big flood in 2019 destroyed some of the tourist infrastructure in the cave (IUCN Consultation, 2020b). Rising temperatures potentially impacting the resilience of ecosystems and species in the park. As air and water temperatures rise, surface flora and underground fauna will be forced to adjust (World Heritage Committee, 1995). This may impact on relict Alpine plant species that grow together with Mediterranean species thanks to particular local climatic conditions.
Involvement of stakeholders and rightsholders, including indigenous peoples and local communities, in decision-making processes
Stakeholders and rightsholders, including local communities, are involved in decision-making processes The management plan demonstrates a strong commitment to stakeholder engagement through legal frameworks, collaborative initiatives, and participatory governance (Škocjan Caves Management Plan, 2024-2028). The involvement of local people took on a new dimension in 2014 with the establishment of committees aimed specifically at involving local communities in the participation process and work of the Park. The committees were established within MAB Programme but have a positive overall aspect of communication of a site as World Heritage. All the committees take part in professional training courses, thematic walks and public awareness campaigns. In 2022 the Clean River Committee was established with the aim of improving the quality of water in the River with a constructive approach and mutual coordination between its members (IUCN Consultation, 2024). Members of the Nature Protection Committee have also actively participated in the monitoring of bats. Since 2007, the Belajtnga cave festival has been organized every year in the context of the Škocjan Caves Park Day together with the local population and stakeholders. This festival is an opportunity to present selected producers of traditional and sustainable products and services as well as educational and cultural activities.
Legal framework
The legal framework supporting the Škocjan Caves Regional Park is primarily based on the Law on the Škocjan Caves Regional Park (Zakon o regijskem parku Škocjanske jame), which establishes the park's protection, management, and governance. This law is complemented by the Nature Conservation Act (Zakon o ohranjanju narave), which provides overarching guidelines for conserving biodiversity and natural values in Slovenia. Additionally, the park is governed by international agreements, including the World Heritage Convention and the Ramsar Convention, ensuring compliance with global conservation standards. These legal instruments collectively mandate sustainable development, stakeholder involvement, and the preservation of the park's Outstanding Universal Value (OUV).
Governance arrangements
The governance of the Škocjan Caves Regional Park is overseen by a public institution established by the Slovenian government, which serves as the primary management authority. This institution is responsible for implementing the park's management plan, ensuring compliance with national and international conservation laws, and coordinating activities with local municipalities, stakeholders, and experts. The governance framework emphasizes participatory decision-making, involving local communities and other stakeholders in planning, monitoring, and sustainable development initiatives to protect the park's natural and cultural values.
Integration into local, regional and national planning systems (including sea/landscape connectivity)
The park indicates strong integration into local, regional, and national planning systems. It is explicitly aligned with Slovenia's Nature Conservation Act and national spatial planning frameworks, ensuring the protection of the park's Outstanding Universal Value (OUV). The plan emphasizes the park's role within the broader Reka River catchment area, recognizing its ecological and hydrological connectivity with surrounding landscapes and habitats. Regional planning is reflected in cooperation with municipalities for sustainable land use, infrastructure development, and mitigating external threats, such as urbanization and tourism impacts. This integration ensures the park is effectively embedded within a cohesive planning and conservation network. The management plan must be taken into account by the municipalities located within the Park and its buffer zone when preparing their municipal spatial plans. The guidelines for planning other activities in the Park such as agriculture, forestry, water management, fishing, hunting, mineral extraction, industry, crafts and entrepreneurship must be based on services responsible for individual areas (Škocjan Caves Management Plan, 2024-2028). Spatial planning in the Park's protected area is based on the Ordinance amending the spatial components of the long-term and social plan for the Divača Municipality and the Ordinance on spatial management conditions for the Divača Municipality. Some concern exist regarding urban, infrastructure and commercial development in the vicinity of the site, such as the Postojna/Divača-Jelšane motorway section, the second track of the Divača–Koper railway line, and the M8 Kalce-Jelšane transportable gas pipeline in the transitional area, as well as wind farms in the municipalities of Divača and Ilirska Bistrica. A sound spatial plan of the Municipality of Divača for the Park would enable the Park to better achieve its management objectives. Particular attention should be given to solving important infrastructural issues in the area of the Municipality of Divača, which should be adapted to the rise in the number of visitors to Škocjan Caves that has been noted in recent years. Another matter of key importance is the involvement of the Škocjan Caves Park Public Service Agency in the planning of regional and national activities in the Park's area of influence and transitional area (IUCN Consultation, 2024).
Boundaries
The boundaries are clearly delineated and legally established, but the need for continuous monitoring and collaboration to address external pressures and maintain effective protection is highlighted in the current management plan (Škocjan Caves Management Plan, 2024-2028).
Overlapping international designations
The Škocjan Caves World Heritage site completely overlaps with its designation as a Ramsar site and its core area under the Natura 2000 network. The boundaries of these designations align fully with the boundaries of the World Heritage site. For the Škocjan Caves Biosphere Reserve (formerly Kras Biosphere Reserve), the overlap is partial: The World Heritage site corresponds entirely to the core zone of the Biosphere Reserve, ensuring strict protection. In 2018 the Škocjan Caves Park University Network was established, which includes the University of Ljubljana, the University of Primorska and the University of Nova Gorica. As part of field and research assignments, students conduct studies in the biosphere reserve in various fields.
However, the buffer and transition zones of the Biosphere Reserve extend significantly beyond the boundaries of the World Heritage site, reflecting broader landscape-level conservation and sustainable use objectives. Furthermore, the establishment of committees within MAB Programme aimed specifically at involving local communities in the participation process has had a positive impact on the World Heritage site.
However, the buffer and transition zones of the Biosphere Reserve extend significantly beyond the boundaries of the World Heritage site, reflecting broader landscape-level conservation and sustainable use objectives. Furthermore, the establishment of committees within MAB Programme aimed specifically at involving local communities in the participation process has had a positive impact on the World Heritage site.
Implementation of World Heritage Committee decisions and recommendations
There have been no recent Committee decisions to implement. The park's management aligns with guidelines from the World Heritage Committee, such as maintaining strict protection of the core area and addressing potential threats like tourism pressures, infrastructure development, and water regime changes. Regular monitoring programs are in place to track ecological and cultural indicators, ensuring compliance with international conservation requirements. These findings are reported to UNESCO as part of periodic evaluations. Recommendations from the Committee are addressed collaboratively, involving local communities, regional authorities, and national agencies in decision-making processes. Specific threats identified by the World Heritage Committee, such as potential impacts from nearby infrastructure projects (e.g., reservoirs, wind farms), are integrated into action plans to mitigate their effects.
Climate action
Key climate actions include: measures to maintain water quality and flow in the Reka River to mitigate the effects of changing precipitation patterns and extreme weather events, restoration of habitats and control of invasive species to strengthen the resilience of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems against climate-related stressors, promotion of tourism practices that minimize carbon footprints and reduce ecological pressures on the park, establishing long-term monitoring programs to study climate impacts on biodiversity, hydrology, and geological features and collaboration with local communities and stakeholders to integrate climate adaptation strategies into land use and resource management (State Party of Slovenia, 2024).
Management plan and overall management system
The management plan and overall management system of the Škocjan Caves Park can be considered effective. Key factors contributing to its effectiveness include: clear governance structure, regularly updated management plans, effective stakeholder engagement in decision-making, identification and addressing the current and potential threats, including tourism pressures, climate change, invasive species, and infrastructure development, integration with regional plans and strong connections to local, regional, and national planning systems to enhance landscape-level conservation and sustainable land use, robust monitoring programs and adaptive management practices. The management plan is adopted by the Government of Republic of Slovenia and by the Parliament of Republic of Slovenia. Annual plans are confirmed by the Council of the public agency Škocjan Caves Park and Ministry for Natural Resources and Spatial Planning (State Party of Slovenia, 2024).
Law enforcement
While enforcement is effective within the park, challenges may arise in the buffer and transition zones, where external pressures like development and pollution require broader cooperation with stakeholders. Overall, enforcement mechanisms adequately protect the park’s Outstanding Universal Value (OUV).
Sustainable finance
The combination of internal revenue generation, governmental funding, and external grants ensures that the park has the resources needed to fulfill its conservation mandate and respond to emerging challenges. This multi-pronged approach underpins the sustainable financing framework of the Škocjan Caves Park. EU funding covers project costs, while a mixture of tourism-generated income and government funding cover the running costs (State Party of Slovenia, 2024).
Staff capacity, training and development
Staff capacity, training, and development in the Škocjan Caves Park are effective and well-supported by the park's management framework. The park employs skilled staff across various roles, including conservation, tourism management, and scientific research, ensuring the expertise needed to manage the park effectively. As of December 2023 the agency had 30 permanently employed workders (IUCN Consultation, 2024). Staff participate in ongoing training programs to enhance their skills, particularly in areas like biodiversity monitoring, visitor management, and sustainable tourism practices. Partnerships with national and international conservation organizations provide opportunities for knowledge sharing and exposure to best practices. Training extends to community engagement, equipping staff with tools to involve local stakeholders in conservation efforts and raise awareness (State Party of Slovenia, 2024).
Education and interpretation programmes
Education and interpretation programs in the Škocjan Caves Park are highly effective, as evidenced by well-developed visitor centers, guided tours, educational materials, and community engagement initiatives that emphasize the park's natural and cultural heritage, promote sustainable tourism, and raise awareness of its Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) (State Party of Slovenia, 2024). An education strategy is also in place (IUCN Consultation, 2024). In 2018 the Škocjan Caves Park University Network was established, which includes the University of Ljubljana, the University of Primorska and the University of Nova Gorica. As part of field and research assignments, students conduct studies in the biosphere reserve in various fields. In 2021, the UNESCO Chair of Interpretation and Education for Enhancing Integrated Heritage Approaches was established at the Faculty of Humanities of the University of Primorska. The supporting partners are the University of Primorska Faculty of Humanities and Škocjan Caves Park (IUCN Consultation, 2024).
Tourism and visitation management
Tourism and visitation management in the Škocjan Caves Park is well-structured, focusing on sustainable practices through controlled visitor numbers, guided tours, infrastructure maintenance, and educational programs to minimize ecological impacts while enhancing visitor experience and protecting the park’s Outstanding Universal Value (OUV). The park manager adopted a strategy of limiting visitors (which is necessary especially in the main tourist season) and introduced online ticket sales. The effects of this measure turned out to be very positive in 2023, when the tourism industry was recovering from the Covid pandemic. The measures had a positive impact not only to caves but on both employees (easier planning of the work process), as well as visitors and locals (IUCN Consultation, 2024).
Sustainable use
Sustainable use in the Škocjan Caves Park is effectively managed through strict regulation of resource use, promotion of eco-friendly tourism, support for traditional practices in the buffer zone, and active engagement with local communities to balance conservation goals with socio-economic benefits (Škocjan Caves Management Plan, 2024-2028). However, insufficient control of agricultural and forestry practices that could harm the integrity of the landscape and water quality in the Park is considered a threat.
Monitoring
Monitoring in the Škocjan Caves Park is highly effective, with comprehensive programs in place to track ecological, hydrological, and visitor impact indicators, ensuring timely data collection and analysis to support adaptive management and the protection of the park's Outstanding Universal Value (OUV), as detailed in the 2024 Management Plan. The Škocjan Caves Park cooperates with the Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia and the Karst Research Institute ZRC SAZU in the performance of measurements and analyses of a complex system of ecosystems. The Professional Service, which operates within the framework of the park, aims to establish the park’s infrastructure for the performance of measurements and, in combination with national monitoring, prepares more detailed inspections and monitoring of the state of the park.
Research
Research in the Škocjan Caves Park is effective, focusing on multidisciplinary studies of its unique karst systems, biodiversity, and cultural heritage, while fostering collaborations with academic institutions and contributing valuable insights to inform evidence-based management and conservation strategies (Škocjan Caves Management Plan, 2024-2028). Currently, PŠJ is involved in several international and domestic projects, to fulfill long-term management goals and tasks, including numerous Interreg projects (see projects tab).
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats outside the site
The management system and governance of the Škocjan Caves Park are moderately effective in addressing threats outside the site (proactive engagement with regional and national planning authorities, stakeholder collaboration, and monitoring of external pressures such as urbanization, infrastructure development, and water use in the Reka River catchment). However, challenges remain in fully mitigating these threats, particularly regarding external developments like proposed reservoirs and wind farms, which require broader legislative and cross-sectoral cooperation beyond the park's direct control (Škocjan Caves Management Plan, 2024-2028).
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats inside the site
The management system and governance of the Škocjan Caves Park are highly effective in addressing threats inside the site. Robust mechanisms for mitigating internal pressures exist, including strict protection measures for the core area, sustainable tourism management, invasive species control, and habitat restoration. Regular monitoring programs and well-trained staff ensure that emerging issues, such as "lampenflora" or trail degradation, are promptly addressed. Additionally, the governance structure facilitates effective stakeholder engagement and ensures compliance with conservation laws, enabling adaptive responses to internal threats while safeguarding the park's Outstanding Universal Value (OUV). The management plan 2024-2028 was drawn up on the basis of status analyses carried out by the managing authority of the site. An analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) showed that good management of nature protection is one of the strengths of the site. More than 90% of the objectives laid down in the Decree on the Programme for Protection and Development of the Škocjan Caves Park for the 2018 - 2022 period were evaluated as successfully realised. The effectiveness of the implementation of the current management plan will be monitored through annual programmes and reports prepared on the basis of the five-year programme. At the end of the plan period in 2027, an analysis of the implementation of planned activities and the realisation of individual long-term goals will be conducted
The Škocjan Caves Park benefits from a highly effective management system, supported by a well-trained and dedicated staff, comprehensive monitoring programs, and robust legal frameworks. The management demonstrates strong governance through effective core area protection, sustainable tourism practices, and initiatives targeting invasive species control and habitat restoration. Active scientific research and education programs further enhance the site’s conservation efforts and community engagement. However, limited jurisdiction over the buffer and transition zones reduces the management’s capacity to mitigate external threats, including urbanization, infrastructure development, and agricultural impacts. The recent increase in visitor numbers underscores the importance of ongoing evaluation of the cave's carrying capacity and the potential ecological impact of tourism. Enhanced investment in infrastructure and additional staffing would strengthen the park's ability to sustain these efforts. The management system remains proactive and adaptive, addressing internal threats effectively while working to safeguard the site’s Outstanding Universal Value (OUV). Continued emphasis on regional cooperation and securing adequate resources is vital in addressing external pressures and ensuring the long-term resilience of the site.
Good practice examples
In 2015, a comprehensive renovation of the tourist infrastructure in the Škocjan Caves was completed. This resulted in a uniform appearance of the handrailings and paths, which significantly increased visitor safety. Crucially, the new LED lighting method reduces the electricity input into the cave, which has a positive impact on both the cave microclimate and the potential for lampenflora growth. The positioning of the lights allows them to be operated directly from the tourist paths and thus does not cause additional damage to the cave floor. In the area where bats are present, it is possible to avoid the other route or to reduce the luminosity by managing the lights via remote control. As the wifi network was installed in the cave within this project there is also the possibility to implement continuing monitoring of cave microclimate which enables to monitor impacts of tourism in the cave. Cave monitoring is background for potential limitations of visitors in the cave. As the parameters would show any particular deviations, measure would be taken.
Škocjan Caves experienced a record number of visitors in 2019 (more than 200,000 total and daily peaks in the main tourist season of over 2,400 visitors). Tourism as a potential threat to Škocjan Caves was also recognized by the IUCN in its regular publication Outlook, published in November 2017 and 2020. The manager continuos monitoring and afterward adopted strategy of limiting visitors (which is necessary especially in the main tourist season) and introduced online ticket sales. The effects of this measure turned out to be very positive in 2023, when the tourism industry was recovering from the Covid pandemic. The measures had a positive impact on both employees (easier planning of the work process), as well as visitors and locals.
Škocjan Caves experienced a record number of visitors in 2019 (more than 200,000 total and daily peaks in the main tourist season of over 2,400 visitors). Tourism as a potential threat to Škocjan Caves was also recognized by the IUCN in its regular publication Outlook, published in November 2017 and 2020. The manager continuos monitoring and afterward adopted strategy of limiting visitors (which is necessary especially in the main tourist season) and introduced online ticket sales. The effects of this measure turned out to be very positive in 2023, when the tourism industry was recovering from the Covid pandemic. The measures had a positive impact on both employees (easier planning of the work process), as well as visitors and locals.
Exceptional natural karst phenomenon
Low Concern
Trend
Stable
The natural beauty of the site is hardly affected for the time being, but encroaching development around the World Heritage site (visual and noise intrusions from construction and infrastructure) may seriously affect aesthetic conditions within the core zone of the park (IUCN Consultation, 2017; World Heritage Committee, 1996, 1995). The impacts of increasing visitation and the development of new tourist infrastructure or its restoration should be carefully assessed, however recent developments in limiting tourist numbers and an increase in overall visitation management is a positive development (IUCN Consultation, 2020b, 2024).
On-going geological karst processes
Low Concern
Trend
Stable
Natural processes in caves and collapsed dolines are mostly undisturbed. Entrances to the Škocjan Caves system are closed with doors and video surveillance in order to control visits and prevent possible damage (Škocjan Caves Management Plan, 2019-2023).
Some changes (construction of reservoirs, industry) occurred upstream in the past, which affected the water quality and flow regime (Šraj et al., 2008; WWF, 2011). These problems are now largely resolved. Land use and cover over the cave is largely natural vegetation, so percolation processes into the cave are maintained in an essentially natural state. Global climate changes are likely to affect water balance gradually in the future.
Some changes (construction of reservoirs, industry) occurred upstream in the past, which affected the water quality and flow regime (Šraj et al., 2008; WWF, 2011). These problems are now largely resolved. Land use and cover over the cave is largely natural vegetation, so percolation processes into the cave are maintained in an essentially natural state. Global climate changes are likely to affect water balance gradually in the future.
History of cave exploration
Good
Trend
Stable
Exploration and scientific research are ongoing and are efficiently regulated (IUCN Consultation, 2017; IUCN, 1995; World Heritage Committee, 1995) and a good monitoring programme is in place (Škocjan Caves Management Plan 2024-2028; Peric & Muller, 2017).
Assessment of the current state and trend of World Heritage values
Stable
The Škocjan Caves Park continues to uphold its outstanding universal value as a UNESCO World Heritage site, with its natural karst phenomena and associated processes demonstrating resilience under comprehensive management. The ecological and hydrological integrity of the site is maintained, supported by improved monitoring and measures addressing water quality in the Reka River basin. However, pressures on the buffer zone and the Reka River basin persist due to urban, commercial, and infrastructural developments, including wind farms and associated visual and noise intrusions. The ongoing climate change impacts exacerbate challenges such as hydrological fluctuations and ecological stress, requiring adaptive management strategies. The site management has made strides in mitigating impacts from tourism and invasive species, maintaining habitats and species diversity. Nonetheless, habitat encroachment and challenges with sustainable land use in the surrounding areas highlight the need for strengthened regional cooperation and enforcement of conservation frameworks. The park's management prioritizes balancing sustainable tourism development with nature conservation, evident through improved visitor management systems and infrastructure maintenance that minimizes ecological footprints. Collaboration with local communities fosters awareness and participation in conservation, reinforcing the park's dual mandate of preserving natural heritage while supporting regional cultural and socio-economic values.
Assessment of the current state and trend of other important biodiversity values
Low Concern
Data Deficient
The plant and animal populations in the dolines and caves appear to be stable and resilient to natural events (floods, water regime variation). However, global changes might modify the climatic conditions in the dolines, and thus affect the relict plant species, as well as the rare and endemic underground fauna (IUCN, 1995, World Heritage Committee, 1995). Pollution in the Reka River has decreased in recent years, and the situation may be improving in the subterranean environment, although probably not on the surface as development is changing land cover in the region around the park. Factors such as excessive use of pesticides and fertilisers, removal of hedges, discharge of municipal wastewater, introduction of non-native invasive species, sports and leisure activities and urbanisation in the Park are also affecting the biodiversity values (Škocjan Caves Management Plan, 2019-2023).
Special notice should be given to the olm, which is an endemic Dinaric species and the only cave vertebrate in Europe that lives in the underground Reka River flow. It is extremely sensitive to any disturbances and pollution of underground water of the Reka River. Bats are regularly monitored and the state of species that appear in the Škocjan Caves are considered stable. However, some pressures to their habitats have been observed, as wintering colonies of some bat species are located along the tourist paths in the cave and artificial lighting of their roosting places has negative impacts. There is a need for additional adaptation of lighting of the old tourist path during breeding periods. The installation of wind farms in the vicinity of the cave present an acute problem, especially for bent-winged bats (Škocjan Caves Management Plan, 2019-2023).
Special notice should be given to the olm, which is an endemic Dinaric species and the only cave vertebrate in Europe that lives in the underground Reka River flow. It is extremely sensitive to any disturbances and pollution of underground water of the Reka River. Bats are regularly monitored and the state of species that appear in the Škocjan Caves are considered stable. However, some pressures to their habitats have been observed, as wintering colonies of some bat species are located along the tourist paths in the cave and artificial lighting of their roosting places has negative impacts. There is a need for additional adaptation of lighting of the old tourist path during breeding periods. The installation of wind farms in the vicinity of the cave present an acute problem, especially for bent-winged bats (Škocjan Caves Management Plan, 2019-2023).
Additional information
Outdoor recreation and tourism,
Natural beauty and scenery
Extensive and well maintained walking path network above and below ground, villages with tourist facilities, restaurants, information centres, etc.
An excellent site for both passive and active recreation.
Importance for research,
Contribution to education
The site has long been important for speleological research, understanding karst processes and the geological history of cave development in the region. The site offers a location where these can be studied and where they can be explained to students and the general public.
The quality of the cave environment and its ecosystem directly reflects the quality of the external environment to which it is connected.
The beautiful and awe-inspiring natural scenery and phenomena of the World Heritage site, together with a well-conserved natural environment, lends itself to active and passive recreation and scientific research. Associated tourism provides a sustainable economic benefit to the local community.
| № | Organization | Brief description of Active Projects | Website |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Društvo za opazovanje in proučevanje ptic Slovenije (DOPPS), Občina Ilirska Bistrica, Elektro Primorska, Podjetje za distribucijo električne energije d.d. | Ensuring a safe ecological corridor for breeding and nesting birds between the Alps and the Adriatic Sea. |
https://www.park-skocjanske-jame.si/vsebina/projekti-in-raziskave
|
| 2 | Javno podjetje Komunala Ilirska Bistrica d.o.o., Università degli Studi di Trieste, Ente Tutela Patrimonio Ittico, Direkcija Republike Slovenije za vode, Občina Ilirska Bistrica, Ribiška družina Ilirska Bistrica, Regione Autonoma Friuli Venezia Giulia - Servizio Biodiversita, Comune Di San Dorligo Della Valle - Občina Dolina | Protection of ecosystems for the river species. |
https://www.park-skocjanske-jame.si/vsebina/projekti-in-raziskave
|
| 3 | Fakulteta za matematiko, naravoslovje in informacijske tehnologije (Famnit) Univerze na Primorskem, Društvo za opazovanje in proučevanje ptic Slovenije (DOOPS), LAS Kras | The main objective of the project is to develop a strategy for the sustainable management of Natura 2000 species and habitats in the transboundary area of the Karst through the development of a circular economy that will contribute to the conservation of biodiversity and benefit local users. |
https://www.park-skocjanske-jame.si/vsebina/projekti-in-raziskave
|
| 4 | 10 partner organisations in 7 Biosphere Reserves in the Mediterranean. | Promoting and fostering an integrated management approach based on the WEFE (Water-Energy-Food-Ecosystems) Nexus, which will contribute to fostering adaptation and mitigation of climate change in Mediterranean Biosphere Areas, 2024-2027 |
https://www.park-skocjanske-jame.si/vsebina/projekti-in-raziskave
|
| 5 | Prirodoslovni muzej Rijeka, Znanstvenoraziskovalni center Slovenske akademije znanosti in umetnosti, Istarska županija, Univerza na Primorskem – Fakulteta za matematiko, naravoslovje in informacijske tehnologije, Javna ustanova »Nacionalni park Risnjak«, Javni zavod park Škocjanske jame, Općina Matulji, Zavod Republike Slovenije za varstvo narave | Integral cross-border protection of Natura 2000 plant species and habitats. |
https://www.park-skocjanske-jame.si/vsebina/projekti-in-raziskave
|
| 6 | Nacionalni inštitut za biologijo, Parco Naturale regionale delle Prealpi Giulie, Park Škocjanske jame, Università degli Studi di Udine - Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Univerza na Primorskem - Università del Litorale | Strengthening cross-border links for the conservation and restoration of Natura 2000 sites in the wider border area. |
https://www.park-skocjanske-jame.si/vsebina/projekti-in-raziskave
|
| 7 | Park Škocjanske jame, Comune di San Dorligo della Valle - Občina Dolina, GAL VENEZIA ORIENTALE, Občina Hrpelje-Kozina | Capitalizing on the strengthening of green infrastructure in the cross-border cultural landscape of IT-SI. |
https://www.park-skocjanske-jame.si/vsebina/projekti-in-raziskave
|
| 8 | Območna razvojna agencija Krasa in Brkinov d.o.o., Park Škocjanske jame and additional 5 partners from Slovenia and 5 partners from Italy. | Joint management and sustainable development of the Matični Karst area. |
https://www.park-skocjanske-jame.si/vsebina/projekti-in-raziskave
|
References
| № | References |
|---|---|
| 1 |
Blatnik, M. et al. (2020). Microbial Underground: Microorganisms and their Habitats in Škocjanske Jame. In: Knez M., Otoničar B., Petrič M., Pipan T., Slabe T. (eds) Karstology in the Classical Karst. Advances in Karst Science. Basel, Switzerland: Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26827-5_9
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| 2 |
Cerkvenik, D. (2024): Nekaj novega o Škocjanskih jamah. In: Ob reki v podzemlje. Glasilo Parka Škocjanske jame. November 2024. Javni zavod Park Škocjanske jame. pp.: 15-17
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| 3 |
Državni prostorski načrt za polje vetrnih elektrarn Ilirska Bistrica. (2024). https://dokumenti-pis.mop.gov.si/javno/veljavni/02_rep_prip…
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IUCN Consultation. (2017). IUCN World Heritage Confidential Consultation: Škocjan Caves, Slovenia.
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| 5 |
IUCN Consultation. (2024). IUCN World Heritage Confidential Consultation: Škocjan Caves, Slovenia.
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| 6 |
IUCN, (1986). World Heritage Nomination – IUCN Technical Evaluation Summary, Skocjan Cave (Slovenia). [online] Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, pp.98-102. Available at: < https://whc.unesco.org/document/153354>; [Accessed 18 February 2019].
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| 7 |
IUCN, (1995). Monitoring Mission Report, Skocjan Cave (Slovenia). Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
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| 8 |
MMC (2024): Civilna iniciativa zbrala skoraj 1000 podpisov proti postavitvi vetrne elektrarne v Ilirski Bistrici. https://www.rtvslo.si/okolje/civilna-iniciativa-zbrala-skor…; https://www.gov.si/assets/ministrstva/MNVP/Dokumenti/DPN/Ja…
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Mulec J. (2018). Phototrophs in Caves. In: Moldovan O., Kováč Ľ., Halse S. (eds) Cave Ecology. Ecological Studies (Analysis and Synthesis), vol 235. Basel, Switzerland: Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98852-8_6
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| 10 |
Mulec, J., Oarga-Mulec, A., Šturm, S., Tomazin, R., & Matos, T. (2017). Spacio-temporal distribution and tourist impact on airborne bacteria in a cave (Škocjan Caves, Slovenia). Diversity, 9(3), pp.28-42. doi:10.3390/d9030028
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| 11 |
Peric, B., Muller, F. (2017): V neznano-raziskovanje Škocjanskih jam. Škocjan caves Public Service Agency.
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| 12 |
Pobuda za državni prostorski načrt za polje vetrnih elektrarn Ilirska Bistica - Povzetek za javnost (2024). Ministrstvo za naravne vire in prostor. https://www.gov.si/assets/ministrstva/MNVP/Dokumenti/DPN/Ja…
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| 13 |
Skocjan Caves Management Plan (2019). Programme for Protection and Development of The Škocjan Caves Park for the 2019-2023 Period. Škocjan Caves Park Public Service Agency
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| 14 |
Skocjan Caves Management Plan (2024). Resolucija o Programu varstva in razvoja Parka Škocjanske jame za obdobje 2024–2028 (repvrpšj24–28). Ministrstvo za naravne vire in prostor. Ljubljana, 2.4.2024.
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| 15 |
State Party of Slovenia (2024). Periodic Reporting Cycle 3, Section II: Škocjan Caves. Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/390/documents/
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| 16 |
UNESCO National Commission (2021): Climate change and World Heritage in Slovenia. (Podnebne spremembe in svetovna dediščina v Sloveniji). Ministrstvo za izobraževanje, znanost in šport : Slovenska nacionalna komisija za UNESCO ; Idrija : Center za upravljanje z dediščino živega srebra, 2021 (in Slovenian).
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| 17 |
WWF (2011). Ecosystem Services Evaluation in the Škocjan Caves Regional Park. [online report] Actum, d.o.o., Ljubljana, October 2011. Available at: http://awsassets.panda.org/downloads/ecosystem_services_eva… [Accessed: 2 June 2020]
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| 18 |
Walters, R. and Hajna, N.Z. (2020). 3D LASER SCANNING OF THE NATURAL CAVES: EXAMPLE OFŠKOCJANSKE JAME. Geodetski Vestnik, 64(1), pp.89-103. DOI: 10.15292/geodetski-vestnik.2020.01.89-103
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| 19 |
World Heritage Committee (1995). Decision 19 COMVIIA.2.20/22. Skocjan Cave (Slovenia). [online] Berlin, Germany, p. 17-18. Available at: (Accessed: 18 February 2019).
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| 20 |
World Heritage Committee (1996). Decision 20 COM VIID.35. SOC: Skocjan Cave (Slovenia). Merida, Yucatan, Mexico, p. 30-31 [online] Available at: (Accessed: 18 February 2019).
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| 21 |
World Heritage Committee (2004). Decision 28COM.15B.28. Skocjan Cave (Slovenia). [online] Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/en/documents/5281 (Accessed: 04 July 2019).
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| 22 |
Šraj, M., Rusjan, S., Petan, S., Vidmar, A., Mikoš, M., Globevnik, L. and Brilly, M. (2008). The experimental watersheds in Slovenia. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 4, No. 1, p. 012051). IOP Publishing. doi:10.1088/1755-1307/4/1/012051
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