South China Karst
Country
China
Inscribed in
2007
Criteria
(vii)
(viii)
The conservation outlook for this site has been assessed as "good with some concerns" in the latest assessment cycle. Explore the Conservation Outlook Assessment for the site below. You have the option to access the summary, or the detailed assessment.
The South China Karst region extends over a surface of half a million km2 lying mainly in Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi provinces. It represents one of the world’s most spectacular examples of humid tropical to subtropical karst landscapes. The stone forests of Shilin are considered superlative natural phenomena and a world reference with a wider range of pinnacle shapes than other karst landscapes with pinnacles, and a higher diversity of shapes and changing colours. The cone and tower karsts of Libo, also considered the world reference site for these types of karst, form a distinctive and beautiful landscape. Wulong Karst has been inscribed for its giant dolines (sinkholes), natural bridges and caves. © UNESCO
Summary
2025 Conservation Outlook
Finalised on
11 أكتوبر 2025
Good with some concerns
Current state and trend of VALUES
Good
Overall THREATS
Overall PROTECTION and MANAGEMENT
Full assessment
Description of values
Spectacular humid tropical to subtropical karst landscapes
Criterion
(vii)
South China Karst represents one of the world's most spectacular examples of humid tropical to subtropical karst landscapes (Management plan, 2005; UNEP-WCMC, 2015). The property includes the stone forests of Shilin, superlative natural phenomena which include the Naigu stone forest occurring on dolomitic limestone and the Suyishan stone forest arising from a lake, the remarkable fengcong and fenglin karsts of Libo, and the Wulong Karst, which includes giant collapse depressions, called Tiankeng, and exceptionally high natural bridges between them, with long stretches of deep unroofed caves. It also includes Guilin, which displays spectacular tower karst and internationally acclaimed fenglin riverine landscapes, Shibing Karst, which has the best known example of subtropical fengcong karst in dolomite, deep gorges and spine-like hills often draped with cloud and mist, and Jinfoshan Karst, which is an isolated island long detached from the Yunnan-Guizhou plateau, surrounded by precipitous cliffs and punctured by ancient caves. Huanjiang Karst provides a natural extension to Libo Karst, contains outstanding fengcong features and is covered in almost pristine monsoon forest.
Limestone karst landforms and landscapes of global scientific significance.
Criterion
(viii)
Stone forests of Shilin illustrate episodic evolution in four major geological time periods over a period of 270 million years. Libo has carbonate outcrops of different ages eroded into cone (Fengcong) and tower (Fenglin) karsts, with intervening deep dolines, sinking streams and long river caves. Wulong represents high inland karst plateaus that have experienced considerable uplift, with giant dolines and bridges. Wulong's landscapes contain evidence for the history of one of the world's great river systems, the Yangtze and its tributaries. Huanjiang Karst is an extension of the Libo Karst component. Together the two sites provide an outstanding example of fengcong karst and also preserve and display a rich diversity of surface and underground karst features (Management plan, 2005; IUCN, 2007). Guilin Karst is considered the best known example of continental fenglin and provides a perfect geomorphic expression of the end stage of karst evolution in South China. Guilin is a basin at a relatively low altitude and receives abundant allogenic (rainfed) water from surrounding hills, leading to a fluvial component that aids fenglin development, resulting in fenglin and fengcong karst side-by-side over a large area. Scientific study of karst development in the region has resulted in the generation of the ‘Guilin model’ of fengcong and fenglin karst evolution. Shibing Karst provides a spectacular fengcong landscape, which is also exceptional because it developed in relatively insoluble dolomite rocks. Shibing also contains a range of minor karst features including karren and tufa deposits. Jinfoshan Karst is a unique karst table mountain surrounded by massive towering cliffs. It represents a piece of dissected plateau karst isolated from the Yunnan-Guizhou-Chonqing plateau by deep fluvial incision.
Intact and biologically rich subtropical karst forests
The property protects one of the largest expanses of intact karst forest in the world, dominated by evergreen broadleaved forest and evergreen mixed broadleaf-conifer forest. Located at the junction of three biogeographical provinces, the property has transitional vegetation of great variety. Shilin has 899 spp. of vascular plants of which eight are nationally protected plants, and there are 100 rare and locally endemic plants. Libo has 1,532 vascular plants with 18spp. listed in the IUCN Red List. Wulong has 558 vascular plant spp. Regarding the fauna – Shilin has 185 vertebrate species; Libo has 314 species plus 174 spp. of cave fauna; and Wulong has 332 species of animals including nationally rare and endemic species. The property is partly within a WWF Global 200 Eco-region, and it forms a Birdlife-designated Endemic Bird Area (Management plan, 2005; IUCN, 2007; UNEP-WCMC, 2015).The Libo Karst preserves the world’s most giant karst primeval forest (Xiong et al. 2023). The intact forest vegetation also provides critical habitats for rare and endangered species, with several components demonstrating high conservation value for biodiversity.
Unique cultural heritage
The South China Karst region has a rich cultural heritage shaped by its natural environment. Humans have lived in Shilin since the Paleolithic era, with the Sani Yi people tracing their roots back to 300 BC. The area has long been known for its valuable resources, and the Yi people have a deep connection to the stone forests, which are integral to their religion, celebrations, and art. In the Libo area, the Shui people have sustainably managed their environment for over 1,000 years, protecting forests and wetlands while utilizing non-timber resources. The Shui also possess an ancient written language with pictographic characters similar to Shang Dynasty characters carved between the 16th and 11th centuries BC on tortoise shells and animal bones. The White Pants Yao ethnic group has lived in Libo for generations, and is praised by UNESCO as "the living fossil of human civilization" (Shizhen Xiao, 2024).
Guilin, with its historical significance dating back to the Neolithic Age, has long been a cultural hub, inspiring poets, artists, and musicians, especially during the Tang Dynasty. The Miao people, living in the Shibing Karst, have a spiritual connection to the environment, worshipping natural elements like the sun, moon, and trees, and they continue to protect forests and water sources. Although Jinfoshan was less populated due to its inaccessibility, Buddhist activity flourished during the Tang and Song dynasties. The area is also known for its long tradition of bamboo shoot collection and herbal medicine.
The Huanjiang Karst, located in the Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County, has archaeological evidence of early human life dating back to the Palaeolithic and Neolithic periods, with tools, pottery, and fossils providing insight into the region's ancient history. The karst's rich natural resources, such as saltpetre, have also contributed to the region’s cultural and economic development (UNEP-WCMC, 2015).
The unique karst eco-environment and rich ethnic traditional culture of the Libo Karst Component are harmoniously integrated, endowing the karst landscape with vitality and vibrancy. The ancestors of Libo's ethnic minorities such as the Shui, Buyi and Miao have had a pure and simple sense of reverence for nature and tradition since ancient times, and have the custom of protecting the rocky mountains, forests and water sources, and still have relatively unique karst virgin forests in the world.
The Maonans regard grass and crops as natural elements that grow and perish on their own in the Huanjiang Karst. They believe that young trees should not be cut down or have their branches broken prematurely. The village stands against the mountains, with a large protective forest on the rocky hill behind the village, which is not allowed to be cut down at will to prevent rocks from rolling down. The most important festival, the Dragon Festival, is essentially a rain prayer ceremony. It is held around the “Day of the Dragon” to worship the “dragon” that controls the rain, praying for its blessings of rainfall for a bountiful harvest.
During a long period of historical involvement, the Yi Zu have developed close ties with the Shiling Karst, establishing lifestyles adapted to the karst environment and a culture relating intimately with the Stone Forest landscapes. Stone forests have entered every aspect of the Yi Zu’ life, including religion, celebrations, dance and architecture. The Yi Zu have painted and engraved some stone pillars. Thus the Stone Forest in fact celebrates the culture of the Yi Zu.
Guilin, with its historical significance dating back to the Neolithic Age, has long been a cultural hub, inspiring poets, artists, and musicians, especially during the Tang Dynasty. The Miao people, living in the Shibing Karst, have a spiritual connection to the environment, worshipping natural elements like the sun, moon, and trees, and they continue to protect forests and water sources. Although Jinfoshan was less populated due to its inaccessibility, Buddhist activity flourished during the Tang and Song dynasties. The area is also known for its long tradition of bamboo shoot collection and herbal medicine.
The Huanjiang Karst, located in the Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County, has archaeological evidence of early human life dating back to the Palaeolithic and Neolithic periods, with tools, pottery, and fossils providing insight into the region's ancient history. The karst's rich natural resources, such as saltpetre, have also contributed to the region’s cultural and economic development (UNEP-WCMC, 2015).
The unique karst eco-environment and rich ethnic traditional culture of the Libo Karst Component are harmoniously integrated, endowing the karst landscape with vitality and vibrancy. The ancestors of Libo's ethnic minorities such as the Shui, Buyi and Miao have had a pure and simple sense of reverence for nature and tradition since ancient times, and have the custom of protecting the rocky mountains, forests and water sources, and still have relatively unique karst virgin forests in the world.
The Maonans regard grass and crops as natural elements that grow and perish on their own in the Huanjiang Karst. They believe that young trees should not be cut down or have their branches broken prematurely. The village stands against the mountains, with a large protective forest on the rocky hill behind the village, which is not allowed to be cut down at will to prevent rocks from rolling down. The most important festival, the Dragon Festival, is essentially a rain prayer ceremony. It is held around the “Day of the Dragon” to worship the “dragon” that controls the rain, praying for its blessings of rainfall for a bountiful harvest.
During a long period of historical involvement, the Yi Zu have developed close ties with the Shiling Karst, establishing lifestyles adapted to the karst environment and a culture relating intimately with the Stone Forest landscapes. Stone forests have entered every aspect of the Yi Zu’ life, including religion, celebrations, dance and architecture. The Yi Zu have painted and engraved some stone pillars. Thus the Stone Forest in fact celebrates the culture of the Yi Zu.
Assessment information
Overall, the current threat level is assessed as low to very low. Many past threats, including the Guiyang-Nanning high-speed railway project, invasive species, and tourism, have been effectively managed. The World Heritage Committee (2021) confirmed that a visitor carrying capacity has been set for the property, and the railway's operation complies with these limits. Vigilance is required to ensure that some threats, particularly that of tourism pressure, do not result in significant negative impacts on the site’s values and integrity in the long run.
Recreation & Tourism Areas
(Tourism infrastructure development)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Parts of the site are popular places for domestic and international tourism and tourist numbers have grown steadily since inscription of the site. There were concerns that construction of new tourist facilities might influence the integrity of the site but there are now strict regulations in place to prevent any new constructions within the boundaries of some component parts of the site (IUCN Consultation, 2017).
- Measures to mitigate the threats of tourism developments have included imposing strict control on tourism facilities and optimizing the organization of tour routes. Relocation of tourism service facilities, environmental control and ecological restoration projects have also alleviated the impact of tourism on the site. For example:
a) Libo Karst area has relocated the business shops in the site to the tourism services center for centralized and standardized management;
b) Wulong Karst area has relocated two visitor centers at Tianshengsanqiao and the Furong Cave to places outside the site;
c) Shilin Karst area demolished the tourism services facilities, including guesthouses, inns and parking lots previously built in the buffer zone of the site and completed ecological restoration in these areas (State Party of China, 2019).
An additional concern is the potential for the development of informal, less well-managed tourism and recreation. For example camping and exploration of caves that have no infrastructure which could have impacts on the site if not properly monitored and mitigated for in the management of the site (Chongqing Nanchuan Government, 2024).
The Guilin Karst Area has drastically reduced illegal tourism activities through the removal of illegal stalls and facilities (Hong, 2021). No new artificial facilities are allowed in the core scenic area except for the necessary facilities for safety, service, scenic enjoyment, guided tours, and environmental protection (Lu, 2014).
- Measures to mitigate the threats of tourism developments have included imposing strict control on tourism facilities and optimizing the organization of tour routes. Relocation of tourism service facilities, environmental control and ecological restoration projects have also alleviated the impact of tourism on the site. For example:
a) Libo Karst area has relocated the business shops in the site to the tourism services center for centralized and standardized management;
b) Wulong Karst area has relocated two visitor centers at Tianshengsanqiao and the Furong Cave to places outside the site;
c) Shilin Karst area demolished the tourism services facilities, including guesthouses, inns and parking lots previously built in the buffer zone of the site and completed ecological restoration in these areas (State Party of China, 2019).
An additional concern is the potential for the development of informal, less well-managed tourism and recreation. For example camping and exploration of caves that have no infrastructure which could have impacts on the site if not properly monitored and mitigated for in the management of the site (Chongqing Nanchuan Government, 2024).
The Guilin Karst Area has drastically reduced illegal tourism activities through the removal of illegal stalls and facilities (Hong, 2021). No new artificial facilities are allowed in the core scenic area except for the necessary facilities for safety, service, scenic enjoyment, guided tours, and environmental protection (Lu, 2014).
Invasive Non-Native/ Alien Species
(Invasive species)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Invasive species are reported among the negative factors affecting the site (Management plan, 2005; State Party of China, 2012). A study pointed out there are cases of alien species invading national protected areas in Chongqing Jinfoshan (Gong et al., 2017). The World Heritage Committee (2021) required the State Party to address potential impacts of invasive alien species on OUV of the property.
The State party has implemented the following measures to prevent and control invasive alien species (National Forestry and Grassland Administration, The People’s Republic of China, 2022):
1) Strengthened quarantine inspections and management of introduced species;
2) Developed contingency plans and promptly treated invasive species;
3) Improved policies and regulations to protect ecological security;
4) Enhanced the prevention and control management system and established an emergency headquarters;
5) Conducted public education and promoted community participation.
The State party has implemented the following measures to prevent and control invasive alien species (National Forestry and Grassland Administration, The People’s Republic of China, 2022):
1) Strengthened quarantine inspections and management of introduced species;
2) Developed contingency plans and promptly treated invasive species;
3) Improved policies and regulations to protect ecological security;
4) Enhanced the prevention and control management system and established an emergency headquarters;
5) Conducted public education and promoted community participation.
Recreational Activities
(Impacts from tourism)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Tourism in the site has grown steadily since its inscription and it has become a pillar industry in some parts of the site. Shilin Stone Forest alone experienced a 100% growth in visitation between 2010 (2 million) and 2015 (4 million) with a projection of 25% growth from 2015 to 2020 (5 million) made in 2016, (GoKunming Staff , 2016).
This economic success story brings with it many associated problems including the increased impact by solid waste accumulation and pollution. A small amount of rubbish such as edible bags and mineral water bottles dropped by tourists' pathways existed on the Shibing trekking tour route (Fang, 2022).
The previous assessment in 2020 and the conclusions of the World Heritage Centre and IUCN (2017, 2021) both recalled the Committee’s previous concerns about tourism impacts on this property.
In reply the State Party reported that a visitor carrying capacity limit has now been set, and that the operation of the Guiyang-Nanning High-speed Railway will be managed within these limits (State Party of China, 2019, 2022). It notes that the tourism pressure in the Major and Minor Stone Forest in Shilin Karst was relieved through reorganizing tourist flow and appropriate exhibition and utilization of other scenic areas such as the Naigu Stone Forest, the Long Lake and the Grand Waterfall (State Party of China, 2019). The State Party has taken 5 measures: (1) supporting communities to participate in world heritage sustainable tourism; (2)developing an effective supervisory mechanism; (3)promoting the application of eco-friendly technologies; (4)conducting scientific research exchanges; (5) carrying out publicity and education activities (National Forestry and Grassland Administration, The People’s Republic of China, 2022).
This economic success story brings with it many associated problems including the increased impact by solid waste accumulation and pollution. A small amount of rubbish such as edible bags and mineral water bottles dropped by tourists' pathways existed on the Shibing trekking tour route (Fang, 2022).
The previous assessment in 2020 and the conclusions of the World Heritage Centre and IUCN (2017, 2021) both recalled the Committee’s previous concerns about tourism impacts on this property.
In reply the State Party reported that a visitor carrying capacity limit has now been set, and that the operation of the Guiyang-Nanning High-speed Railway will be managed within these limits (State Party of China, 2019, 2022). It notes that the tourism pressure in the Major and Minor Stone Forest in Shilin Karst was relieved through reorganizing tourist flow and appropriate exhibition and utilization of other scenic areas such as the Naigu Stone Forest, the Long Lake and the Grand Waterfall (State Party of China, 2019). The State Party has taken 5 measures: (1) supporting communities to participate in world heritage sustainable tourism; (2)developing an effective supervisory mechanism; (3)promoting the application of eco-friendly technologies; (4)conducting scientific research exchanges; (5) carrying out publicity and education activities (National Forestry and Grassland Administration, The People’s Republic of China, 2022).
Roads, Trails & Railroads
(Roads and Railways Construction)
Outside site
In 2017 the World Heritage Committee noted the two planned tourist roads that would cross the Shilin Karst and have a negative influence on OUV of the site and asked the State Party not to proceed with these projects. In reply the SP advised that as these two roads were built in the 1970/80s and the surface pavement had subsequently been badly damaged, it was planned to reconstruct and widen the two roads. In respect for the wishes of the Committee, the road widening and renovation project will not proceed, however some maintenance works will be required to increase the radius of some sharp turns, to level and repair the road surfaces and improve the road drainage system (IUCN Consultation, 2020).
The Committee also requested the State Party to submit the results of the Environmental Impact Assessment of the planned Guiyang‐Nanning High Speed Railway that would cross the buffer zone of Libo Karst. The State Party subsequently submitted the results in a report that concludes that the project will not affect the OUV of the site, will cause no impact on protected objects nor the structure and function of ecosystems of the site. It will however, cause some impacts on the environment in the buffer zone, with very low impact on acoustic, vibration, air and water quality indicators. However, the project's potential threat and negative effects on the buffer zone will be minimized through implementing relevant mitigation measures and an environmental management plan (State Party of China, 2018). In the Decision Adopted: 44 COM 7B.181, the World Heritage Committee (2021) requested the State Party to address potential impacts of the Guiyang-Nanning High-speed Railway on the OUV of the property. According to the latest State of Conservation report submitted by the State Party (National Forestry and Grassland Administration, The People’s Republic of China, 2022), the Guiyang-Nanning high-speed railway primarily passes through the buffer zone of the Libo Karst component via bridges and tunnels, with no impact on its outstanding universal value (OUV). The Guinan high-speed Railway has been fully connected and put into operation on August 31, 2023. The State Party has strictly followed the approval comments and requirements in the Environmental Impact Report, Soil and Water Conservancy Plan, and Impact Study Report for the Guinan Railway Project. Multiple measures have been taken to protect the OUV of the Libo Karst component.
The Committee also requested the State Party to submit the results of the Environmental Impact Assessment of the planned Guiyang‐Nanning High Speed Railway that would cross the buffer zone of Libo Karst. The State Party subsequently submitted the results in a report that concludes that the project will not affect the OUV of the site, will cause no impact on protected objects nor the structure and function of ecosystems of the site. It will however, cause some impacts on the environment in the buffer zone, with very low impact on acoustic, vibration, air and water quality indicators. However, the project's potential threat and negative effects on the buffer zone will be minimized through implementing relevant mitigation measures and an environmental management plan (State Party of China, 2018). In the Decision Adopted: 44 COM 7B.181, the World Heritage Committee (2021) requested the State Party to address potential impacts of the Guiyang-Nanning High-speed Railway on the OUV of the property. According to the latest State of Conservation report submitted by the State Party (National Forestry and Grassland Administration, The People’s Republic of China, 2022), the Guiyang-Nanning high-speed railway primarily passes through the buffer zone of the Libo Karst component via bridges and tunnels, with no impact on its outstanding universal value (OUV). The Guinan high-speed Railway has been fully connected and put into operation on August 31, 2023. The State Party has strictly followed the approval comments and requirements in the Environmental Impact Report, Soil and Water Conservancy Plan, and Impact Study Report for the Guinan Railway Project. Multiple measures have been taken to protect the OUV of the Libo Karst component.
Water-borne & other effluent Pollution
(Agricultural run-off)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Agricultural runoff poses a threat to water quality in the site. However, following the introduction of measures such as waste water interception and treatment, cleaning of river courses and constant cleaning maintenance monitoring results show a significant improvement in water quality since 2015 (State Party of China, 2018), with rock weathering (natural process) the most influential factor in the hydrochemistry of the Shibing component, as opposed to rainfall or human activity (Xiao Shizhen, 2015).
Problems such as vegetation destruction and water pollution caused by agricultural runoff can directly affect the aesthetic value of the landscape (Wang et al., 2023).
Problems such as vegetation destruction and water pollution caused by agricultural runoff can directly affect the aesthetic value of the landscape (Wang et al., 2023).
Garbage & Solid Waste
(Waste production)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Outside site
Reports have highlighted the threat of the inadequate disposal of solid waste from residents and tourism operations within the site but recent reports from the State Party do not address the issue of solid waste management. However, in recent years, the relevant departments of Chinese government have successively promulgated and implemented national standards and normative documents that can be applied to the rural areas such as those in which the components of the South China Karst World Heritage site are situated (SAC, 2015; 2018). For example, the sewage of the scenic spot are treated in septic tanks, and the solid waste is transported to the county for treatment in Shibing Karst. These measures minimize the direct entry of tourism pollutants into natural areas (Fu Lian, 2019). The EIA pertaining to a railway development crossing the buffer zone demonstrates a thorough understanding of the need for, and strategies available for, the effective collection and disposal of solid waste from residential, commercial and development activity in and around the site. During the design period of the Guinan Railway, the site selection of the slag yard for the construction of the railway was demonstrated to avoid impact on the site and buffer zone (IUCN Consultation, 2020). A project safety supervision team was set up during construction to carry out supervision and inspection of pollution prevention and control work such as domestic waste disposal and sewage treatment with the Solid Waste Management Department. The improvement project of rural human settlements focusing on waste treatment and sewage treatment was comprehensively implemented, and the domestic waste classification in the site and its surrounding was incorporated into the government annual work plan continuously (Sohu, 2018).
Geological Events, Severe Weather Events
(Natural events)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Parts of the site experience earthquakes, landslides, accelerated soil erosion, flooding and drought (Management plan, 2005; IUCN, 2007, UNEP-WCMC, 2015). For example, Wulong karst is located in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and the joint position of the Three Gorges region, which is prone to collapse, landslides, mudslides, karst collapse and earthquakes (Zhang Zhenzhen, 2016). Shilin Karst is easily affected by earthquakes, whilst Jinfoshan is vulnerable to collapses and landslides (Chen Yan, 2017). Whilst such geological events can be seen to form part of the evolution of a landscape, significant short term damage to the World Heritage values should be accounted for in the management of the site, especially should their intensity or frequency alter due to climate change. While no serious earthquakes, landslides, accelerated soil erosion, flooding and drought were reported in the South China Karst from 2020-2024, the dolomite joints in the Shibing heritage site are developed and broken, and through the erosion and dissolution of water flow, the dolomite is prone to collapse, which damages the landscape of the heritage site (Zhang, 2022).
Notably, tourism development and climate change may impact the property and requires close monitoring.
Changes in Precipitation & Hydrological Regime
(Climate Change)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
Despite efforts by the Chinese government and researchers to control karst desertification, village ecosystems remain fragile. A study in the Guizhou Plateau's karst mountainous area highlighted the impacts of vegetation cover, precipitation, topography, and soil erosion on village ecosystems. Adaptive management strategies proposed include ecological restoration, population control, improving education levels, retaining labor force, developing local industries, and promoting eco-friendly businesses to enhance both economic and environmental benefits (Xiong et al., 2023).
Involvement of stakeholders and rightsholders, including indigenous peoples and local communities, in decision-making processes
A policy for sharing tourism benefits with community was proposed, to encourage local communities to take part in direct administration of the sites (State Party of the People's Republic of China, 2016). Wukeshu Village had been relocated from the property of Shilin Karst with the consent of the population concerned (41COM 7B.26).
The State Party has formulated strict working procedures and steps to achieve prior consent, effective consultation, fair compensation, access to social welfare and skills training, and the right to retain traditional culture and customs amongst populations under the relocation programme in Wukeshu Village (State Party of People's Republic of China, 2020). The State Party also committed to ensuring that any future relocation within a World Heritage property will occur strictly in compliance with the 2015 Policy Document on the Integration of a Sustainable Development Perspective into the Processes of the World Heritage Convention and relevant international standards. Traditional management by minority peoples is an important element in some components which requires continued recognition and respect in site management (World Heritage Committee, 2014). While the management plan for the property includes a chapter on local communities the recent reports from the State Party include little data upon which to assess the relationship between the property and the local communities. The 2018 report does provide details of the voluntary relocation of (most of) the Wukeshu Village but notes that even though construction within the property is forbidden "the illegal tourism activities in Guilin were reduced by the dismantling of 762 stalls and 41 illegal buildings and by detaining rafts and canoes involved in illegal boating". According to the latest Periodic Reporting submitted by the State Party, the local governments have introduced policies to enable communities to share the dividends from tourism development in the heritage sites, and communities are encouraged to be involved in the direct management of the heritage sites (State Party of People's Republic of China, 2023). The number of tourism employees in the Libo county reached more than 50,000, accounting for 30% of the total population of the county (Shizhen Xiao, 2024). Besides, communities can enjoy greater benefits from commercial projects. Government subsidies, education, guidance and support are provided to promote sustainable development of communities (State Party of People's Republic of China, 2023).
The State Party has formulated strict working procedures and steps to achieve prior consent, effective consultation, fair compensation, access to social welfare and skills training, and the right to retain traditional culture and customs amongst populations under the relocation programme in Wukeshu Village (State Party of People's Republic of China, 2020). The State Party also committed to ensuring that any future relocation within a World Heritage property will occur strictly in compliance with the 2015 Policy Document on the Integration of a Sustainable Development Perspective into the Processes of the World Heritage Convention and relevant international standards. Traditional management by minority peoples is an important element in some components which requires continued recognition and respect in site management (World Heritage Committee, 2014). While the management plan for the property includes a chapter on local communities the recent reports from the State Party include little data upon which to assess the relationship between the property and the local communities. The 2018 report does provide details of the voluntary relocation of (most of) the Wukeshu Village but notes that even though construction within the property is forbidden "the illegal tourism activities in Guilin were reduced by the dismantling of 762 stalls and 41 illegal buildings and by detaining rafts and canoes involved in illegal boating". According to the latest Periodic Reporting submitted by the State Party, the local governments have introduced policies to enable communities to share the dividends from tourism development in the heritage sites, and communities are encouraged to be involved in the direct management of the heritage sites (State Party of People's Republic of China, 2023). The number of tourism employees in the Libo county reached more than 50,000, accounting for 30% of the total population of the county (Shizhen Xiao, 2024). Besides, communities can enjoy greater benefits from commercial projects. Government subsidies, education, guidance and support are provided to promote sustainable development of communities (State Party of People's Republic of China, 2023).
Legal framework
Provincial and municipal regulations have been enacted to protect South China Karst heritage sites. The state has implemented strict management plans and construction rules for these sites. Current legislation ensures the integrity and excellent ecological environment of the heritage sites, helping maintain their OUV. Adequate resources are available to enforce these laws and regulations (State Party of People's Republic of China, 2023).
Since the South China Karst was inscribed as a World Natural Heritage, within the framework of the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, the Environmental Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China, the Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Nature Reserves, and the Regulations on Scenic and Historic Areas, a series of relevant laws, regulations, rules, management measures, and other documents have been promulgated (National Forestry and Grassland Administration, The People’s Republic of China, 2022).
In March 2010, the Forestry Bureau of Wulong District, Chongqing Municipality, issued the Measures for the Protection of the Wulong Karst World Natural Heritage in Chongqing Municipality. In June 2016, Yunnan Province announced and implemented the Regulations on the Protection of the Stone Forest Karst World Natural Heritage Site in Shilin Yi Autonomous County, Yunnan Province. Chongqing Municipality introduced and enforced the Measures for the Protection of the Jinfo Mountain Karst World Natural Heritage in Chongqing Municipality. In 2018, Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture enacted the Regulations on the Protection of the Shibing Karst World Natural Heritage in Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture, focusing on the protection and management of the heritage and buffer zones. In 2020, Libo County proposed legislative suggestions for the Regulations on the Protection and Management of the Libo World Natural Heritage Site in Qiannan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, which were included in the legislative research project in 2022. In August 2021, Guilin, Guangxi, introduced the Regulations on the Sustainable Utilization of Karst Landscape Resources in Guilin. In September 2022, Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County, Guangxi, announced and implemented the Regulations on the Protection of the Karst World Natural Heritage in Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County. All these regulations and measures are aimed at reinforcing the legislative protection of the heritage sites.
Since the South China Karst was inscribed as a World Natural Heritage, within the framework of the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, the Environmental Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China, the Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Nature Reserves, and the Regulations on Scenic and Historic Areas, a series of relevant laws, regulations, rules, management measures, and other documents have been promulgated (National Forestry and Grassland Administration, The People’s Republic of China, 2022).
In March 2010, the Forestry Bureau of Wulong District, Chongqing Municipality, issued the Measures for the Protection of the Wulong Karst World Natural Heritage in Chongqing Municipality. In June 2016, Yunnan Province announced and implemented the Regulations on the Protection of the Stone Forest Karst World Natural Heritage Site in Shilin Yi Autonomous County, Yunnan Province. Chongqing Municipality introduced and enforced the Measures for the Protection of the Jinfo Mountain Karst World Natural Heritage in Chongqing Municipality. In 2018, Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture enacted the Regulations on the Protection of the Shibing Karst World Natural Heritage in Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture, focusing on the protection and management of the heritage and buffer zones. In 2020, Libo County proposed legislative suggestions for the Regulations on the Protection and Management of the Libo World Natural Heritage Site in Qiannan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, which were included in the legislative research project in 2022. In August 2021, Guilin, Guangxi, introduced the Regulations on the Sustainable Utilization of Karst Landscape Resources in Guilin. In September 2022, Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County, Guangxi, announced and implemented the Regulations on the Protection of the Karst World Natural Heritage in Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County. All these regulations and measures are aimed at reinforcing the legislative protection of the heritage sites.
Governance arrangements
A management system at national, provincial, and site levels has been established to protect the South China Karst World Heritage Property. The Coordination Committee and its Advisory Committee oversee planning, inspections, technical forums, and capacity building. This coordinated approach has achieved significant results (State Party of People's Republic of China, 2023). The World Heritage Committee (2021) welcomes the State Party’s continued progress towards an integrated, coordinated management system for the property, including the ongoing implementation of the 2016-2025 Conservation and Management Plan of South China Karst World Natural Heritage Site (CMP-SCK) and the positive results reported to date.
Relying on the existing team of conservation and management institutions and in accordance with relevant laws and regulations, the South China Karst has strengthened the conservation capacity of the site through the preparation and implementation of various types of plans and the improvement of monitoring facilities at the site, thus realizing the effective protection of the natural heritage site. Libo has a total of 319 clear forest chiefs, selected and recruited 4,230 ecological forest rangers, implemented grid-based management, tightened and solidified the responsibility of resource protection, and innovated the management method of forest rangers, which was selected as a typical case of national ecological comprehensive compensation.
Guangxi Guilin Li River Basin to implement comprehensive management and ecological restoration, through comprehensive management, the Li River Basin in 2022, the forest coverage has reached 80.46%, Li River water quality year-round to maintain more than Class Ⅱ, January-September Guilin surface water environmental quality ranked third in the country (gxgl, 2022). In 2023, the quality and stability of ecosystems in the watershed will continue to improve, an area of 48,721.56ha for ecological protection and restoration will be completed, an area of 1,943.9ha for the prevention and control of invasive species will be set up, 100 monitoring points will be set up, and the regional rate of forest cover, the quality of the water environment, and the rate of soil and water conservation will remain stable (People's Government of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 2025).
Relying on the existing team of conservation and management institutions and in accordance with relevant laws and regulations, the South China Karst has strengthened the conservation capacity of the site through the preparation and implementation of various types of plans and the improvement of monitoring facilities at the site, thus realizing the effective protection of the natural heritage site. Libo has a total of 319 clear forest chiefs, selected and recruited 4,230 ecological forest rangers, implemented grid-based management, tightened and solidified the responsibility of resource protection, and innovated the management method of forest rangers, which was selected as a typical case of national ecological comprehensive compensation.
Guangxi Guilin Li River Basin to implement comprehensive management and ecological restoration, through comprehensive management, the Li River Basin in 2022, the forest coverage has reached 80.46%, Li River water quality year-round to maintain more than Class Ⅱ, January-September Guilin surface water environmental quality ranked third in the country (gxgl, 2022). In 2023, the quality and stability of ecosystems in the watershed will continue to improve, an area of 48,721.56ha for ecological protection and restoration will be completed, an area of 1,943.9ha for the prevention and control of invasive species will be set up, 100 monitoring points will be set up, and the regional rate of forest cover, the quality of the water environment, and the rate of soil and water conservation will remain stable (People's Government of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 2025).
Integration into local, regional and national planning systems (including sea/landscape connectivity)
Adhering to the principle of planning first, the State Party aims to protect the ecosystem integrity of heritage sites and promote sustainable tourism development. To highlight the outstanding universal value of these sites, they have formulated plans such as the Conservation and Management Plan for Wulong Karst in Chongqing, the Tourism Development Plan for Shibing County in Guizhou, and the 14th Five-Year Plan for All-Region Tourism Development in Shilin Yi Autonomous County. Based on scientific assessments of environmental carrying capacity, the Plan optimizes tourism layouts, strictly manages construction activities, and curbs overdevelopment and short-term commercialization. Heritage sites have actively practiced the concept that "lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets," promoting green and sustainable tourism (National Forestry and Grassland Administration, The People’s Republic of China, 2022).
China's 14th Five-Year Plan emphasizes the need to strengthen the systematic protection of important cultural and natural heritage, as well as intangible cultural heritage. The protection of karst in southern China has been incorporated into the overall layout of the country's “ecological civilization construction”, actively practicing the concept that “green water and green mountains are golden silver mountains”. The Land and Space Plan of Guizhou Province (2021-2035) and the Land and Space Plan of Chongqing Municipality (2021-2035) emphasize the need to strengthen the prevention and control of disaster risks and the safeguarding of important spatial resources, to strictly protect and control the nature and cultural heritage of various types of natural and cultural heritages as well as the related spatial environments, and to build a systematic and complete spatial system for heritage protection, as well as to strengthen the protection and restoration of ecosystems and governance, and strengthen ecosystem protection and restoration and governance to promote the integrity protection of natural heritage sites. Yunnan Province's national land spatial planning (2021-2035) proposes differentiated spatial protection measures for different types of natural heritage, maintaining the landscape value and quality of natural heritage, integrating the relationship between protection and utilization, and systematically revitalizing the utilization of natural heritage. Guangxi Provincial Land Space Planning (2021-2035) points out that it is necessary to promote the sustainable development of natural heritage sites and various types of nature reserves at all levels in the region, carry out ecological recreational activities that match the carrying capacity of natural resources, develop eco-tourism and drive the development of related industries, and help revitalize the countryside, so as to achieve the effective protection, rational use and sustainable inheritance of natural heritage.
China's 14th Five-Year Plan emphasizes the need to strengthen the systematic protection of important cultural and natural heritage, as well as intangible cultural heritage. The protection of karst in southern China has been incorporated into the overall layout of the country's “ecological civilization construction”, actively practicing the concept that “green water and green mountains are golden silver mountains”. The Land and Space Plan of Guizhou Province (2021-2035) and the Land and Space Plan of Chongqing Municipality (2021-2035) emphasize the need to strengthen the prevention and control of disaster risks and the safeguarding of important spatial resources, to strictly protect and control the nature and cultural heritage of various types of natural and cultural heritages as well as the related spatial environments, and to build a systematic and complete spatial system for heritage protection, as well as to strengthen the protection and restoration of ecosystems and governance, and strengthen ecosystem protection and restoration and governance to promote the integrity protection of natural heritage sites. Yunnan Province's national land spatial planning (2021-2035) proposes differentiated spatial protection measures for different types of natural heritage, maintaining the landscape value and quality of natural heritage, integrating the relationship between protection and utilization, and systematically revitalizing the utilization of natural heritage. Guangxi Provincial Land Space Planning (2021-2035) points out that it is necessary to promote the sustainable development of natural heritage sites and various types of nature reserves at all levels in the region, carry out ecological recreational activities that match the carrying capacity of natural resources, develop eco-tourism and drive the development of related industries, and help revitalize the countryside, so as to achieve the effective protection, rational use and sustainable inheritance of natural heritage.
Boundaries
The property was extended in 2014 and now includes seven karst clusters in four Provinces: Shilin Karst, Libo Karst, Wulong Karst, Guilin Karst, Shibing Karst, Jinfoshan Karst, and Huanjiang Karst (World Heritage Committee, 2014). The South China Karst World Heritage Property and its buffer zone have clearly defined boundaries. The components of the serial property have within their boundaries all the necessary elements to demonstrate the natural beauty of karst landscapes. They also contain the scientific evidence required to reconstruct the geomorphic evolution of the diverse landforms and landscapes involved. The components are of adequate size and they have buffer zones which will help ensure the integrity of the earth science values, including tectonic, geomorphic and hydrological features (UNEP-WCMC, 2015). Authorities conduct publicity campaigns, install boundary markers, and involve local community members in inspections to enhance protection awareness (State Party of People's Republic of China, 2023). A proposal for a boundary modification of the Wulong component is currently being developed (IUCN Consultation, 2017). While the State Party has acknowledged its willingness to apply for the boundary modification in the required format for review by IUCN (UNESCO, 2018) there has been no progress made on this matter since January 2017.
Overlapping international designations
Libo Karst-Maolan Section (Maolan National Nature Reserve) was designated a Biosphere Reserve (21,330 ha) in 1996. The Libo-Maolan Reserve has separate administrative bodies: the Maolan National Nature Reserve Administration Bureau and the property administration authority. These entities operate independently while cooperating on shared goals (UNEP-WCMC, 2015; State Party of People's Republic of China, 2023).
In 2004, Yunnan Shilin was approved as a Global Geopark, the area of which used to be the same as the area of the Stone Forest World Heritage property and buffer zone. In 2023, the Global Geopark was expanded to include 15.7 square kilometers in the northeast as a sustainable development area. That is, the area of the Shilin Global Geopark is 15.7 square kilometers larger than that of the Shilin World Heritage property and the buffer zone. The Stone Forest Scenic Area, the Stone Forest Global Geopark and the Stone Forest World Heritage are all under the same management organization, and the management is highly effective (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
In 2004, Yunnan Shilin was approved as a Global Geopark, the area of which used to be the same as the area of the Stone Forest World Heritage property and buffer zone. In 2023, the Global Geopark was expanded to include 15.7 square kilometers in the northeast as a sustainable development area. That is, the area of the Shilin Global Geopark is 15.7 square kilometers larger than that of the Shilin World Heritage property and the buffer zone. The Stone Forest Scenic Area, the Stone Forest Global Geopark and the Stone Forest World Heritage are all under the same management organization, and the management is highly effective (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
Implementation of World Heritage Committee decisions and recommendations
On 26 November 2020, the State Party submitted a conservation report to the World Heritage Committee. In its 2021 decision (44 COM 7B.181), the Committee appreciated progress in management planning, sustainable tourism, and community relocation but expressed concerns about the high-speed rail project's impact and tourism management (The World Heritage Committee, 2021). The Committee requested an updated conservation report by 1 December 2022 for review by Advisory Bodies. The State Party resubmitted the report in October 2022, emphasizing its commitment to the decisions. The State Party stated that the Guiyang-Nanning high-speed railway project, which traverses the buffer zone of the Libo Karst, has no impact on its OUV or the invasion of alien species. To ensure sustainable tourism development, the State Party will support community participation, develop an effective supervisory mechanism, promote eco-friendly technologies, conduct scientific research and education activities, and monitor tourist pressure continuously. A monitoring information management system will be developed to manage tourist dynamics based on carrying capacity projections. For any future relocations, the State Party will follow the World Heritage Convention's Policy on Sustainable Development and relevant international criteria. The State Party also plans to continually improve strategies for the sustainable development of the South China Karst World Natural Heritage Site and seeks advice and support from consulting agencies (National Forestry and Grassland Administration, The People’s Republic of China, 2022).
Climate action
Climate change poses a significant threat to numerous heritage sites. A study conducted in the karst mountainous region of the Guizhou Plateau has identified the influence of vegetation cover, precipitation patterns, topography, and soil erosion on village ecosystems. Proposed adaptive management strategies encompass ecological restoration, population regulation, educational advancement, labor retention, local industrial development, and promotion of eco-friendly enterprises to enhance both economic and environmental outcomes (Xiong et al., 2023). Notably, the heritage site currently lacks a comprehensive climate change policy (State party of People's Republic of China, 2023).
Management plan and overall management system
The management plan adequately maintains the property’s Outstanding Universal Value (OUV). An annual action plan is in place, with all activities being implemented and monitored. Under the current system, the OUV of the South China Karst is effectively preserved while promoting sustainable development in local communities (State Party of People's Republic of China, 2023). The World Heritage Committee (2021) welcomes the State Party’s continued progress towards an integrated, coordinated management system for the property, including the ongoing implementation of the 2016-2025 Conservation and Management Plan of South China Karst World Natural Heritage Site (CMP-SCK) and the positive results reported to date.
The South China Karst World Heritage Sites have established a coordinated heritage protection system across administrative regions, achieving coordinated protection and management of natural heritage sites. A comprehensive and linked monitoring system has been set up to address natural disasters, human activities, etc., which has promoted the mutual enhancement of resource protection, tourism activities, and scientific research and display. A sustainable development mechanism for natural heritage featuring win-win cooperation among multiple parties has also been established (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
The South China Karst World Heritage Sites have established a coordinated heritage protection system across administrative regions, achieving coordinated protection and management of natural heritage sites. A comprehensive and linked monitoring system has been set up to address natural disasters, human activities, etc., which has promoted the mutual enhancement of resource protection, tourism activities, and scientific research and display. A sustainable development mechanism for natural heritage featuring win-win cooperation among multiple parties has also been established (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
Law enforcement
Provincial and municipal regulations have been enacted to protect all South China Karst heritage sites. The state has implemented strict management plans for these sites and construction projects. Current legislation effectively safeguards the integrity and excellent ecological environment of the heritage sites, helping to maintain their OUV (State Party of People's Republic of China, 2023). However, the property lacks a unified regulation. Local governments have developed site-specific protection and management rules based on their circumstances, potentially leading to inconsistent management requirements across sites.
Through the dual protection mechanism of the "Judicial Protection Order + Judicial Collaboration", the Wulong Karst World Natural Heritage has further enhanced the protection of the ecological balance and biodiversity of the world natural heritage site. The People's Procuratorate of Wulong District has established the Office of Prosecutors for the World Natural Heritage in Wulong District at the location of the world natural heritage, in Xiannvshan Sub-district. It conducts comprehensive performance of duties in four types of procuratorial work, namely "criminal, civil, administrative and public interest litigation" (Chongqing Land and Space Master Plan 2021-2035).
Through the dual protection mechanism of the "Judicial Protection Order + Judicial Collaboration", the Wulong Karst World Natural Heritage has further enhanced the protection of the ecological balance and biodiversity of the world natural heritage site. The People's Procuratorate of Wulong District has established the Office of Prosecutors for the World Natural Heritage in Wulong District at the location of the world natural heritage, in Xiannvshan Sub-district. It conducts comprehensive performance of duties in four types of procuratorial work, namely "criminal, civil, administrative and public interest litigation" (Chongqing Land and Space Master Plan 2021-2035).
Sustainable finance
Funding for the protection and management of the South China Karst World Heritage Property comes primarily from fiscal budgets, ticket sales, and other operating income. These diverse and stable funding sources ensure effective heritage management and are secure in the medium to long term. While the current budget is adequate, further improvements could better meet management needs (State Party of People's Republic of China, 2023).
In 2021 Chongqing's Wulong district has introduced the "Measures for the Protection of the Wulong Karst World Natural Heritage in Chongqing", clearly incorporating heritage protection into the local financial budget, which is used for ecological restoration, the construction of the monitoring system, and daily management. Moreover, every year, through self-evaluation of the performance of protection projects, it is ensured that the projects achieve the expected goals, safeguarding the integrity and authenticity of the resources of the Wulong Karst World Natural Heritage Site and realizing the sustainable utilization of the special resources of the world natural heritage. The heritage site also generates income through franchise operations (such as the lease of tourism facilities and the sale of cultural and creative products) and derivative services (such as tour guide services and research and study activities), and uses the profits to support community participation in protection. The Shibing and Libo Karst World Heritage Sites rationally utilize the international reputation of the heritage sites, integrate the resources of the heritage sites, and combine the folk tourism resources of the heritage sites. Focusing on the ecological protection and tourism of the world heritage sites, they develop eco-tourism, eco-science popularization tourism, eco-health care tourism, etc., to promote the integrated development of related industries, and at the same time, facilitate the protection of the heritage sites (Fei Guangyu, 2024).
In 2021 Chongqing's Wulong district has introduced the "Measures for the Protection of the Wulong Karst World Natural Heritage in Chongqing", clearly incorporating heritage protection into the local financial budget, which is used for ecological restoration, the construction of the monitoring system, and daily management. Moreover, every year, through self-evaluation of the performance of protection projects, it is ensured that the projects achieve the expected goals, safeguarding the integrity and authenticity of the resources of the Wulong Karst World Natural Heritage Site and realizing the sustainable utilization of the special resources of the world natural heritage. The heritage site also generates income through franchise operations (such as the lease of tourism facilities and the sale of cultural and creative products) and derivative services (such as tour guide services and research and study activities), and uses the profits to support community participation in protection. The Shibing and Libo Karst World Heritage Sites rationally utilize the international reputation of the heritage sites, integrate the resources of the heritage sites, and combine the folk tourism resources of the heritage sites. Focusing on the ecological protection and tourism of the world heritage sites, they develop eco-tourism, eco-science popularization tourism, eco-health care tourism, etc., to promote the integrated development of related industries, and at the same time, facilitate the protection of the heritage sites (Fei Guangyu, 2024).
Staff capacity, training and development
The administering authorities of the South China Karst World Heritage Property have enhanced protection and management capacities through personnel training and collaboration with research institutes and universities. A site-based capacity-building program is partially implemented, transferring some technical skills to local managers. However, further training is needed to strengthen theoretical knowledge and practical skills (State party of People's Republic of China, 2023).
The Shibing Karst World Heritage Site organizes the training for community tourism practitioners. In the method of "theoretical elaboration + scenario simulation + case analysis", the ecological protection, sustainable development concept and service skills are taught and trained to help optimize the knowledge composition of community tourism practitioners, improve their service mentality / thinking, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of tourism.(National Forestry and Grassland Administration, The People’s Republic of China, 2022).
The Shilin Heritage Site pays attention to strengthening the publicity and education of the outstanding universal value of natural heritage for local residents, and regularly carries out training on the basic knowledge and ecological environment for resource protection personnel to improve the quality of the management team (IUCN Consultation, 2025)
The Shibing Karst World Heritage Site organizes the training for community tourism practitioners. In the method of "theoretical elaboration + scenario simulation + case analysis", the ecological protection, sustainable development concept and service skills are taught and trained to help optimize the knowledge composition of community tourism practitioners, improve their service mentality / thinking, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of tourism.(National Forestry and Grassland Administration, The People’s Republic of China, 2022).
The Shilin Heritage Site pays attention to strengthening the publicity and education of the outstanding universal value of natural heritage for local residents, and regularly carries out training on the basic knowledge and ecological environment for resource protection personnel to improve the quality of the management team (IUCN Consultation, 2025)
Education and interpretation programmes
There is a planned and effective education program for children and youth that contributes to the protection of the World Heritage property. For the South China Karst heritage sites, display centers of various sizes have been built, along with other exhibition facilities. These centers feature interpretative signs, guides, and diverse media displays, playing a positive role in heritage protection and development. However, the status of display and education varies across sites, with different challenges. For instance, Shibing Karst is still in early stages due to late development and limited funding (State party of People's Republic of China, 2023).
In order to strengthen the public's understanding and awareness of the World Natural Heritage, the Libo Heritage Site has compiled the Basic Manual on the Protection and Management of the World Natural Heritage and the "Libo Karst Publicity CD", distributed for free and promoted in county hotels, bus and railway stations, schools, county-level government departments, townships, villages and village groups (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
The Huanjiang Karst World Heritage Exhibition Park was completed at the end of 2024.
In order to strengthen the public's understanding and awareness of the World Natural Heritage, the Libo Heritage Site has compiled the Basic Manual on the Protection and Management of the World Natural Heritage and the "Libo Karst Publicity CD", distributed for free and promoted in county hotels, bus and railway stations, schools, county-level government departments, townships, villages and village groups (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
The Huanjiang Karst World Heritage Exhibition Park was completed at the end of 2024.
Tourism and visitation management
There is a planned and effective strategy to manage visitors, tourism activities, and their impacts on the World Heritage property. The State Party has taken 5 measures: (1) supporting communities to participate in world heritage sustainable tourism; (2)developing an effective supervisory mechanism; (3)promoting the application of eco-friendly technologies; (4)conducting scientific research exchanges; (5)carrying out publicity and education activities (National Forestry and Grassland Administration, the People’s Republic of China, 2022). Each South China Karst heritage site has a strict management system with reasonable visitor flow limits, an instant over-capacity warning system, monitoring of OUV carriers, environment, and human activities, and measures to prevent damage. Visitor use is effectively managed and does not impact the Outstanding Universal Value. The local government's five-year and annual development plans include sustainable tourism initiatives, organized and managed by the tourism administration. Heritage tourism benefits local communities economically and socially, provides many service sector jobs, and stimulates broader economic development, including tourism real estate (State party of People's Republic of China, 2023).
Heritage tourism management needs the cooperation of many parties, and the stakeholder coordination organization and cooperation mechanism should be established (Zhang et al., 2022).
Heritage tourism management needs the cooperation of many parties, and the stakeholder coordination organization and cooperation mechanism should be established (Zhang et al., 2022).
Sustainable use
The local government's five-year plan and annual plan for social and economic development have sustainable tourism development plans, which are organized, implemented and managed by the tourism administration. The seven heritage sites currently have good water quality (above Grade 3), with tributaries at Grade 2 or better. To mitigate agricultural impacts and promote sustainable community development, local governments have introduced policies enabling farmers to benefit more from tourism. These policies encourage community involvement in heritage site management and commercial projects, while providing subsidies, education, and support to minimize adverse effects like water pollution, garbage, erosion from pesticides and fertilizers, and poaching (State party of People's Republic of China, 2023).
As the peripheral protection area of heritage site, the development mode of buffer zone is crucial to the sustainability of heritage. At present, agriculture and forestry practice is actively practiced in the buffer zone of karst heritage sites, which not only alleviates the contradiction between people and land, but also realizes the goal of promoting regional development and heritage protection (Xiong et al., 2023; Fang et al., 2024).
The Libo County, where the Maolan Reserve of Libo Karst is located, has summarized typical experiences in practice regarding “World Heritage Protection and Poverty Eradication” as well as “World Heritage Protection and Sustainable Tourism”, which has been recognized by UNESCO and World Heritage experts.
As the peripheral protection area of heritage site, the development mode of buffer zone is crucial to the sustainability of heritage. At present, agriculture and forestry practice is actively practiced in the buffer zone of karst heritage sites, which not only alleviates the contradiction between people and land, but also realizes the goal of promoting regional development and heritage protection (Xiong et al., 2023; Fang et al., 2024).
The Libo County, where the Maolan Reserve of Libo Karst is located, has summarized typical experiences in practice regarding “World Heritage Protection and Poverty Eradication” as well as “World Heritage Protection and Sustainable Tourism”, which has been recognized by UNESCO and World Heritage experts.
Monitoring
In Decision 44 COM 7B.181, the World Heritage Committee (2021) requested the State Party to strengthen monitoring and sustainably managing visitor pressure distribution. The South China Karst World Heritage Property is monitored through a combination of entrusted and independent monitoring. Monitoring activities include satellite remote sensing, fixed-point observation, instrument monitoring, community patrols, investigations, and statistical analysis. The scope covers OUV elements, heritage display, environment, and threats. Data are regularly produced and transferred to the administering authorities, with universities and research institutes analyzing the results. The findings show that the South China Karst heritage sites are notably better protected and managed compared to surrounding areas, with their OUV and integrity well preserved (State party of People's Republic of China, 2023).
The government has cooperated with heritage site management organizations to establish monitoring systems and scientific research bases, for example, Wulong has cooperated with the Institute of Karst Geology of the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences to establish an international karst scientific research base, set up a field test site, and built a real-time monitoring system for cave environments. Research on biodiversity monitoring and special surveys on resource background has been carried out to provide a scientific basis for the protection and management of the heritage site.
The State Party has established an information management system for heritage conservation and tourism impact monitoring by forecasting tourism carrying capacity and implementing dynamic tourism management (National Forestry and Grassland Administration, The People’s Republic of China, 2022).
Based on the importance of OUV in karst heritage sites, the integrated monitoring technology system of Space-Air-Ground combining macro-meso-micro has been constructed by using remote sensing, unmanned aerial vehicle and ground monitoring technology, realizing remote sensing fine monitoring of elements of the value of the heritage sites, and providing scientific and technological bases for the protection of the value of the karst world heritage and sustainable development (Fei Guangyu, 2024; Jin Ao, 2024).
The government has cooperated with heritage site management organizations to establish monitoring systems and scientific research bases, for example, Wulong has cooperated with the Institute of Karst Geology of the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences to establish an international karst scientific research base, set up a field test site, and built a real-time monitoring system for cave environments. Research on biodiversity monitoring and special surveys on resource background has been carried out to provide a scientific basis for the protection and management of the heritage site.
The State Party has established an information management system for heritage conservation and tourism impact monitoring by forecasting tourism carrying capacity and implementing dynamic tourism management (National Forestry and Grassland Administration, The People’s Republic of China, 2022).
Based on the importance of OUV in karst heritage sites, the integrated monitoring technology system of Space-Air-Ground combining macro-meso-micro has been constructed by using remote sensing, unmanned aerial vehicle and ground monitoring technology, realizing remote sensing fine monitoring of elements of the value of the heritage sites, and providing scientific and technological bases for the protection of the value of the karst world heritage and sustainable development (Fei Guangyu, 2024; Jin Ao, 2024).
Research
Through cooperation with research institutes and universities, investigations and research on the scientific problems concerning various disciplines of the heritage sites of South China Karst have been carried out to explore their value. Positive results have been achieved. However, a systematic and complete scientific research system for protection and management has not been established (State party of People's Republic of China, 2023).
The School of Karst Science of Guizhou Normal University has carried out research on South China Karst through national and local projects, such as the Key Project of National Major Research and Development Program of China “Ecological industry technology and demonstration for the the the South China Karst Ecological Environment", the "Key Project of National Major Research and Development Program of China", “Ecological industry technology and demonstration for the rocky desertification control of karst plateau gorge”, the Guizhou Science and Technology Support Program “Construction of Guizhou World Natural Heritage Conservation Mode and Technology Research and Development and Application Demonstration of Sustainable Development”, etc. A synergistic study of heritage conservation and tourism was carried out (Fei Guangyu, 2024), including the synergistic study of the conservation of aesthetic and geomorphological values and tourism development (Zhang Shirong, 2023; Zhang Haipeng, 2023); a synergistic study of heritage conservation and buffer zone development (Zhang Juan, 2023); a synergistic study of the conservation of heritage's aesthetic value, geomorphological value, and protection management and tourism development of the buffer zone (Zhang Ning, 2023; Gu Xin Yan, 2023; Fang Ruonan, 2022); and research on the relationship with the development of agroforestry in the buffer zone (Luo,2022; Chen, 2023; Fang et al.,2024). Under the goal of achieving sustainable development of heritage, research on the realization of ecological product value and ecological civilization construction of karst conservation sites (Zhang Zhenzhen, 2023) and research on the optimization of ecosystem service function and the enhancement of ecological product supply capacity of karst heritage sites were carried out (Chen et al., 2024), which contained the optimization of ecosystem structure and the enhancement of stability (Bai, 2024), ecosystem vulnerability conditioning and ecological resilience enhancement (Zhang, 2025), ecological asset inventory and ecological product supply capacity enhancement (Liu, 2024), ecological carrying capacity regulation and ecological security enhancement (Xu, 2025), and ecosystem service trade-off synergy and system function optimization (Feng, 2024), through which the research is aimed at promoting the conservation and sustainable use of Karst heritage .
The School of Karst Science of Guizhou Normal University has carried out research on South China Karst through national and local projects, such as the Key Project of National Major Research and Development Program of China “Ecological industry technology and demonstration for the the the South China Karst Ecological Environment", the "Key Project of National Major Research and Development Program of China", “Ecological industry technology and demonstration for the rocky desertification control of karst plateau gorge”, the Guizhou Science and Technology Support Program “Construction of Guizhou World Natural Heritage Conservation Mode and Technology Research and Development and Application Demonstration of Sustainable Development”, etc. A synergistic study of heritage conservation and tourism was carried out (Fei Guangyu, 2024), including the synergistic study of the conservation of aesthetic and geomorphological values and tourism development (Zhang Shirong, 2023; Zhang Haipeng, 2023); a synergistic study of heritage conservation and buffer zone development (Zhang Juan, 2023); a synergistic study of the conservation of heritage's aesthetic value, geomorphological value, and protection management and tourism development of the buffer zone (Zhang Ning, 2023; Gu Xin Yan, 2023; Fang Ruonan, 2022); and research on the relationship with the development of agroforestry in the buffer zone (Luo,2022; Chen, 2023; Fang et al.,2024). Under the goal of achieving sustainable development of heritage, research on the realization of ecological product value and ecological civilization construction of karst conservation sites (Zhang Zhenzhen, 2023) and research on the optimization of ecosystem service function and the enhancement of ecological product supply capacity of karst heritage sites were carried out (Chen et al., 2024), which contained the optimization of ecosystem structure and the enhancement of stability (Bai, 2024), ecosystem vulnerability conditioning and ecological resilience enhancement (Zhang, 2025), ecological asset inventory and ecological product supply capacity enhancement (Liu, 2024), ecological carrying capacity regulation and ecological security enhancement (Xu, 2025), and ecosystem service trade-off synergy and system function optimization (Feng, 2024), through which the research is aimed at promoting the conservation and sustainable use of Karst heritage .
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats outside the site
Climate change poses a significant threat to numerous heritage sites. A study conducted in the karst mountainous region of the Guizhou Plateau has identified the influence of vegetation cover, precipitation patterns, topography, and soil erosion on village ecosystems. Proposed adaptive management strategies encompass ecological restoration, population regulation, educational advancement, labor retention, local industrial development, and promotion of eco-friendly enterprises to enhance both economic and environmental outcomes (Xiong et al., 2023). Notably, the heritage site currently lacks a comprehensive climate change policy (State party of People's Republic of China, 2023). The synergistic mechanism and model of the World Heritage Karst Site conservation and buffer zone tourism industry development is of great significance in promoting the conservation and rational use of heritage, and consolidating and expanding the results of poverty alleviation and the effective connection with rural revitalization. The Libo-Huanjiang and Shibing of the “South China Karst” were selected as the study areas, respectively. From 2019 to 2023, a systematic study was carried out. The focus was on revealing the synergistic mechanism of the World Heritage sites’ OUV conservation, integrity conservation and effective management and the buffer zones’ tourism development, building synergistic models and technical systems to implement the “Two Mountain Theory” and achieve holistic conservation and compatible use of heritage (Zhang Juan, 2023).
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats inside the site
On 26 November 2020, the State Party submitted a conservation report to the World Heritage Committee. In its 2021 decision (44 COM 7B.181), the Committee appreciated progress in management planning, sustainable tourism, and community relocation but expressed concerns about the high-speed rail project's impact and tourism management (The World Heritage Committee, 2021). The Committee requested an updated conservation report by 1 December 2022 for review by Advisory Bodies. The State Party resubmitted the report in October 2022, emphasizing its commitment to the decisions. The State Party stated that the Guiyang-Nanning high-speed railway project, which traverses the buffer zone of the Libo Karst, has no impact on its OUV or the invasion of alien species. To ensure sustainable tourism development, the State Party will support community participation, develop an effective supervisory mechanism, promote eco-friendly technologies, conduct scientific research and education activities, and monitor tourist pressure continuously. A monitoring information management system will be developed to manage tourist dynamics based on carrying capacity projections. For any future relocations, the State Party will follow the World Heritage Convention's Policy on Sustainable Development and relevant international criteria. The State Party also plans to continually improve strategies for the sustainable development of the South China Karst World Natural Heritage Site and seeks advice and support from consulting agencies (National Forestry and Grassland Administration, The People’s Republic of China, 2022).
According to relevant materials, many protection and management measures can be rated as highly effective. However, the status of presentation and education varies across sites, with different challenges. Moreover, a systematic and complete scientific research system for protection and management has not yet been established. Additionally, the heritage site currently lacks a comprehensive climate change policy.
Good practice examples
Since the Phase I inscription of South China Karst, the Chinese central and local governments have prioritized collaborative management. To enhance overall protection, in accordance with UNESCO's World Heritage Convention and the requirements of the World Heritage Committee and IUCN, the Coordination Committee for the Protection and Management of South China Karst was established in 2015. The committee operates under a rotating chairmanship system, where housing and urban-rural development departments (landscape bureaus) of four provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) take turns to lead coordinated management for one-year terms. The Secretariat, located at the World Natural Heritage Conservation and Research Center, handles daily coordination. The committee is responsible for developing and implementing annual plans, organizing academic and international exchanges, conducting inspections, establishing monitoring systems, and promoting education, publicity, and capacity building. It also oversees the preparation of comprehensive protection and management plans, regular monitoring reports, and protection status reports. An Advisory Committee (Expert Database) provides technical guidance and assessment on heritage site management (State party of People's Republic of China, 2023).
In the study of synergistic mechanism and model of the World Heritage Karst Site conservation and buffer zone tourism industry development, constructing a World Heritage conservation and buffer zone mountain tourism model for the Shibing Karst Plateau Trough Valley without-potential rocky desertification control area, a World Heritage conservation and buffer zone ecotourism model for the Libo-Huanjiang Karst Peak Depression potential-light rocky desertification control area, and a scientific tourism model.Emphasis is placed on effective integrating tourism development and nature conservation,with the activation of valuable local resources as the basis and the harmonious development of man and land as the core. Taking into account the endogenous and exogenous variables affecting the synergy between World Heritage site conservation and buffer zone tourism industry development, and combining the universality of tourism models with the specificity of World Heritage karst sites’resources, seven sub-models are proposed: tourism, rural tourism, agricultural tourism, red tourism, fitness tourism, recreation tourism, and scientific tourism(Zhang Juan, 2023).
In the study of model and technology of protection and tourism in the Word Heritage Karst Site, we have constructed “Balancing management model between conservation and mountain tourism of Shibing” and “Balancing management model between conservation and ecotourism of Libo-Huanjiang (Balancing management model between protection and ecotourism of Daxiaoqikong, Balancing management model between protection and ecotourism of Maolan-Huanjiang)” (Fei Guangyu, 2024).
In the study of ecological products value realization and ecological civilization construction model in Karst Protected Areas, we have constructed model is characterized by the synergy between "ecological conservation and ecotourism in protected areas" and "ecological restoration and community well-being enhancement in buffer zones." It consists of three sub-models: karst ecological forestry + tourism model, karst water economy + tourism model, and karst ecological agriculture + tourism model, and evaluated the ecological quality of the eco-forestry space, the watershed economic space and the eco-agricultural space in which the three sub-models are located(Zhang Zhenzhen, 2023).
In the study of synergistic mechanism and model of the World Heritage Karst Site conservation and buffer zone tourism industry development, constructing a World Heritage conservation and buffer zone mountain tourism model for the Shibing Karst Plateau Trough Valley without-potential rocky desertification control area, a World Heritage conservation and buffer zone ecotourism model for the Libo-Huanjiang Karst Peak Depression potential-light rocky desertification control area, and a scientific tourism model.Emphasis is placed on effective integrating tourism development and nature conservation,with the activation of valuable local resources as the basis and the harmonious development of man and land as the core. Taking into account the endogenous and exogenous variables affecting the synergy between World Heritage site conservation and buffer zone tourism industry development, and combining the universality of tourism models with the specificity of World Heritage karst sites’resources, seven sub-models are proposed: tourism, rural tourism, agricultural tourism, red tourism, fitness tourism, recreation tourism, and scientific tourism(Zhang Juan, 2023).
In the study of model and technology of protection and tourism in the Word Heritage Karst Site, we have constructed “Balancing management model between conservation and mountain tourism of Shibing” and “Balancing management model between conservation and ecotourism of Libo-Huanjiang (Balancing management model between protection and ecotourism of Daxiaoqikong, Balancing management model between protection and ecotourism of Maolan-Huanjiang)” (Fei Guangyu, 2024).
In the study of ecological products value realization and ecological civilization construction model in Karst Protected Areas, we have constructed model is characterized by the synergy between "ecological conservation and ecotourism in protected areas" and "ecological restoration and community well-being enhancement in buffer zones." It consists of three sub-models: karst ecological forestry + tourism model, karst water economy + tourism model, and karst ecological agriculture + tourism model, and evaluated the ecological quality of the eco-forestry space, the watershed economic space and the eco-agricultural space in which the three sub-models are located(Zhang Zhenzhen, 2023).
Spectacular humid tropical to subtropical karst landscapes
Good
Trend
Stable
The state has implemented strict management plans and construction rules for these sites. The seven serial components of the South China Karst World Natural Heritage Site have progressively strengthened protection efforts, improving management to effectively safeguard the outstanding universal value (OUV) of each component (National Forestry and Grassland Administration, The People’s Republic of China, 2022). Current legislation ensures the integrity and excellent ecological environment of the heritage sites, helping maintain their OUV. The Integrity of the World Heritage property is intact (State Party of People's Republic of China, 2023).
Limestone karst landforms and landscapes of global scientific significance.
Good
Trend
Stable
The condition and trend of the geological values of the property can be rated as good and stable respectively. The components of the serial property have within their boundaries all the necessary elements to demonstrate the natural beauty of karst landscapes. They also contain the scientific evidence required to reconstruct the geomorphic evolution of the diverse landforms and landscapes involved. The components are of adequate size and they have buffer zones which will help ensure the integrity of the earth science values, including tectonic, geomorphic and hydrological features. Some issues that face the property require policies and actions to be taken beyond the buffer zone boundaries. Challenges to the integrity of the property include human pressure both from people living in and/or around the property, and the pressures from visitors. However many measures have been and are being undertaken to address these issues. The natural environment and natural landscapes within the property are all well-maintained, in order to protect the features of Outstanding Universal Value, and the natural landscapes and processes that support them (UNEP-WCMC, 2015).
Assessment of the current state and trend of World Heritage values
Stable
The property includes all of the diverse spectrum of landscapes and landforms found in Southern China. Its outstanding scenic, aesthetic and geological values are in good condition and their trend is stable. The associated biological and hydrological elements play a major role in maintaining these values and in allowing the natural progression of landscape evolution. The identified threats generally impact or potentially impact these associated values and are mostly rated at a low or very low level.
Assessment of the current state and trend of other important biodiversity values
Good
Improving
An intact vegetation cover is vitally important for the continuation of natural geomorphological processes and geological evolution. A recent study in South China Karst has found that the tree cover within the karst area is showing a recovery trend, with a growth rate slope of 0.50 (Hu et al., 2024). Management intervention is already in process to address invasive species occurring within the property and to reduce pollution of waterways (National Forestry and Grassland Administration, The People’s Republic of China, 2022). The last assessment highlighted the need for heightened attention to the significant cave fauna. A new species of cavernicolous trechines was discovered in the Furong Cave of Wulong Karst and scientifically named, which demonstrated that the China South Karst is of the highest diversity of cavernicolous trechines (Tian M.Y. et. al, 2021) . Recent one report on "New plant species discovered in South China karst cave" sheds light on the distribution and adaptive mechanisms of the Polygalaceae family in karst regions, and underscores the critical role of China's southwestern karst area in the conservation of plant biodiversity (China Daily, 2025).
Assessment of the current state and trend of other important values
Low Concern
Data Deficient
Traditional management by minority peoples is an important element in management of a number of components, and the relationship between karst and the cultural identity and traditions of minority groups, including for example the Yi (Shilin), the Shui, Yao and Buyi (Libo) and Jinfoshan bamboo harvesters requires continued recognition and respect in site management (State Party of People's Republic of China, 2023).
Additional information
Importance for research
The property is a significant focus of research and is a major source of knowledge about karst landscapes, with more than 500 scientific papers published since its inscription. There is also some contribution to local education programs but this could be expanded.
A total of 112 papers on the study in South China Karst has been published by the School of Karst Science of Guizhou Normal University, which has solved many key scientific problems in the protection and sustainable use of karst heritage sites.
A total of 112 papers on the study in South China Karst has been published by the School of Karst Science of Guizhou Normal University, which has solved many key scientific problems in the protection and sustainable use of karst heritage sites.
Some explorers, hikers, photographers or scientific research teams will inevitably bring plastic waste into the heritage site when they carry out inspection and monitoring work, which will have a negative impact on the ecological environment of the heritage site.
Traditional agriculture
Small-scale farming by local residents is permitted in the property. Agricultural practices avoid the use of herbicides and pesticides. Livestock grazing is generally discouraged.
There is some pollution with runoff from agricultural land but an on-going management intervention programme has resulted in a significant reduction in water pollution in recent years.
History and tradition
Traditional lifestyles and practices of the local minority groups are recognized and encouraged, and they contribute to tourist programs. The property protects many sacred sites.
The South China Karst World Natural Heritage Site exemplifies the synergistic coexistence between nature and human culture through its unique ecosystem cultural service values. Centered on spectacular geological landscapes such as tower karst formations and stone forests, this region manifests multidimensional values across eight key aspects. Historically, it preserves traces of human activity dating back to the Paleolithic era and sustains traditional agricultural practices and settlement patterns of ethnic minorities like the Yi and Maonan peoples, which reflects millennia of adaptive wisdom in karst environments (State Administration of Cultural Heritage, China, 2018). Spiritually and religiously, the karst terrain is imbued with sacred significance. The Yi people revere stone forests as ancestral sanctuaries, while the Maonan integrate Buddhist rituals with nature worship, which embodies animist traditions (World Heritage Committee, 2021). Educationally, its geological profiles, hydrological networks, and ecological succession processes serve as a “natural laboratory” for global karst research, which underpins interdisciplinary scientific inquiry (Xiao et al., 2015). Aesthetically, its dramatic landscapes have inspired classical Chinese landscape art and contemporary ecological aesthetics (IUCN, 2007).
Culturally, the karst system safeguards intangible heritage such as Maonan bamboo weaving and Yi embroidery and adaptive technologies like terraced farming (National Forestry and Grassland Administration, China, 2022). In terms of place - based identity, the pinnacle karst formations are deeply interwoven with minority cosmologies. For instance, the Miao people regard conical karst formations as totems of ancestral origins (Plieninger et al., 2015). Ecotourism fosters sustainable development, attracting over 10 million annual visitors through cave exploration and cultural village experiences, which balances conservation with community livelihoods (Xiong et al., 2023). Socially, shared irrigation systems, rotational farming, and ethnic festivals like the Yi Torch Festival reinforce intergenerational ecological knowledge and community cohesion (Hu et al., 2020).
This integrated value system necessitates a dynamic conservation strategy. While tourism capacity and invasive species are rigorously managed (as emphasized in the 2025 review’s monitoring protocols), the conservation strategy must harmonize traditional ecological knowledge with modern governance. By digitizing oral traditions and establishing community co - management frameworks, the site can achieve sustainable reciprocity between cultural continuity and geological evolution, offering a globally relevant “living conservation” model rooted in Chinese practice.
The South China Karst World Natural Heritage Site exemplifies the synergistic coexistence between nature and human culture through its unique ecosystem cultural service values. Centered on spectacular geological landscapes such as tower karst formations and stone forests, this region manifests multidimensional values across eight key aspects. Historically, it preserves traces of human activity dating back to the Paleolithic era and sustains traditional agricultural practices and settlement patterns of ethnic minorities like the Yi and Maonan peoples, which reflects millennia of adaptive wisdom in karst environments (State Administration of Cultural Heritage, China, 2018). Spiritually and religiously, the karst terrain is imbued with sacred significance. The Yi people revere stone forests as ancestral sanctuaries, while the Maonan integrate Buddhist rituals with nature worship, which embodies animist traditions (World Heritage Committee, 2021). Educationally, its geological profiles, hydrological networks, and ecological succession processes serve as a “natural laboratory” for global karst research, which underpins interdisciplinary scientific inquiry (Xiao et al., 2015). Aesthetically, its dramatic landscapes have inspired classical Chinese landscape art and contemporary ecological aesthetics (IUCN, 2007).
Culturally, the karst system safeguards intangible heritage such as Maonan bamboo weaving and Yi embroidery and adaptive technologies like terraced farming (National Forestry and Grassland Administration, China, 2022). In terms of place - based identity, the pinnacle karst formations are deeply interwoven with minority cosmologies. For instance, the Miao people regard conical karst formations as totems of ancestral origins (Plieninger et al., 2015). Ecotourism fosters sustainable development, attracting over 10 million annual visitors through cave exploration and cultural village experiences, which balances conservation with community livelihoods (Xiong et al., 2023). Socially, shared irrigation systems, rotational farming, and ethnic festivals like the Yi Torch Festival reinforce intergenerational ecological knowledge and community cohesion (Hu et al., 2020).
This integrated value system necessitates a dynamic conservation strategy. While tourism capacity and invasive species are rigorously managed (as emphasized in the 2025 review’s monitoring protocols), the conservation strategy must harmonize traditional ecological knowledge with modern governance. By digitizing oral traditions and establishing community co - management frameworks, the site can achieve sustainable reciprocity between cultural continuity and geological evolution, offering a globally relevant “living conservation” model rooted in Chinese practice.
The State Party has taken commendable steps to maintain the cultural identity and preserve the ethnic traditions of the people relocated to the new Wukeshu Village for the original village inside the property (Shilin Karst area).
Soil stabilisation,
Flood prevention,
Water provision (importance for water quantity and quality)
The property provides very substantial environmental services such as protection of natural vegetation cover, prevention of soil erosion, mitigation of impacts of landslides and flooding, and maintenance of water quality.
There are important ecological regulatory services such as water conservation, soil conservation, carbon sequestration and oxygen release, air purification, climate regulation, natural disaster regulation, water purification, and waste management, pollination, and pest and disease control in the ecosystem of the Karst World Heritage Site. Factors affecting the supply of ecosystem regulation services in heritage sites include rainfall, topography, soil, vegetation, environmental pollution and other human factors (Chen et al., 2024). Climate change and vegetation destruction will reduce the soil conservation and vegetation carbon sequestration capacity of heritage sites, resulting in the decline of land fertility and the degradation of ecosystem functions. In addition, water pollution will reduce the water conservation capacity of heritage sites, thus affecting the water resources security of heritage sites (Zhang et al., 2023). Habitat destruction and environmental pollution lead to the reduction of biodiversity, which affects the stability of the ecosystem and the ecological regulation function of the heritage site (Fang et al., 2021).
There are important ecological regulatory services such as water conservation, soil conservation, carbon sequestration and oxygen release, air purification, climate regulation, natural disaster regulation, water purification, and waste management, pollination, and pest and disease control in the ecosystem of the Karst World Heritage Site. Factors affecting the supply of ecosystem regulation services in heritage sites include rainfall, topography, soil, vegetation, environmental pollution and other human factors (Chen et al., 2024). Climate change and vegetation destruction will reduce the soil conservation and vegetation carbon sequestration capacity of heritage sites, resulting in the decline of land fertility and the degradation of ecosystem functions. In addition, water pollution will reduce the water conservation capacity of heritage sites, thus affecting the water resources security of heritage sites (Zhang et al., 2023). Habitat destruction and environmental pollution lead to the reduction of biodiversity, which affects the stability of the ecosystem and the ecological regulation function of the heritage site (Fang et al., 2021).
The property contributes significantly through research to an improved scientific understanding of karst landscapes. Local residents including minority groups are able to pursue traditional agricultural activities, and receive benefits from cash income as employees within the property or through the sale of local produce and handicrafts to visitors. Protection and management programs contribute to a wide range of environmental services and to the promotion of cultural values and the property plays a major role in the economy of broader community of southern China. Studies have shown that there are important ecosystem service values in the karst World Heritage sites of South China Karst, including habitat quality, carbon storage, soil conservation and water conservation values, which are of great significance for maintaining ecological security and improving human well-being at the sites (Chen et al., 2024).
| № | Organization | Brief description of Active Projects | Website |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Various | Guizhou Provincial Key Technology R&D Program: A study on the conservation model with technology and sustainable development demonstration of the World Natural Heritages in Guizhou (No. 220 2023 QKHZC) |
References
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