Xinjiang Tianshan
Country
China
Inscribed in
2013
Criteria
(vii)
(ix)
The conservation outlook for this site has been assessed as "good with some concerns" in the latest assessment cycle. Explore the Conservation Outlook Assessment for the site below. You have the option to access the summary, or the detailed assessment.
Xinjiang Tianshan comprises four components—Tomur, Kalajun-Kuerdening, Bayinbukuke and Bogda— that total 606,833 hectares. They are part of the Tianshan mountain system of Central Asia, one of the largest mountain ranges in the world. Xinjiang Tianshan presents unique physical geographic features and scenically beautiful areas including spectacular snow and snowy mountains glacier-capped peaks, undisturbed forests and meadows, clear rivers and lakes and red bed canyons. These landscapes contrast with the vast adjacent desert landscapes, creating a striking visual contrast between hot and cold environments, dry and wet, desolate and luxuriant. The landforms and ecosystems of the site have been preserved since the Pliocene epoch and present an outstanding example of ongoing biological and ecological evolutionary processes. The site also extends into the Taklimakan Desert, one of the world’s largest and highest deserts, known for its large dune forms and great dust storms. Xinjiang Tianshan is moreover an important habitat for endemic and relic flora species, some rare and endangered.
© UNESCO
Summary
2025 Conservation Outlook
Finalised on
11 أكتوبر 2025
Good with some concerns
Current state and trend of VALUES
Good
Overall THREATS
Overall PROTECTION and MANAGEMENT
Full assessment
Description of values
An outstanding scenic area comprising part of the largest mountain chain in the world’s temperate arid region
Criterion
(vii)
The Xinjiang portion of the Tianshan runs east-west for 1,760km and is a mountain range of outstanding natural beauty. The Xinjiang Tianshan is anchored in the west by the highest peak in the Tianshan, Tomur Peak at 7,443 meters, and in the east by Bogda Peak at 5,445 meters. On a global scale, the Tianshan Mountains have relatively abundant mountain glaciers. The Xinjiang portion of the Tianshan samples a significant proportion of this glacial field with 9,081 glaciers (9,236km2), accounting for 57%, 59.9% and about 90% respectively of that of the area, volume and number of glaciers in the entire Tianshan mountain system (IUCN, 2013). The range lies between two Central Asian deserts, Junggar Desert in the north and the Taklamakan Desert located in the lower part of the Tarim River Basin in the south. The beauty of the Xinjiang Tianshan lies not only in its spectacular snow-capped mountains and glacier-capped peaks, beautiful forests and meadows, wetlands, clear rivers and lakes and red bed canyons, but also in the combination and contrast between the mountain elements and the vast deserts (World Heritage Committee, 2013; IUCN, 2013).
Outstanding example of biological evolution in an arid continental climate, with relict, rare, endangered and endemic species
Criterion
(ix)
The property is an outstanding example for the study of biological community succession in mountain ecosystems in an arid zone undergoing global climate change. Xinjiang Tianshan is also an outstanding representative of biological and ecological evolution in the Pamir-Tian Shan Highlands (World Heritage Committee, 2013; IUCN, 2013).
Natural ecosystem developed in a mountain range isolated and surrounded by desert areas as a consequence of the plate tectonic in Himalayas and Central Asia region. The property is representative of the process whereby the original warm and wet flora has gradually been replaced by modern xeric Mediterranean flora. Its rich biodiversity comprises relic species, and numerous rare and endangered species, as well as endemic species: 2,622 spp. vascular plants; 550 spp. vertebrate animals; 94 relict plants from before the Quaternary glaciations; 110 spp. rare and endangered plants; 367 spp. rare and endangered animals; 118 spp. endemic plants; and 22 spp. endemic animals (World Heritage Committee, 2013; IUCN, 2013).
Typical mountain altitudinal natural zones of a temperate arid zone are represented in the property. In Tomur, there is a complete range of altitudinal zones on the south slope of Tianshan, from the ice-snow zone to warm temperate desert zone across an elevation drop from 7,443m to 1,450m. In Bogda, there is a range of altitudinal zones on the north slope of Tianshan, from the ice-snow zone to mountain steppe zone across an elevation drop from 5,445m to 1,380m. The range of vegetation types reflect altitudinal zonation and mark differences between north and south facing areas and slope gradients. Forest vegetation includes: mono-specific coniferous forest (endemic to Tianshan mountain range); evergreen and deciduous fruticose forest with several native species of wild fruit trees, and deciduous broad-leaved forest. The original warm, wet flora has gradually been replaced by xeric Mediterranean-type flora.
Natural ecosystem developed in a mountain range isolated and surrounded by desert areas as a consequence of the plate tectonic in Himalayas and Central Asia region. The property is representative of the process whereby the original warm and wet flora has gradually been replaced by modern xeric Mediterranean flora. Its rich biodiversity comprises relic species, and numerous rare and endangered species, as well as endemic species: 2,622 spp. vascular plants; 550 spp. vertebrate animals; 94 relict plants from before the Quaternary glaciations; 110 spp. rare and endangered plants; 367 spp. rare and endangered animals; 118 spp. endemic plants; and 22 spp. endemic animals (World Heritage Committee, 2013; IUCN, 2013).
Typical mountain altitudinal natural zones of a temperate arid zone are represented in the property. In Tomur, there is a complete range of altitudinal zones on the south slope of Tianshan, from the ice-snow zone to warm temperate desert zone across an elevation drop from 7,443m to 1,450m. In Bogda, there is a range of altitudinal zones on the north slope of Tianshan, from the ice-snow zone to mountain steppe zone across an elevation drop from 5,445m to 1,380m. The range of vegetation types reflect altitudinal zonation and mark differences between north and south facing areas and slope gradients. Forest vegetation includes: mono-specific coniferous forest (endemic to Tianshan mountain range); evergreen and deciduous fruticose forest with several native species of wild fruit trees, and deciduous broad-leaved forest. The original warm, wet flora has gradually been replaced by xeric Mediterranean-type flora.
The carrier of culture and spirit
The Tianshan Mountains have become the carrier of culture and spirit for people of all nationalities in Xinjiang. The native nomads, with their traditional cultures and religious beliefs, all respect nature and seek to protect the mountain forests, grasslands, lakes and water. The long history, traditional cultures, originalty and simplicity of the nomadic life in the site have formed unique cultural landscapes. The original residents in the site and surrounding areas live in harmony with nature. Over time, various local rules and regulations have been formulated that respect nature and protect the environment. Local traditional cultures which promote conservation will be protected as they can have a positive effect in promoting preservation of heritage resources.
Assessment information
Climate change represents the most serious threat to the property. The impact on increasing temperature and variation in precipitation pattern will affect glaciers, hydrological balance, vegetation cover and soil stability. Impacts on the natural grassland ecosystem from limited livestock grazing by nomadic herders is another current threat to the property.
Terrestrial Animal Farming, Ranching & Herding
(Livestock grazing)
Inside site
, Scattered(5-15%)
Outside site
Some of the components of this serial site have been subject to various levels of livestock grazing by nomadic people over the last centuries. There is some view that grazing should be banned, but the State Party wants to establish sustainable traditional grassland uses in the long term (China, 2012; IUCN, 2013). Different management approaches are applied according to each component's specificities; for example, all human activities are banned in Kuerdening, while winter grazing is part of the ecosystem management of the Bayinbuluke wetlands. There is no updated information on the impact of this threat.
Changes in Temperature Regimes, Changes in Precipitation & Hydrological Regime
(Glacier melting and changes to hydrological balance)
Inside site
, Throughout(>50%)
Outside site
The Tianshan mountains are characterized by a large surface of glaciers and a remarkable hydrological system, which influences the ecosystem development in property and also the traditional activities in the surrounding areas. With the onset of climate change, changes to this hydrological system are likely as a result of glacial melt. In the last twenty years Tianshan Mountains have experienced considerable increases in temperature and intensified fluctuations in precipitation (Lu et al., 2022). The increasing temperature leads to increased evaporation, which threatens plant growth in arid regions, while increased precipitation affects soil retention. However, other studies suggest that climate change may also lead to an increase in the area of grassland and ecosystem services in this region (Chen et al., 2024a, b).
Between 2001 and 2019, the snow cover percentage of Tianshan mountain has reduced by 0.9% (Heng et al., 2021). This means that for each 0.1 C increase in temperature, the area of snow cover will reduce by 5.9 km2. Asymmetrical warming trends have been detected in the region. Temperature increases were concentrated mainly in the Pamir Plateau southwest of Tianshan at high altitudes and in the Turpan and Hami basins in the east.
In the future, the western and eastern mountainous areas of the Tianshan are expected to continue to show a warming trend, while the central mountainous areas of the Tianshan mountains will mainly show a cooling trend. The impacts of these trends are likely to be of serious concern.
Between 2001 and 2019, the snow cover percentage of Tianshan mountain has reduced by 0.9% (Heng et al., 2021). This means that for each 0.1 C increase in temperature, the area of snow cover will reduce by 5.9 km2. Asymmetrical warming trends have been detected in the region. Temperature increases were concentrated mainly in the Pamir Plateau southwest of Tianshan at high altitudes and in the Turpan and Hami basins in the east.
In the future, the western and eastern mountainous areas of the Tianshan are expected to continue to show a warming trend, while the central mountainous areas of the Tianshan mountains will mainly show a cooling trend. The impacts of these trends are likely to be of serious concern.
An observed rapid growth in tourist numbers and associated demand for infrastructure development has the potential to cause undesirable environmental impact in and around some of the property's components. Currently, this is confined to limited areas. However, social change due to relocation of people to surrounding areas with new income generating activities in connection with tourism development, could lead to further tourism development. The impact from the West Tianshan Super-Long Tunnel on the property remains unknown.
Recreation & Tourism Areas
(Tourism development)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Outside site
Tourism pressure has grown rapidly since the site's inscription on the World Heritage List. While the estimated maximum visitor carrying capacity of 9.5 million per year (State Party of China, 2012; IUCN, 2013) has not yet been reached, management of the site needs to be prepared for this increasing tourist pressure. According to Xinhua News, the number of tourists who visited the World Heritage Site at the end of July 2013 had reached 15,000 person / day (at Bayinbuluke Swan Lake site); immediately after the Tianshan was inscribed (http://news.xinhuanet.com). The number of visitors in Bayinbuluke went from less than 100,000 in 2012 to more than a half million in 2016; similar evolution took place in Kalajun, while in Bogda, already very much developed before the inscription, the growth rate has not exceeded 10%. Recent press articles and information report an overall 30 - 40% increase of tourism in the Xinjiang province in 2018 (IUCN Consultation, 2020). With the increase in visitors also comes a demand for infrastructure development. Although this is a potential threat to the Outstanding Universal Values of the site, it is currently located in limited parts of each component and is an important issue addressed in the new management plan. Visitors are scattered in time and space, and the planning that has been implemented adopts zoning control. Local governments have established and improved long-term mechanisms for ecological and environmental protection and management, and promoted the continuous improvement of ecological and environmental quality.
Roads, Trails & Railroads
(Expressway tunnel project)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
The West Tianshan Super-Long Tunnel on the G219 National Highway (with a total length of 15.7 kilometers) involves part of the buffer zone of Tumur Section. Construction works began in April 2020 and were completed end of 2024 (Xinhua, 2024). This area is characterized by complex geological conditions such as glaciers and active fault zones, and over 70% of the region is covered by glaciers. Continuous monitoring of environmental impacts is necessary to ensure the long-term sustainability of the Tianshan natural heritage (China Industry Network, 2025).
Changes in traditional ways of life and knowledge systems that result in negative impact
(Social and cultural changes)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
There is some pressure on the local nomadic people to relocate from the property to reside in villages in surrounding areas (China, 2012; IUCN, 2013). Rapid tourism development has led to a new type of income generating activities. No further updated information has been found on this threat.
Involvement of stakeholders and rightsholders, including indigenous peoples and local communities, in decision-making processes
The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has a very low population density and little development pressure (IUCN, 2013). Consultation with local people about heritage conservation appears to have begun only with the World Heritage nomination. There is some disquiet among the nomadic pastoralist population about the pressure to cease livestock grazing and relocate out of the site. There appears to be little employment of the local people in management activities (IUCN, 2013). Management authorities have strengthened efforts in encouraging local residents to take part in protection and management activities, supporting operations like farmstay, increasing incomes, and inspiring their enthusiasm of participating in protection and management (IUCN Consultation, 2017). The revised Regulations on the Protection of Natural Heritage Sites in Xinjiang Tianshan stipulate that the management institution of Tianshan natural heritage should guide and assist local residents to adopt production and lifestyle beneficial to the protection of natural heritage, and give priority to absorbing local residents to participate in the protection and maintenance of natural heritage (Xinjiang Daily, 2020). However, this is almost exclusively tourism orientated. There is a need for better engagement of local communities also in other areas, for example active involvement in the management plan revision process (IUCN Consultation, 2020).
Legal framework
The site is subject to comprehensive national and local laws and regulations providing for the protection of land (including official protected areas) and wildlife, and for the management of grassland and water resources (IUCN, 2013). The components of the property range from IUCN Categories I-IV, though several of the units, including the largest component (Tomur) are managed as Category Ia (UNEP-WCMC, 2013). The Regulations on the Protection of Natural Heritage Sites in the Tianshan Mountains of Xinjiang were officially promulgated and implemented in 2011 and revised in 2020 (Xinjiang Daily, 2020). The compilation of the Protection Plan of the Bogda World Natural Heritage in the Xinjiang Tianshan Mountains has been completed (IUCN consultation, 2024), providing a more solid legal guarantee for the protection of the Bogda World Natural Heritage Site in the Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang.
Governance arrangements
In 2018, the responsible authority switched from Ministry of Urban and Rural Development to Ministry of Forest and Grassland, which has created some uncertainty regarding the future site management at both provincial and national level (IUCN Consultation, 2020). In accordance with the Regulations on the Protection of the Tianshan Natural Heritage Site of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region issued in 2020, the protection and management of the Tianshan World Natural Heritage Site are carried out under the Xinjiang government. The forestry and grassland administrative departments are responsible for implementing specific measures and ensuring unified protection and supervision of all types of natural conservation areas, including national parks, nature reserves, scenic spots, and World Natural Heritage areas. This approach makes protection efforts more systematic and well-coordinated (Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Forestry and Grassland Bureau, 2020).
Integration into local, regional and national planning systems (including sea/landscape connectivity)
In the National Master Plan for Functional Zones, the Tianshan region in Xinjiang has been designated as a national-level key ecological functional zone. Its primary tasks include protecting and restoring the ecological environment while providing ecological products. In the regional and local planning documents such as the National Spatial Planning of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (2021–2035) (Xinjiang Daily, 2024) and the General Spatial Plan for Bayin-Gol Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture (2021–2035) (Bayingolin Prefecture, 2024), it is explicitly stipulated that measures should be taken to strengthen the protection of Tianshan natural heritage sites and incorporate them as significant natural scenic resources into the overall national spatial protection system.
Boundaries
The property is a serial property consisting of four components totalling 606,833 hectares, with buffer zones totalling 491,103 hectares. The four components include: Tomur, Kalajun-Kuerdening, Bayinbuluke and Bogda. The boundaries of the components are mostly based on existing protected areas. The boundaries follow a clear rationale in terms of capturing key features to ensure representativeness as well as aligning to landscape features such as ecological zones and ridge lines. The development of this site has reviewed boundaries to ensure that the property encompasses a wider variety of landforms and greater altitudinal range to include inter-montane basins, natural features and greater scenic diversity. Buffer zones are present around all the components, with sufficient size and design to bolster the property’s resilience against external impacts (IUCN, 2013).
Overlapping international designations
The Bogda section of the Tianshan Mountains Natural Heritage in Xinjiang is a World Biosphere Reserve. In 2024, the Bogda World Biosphere Reserve successfully passed the on-site assessment for its second decade (Jona, 2024). This indicates that the reserve has achieved remarkable results in resource conservation, scientific research, and community development, meeting the requirements of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves. The Tianchi Management Committee is responsible for the protection and management of the Bogda Heritage site, the Bogda Man and Biosphere Reserve. The protection requirements of the two types of protected areas are coordinated through a unified management entity. Meanwhile, the local government's coordination and supervision mechanism ensures that relevant departments work together harmoniously to address significant issues related to the protection, utilization, and management of nature in a timely and effective manner (IUCN consultation, 2025).
Implementation of World Heritage Committee decisions and recommendations
No decisions or recommendations of the World Heritage Committee regarding this site have been found.
Climate action
While the impact of climate change on the property has been recognized (IUCN consultation, 2024), there is no climate action plan for this property. However, measures to address the challenges of climate change have been identified, these include: the construction of climate change monitoring and early warning system; long-term monitoring and protection measures of glaciers; scientific and targeted development of heritage protection; international cooperation and exchanges to jointly address the global challenges brought by climate change on heritage protection (IUCN consultation, 2024). The Chinese Academy of Sciences has established the Tianshan Glacier Observation Station for 60 years. The station has carried out long-term monitoring and research on the glaciers in the Tianshan Mountains of Xinjiang, revealing the evolution process and change patterns. Through its efforts, the station provides essential scientific support for developing adaptive strategies in response to glacier changes (Tianshan Glaciological Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2025).
Management plan and overall management system
The protection and management plans for the Tomur area (2022-2026) (People's Government of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 2022), Kalajun-Kuerdening area (2021-2025), and Bogda area (2022-2026) of the Tianshan Mountains World Natural Heritage Site in Xinjiang (Tianshantianchi, 2025) have been officially approved. No information on the approval of the protection and management plan for the Bayinbuluke area has been found. An integrated management plan for the entire property is also still missing.
The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has set up a World Natural Heritage Management Committee, led by the chairperson of the autonomous region. This committee provides unified guidance for the protection and management of the Tianshan World Natural Heritage site. The day-to-day operations are carried out by the regional forestry and grassland department. Each area is cared for by its own dedicated local management team. While there isn't one single overarching management body, the multi-level structure allows for effective coordination at the regional level and close collaboration among all departments. Currently, the available documentation does not include details on the management plan or its implementation. It is recommended that particular attention be given to evaluating the execution of the management plan during the on-site assessment.
The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has set up a World Natural Heritage Management Committee, led by the chairperson of the autonomous region. This committee provides unified guidance for the protection and management of the Tianshan World Natural Heritage site. The day-to-day operations are carried out by the regional forestry and grassland department. Each area is cared for by its own dedicated local management team. While there isn't one single overarching management body, the multi-level structure allows for effective coordination at the regional level and close collaboration among all departments. Currently, the available documentation does not include details on the management plan or its implementation. It is recommended that particular attention be given to evaluating the execution of the management plan during the on-site assessment.
Law enforcement
From the relevant provisions of the Regulations of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region on the Protection of Tianshan Natural Heritage Sites, it can be seen that the legal framework for the protection of the Tianshan World Natural Heritage has been effectively implemented (Xinjiang Daily, 2020). Through clear division of responsibilities, strict protection measures, standardized planning and management, and clear legal responsibilities, the protection work of the Tianshan natural heritage site has been strongly guaranteed. At the same time, the strengthening of public participation and publicity and education has also laid a good social foundation for the protection work. The Regulations also clearly stipulate that the protection and management of the Tianshan natural heritage site should take into account the production and living needs of the local residents of the natural heritage site. The management institution of the Tianshan natural heritage should guide and assist local residents to adopt production and living methods that are beneficial to the protection of natural heritage, and give priority to absorbing local residents to participate in the protection and maintenance of natural heritage and other work.
Sustainable finance
The funds for protecting and managing the Tianshan Natural Heritage Site are included in the local government's fiscal budget. The autonomous region's finance department will provide adjustments and subsidies as needed. Local governments at or above the county level can raise special funds for the protection of this heritage site through various channels, including government investment, donations from society and international organizations. For example, in 2024, the central government plans to allocate 50 million yuan to support infrastructure improvements in the Tianshan Tomur World Natural Heritage Area in Wen Su County, Aksu Prefecture (Department of Finance of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 2024)
Staff capacity, training and development
At the time the site was inscribed, the staff for all four sites totalled 617, of whom 357 were deployed in the more heavily visited Bogda National Park and 83 in Tomur, 77 in Bayinbuluke, 65 in Kuerdening and 35 in Kalajun (State Party of China, 2012). In each park over half are professional scientific, administrative or technical staff with a college education. Typically, there are divisions of planning and finance, of resource and forest affairs, scientific research, environmental protection, tourism and police. Bogda has ten such divisions and six institutions to manage and monitor its higher level of use. There are training programs at all levels and plans to hire local herdsmen as staff in basic management, patrolling and site interpretation (UNEP-WCMC, 2013). From previous assessments, the staff capacity is considered sufficient, however on-site assessments are recommended to focus more closely on the latest developments and updates.
Education and interpretation programmes
The Tianshan World Natural Heritage Site has enhanced visitors' understanding of its natural heritage value through the construction of publicity and education as well as interpretation systems, which has also promoted the sustainable development of the heritage site. For instance, the Bogda area has established the Tianchi Museum and set up a dedicated interpretation center. Through multimedia displays and interactive experiences, it introduces the natural landscapes and cultural values of Tianshan to visitors. It is envisioned that the management bureau will strengthen cooperation with educational institutions, carry out various forms of popular science education activities, raise public awareness and protection awareness of natural heritage, and form a protection atmosphere for the participation of the whole society (IUCN consultation, 2024).
Tourism and visitation management
Tourism is currently confined to a limited area, but its rapid growth is of some concern. There is a need for caution in the face of the observed rapid increase in numbers to an estimated carrying capacity of about 9.5 million per year. The management authorities will need to be vigilant to avoid inappropriate types and levels of activities, such as the use of 4WD vehicles that could destroy vegetation cover, cause accelerated rates of soil erosion (IUCN, 2013), and impact on the site's outstanding scenic area. The Regulations on the Protection of the Natural Heritage Site of Tianshan (Xinjiang Daily, 2020) provide a legal basis for tourism management and clearly stipulates that the protection plan for the natural heritage site of Tianshan should be coordinated with the national land space planning, tourism development planning and other relevant specialized plans. The relevant tourism management is detailed by each area separately, covering specific regional tour routes, visitor capacity, facility layout, etc. For instance, the Tianshan Tianchi Scenic Area has detailed plans for tour routes, visitor reception capacity and the setting of safety signs, and has incorporated distinctive activities such as the "Ice and Snow Festival" (Tianshan Tianchi Scenic Area, 2025).
Sustainable use
The Regulations on the Protection of the Tianshan Natural Heritage Site (Xinjiang Daily, 2020) outline provisions for sustainable use. All construction, tourism development, and business activities within the site must comply with the approved protection plan and be subject to planning management. Activities cannot proceed without approval. The site is divided into functional zones: no-construction, restricted-construction, and display zones. In the display zone, facilities for sightseeing, cultural, and recreational activities can be built. All activities within the site must follow the site's protection and management regulations. Scientific research, outdoor advertising, and other activities require approval from the Tianshan Natural Heritage Management Institution. Activities in the buffer zone must ensure that human activities do not adversely affect the natural heritage value. For example, the local governments in Gongliu County follow a green development strategy of sustainable resource and environmental management. By leveraging the rich wild apricot resources of the "Tianshan in Xinjiang" World Natural Heritage site, they have implemented a "farmers + cooperatives + enterprises" model to achieve industrialized dried apricot production, thereby increasing farmers' and herders' income (China News Network, 2016).
Monitoring
The monitoring system for Tianshan Heritage integrates traditional patrolling with modern technologies, covering natural ecology, environmental quality, human activities, and disaster prevention. It uses scientific models and community collaboration to achieve dynamic protection of heritage values. Future efforts will focus on integrating climate change impact assessments and standardizing monitoring technologies. For example, the Kalajun-Kuerdening area has analyzed 40 years of remote sensing data to assess landscape health (Han et al., 2021). Supported by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, the Xinjiang Digital Heritage and Tourism Engineering Technology Research Center conducts remote sensing monitoring and safety assessments of key elements such as glaciers, forests, grasslands, and infrastructure in the four Tianshan heritage areas using satellite, aerial, and drone-based remote sensing (Xinjiang Science and Technology, 2022).
Research
In January 2017, the Xinjiang Digital Heritage and Tourism Engineering Technology Research Center was established with the support of the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Focusing on the application of digital heritage and tourism technologies, it has carried out research on safety assessment and monitoring technologies for mountain natural heritage in arid areas, providing a scientific basis for the establishment of monitoring, protection and management systems for the Tianshan heritage sites in Xinjiang(Xinjiang Science and Technology, 2022).
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats outside the site
The main threats to the Tianshan Natural Heritage Site both inside and outside include tourism, infrastructure construction and climate change. The protection regulations of the Tianshan Natural Heritage Site, the overall planning of the three areas (Tomur, Kalajun-Kuerdening, Bogda) and the comprehensive management system ensure the effective control of these threats. Environmental impact assessments are carried out in both tourism development and infrastructure construction. However, the lack of a coordinated climate action plan is of concern identified climate mitigation measures need to be implemented in order to fully address the challenges of climate change.
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats inside the site
The main threats to the Tianshan Natural Heritage Site both inside and outside include tourism, infrastructure construction and climate change. The protection regulations of the Tianshan Natural Heritage Site, the overall planning of the three areas (Tomur, Kalajun-Kuerdening, Bogda) and the comprehensive management system ensure the effective control of these threats. Environmental impact assessments are carried out in both tourism development and infrastructure construction. Future efforts will focus on integrating climate change impact assessments and standardizing monitoring technologies.
The protection regulations of the Tianshan Natural Heritage Site, the overall planning of the three areas (Tomur, Kalajun-Kuerdening, Bogda) and the comprehensive management system ensure effective protection and management of the site. The site appears to be well protected in law, but there are some concerns relating to management and current institutional changes. Individual parts of the serial property have a management plan, but there is a lack of a coordinated management system that provides for unified management throughout the property. The integrity of the site is secure, but it has been recommended that consideration be given to adding further areas to the property. Staffing and financing are adequate for current needs, but may need augmenting with the increase in tourism. Community engagement needs improvement with increased efforts to employ local herders in management operations, conservation and communication about the natural values, and not only in commercial tourism activities. Strategic socio-economic impact assessment studies are needed for each component, including their surrounding development areas. Stakeholder and rightsholder involvement in decision-making, including Indigenous peoples and local communities, could be strengthened. The Tianchi Management Committee is responsible for the protection and management of the Bogda Heritage site, the Bogda Man and Biosphere Reserve. The protection requirements of the two types of protected areas are coordinated through a unified management entity. Future efforts need to focus on integrating climate change impact assessments and standardizing monitoring technologies.
Good practice examples
Bogda component (the easternmost component, close to Urumqi) has successively formulated and published 37 polices and regulations, including Regulations of Protection and Management of Xinjiang Tianshan Tianchi Scenic Areas, Work Program of Vegetation Protection and Recovering of Tianchi Scenic Area, Protection Program of Ancient Elm Trees in Sangonghe River. It has also constructed a monitoring center for resources and environment protection and early-warning, installed 140 high-definition cameras with 100% coverage. Besides, it has developed a long-term cooperation in scientific research and teaching with CAREERI, Chinese Academy of Forestry Sciences, Xinjiang University and many other schools and institutions, having achieved more than 80 research papers on glacier hydrology, forest ecology, geology and geomorphology, biodiversity and so on (IUCN Consultation, 2017).
The Xinjiang Digital Heritage and Tourism Engineering Technology Research Center was established with the support of the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Focusing on the application of digital heritage and tourism technologies, it has carried out research on safety assessment and monitoring technologies for mountain natural heritage in arid areas, providing a scientific basis for the establishment of monitoring, protection and management systems for the Tianshan heritage sites in Xinjiang (Xinjiang Science and Technology, 2022).
The Xinjiang Digital Heritage and Tourism Engineering Technology Research Center was established with the support of the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Focusing on the application of digital heritage and tourism technologies, it has carried out research on safety assessment and monitoring technologies for mountain natural heritage in arid areas, providing a scientific basis for the establishment of monitoring, protection and management systems for the Tianshan heritage sites in Xinjiang (Xinjiang Science and Technology, 2022).
An outstanding scenic area comprising part of the largest mountain chain in the world’s temperate arid region
Good
Trend
Stable
The scenic and aesthetic values of the property are unchanged from the time of inscription (IUCN, 2013).
A study using network text analysis found that tourists have a strong perception of the OUV (vii) of Xinjiang's Tianshan Heritage. The aesthetic value of this site is effectively communicated to visitors (Chen et al., 2022). Over the past 35 years, Tianshan glaciers have shrunk at an average annual rate of 1.48%, with the most significant retreat occurring since 2020 (Feng, 2022).
A study using network text analysis found that tourists have a strong perception of the OUV (vii) of Xinjiang's Tianshan Heritage. The aesthetic value of this site is effectively communicated to visitors (Chen et al., 2022). Over the past 35 years, Tianshan glaciers have shrunk at an average annual rate of 1.48%, with the most significant retreat occurring since 2020 (Feng, 2022).
Outstanding example of biological evolution in an arid continental climate, with relict, rare, endangered and endemic species
Good
Trend
Stable
There has been no significant change to the biological values and attributes of the site since its inscription on the World Heritage List (IUCN, 2013).
The degree of aggregation and natural connectivity is relatively stable across all landscapes, except for coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests, which are affected by spontaneous succession (Han et al., 2019; Chen et al., 2024). A study confirmed that the overall conservation management status in the Bogda site remains good. The results showed that ecological degradation in the Bogda area was mainly mild, but it was severe around scenic spots with high tourist activity and along roads (Liu et al., 2023). Tourists have a weak perception of the ecological value in the OUV (ix). They rarely consider the site's ecological significance, and the communication of this value is weak (Chen et al., 2022).
The degree of aggregation and natural connectivity is relatively stable across all landscapes, except for coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests, which are affected by spontaneous succession (Han et al., 2019; Chen et al., 2024). A study confirmed that the overall conservation management status in the Bogda site remains good. The results showed that ecological degradation in the Bogda area was mainly mild, but it was severe around scenic spots with high tourist activity and along roads (Liu et al., 2023). Tourists have a weak perception of the ecological value in the OUV (ix). They rarely consider the site's ecological significance, and the communication of this value is weak (Chen et al., 2022).
Assessment of the current state and trend of World Heritage values
Stable
The current state of the values and attributes of the site is good and the condition is stable. Some areas in the property may be affected by tourism and road construction and climate change might influence the hydrological system and ecosystem development of the site on the long-term. Regular monitoring of the impacts of these threats is strongly advised. With the ongoing enhancement of local ecological conservation efforts, the ecosystem of the Xinjiang Tianshan Heritage Site has gradually regained its balance, providing a more suitable habitat for rare species.
Assessment of the current state and trend of other important values
Good
Stable
The nomadic cultures of the Kazakhs and Mongols historically played a protective role for the ecosystem of the Tianshan World Natural Heritage. However, with the implementation of the settlement policy, this influence has changed. After settling down, the Kazakh and Mongolian herders' way of life shifted from nomadism to tourism. They maintain their livelihoods by performing songs and dances, managing art and handicraft exhibitions, and selling souvenirs and local specialties. This has also to some extent achieved the inheritance of related cultural heritages (Han et al., 2016).
Additional information
Access to drinking water
The site allows for the continuation of traditional sustainable uses of grasslands and mountain lands, including access to water supplies and other essential resources.
Climate change might influence the hydrological system of the area in the long-term. Very fast tourism development might lead to unsustainable use of some resources (e.g. water).
Outdoor recreation and tourism
The site is a popular tourist attraction for climbing, hiking, sight-seeing and general wilderness recreational pursuits.
Importance for research
The highest parts of the mountain, including the forest belt, are very well protected and offer a good protection against the potential consequences of climate change.
The property has been extensively researched by national and international scientists (IUCN, 2013).
The property has been extensively researched by national and international scientists (IUCN, 2013).
The site is of great significance in providing for protection of a large tract of mountainous terrain with very important wilderness and biodiversity values, and major water resources for large areas around. It allows for a range of recreational activities such as climbing, hiking and sight-seeing and it provides for the maintenance of a wide range of environmental services including conservation of soil, forest and water resources, and climate change mitigation. Bogda has developed a long-term cooperation in scientific research and teaching with CAREERI, Chinese Academy of Forestry Sciences, Xinjiang University and many other schools and institutions, having achieved more than 80 research papers on glacier hydrology, forest ecology, geology and geomorphology, biodiversity and so on (IUCN Consultation 2017).
| № | Organization | Brief description of Active Projects | Website |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Xinjiang Tianchi Management Committee (Management Authority of the Bogda Heritage Site) | At Bogda, advanced digital technologies are utilized for the monitoring and preservation. 88 infrared cameras, over 100 video surveillance systems, and 13 unmanned aerial vehicles were deployed to conduct scientific research and monitoring of wildlife. As a result, more than 40 species of nationally key-protected wildlife, including snow leopards, white-tailed sea eagles, and black storks, have been gradually observed. This has significantly enhanced the technological sophistication and efficiency of wildlife protection efforts, further validating the success of ecological environment conservation. It ensures that wild animals enjoy an excellent habitat with ample living space. |
https://www.forestry.gov.cn/c/www/dzw/609390.jhtml
https://www.cj.gov.cn/p1/cjyw/20240614/263479.html
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References
| № | References |
|---|---|
| 1 |
Bayingolin Prefecture (2024). Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture National Land Space Master Plan (2021-2035). [online] Available at: http://www.xjbz.gov.cn/xjbz/c101506/202412/7809a702b6434107… [Accessed on 26 March 2025]
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| 2 |
Chen, Y., Rusuli, Y., and Wusiman, A. (2024). Analysis of spatial and temporal variation in grassland vegetation cover in Xinjiang section of Tianshan Mountains and driving factors from 2001 to 2020. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 48, 561-576.
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| 3 |
Chen, Y., Zhu, Y., and Fu, G. (2022). Visitor Perception Toward Outstanding Universal Value of Xinjiang Tianshan - Based on Web Text Analysis. Special Zone Economy Issue, 398, 124-128.
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| 4 |
China Industry Network (2025). Walk the grassroots in the new year|Dig into the Tianshan Mountains. [online] Article news in Chinese. Available at: https://news.qq.com/rain/a/20250206A02JSI00 [Accessed on 25 March 2025]
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| 5 |
China News Network (2016). The beautiful scenery of Xinghua Village in the depths of the Ili Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang is intoxicating. [online] Article News. Available at: https://finance.ifeng.com/a/20160407/14310643_0.shtml [Accessed on 27 March 2025]
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| 6 |
Department of Finance of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (2024). Two projects in Aksu Prefecture received an investment subsidy of 110 million yuan from the central budget. (online) Article News. Xinjiang News Network. [online] Available at: https://czt.xinjiang.gov.cn/xjczt/c114969/202409/8c2fdc2ab3… [Accessed on 27 March 2025]
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| 7 |
Feng, X. (2022). A Study on the Temporal and Spatial Changes of the Tianshan Glacier Area in the Past 35 Years. Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi.
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| 8 |
Han, X., Liu, C.-S., Hu, J.-L., Wang, X.-Y., Luo, L., Zhao, Y.-C., Li, L., Ji, X.-Y., Yan, H., and Wang, Y. (2019). Dynamic evolution of landscape pattern and ecological health assessment of Tianshan Natural Heritage Site in Xinjiang. Arid Land Geography, 42, 195-205.
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| 9 |
Heng, T., He, X., Yang, L., Yu, J., Yang, Y., Li, M. (2021). The Spatiotemporal Patterns and Interrelationships of Snow Cover and Climate Change in Tianshan Mountains. Water 2021, 13, 404. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13040404
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| 10 |
IUCN (2013). World Heritage Nomination – IUCN Technical Evaluation, Xinjiang Tianshan (China). In: IUCN World Heritage Evaluations 2013, IUCN Evaluations of nominations of natural and mixed properties to the World Heritage List. [online] Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1414/documents/ [Accessed 26 November 2020].
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| 11 |
IUCN Consultaiton. (2017). IUCN Confidential Stakeholder Consultation- Xinjiang Tienshan, China.
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| 12 |
IUCN Consultation (2020). IUCN Confidential Stakeholder Consultation- Xinjiang Tienshan, China.
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| 13 |
IUCN consultation (2024). IUCN confidential consultation form: Xinjiang Tianshan, China.
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| 14 |
Jona (2024). Bogda World Biosphere Reserve successfully completed the second decade of on-site assessment. [online] In chinese. National Committee for Chinese and the Biosphere. Available at: https://www.mab.cas.cn/jb/202409/t20240909_800361.html [Accessed on 27 March 2025]
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| 15 |
Liu, Q., Cao, K., and Ye, H. (2023). Ecological Degradation Assessment of World Natural Heritage: A Case Study of Bogda Site in Tianshan. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 32, 2211-2220.
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| 16 |
Lu, Y., Xu, X., Zhao, J., Han, F. (2022). Spatiotemporal Evolution of Mountainous Ecosystem Services in an Arid Region and Its Influencing Factors: A Case Study of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang. Land 2022, 11, 2164. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11122164
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| 17 |
People's Government of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (2022). Reply to the Conservation and Management Plan of the Tomur Area of the Tianshan World Natural Heritage Site in Xinjiang. [online] Uygur Autonomous Region People's Government Network. Available at: https://www.xinjiang.gov.cn/xinjiang/c112544/202207/8a8409e… [Accessed on 27 March 2025]
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| 18 |
State Party of China (2012). Nomination of Xinjiang Tianshan as a World Heritage Site. Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China.
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| 19 |
Tianshan Glaciological Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences (2025). Tianshan Glaciological Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences. [online] Available at: http://www.tgs.ac.cn/ [Accessed on 8 April 2025]
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| 20 |
Tianshan Tianchi Scenic Area (2025). Xinjiang Tianshan Scenic Area Guide. [online] Available at: https://www.meet99.com/jingdian-tianshantianchi.html [Accessed on 27 March 2025]
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| 21 |
Tianshantianchi (2025). Announcement on the Protection and Management Plan of the Tianshan World Natural Heritage Site (Bogda Area) in Xinjian. [online] Available at: https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA4NjE4ODkwNw==&mid=26514… [Accessed on 27 March 2025]
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| 22 |
UNEP-WCMC (2013). Xinjiang Tianshan Datasheet. [online] Available at: http://world-heritage-datasheets.unep-wcmc.org/datasheet/ou… [Accessed on 26 March 2025]
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| 23 |
World Heritage Committee (2013). Decision 37COM.8B.10 Xinjiang Tianshan (China). In: Report of decisions of the 37th session of the World Heritage Committee. [online] Paris, France: UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1414/documents/ [Accessed 26 November 2020].
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| 24 |
Xin, H., Chuan-Sheng, L., Jiang-Ling, H. U., Xin-Yuan, W., Lei, L., Yan-Chuang, Z., Li, L. I., Xin-Yang, J. I., Hui, Y., and Yue, W. (2019). Dynamic evolution of landscape pattern and ecological health assessment of Tianshan Natural Heritage Site in Xinjiang. Arid Land Geography, 42, 195-205.
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| 25 |
Xinhua (2024). China's Xinjiang completes world's longest expressway tunnel through challenging mountains. [online] Article News. Available at: China's Xinjiang completes world's longest expressway tunnel through challenging mountains-Xinhua [Accessed on 25 March 2025]
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| 26 |
Xinjiang Daily (2020). Regulations of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region on the Protection of Tianshan Natural Heritage Sites. [online] In chenese. Available at: https://www.xinjiang.gov.cn/xinjiang/hbddc/202010/5c3075e09… [Accessed on 26 March 2025]
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| 27 |
Xinjiang Daily (2024) Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region National Land and Spatial Planning (2021-2035). [online] Available at: https://www.xinjiang.gov.cn/xinjiang/gtkjgh/202407/192ba3b5… [Accessed on 26 March 2025]
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| 28 |
Xinjiang Science and Technology (2022). The development of eco-tourism has brought the natural heritage of the Tianshan Mountains to life. [online] Available at: https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzAxOTc4NjYxNw%3D%3D&mid=2… [Accessed on 27 March 2025]
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| 29 |
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Forestry and Grassland Bureau (2020). The Regulations on the Protection of the Tianshan Natural Heritage Site of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. [online] Available at: https://lcj.xinjiang.gov.cn/lcj/zcfg/202004/369443fd0da84e2… [Accessed on 8 April 2025]
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