Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch
Country
Switzerland
Inscribed in
2001
Criteria
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
The conservation outlook for this site has been assessed as "good with some concerns" in the latest assessment cycle. Explore the Conservation Outlook Assessment for the site below. You have the option to access the summary, or the detailed assessment.
The extension of the natural World Heritage property of Jungfrau - Aletsch - Bietschhorn (first inscribed in 2001), expands the site to the east and west, bringing its surface area up to 82,400 ha., up from 53,900. The site provides an outstanding example of the formation of the High Alps, including the most glaciated part of the mountain range and the largest glacier in Eurasia. It features a wide diversity of ecosystems, including successional stages due particularly to the retreat of glaciers resulting from climate change. The site is of outstanding universal value both for its beauty and for the wealth of information it contains about the formation of mountains and glaciers, as well as ongoing climate change. It is also invaluable in terms of the ecological and biological processes it illustrates, notably through plan succession. Its impressive landscape has played an important role in European art, literature, mountaineering and alpine tourism. © UNESCO
Summary
2025 Conservation Outlook
Finalised on
11 أكتوبر 2025
Good with some concerns
Current state and trend of VALUES
Low Concern
Overall THREATS
Overall PROTECTION and MANAGEMENT
Full assessment
Description of values
Superlative scenic features
Criterion
(vii)
The impressive north wall of the High Alps, centred on the Eiger, Mönch and Jungfrau peaks, is a superlative scenic feature, complemented on the southern side of the Alpine divide by spectacular peaks and a valley system which supports the two longest glaciers in western Eurasia. The area is globally recognised as one of the most spectacular mountain regions with its impressive mountain landscape reflected by its important role in European art, literature, mountaineering and alpine tourism (OFEFP, 2000; IUCN, 2001).
Geological processes
Criterion
(viii)
The property is an outstanding example of the formation of the High Alps resulting from uplift and compression of 400 million-year-old crystalline rocks thrust over younger carbonate rocks which began 20-40 million years ago. Also, it is a historical study site for glaciation theory developed during the 19th century (OFEFP, 2000; IUCN, 2001).
Abundance and diversity of geomorphological features
Criterion
(viii)
The Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch present a great abundance and diversity of geomorphic and glaciological features such as U-shaped glacial valleys, cirques, horn peaks, valley glaciers and moraines (OFEFP, 2000; IUCN, 2001).
The largest and the longest glacier in Europe
Criterion
(viii)
Aletsch glacier, the largest (78.4 km2 in 2010 according to Fischer et al., 2014) and longest (22km) in Europe, is of significant scientific interest in the context of glacial history and ongoing processes, particularly related to climate change. The same is true of the Fiesch glacier, the third largest and second longest in Europe (OFEFP, 2000).
Habitat variety
Criterion
(ix)
Within its altitudinal range and its dry southern/wet northern exposures, the property provides a wide range of alpine and sub-alpine habitats (OFEFP, 2000; IUCN, 2001).
Variety of undisturbed ecosystems
Criterion
(ix)
On the two main substrates of crystalline and carbonate rocks, a variety of ecosystems have evolved in the absence of significant human intervention (OFEFP, 2000; IUCN, 2001).
Ecological processes (plant succession and colonization)
Criterion
(ix)
The property presents superb examples of plant succession including the distinctive upper and lower tree-line of the Aletsch forest, as well as examples of plant colonization on emerging new substrates due to varying rates of glacial retreat, processes driven by climate change (OFEFP, 2000; IUCN, 2001).
Characteristic Alpine fauna
The fauna of the site is predominantly of species adapted to subalpine and alpine conditions, with good inventories and monitoring. In 2005, 42 mammals were recorded including ibex, lynx, and red deer (all reintroduced) as well as chamois and marmot and 99 bird species including rock partridge, white-winged snow finch and citril finch (for which Switzerland has a special responsibility) as well as ptarmigan, black grouse, golden eagle, chough, wallcreeper and bearded vulture (the latter also being reintroduced). In addition 8 reptiles, 4 amphibians, 7 fish, 97 molluscs and 979 insects have been recorded, including the unique glacier flea Isotoma saltans, a species of springtail whose optimum temperature is barely above freezing (OFEFP, 2000, 2007).
Characteristic Alpine vegetation
The rich diversity of vegetation and its distribution is strongly influenced by altitude, aspect, climate and geology. A mixture of calcicole and calcifuge species occur within the property, with more than 1,800 species of vascular plants and 700 mosses recorded. While diversity decreases with altitude, more than 529 species of flowering plants and ferns have been recorded above the tree line (OFEFP, 2000, 2007).
Assessment information
The main current threat is climate change leading to the continued retreat of the glaciers in the site, with some concerns regarding impacts of tourism. While measures are being implemented to manage tourism, little can be done by the government of Switzerland alone to address the retreat of the glaciers which will ultimately significantly impact the values of the site.
Recreational Activities
(Disturbance to wildlife and scenic beauty)
Inside site
, Scattered(5-15%)
Outside site
There have been issues with a high number of aircrafts flying over the site, particularly with heli-skiing within and outside the property (JABWHA, 2005; OFEFP, 2007; Wallner et al., 2008). Increasing tourism also increases the potential disturbance to wildlife. As the high mountains become increasingly accessible to people (heli-skiing, suspension bridges, cable cars, etc.), the sensitive natural environment is under increasing pressure from tourism (Gasser & Wiesmann, 2011). The upper part of the site is highly frequented by tourists and mountaineers, where there is a well-developed network of footpaths on the margins of the site, however most of the property remains inaccessible to walkers. The site is popular with experienced mountaineers which can use a series of 37 shelters and five mountain refuges, noting that many of the huts can only be visited in small groups which limits visitation and potential impact (IUCN Consultation, 2020b). Management measures are being undertaken to effectively address tourism pressures, for example in relation to heli-skiing and mountaineer access. Heli-skiing has decreased by 25% due to abandonment of the most popular landing space in eastern Bernese Oberland (Rosenegg, between Grindelwald and Meiringen) (IUCN Consultation, 2024).
Surveys and observations carried out between 2020 and 2024 have shown that visitor numbers to refuges and emblematic sites are relatively stable. There was therefore no need to take strict measures to restrict access. Raising visitor awareness and enforcing a ticket system seems to be sufficient to limit impacts (MZ SAJA, 2024). Since the summer of 2025 an obligatory reservation system for Jungfraujoch and Kandersteg has been implemented which has greatly improved visitor flow. Furthermore, there is now a barrier system at the entry points of Oeschinenbahnen (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
Surveys and observations carried out between 2020 and 2024 have shown that visitor numbers to refuges and emblematic sites are relatively stable. There was therefore no need to take strict measures to restrict access. Raising visitor awareness and enforcing a ticket system seems to be sufficient to limit impacts (MZ SAJA, 2024). Since the summer of 2025 an obligatory reservation system for Jungfraujoch and Kandersteg has been implemented which has greatly improved visitor flow. Furthermore, there is now a barrier system at the entry points of Oeschinenbahnen (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
Changes in Temperature Regimes
(Climate change)
Inside site
, Throughout(>50%)
Outside site
Global climate change and warming are significant threats, resulting in marked glacial retreat and increased slope instability (Grämiger et al., 2018; Bosson et al., 2019). In 2019, the Cryospheric Commission of the Swiss Academy of Sciences considered that Switzerland’s glaciers have shrunk by 10 percent over the past five years (SCNAT, 2019). Swiss glacial volume melted about 10% in the years 2022 and 2023 (GLAMOS, 2023). Future climate model predictions for 2100 ranged from a loss of 60% of today’s ice volume to an almost complete loss of ice, depending on global carbon dioxide emission scenarios (Jouvet and Huss, 2019). This is a high threat, but it also increases new space for biodiversity, colonization, succession and faunistic habitat.
Potential threats include the possible expansion of hydropower, although the only project currently under consideration within the site appears to be carefully evaluated and managed. However, increased water use for hydropower or for making artificial snow, needed due to climate change, has the potential to negatively impact the site. The amendment of the Federal Nature Protection Act (01.04.2020) facilitates the realization of renewable energy installations in protected areas, which could pose a potential increased pressure for hydroelectric developments in or near the site in future. Development and renewal of infrastructure linked to tourism in the immediate surrounding of the site, which does not take into account the aesthetic values of the site, is also a potential threat.
Renewable Energy
(Hydropower)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
In 2017, Switzerland voted on a new energy policy aimed at relinquishing nuclear power and increasing alternative power sources such as hydropower and wind (Reuters, 2017). A potential Oberaletsch hydroelectric project has been proposed, which would be located inside the site. In order for this development to proceed, the project proponent would need to apply for a construction permit, thereby cancelling the existing OCFH (I’Ordonnance sur compensation des pertes subies dans I’utilisation de la force hydraulique) if accepted. The cancellation of this OCFH contract would cause a void in the protection of a large part of the World Heritage site. The Communes have engaged themselves to fill this void through the communal regulation (IUCN Consultation, 2017). Ultimately, the project would need to be subject to a detailed Environmental Impact Assessment in the context of the World Heritage values, prior to any decision being made to proceed, and to date no decision on the project has been taken (IUCN Consultation, 2020b). This project is one of eight winter hydropower projects included in 2023 in the Cantonal Master Plan for the Canton of Valais (Canton du Valais, 2024).
The 2020 amendment of the Federal Nature Protection Act (01.04.2020) facilitates the realization of renewable energy installations in protected areas (IUCN Consultation, 2020a). This amendment could theoretically increase the pressure for hydroelectric developments in or near the site, which could pose a threat to the site in future.
The 2020 amendment of the Federal Nature Protection Act (01.04.2020) facilitates the realization of renewable energy installations in protected areas (IUCN Consultation, 2020a). This amendment could theoretically increase the pressure for hydroelectric developments in or near the site, which could pose a threat to the site in future.
Roads, Trails & Railroads
(Habitat destruction and perturbations)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
Aletsch Bahnen AG is launching a new construction project for the Eggishorn. From spring 2025, the cable car linking Fiescheralp to the Eggishorn will be replaced by a new installation, and the top station will be radically transformed to house a new restaurant and an interactive area dedicated to the glacier. According to the documents available, the new facilities will be right on the edge of the property (just a few metres away). These new buildings will change the appearance of the area very close to the property, will be clearly visible from the site and may lead to an increase in tourist numbers in sensitive habitats of the property (Aletscharena, 2024).
Involvement of stakeholders and rightsholders, including indigenous peoples and local communities, in decision-making processes
The management plans are developed in an extensive participatory process with 23 local communes, the Cantons of Bern and Wallis, The Federal Office for the Environment, regional organizations, public and private companies and NGOs (MZ SAJA, 2020). This process results in the development of a highly democratic institutional structure of the foundation “UNESCO-Welterbe Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch" (SAJA).
Legal framework
94.4% of the World Heritage site is protected by the Federal Inventory of Landscapes and Natural Monuments of National Importance (BLN), and 41% of this area has additional protection status, which includes five biotopes of national importance, six federal hunting reserves, four landscapes protected under the Ordinance Concerning Compensation for Losses in Hydropower Generation, plus there are 29 cantonal nature protection areas. Of the 5.6% of the surface not under BLN protection, a further 2% is protected by other measures (JABWHA, 2005). However, these various designations are complex and the site could benefit from a more coordinated approach. Although the existing legal basis is adequate to ensure that the site will not be affected by any activity inconsistent with its World Heritage status (OFEFP, 2007) it should be emphasized that restrictions are not synonymous with absolute protection (sometimes only certain attributes are protected). Furthermore, in sites included in the Federal Landscape Inventory, which constitutes national protection, it is sometimes possible to carry out a weighing of interests, and therefore there is no absolute protection (State Party of Switzerland, 2024).
A potential Oberaletsch hydroelectric project has been proposed, which would be located inside the site. Ultimately, the project would need to be subject to a detailed Environmental Impact Assessment in the context of the World Heritage values, prior to any decision being made to proceed. This project is one of eight winter hydropower projects included in 2023 in the Cantonal Master Plan for the Canton of Valais (Canton du Valais, 2024) and is going into the planning phase.
The 2020 amendment of the Federal Nature Protection Act (01.04.2020) facilitates the realization of renewable energy installations in protected areas (IUCN Consultation, 2020a). This could theoretically increase the pressure for hydroelectric developments in or near the site, which could pose a threat to the site in future.
A potential Oberaletsch hydroelectric project has been proposed, which would be located inside the site. Ultimately, the project would need to be subject to a detailed Environmental Impact Assessment in the context of the World Heritage values, prior to any decision being made to proceed. This project is one of eight winter hydropower projects included in 2023 in the Cantonal Master Plan for the Canton of Valais (Canton du Valais, 2024) and is going into the planning phase.
The 2020 amendment of the Federal Nature Protection Act (01.04.2020) facilitates the realization of renewable energy installations in protected areas (IUCN Consultation, 2020a). This could theoretically increase the pressure for hydroelectric developments in or near the site, which could pose a threat to the site in future.
Governance arrangements
The designation as a UNESCO World Heritage Site not only promotes the preservation of the World Heritage area in the narrower sense, but also commits to sustainable development in the region, which includes all the local communities. The local communities laid the foundation for this in 2001 with the signing of the Charter of Konkordiaplatz, which calls for the economic, social and ecologically sustainable development of the World Heritage region. The area is to be preserved in all its diversity for current and future generations. In March 2005, the Charter was also signed by the Perimeter Extension Municipalities: Konkordiaplatz Charter with Extension Municipalities. A management centre with 15 representatives has been commissioned by the UNESCO World Heritage Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch Foundation to implement the management strategy, to preserve the World Heritage for future generations and at the same time to promote sustainable economic development in the World Heritage region. There is also a Board of Trustees and a Patronage Committee. The members of this network are to help convey the values and goals of the Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch UNESCO World Heritage site as World Heritage Ambassadors with national and international appeal. The management strategy and plan also serve as an instrument for resolving conflicts and interests and for promoting creative and innovative projects and initiatives in the World Heritage area and in the region.
Integration into local, regional and national planning systems (including sea/landscape connectivity)
There is an ongoing commitment to ensure effective coordination of management responsibility between federal, cantonal and communal levels of government (MZ SAJA, 2020).
Boundaries
IUCN (2001) noted that “while encompassing the main features of this portion of the high Alps, several adjoining areas of high associated natural values were not included”. This was addressed in the 2007 extension of the World Heritage property which “significantly increased the values for which the property has been inscribed”, although it was noted that there was still potential for extensions which could further enhance the values and integrity of the site (IUCN, 2007). Taking into account the threats on the Outstanding Universal Value of the site originating from the surroundings of the site, it would be useful to evaluate the necessity of a buffer zone (IUCN Consultation, 2017). A review of the potential expansion is taking place under the framework of the programme agreement between the Confederation and the Cantons in the period 2020-2024. This also includes the consideration of potential buffer zone establishment through a broad environmental assessment process which assesses potential impacts on the OUV of the property (IUCN Consultation, 2020b). Curerntly the boundaries are mostly effective but could be improved (State Party of Switzerland, 2024).
Overlapping international designations
N/A
Implementation of World Heritage Committee decisions and recommendations
There have been no recommendations made for this World Heritage site apart from one in 2007 to consider changing the name of the site to better reflect its extended area (World Heritage Committee, 2007), which was immediately implemented (World Heritage Committee, 2008).
Climate action
Recognising that climate change is having a significant impact on the World Heritage site and its key attributes, the management plan aims to protect and restore ecosystems, manage tourism flows, support innovative projects, ensure sustainable land use practices and integrate climate change into educational programmes and awareness raising activities. One of the main concerns of the Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch UNESCO World Heritage Foundation (SAJA) is to contribute to the preservation and enhancement of the outstanding universal values of the World Heritage area and the surrounding region. This also includes the great diversity of alpine and subalpine habitats with their diverse animal and plant species.
In close cooperation with regional experts, species and habitats are defined for which the UNESCO World Heritage SAJA wants to be particularly committed.
In close cooperation with regional experts, species and habitats are defined for which the UNESCO World Heritage SAJA wants to be particularly committed.
Management plan and overall management system
The World Heritage site is well managed, with a management strategy and regularly updated plan in place, which have been developed through an exemplary participatory process (JABWHA, 2005; Wiesmann et al., 2005). The Management plan 2021-2030 was finalized in March 2020 (MZ SAJA, 2020) and the 2025-2028 Programme has been developed demonstrating forward looking management and planning. All management documents are developed with a large participatory process.
Law enforcement
Enforcement and examination of laws and existing planning regulations are undertaken by the MZ SAJA (Managementzentrum Stiftung UNESCO-Welterbe Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch), in association with the state, the cantons, the communes, and the regional planning departments (MZ SAJA, 2020).
Sustainable finance
The site receives federal, cantonal and local/municipal funding as well as sponsorship and partner funding. Budget figures for the 2020-2024 Programme amounted to CHF 11'417'500. For the period of 2025-2028 (4 years), the budget will be at about CHF 7’520’000 (IUCN Consultation, 2024). There is a stable outlook in the medium term (State Party of Switzerland, 2024).
Staff capacity, training and development
Employees responsible for the protection of nature and landscape in cantonal offices have academic and vocational training and university degrees, usually in biology or geography (OFEFP, 2005). The site currently benefits from a highly qualified team of fifteen staff members in the management centre with tertiary qualifications including geography, biology, engineering, hospitality management, economics, linguistics, mountain guide and environmental sciences (IUCN Consultation, 2020b, 2024).
Education and interpretation programmes
Numerous educational and interpretations programs exist and are regularly improved and developed together with various stakeholders, for example, through the Pro Natura Centre Aletsch and the World Nature Forum.
Tourism and visitation management
The site has been historically and is currently a major tourist attraction in Switzerland, especially in summer but also in winter. The Jungfrau can be reached by the highest train in Europe, bringing tourists to the Jungfraujoch (3,454m) where there are two restaurants and visitors can admire the mountains and Aletsch glacier. There is a well-developed network of footpaths on the margins of the site, but most of the property is inaccessible to walkers. The site is popular with experienced mountaineers which can use a series of 37 shelters and five mountain refuges with a total of 1,582 beds. Tourists are managed at the Jungfraujoch and there are the World Nature Forum in Naters (a visitor center) managed by SAJA and nature centre at Riederalp run by Pro Natura - both organize exhibitions, walks, and training on environmental issues. A survey of the number of visitors within a wide perimeter of 824 km2 is challenging, because there are no entry fees and access controls. However in 2023 visitor monitoring has commenced and will be further developed in the future (MZ SAJA, 2024).
A visitor monitoring and management concept will be implemented in the new 2025-2028 program agreement (State Party of Switzerland, 2024). Since the summer of 2025 an obligatory reservation system for Jungfraujoch and Kandersteg has been implemented which has greatly improved visitor flow. Furthermore, there is now a barrier system at the entry points of Oeschinenbahnen (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
There are also seven helicopter landing pads and 3-4,000 overflights a year (JABWHA, 2005). The helicopter sites within the World Heritage area receive less visitation than others in the region, such as in the western Bernese Oberland or southern Wallis, due to the local tourist structure and related purchasing power in these areas (Gstaad, Verbier, Zermatt). Heli-skiing decreased by 25% due to the abandonment of the most popular landing space in eastern Bernese Oberland (Rosenegg, between Grindelwald and Meiringen), which has reduced disturbance to wildlife. Furthermore, access to the site is relatively expensive - a trip to Jungfraujoch costs CHF 240 - which further limits visitation pressure. In cooperation with the tourist network of Swiss UNESCO World Heritage Sites and UNESCO Biospheres (World Heritage Experience Switzerland, "WHES"), the Swiss World Heritage sites are networked and promoted as attractive excursion destinations (MZ SAJA, 2020).
A visitor monitoring and management concept will be implemented in the new 2025-2028 program agreement (State Party of Switzerland, 2024). Since the summer of 2025 an obligatory reservation system for Jungfraujoch and Kandersteg has been implemented which has greatly improved visitor flow. Furthermore, there is now a barrier system at the entry points of Oeschinenbahnen (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
There are also seven helicopter landing pads and 3-4,000 overflights a year (JABWHA, 2005). The helicopter sites within the World Heritage area receive less visitation than others in the region, such as in the western Bernese Oberland or southern Wallis, due to the local tourist structure and related purchasing power in these areas (Gstaad, Verbier, Zermatt). Heli-skiing decreased by 25% due to the abandonment of the most popular landing space in eastern Bernese Oberland (Rosenegg, between Grindelwald and Meiringen), which has reduced disturbance to wildlife. Furthermore, access to the site is relatively expensive - a trip to Jungfraujoch costs CHF 240 - which further limits visitation pressure. In cooperation with the tourist network of Swiss UNESCO World Heritage Sites and UNESCO Biospheres (World Heritage Experience Switzerland, "WHES"), the Swiss World Heritage sites are networked and promoted as attractive excursion destinations (MZ SAJA, 2020).
Sustainable use
Sustainable development is firmly embedded in the Management Plan with key objectives that provide the content and elementary building blocks for the design and implementation of sustainable development measures. Since increasing tourism activities and accessibility also increases disturbance to wildlife and pressure on the sensitive ecosystem (Gasser & Wiesmann, 2011), these factors need to be considered in sustainable development plans. In 2021, SAJA completed a monitoring report that addressed key issues such as visitor management, with plans to ensure that the Aletsch Forest, the Eiger Glacier and other places such as the Grimsel or Lake Oeschinen have the sustainable use of the natural landscape as their primary objective. The implementation of the monitoring report will follow during the management programme 2025-2028. A visitor management study on the impact of the new Eiger Express on Eiger Glacier was finished in 2024 in cooperation with the University of Berne. The final publication was sent to the federal office of environment. The monitoring of the other locations Grimsel, Aletschwald, Lake Oeschinen and Lötschental are in status nascendi (IUCN Consultation, 2024)
Monitoring
The monitoring of the World Heritage site is based on an extensive system of indicators. This is based on the OUV and the criteria for inclusion in the World Heritage site as well as the objective of sustainable development in the World Heritage region (MZ SAJA, 2020).
Research
Research has a long tradition in the World Heritage site. Many research institutions have been active in the area for centuries and have contributed a lot to the understanding of the Alps, the development and the processes taking place. It is supported by a wide variety of educational and research institutions, from Switzerland and from other countries, and is characterized by specific objectives in relation to the World Heritage site. Research areas that are particularly strong include geology, glaciology, geomorphology, botany, zoology and ecosystem services. The consideration of the needs of the World Heritage region is of particular importance in the research strategy.
Since mid 2016 research with the University of Bern was boosted by a cooperation with the UNESCO Chair on Natural and Cultural Heritage for Sustainable Mountain Development. With the UNITWIN chairs programme, UNESCO is committed to more than 700 chairs worldwide that cover core UNESCO topics. One of them is "Natural and cultural heritage for sustainable mountain development". The UNESCO Chair is operated by the Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch UNESCO World Heritage Management Centre together with the Institute of Geography and the Interdisciplinary Centre for Sustainable Development and Environment (CDE) at the University of Bern and the Research Centre for Spatial Development (CETRAD) in Nanyuki, Kenya.
Since mid 2016 research with the University of Bern was boosted by a cooperation with the UNESCO Chair on Natural and Cultural Heritage for Sustainable Mountain Development. With the UNITWIN chairs programme, UNESCO is committed to more than 700 chairs worldwide that cover core UNESCO topics. One of them is "Natural and cultural heritage for sustainable mountain development". The UNESCO Chair is operated by the Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch UNESCO World Heritage Management Centre together with the Institute of Geography and the Interdisciplinary Centre for Sustainable Development and Environment (CDE) at the University of Bern and the Research Centre for Spatial Development (CETRAD) in Nanyuki, Kenya.
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats outside the site
The Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch (SAJA) UNESCO World Heritage Foundation, through its participatory structure with all of the neighbouring communes, is well placed to address threats from outside the site and finding solutions to balance various interests. This is becoming more important with the planning of hydropower projects in the region.
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats inside the site
The World Heritage site has an effective and current management plan and activities are implemented through 4-year Action Plans and Programmes that are regularly updated and adjusted according to the most pertinent issues to maintain the site's OUV. The 2025-2028 programme has a more intense focus on the OUV of the site than in the past (IUCN Consultation, 2024).
The protection and management of the site, given its very high visitation, is highly effective and based on a complex system with local, regional and national stakeholders being involved. Management decisions are carefully and thoroughly planned and implemented democratically.
Good practice examples
The participatory management system bringing together the communes, the cantons, the State and many stakeholders is well structured and democratic.
Superlative scenic features
Low Concern
Trend
Deteriorating
Global climate change and warming are significant threats, resulting in marked glacial retreat and increased slope instability (Grämiger et al., 2018; Bosson et al., 2019). In 2019, the Cryospheric Commission of the Swiss Academy of Sciences considered that Switzerland’s glaciers have shrunk by 10% over the past five years (SCNAT, 2019). The glaciers in the site continue to retreat (Fischer et al., 2015): in 2008, studies undertaken and oscillations observed between 1850 and 1973 indicated that only three quarters of the 1973 glacier area remained (Wallner et al., 2008). Although 2019 climate model predictions for 2100 predict a loss of the glacier ranging from 60% of today’s ice volume to an almost complete loss of ice by 2100, depending on global carbon dioxide emission scenarios (Jouvet and Huss, 2019), the high snow-capped Alps and glaciers continue to maintain their superlative scenic features at this point in time. On the one hand, with the retreat of the glaciers, a distinctive element that contributes significantly to the extraordinary beauty and fascination of the landscape will disappear in the long term On the other hand, the retreat of the glaciers is a vivid example of geomorphological processes in the development of landscapes. Newly emerging, ice-free areas allow the development of new valuable habitats for plant and animal communities (succession). How these developments are perceived and evaluated by society cannot yet be estimated (MZ SAJA, 2022)
Geological processes
Good
Trend
Stable
The site’s geological processes are unlikely to be altered, or if they are, it will be on a geological time scale. At shorter time scale, climate changes induce the intensification of landscape modification, especially due to slope instability related to the changing cryosphere (Grämiger et al., 2018).
Abundance and diversity of geomorphological features
Low Concern
Trend
Deteriorating
The site’s geomorphological features are well preserved. However, recent glacial landforms, as well as periglacial and nival landforms can been degraded or even disappear in the warming context. At the same time, para(peri)glacial landforms (e.g. proglacial lakes, fans, rockfall scarp and deposits) due to glacier retreat and/or permafrost degradation will develop (IUCN Consultation, 2017). On the one hand, with the retreat of the glaciers, a distinctive element that contributes significantly to the diversity of geomorphological features will disappear in the long term. On the other hand, the retreat of the glaciers is a vivid example of geomorphological processes in the development of landscapes. Newly emerging, ice-free areas allow the development of new valuable habitats for plant and animal communities (succession). How these developments are perceived and evaluated by society cannot yet be estimated (MZ SAJA, 2022)
The largest and the longest glacier in Europe
Low Concern
Trend
Deteriorating
Climate change is affecting the length and size of the glaciers (SwissInfo, 2019), although this is occurring in just about all the glaciers in Europe so the glaciers in the World Heritage site are likely to continue to be the largest and the longest in Europe. Swiss glacial volume melted about 10% in the years 2022 and 2023 and is likely to disappear entirely by 2100 (GLAMOS, 2023). This may however increase new space for biodiversity, colonization, succession and faunistic habitat.
Habitat variety
Low Concern
Trend
Deteriorating
The variety of habitats within the World Heritage site has not notably changed since inscription, however rising forest upper limits and changes in agricultural practices are altering some high altitude habitats (Ebneter et al., 2018). Continuous upgrading work by SAJA has strengthened biodiversity. For example, endangered species have been specifically promoted including the Provençal Fritillary butterfly (Leinkraut-Scheckenfalter (Mellicta deione berisalii)), Southern Alpine Tulip (Südalpine Tulpe (Tulipa australis – Fam. Liliaceae)), sycamore trumpet moss (Bergahorn Trompetenmoos (Acer pseudoplatanus)) and the Swiss Ephedra (Schweizer Meerträubchen (Ephedra helvetica)). Ongoing management measures include the targeted renovation of dry stone walls, dry meadows and pastures, the control of forest ingrowth and promotion of amphibian migration. Details of these measures will be reported in the new 2020 monitoring report (IUCN Consultation, 2020b). The site has an above-average number of species compared to Switzerland as a whole and the Swiss Alps. Measures to promote particularly important species and their habitats are currently being developed. Despite ongoing structural change and settlement growth, the number of species appears to be increasing. This could be due to rising temperatures, which allow thermophilic species to settle. However, widespread species in particular are increasing, while endangered species are disappearing (MZ SAJA, 2013).
Climate change is a threat to sensitive, cold-adapted species with habitats at high altitudes, as competitors migrate in from below and there is no room for them to move up. One of the strategic objective of the Management Plan 2030 (SAJA, 2020) is to protect and promote species and natural habitats in the site. The management centre performs a complementary function to the cantonal offices in the promotion of species and habitats. The services and measures are thus implemented in close cooperation with the stakeholders concerned and in line with cantonal, national and international strategies. Raising awareness of natural values is a central element of this. There are two new valorization measures since 2020 and still ongoing: One is the project of the inventory and the quality control of over 50 water sources (Quellen) and their valorisation (Aufwertung) from 2025-2027. The other measures help to protect the endemic species of the butterfly Erebia sudetica inalpina (Sudeten-Mohrenfalter) in an ongoing process (IUCN Consultation, 2024).
Climate change is a threat to sensitive, cold-adapted species with habitats at high altitudes, as competitors migrate in from below and there is no room for them to move up. One of the strategic objective of the Management Plan 2030 (SAJA, 2020) is to protect and promote species and natural habitats in the site. The management centre performs a complementary function to the cantonal offices in the promotion of species and habitats. The services and measures are thus implemented in close cooperation with the stakeholders concerned and in line with cantonal, national and international strategies. Raising awareness of natural values is a central element of this. There are two new valorization measures since 2020 and still ongoing: One is the project of the inventory and the quality control of over 50 water sources (Quellen) and their valorisation (Aufwertung) from 2025-2027. The other measures help to protect the endemic species of the butterfly Erebia sudetica inalpina (Sudeten-Mohrenfalter) in an ongoing process (IUCN Consultation, 2024).
Variety of undisturbed ecosystems
Low Concern
Trend
Stable
The site includes vast, barely fragmented, undisturbed habitats. The total area comprising unproductive vegetation and no vegetation (ice, rock) inside the perimeter is greater than 88.4% (JABWHA, 2005). Increasing pressure from tourism, especially heli-skiing, could contribute to the disturbance of some alpine ecosystems and the species that live there, but this pressure currently remains stable (MZ SAJA, 2024).
Ecological processes (plant succession and colonization)
Low Concern
Trend
Stable
Ecological succession and habitats are changing as a result of climate change and shifts in agriculture in the Alps (Gehrig-Fasel et al., 2007) and studies are continuing to document changes in vegetation due to climate change and other factors. Therefore, it is likely that some habitats have changed since inscription of the site. The Managementplan 20230 includes various measures to help conserve threatened habitats and species (MZ SAJA, 2020)
Assessment of the current state and trend of World Heritage values
Stable
Although it is clear that global warming is affecting the glaciers in the site and will significantly impact the values in the long term, in general the values for which the site was inscribed on the World Heritage List remain stable and the site continues to be exceptional in terms of landscape, geological values and ecological processes.
Assessment of the current state and trend of other important biodiversity values
Low Concern
Stable
Although the status of the alpine flora and fauna in the site is closely monitored, this data is complex and was not fully available for this evaluation. However, there have been no significant reports of biodiversity loss in the site with reports of specific improvements, thus the situation appears to be stable and is closely monitored by the management body.
Additional information
Outdoor recreation and tourism,
Natural beauty and scenery
The World Heritage site is a top tourist destination and tourism is undertaken in close cooperation with local, regional and national tourism organisations which have a joint market programme together with other Swiss World Heritage sites (OFEFP, 2007).
Importance for research,
Contribution to education
Important climate change research (OFEFP, 2001, 2007), the World Nature Forum was built in Naters as a research, education and communication center. The Pro Natura Centre also contributes to environmental education. Historically, glaciations theory was developed here in the 19th century.
History and tradition,
Sacred natural sites or landscapes,
Cultural identity and sense of belonging
The impressive North Wall of the Jungfrau, Mönch and Eiger are celebrated in European mountaineering, literature and art (OFEFP, 2001). At the same time, the adjacent cultural landscape is a result of a vast variety of cultural practices, among others with regard to sustainable use of common resources (e.g. common irrigation, pasture or forest use systems).
History and tradition
Research on the evolution of vegetation reveals that human intervention in the landscape began approximately 3,400 years ago. There is archeological evidence that the area was once inhabited by Celts, Romans and Alemans. There are remains of an elaborate canal irrigation system dating from the Middle Ages or possibly from Roman times, the canals obtaining their water from glacial rivers (OFEFP, 2001).
Water provision (importance for water quantity and quality)
Glaciers are an essential source of water, flushing out the rivers with the spring thaw.
The site is providing various benefits going far beyond the long-standing natural values/iconic mountain wilderness values (for which the site was valued already before inscription). Tourism, education and awareness building, cooperation with regional and national business/enterprises and between tourism and traditional agriculture have been enhanced through the World Heritage project. In addition, the site provides inestimable ecosystem services through the capture and provision of clean water.
| № | Organization | Brief description of Active Projects | Website |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Several institutions | A full list on ongoing research projects can be found here: http://4dweb.proclim.ch/4DCGI/parkforschungArchive/de/DetailLink_Program?wh-jungfrau-aletsch*Projects |
http://4dweb.proclim.ch/4DCGI/parkforschungArchive/de/DetailLink_Program?wh-jungfrau-aletsch*Projects
|
References
| № | References |
|---|---|
| 1 |
IUCN Consultation (2017). IUCN World Heritage Confidential Consultation form: Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch, Switzerland.
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| 2 |
Aletscharena (2024). Projet Eggishorn. (online). https://www.aletscharena.ch/fr/aletsch-bahnen-ag/projet-egg…
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| 3 |
Bosson, J.B., Huss, M., Osipova, E. (2019). Disappearing World Heritage glaciers as a keystone of nature conservation in a changing climate. Earth's Future, 7(4), pp.469-479.
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| 4 |
Canton du Valais (2024). Développement de la production hydroélectrique hivernale - Communiqué de presse du 10.01.2024 (online). Available at https://www.vs.ch/fr/web/communication/detail?groupId=52940…
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| 5 |
Ebneter, L. I., Hugi, J., & Kräuchi, A. (2018). Fokus: Verbuschung von Kulturland im UNESCO-Welterbe Jungfrau-Aletsch.
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| 6 |
Fischer, M., Huss, M. and Hoezle, M. (2015). Surface elevation and mass changes of all Swiss glaciers 1980-I2010. The Cryosphere, 9: 525-540
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| 7 |
Fischer, M., Huss, M., Barboux, C. and Hoezle, M. (2014). The New Swiss Glacier Inventory SGI2010: Relevance of Using High-Resolution Source Data in Areas Dominated by Very Small Glaciers. Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research, 46 (4): 933-945
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| 8 |
GLAMOS (2023). 10% of Swiss Glacier Ice Lost within the Past Two Years. GLAMOS Glacier Monitoring Center, 28 September 2023. Available at: https://iccinet.org/10-of-swiss-glacier-ice-lost-within-the….
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| 9 |
Gasser, J. & Wiesmann, U. (2011). The state of this World Heritage region as a starting point for regional monitoring. Eco.mont 3 (2): 31-41.
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| 10 |
Gehrig-Fasel, J., Guisan, A. & Zimmermann, N.E. (2007). Tree line shifts in the Swiss Alps: Climate change or land abandonment? Journal of Vegetation Science 18: 571-582.
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| 11 |
Grämiger, L. M., Moore, J. R., Gischig, V. S., & Loew, S. (2018). Thermomechanical stresses drive damage of Alpine valley rock walls during repeat glacial cycles. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 123(10), pp.2620-2646.
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| 12 |
IUCN (2001). World Heritage Nomination – IUCN Technical Evaluation Jungfrau-Aletsch-Bietschhorn (Switzerland). [online] Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, pp.1-6. Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/document/151588 [Accessed 2017].
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| 13 |
IUCN (2007). World Heritage Nomination – IUCN Technical Evaluation Jungfrau-Aletsch-Bietschhorn (Switzerland). [online] Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, pp.1-6. Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/document/151590 [Accessed 2017].
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| 14 |
IUCN Consultation (2020a). IUCN World Heritage Confidential Consultation form: Respondent 1. Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch, Switzerland.
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| 15 |
IUCN Consultation (2020b). IUCN World Heritage Confidential Consultation form: Respondent 2. Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch, Switzerland.
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| 16 |
JABWHA (2005). Management Plan for the Jungfrau-Aletsch-Bietschorn UNESCO World Heritage Site. Jungfrau-Aletsch-Bietschhorn World Heritage Association, Naters and Interlaken, Switzerland.
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| 17 |
Jouvet, G., Huss, M. (2019). Future retreat of Great Aletsch Glacier. Journal of Glaciology, pp.1–4. [online]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/ jog.2019.52 [Accessed June 2020].
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| 18 |
MZ SAJA (2013). Von Flechten und Faltern – biodiversität in der Welterbe-region. UNESCO-Welterbe Schweizer Alpen Jungfrau-Aletsch, Naters (VS), Schweiz
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| 19 |
MZ SAJA (2020). Managementplan 2030. Trägerschaft UNESCO-Welterbe Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch, Naters.
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| 20 |
MZ SAJA (2022). Die Gletscher der Welterbes Jungfrau-Aletsch im Spiegel der Zeit. UNESCO - Welterbe Schweizer Alpen Jungfrau-Aletsch, Naters (VS), Schweiz
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| 21 |
MZ SAJA (2024). Besuchermanagement - ein Zusammenspiel zwischen Naturschutz un Tourismus. UNESCO-Welterbe Schweizer Alpen Jungfrau-Aletsch, Naters (VS), Schweiz
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| 22 |
OFEFP (2000). Proposition d'inscription du bien « Jungfrau - Aletsch - Bietschhorn » sur la Liste du Patrimoine mondial, préparé par l'Office fédéral de l'environnement, des forêts et du paysage. Berne, Switzerland.
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| 23 |
OFEFP (2007). Nomination for the extension of the "Jungfrau-Aletsch-Bietschorn World Heritage Site", prepared by the Swiss Agency for the Environment, Forests and Landscape (Office fédéral de l'environnement, des forêts et du paysage), Berne, Switzerland.
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| 24 |
Reuters (2017). Swiss voters embrace shift to renewable energy. [online]. Available at: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-swiss-energy-idUSKBN18H0HM [Accessed 2017].
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| 25 |
SCNAT (2019). Glacier volume reduced by 10 per cent in only five years. Press release, 15.10.2019. [online] Available at: https://naturalsciences.ch/topics/water/climate_change_and_… May 2020].
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| 26 |
SwissInfo (2019). Plus de glacier d'Aletsch en 2100 si rien n'est fait pour le climat. [online]. Available at: https://www.swissinfo.ch/fre/plus-de-glacier-d-aletsch-en-2… [Accessed June 2020].
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| 27 |
Wallner, A, Rist, S., Liechti, K. & Wiesmann, U. (2008). Protection: A means for sustainable development? The case of the Jungfrau- Aletsch-Bietschhorn World Heritage Site in Switzerland. In: Galvin M, Haller T (eds). People, Protected Areas and Global Change: Participatory Conservation in Latin America, Africa, Asia and Europe. Perspectives of the Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) North-South, University of Bern, Vol. 3. Bern: Geographica Bernensia, pp. 471-504.
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| 28 |
Wiesmann, U., Liechti, K. & Rist, S. (2005). Between Conservation and Development: Concretizing the First World Natural Heritage Site in the Alps Through Participatory Processes. Mountain Research and Development 25(2):128-138.
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