Parc national d'Uluru-Kata Tjuta
Country
Australia
Inscribed in
1994
Criteria
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
The conservation outlook for this site has been assessed as "good" in the latest assessment cycle. Explore the Conservation Outlook Assessment for the site below. You have the option to access the summary, or the detailed assessment.
Summary
2025 Conservation Outlook
Finalised on
11 oct 2025
Good
Current state and trend of VALUES
Good
Overall THREATS
Overall PROTECTION and MANAGEMENT
Full assessment
Description of values
Ongoing geological processes
Criterion
(viii)
Uluṟu is affected by some erosional processes including sheeting of rock, parallel to the surface, and granular disintegration, known as cavernous weathering. Both Uluṟu and Kata Tjuṯa are exceptional examples of tectonic, geochemical and geomorphic processes which result in the different composition of these two relatively close outcroppings. This includes their different extent of block tilting and types of erosion, the spalling of the arkose sediments of Uluṟu, and massive 'offloading' of conglomerate at Kata Tjuṯa (DoE, 2013; DNP, 2010). The monoliths of Uluṟu and Kata Tjuṯa are exceptional examples of tectonic, geochemical and geomorphic processes (IUCN 1987). The site was further acknowledged for how the arid ecosystem of the park provides habitat for a variety of plant and animal species — some of which of rare and scientific interest (having met then criterion ix, which was eventually later incorporated into its broader geological value characteristics and hence criterion viii) (IUCN 1987).
Natural phenomena of exceptional aesthetic and spiritual importance
Criterion
(vii)
The Uluṟu monolith and the many domes of Kata Tjuṯa create a landscape of exceptional aesthetical values. They are compose profound spiritual importance to Aṉangu, an pose a symbolic representation of the land to many Australians alike (DoE, 2013; DNP, 2010). The landform features of Uluṟu and Kata Tjuṯa represent some of the largest monoliths in the world. They further demonstrate natural phenomena by being juxtaposed against an arid environment. The huge monoliths in the park, one of the largest in the world, are striking landform features set in a contrasting sand plain environ. The immense size of Uluṟu rising abruptly from the plain and the collection of the polished domes at Kata Tjuṯa result in a landscape of scenic grandeur (IUCN 1987).
Spectacular desert landscape
Criterion
(vii)
Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park covers 1,325 km2 of arid ecosystems and is in the centre of Australia in the Western Deserts, symbolically in the ‘heart of Australia’, and standing in the lands of Aṉangu, who are typically Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara language speakers. Uluṟu and Kata Tjuṯa are exceptional examples of tectonic, geochemical and geomorphic processes (DoE, 2013) and a natural landform feature of remarkable recognition. Nonetheless, the desert landscape where the monoliths stand is equally important spiritually, as well as for their aesthetical values. The park is a living cultural landscape, where Aṉangu continue to use traditional land management methods that they have used over tens of thousands of years to manage culture and country. At the heart of the park is Tjukurpa, Aṉangu law, which informs all major decisions (DNP, 2010).
Rare and endangered species
The park is home to rare and threatened floral and faunal species. The mesic habitats of Uluṟu and Kata Tjuṯa shelter species that depend on the shade and water including the shoemaker frog (Neobatrachus sutor) living around the waterholes, the fat tailed antechinus (Pseudantechinus macdonnelensis) sheltering in the scree slopes and the desert mouse (Pseudomys desertor) that lives in the thick patches of Themeda grass (Reid 1993). Rare branchiopods, including fairy shrimp and clam shrimp, live in the temporary pools that form on the summit of Uluṟu after rain, their eggs having survived the dry conditions to hatch when moisture is available (Brendonck et al., 2016). The endangered great desert skink or tjakura (Liopholis kintorei) occurs in sand plains that are transitional between the mulga outwash around Uluṟu and Kata Tjuṯa and the dune fields beyond within a 3000 ha tjakura Management Zone. In 2023 a new survey technique was implemented across Central Australia called the Mulyamiji March which was launched at Uluṟu - Kata Tjuṯa National Park. A new integrated threatened species and pest management strategy has been implemented with a focus on camera monitoring, particularly for monitoring and managing cats and foxes in the tjakura management zone. The species is unusual in that it digs family burrows and multiple generations of a family add to the same burrow built by the original pair (McAlpin et al., 2011). The site also supports a rich reptile fauna (74 species). These include species of 5 legless lizard, 11 geckoes, 8 dragons, 6 goannas, 29 skinks, 3 blind snakes, 2 pythons and 8 elapid snakes. This is richer than that recorded for any other area of comparable size in the semi-arid zone (DNP, 2010; Dittmer, 2016). Many mammal species have become locally extinct at the site including the common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula), the black-footed rock wallaby (Petrogale lateralis), and the sandhill dunnart (Sminthopsis psammophila, NRETAS 2013). One endangered species, the mala or rufous hare wallaby (Lagorchestes hirsutus) important to local traditional culture, was reintroduced in 2005 into a semi-wild predator proof enclosure following local extinction in 1991. The mala population are managed within a 170 ha enclosure within the park that excludes feral cats and foxes (key threatening species) where supplementary food and water are provided. The latest survey, conducted in May 2024, found that there were an estimated 453 mala in the enclosure, a higher density than other established mala populations (IUCN Consultation, 2025). Results of the surveys show the mala population steadily increasing and the body condition suggests there are sufficient food resources for the population. The park’s flora represents a large portion of plants found in Central Australia (DNP, 2010), many with a restricted range and therefore considered to have high conservation value. 619 plant species have been recorded, among them seven rare or endangered species, which are generally restricted to the moist areas at the bases of Uluṟu and the domes of Kata Tjuṯa. These include five relict species – Stylidium inaequipealum, Parietaria debilis, Ophioglossum lusitanicum subsp. coriaceum, Isoetes muelleri and Triglochin calcitrapum. In addition, the main occurrence of the sandhill wattle (Acacia ammobia) is just east of Uluṟu. The park is also home to reptile diversity unparalleled in other semi-arid systems — those species, alongside other (DNP, 2021) plants and animals that have cultural significance to the Aṉangu people. Ancestral beings such as the Mala, Woma Python, Western Brown Snake, Blue Tongue Lizard, Marsupial Mole, Kingfisher and others occur, as well as important bush foods and medicines, such as kangaroo, emu, bush turkey, wattle seed and millet seeds.
An arid ecosystem
Average rainfall is approximately 307 mm per year (Earth2Water, 2019). The landscape is dominated by spinifex and low shrubs, hummock grassland with large desert oaks dotted on the sand dunes and plains. Sizeable areas of mulga woodland and other low shrubs also occur on dunes and swales. The alluvial flow areas at the base of the major rock formations support large bloodwoods, acacias and native grasses. Waterholes and soaks provide restricted habitats for several rare and unique plant species. Larger stands of mulga and other acacias dominate the harder, wide, sand plain surrounding Uluṟu and Kata Tjuṯa. The vegetation is modified by substrate stability, climate and fire arranged concentrically around the monolith formations (DoE, 2013). The Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park landscape is a representative cross-section of Central Australian arid ecosystems. Aṉangu and non-Aboriginal scientists distinguish the various landscapes in similar ways. Aṉangu recognise the main habitats of the park as puli (rocky country), puti (shrub lands, particularly the mulga flats between sandhills), karu (creek lines and run-off plains), tali (sand dunes), pila (spinifex plains, low areas between dunes) and nyaru (recently burnt country) (DNP, 2010).
Exceptional demonstration of traditional knowledge for sustainable practices
Aṉangu’s land management knowledge and practices over thousands of years have been integral to developing and supporting the rich biota seen today. Land management in the park today recognises and integrates Indigenous ecological knowledge, skills and management practices and fire control techniques have proven to be significant to reducing damage in the likelihood of wildfire or bushfire within the part area. The park incorporates world class scenic vistas that include exceptional combinations of natural and cultural elements (DNP, 2021).
Assessment information
The current threats to the site’s World Heritage values (namely wildfire, feral animals, weeds, invasive species, and loss of cultural knowledge) are increasing but the Park is approaching these threats with increasing capacity and strategic approach that recognises the complex interactions associated with the threats. New technology is increasingly being employed (such as drones, thermal imagery and AI applications) to better understand, monitor and manage the threats. The disruption in the intergenerational transfer of Aṉangu knowledge is a significant concern; however, this is being mitigated by initiatives such as bush trips with Elders, knowledge recording projects, and collaborative research to integrate Indigenous knowledge into conservation efforts. Integrating Indigenous knowledge into research is a strong initiative of the park to ensure traditional knowledge is recognised and used to reframe research activities and practices that once were dominated by scientific methods. Recognising the complex interplay of these threats in the current Park's Management Plan, the management team seeks actions and further strategies to address the risks associated with climate change, including research on vegetation recovery following extreme heat events.
Fire & Fire Management
(Wildfires)
Inside site
, Widespread(15-50%)
The Management Plan acknowledges traditional management practices carried out by Aṉangu and park staff as an integral part of ‘caring for country’. Aṉangu use fire (patch burning) and other methods to manage their country, its habitats, plants and animals. Joint management of the park by Aṉangu and the Australian Government’s Director of National Parks supported by Parks Australia, brings together cultural and scientific knowledge and experience (DNP, 2010). Wildfires remain a key threat to the values of the site. The ecosystems are characterised by boom/bust cycles where infrequent but large rainfall events drive periods of short lived but extremely profuse vegetation growth. Following the rainfall, the vegetation dies leaving large amounts of fuel and an ecosystem extremely prone to massive wildfire. Appropriate prescribed burn programs that reduce fuel loads and promote a mosaic of fire age classes are undertaken annually to reduce this risk. Fire planning and management is undertaken jointly with Aṉangu and (sometimes) other agencies such as the NT Government, the Central Land Council and the Bushfires Council (IUCN Consultation, 2017). Heavy rainfall during 2016 and 2017 has resulted in heavy vegetation fuel loads, which pose a high wildfire threat to biodiversity and cultural values. Significant areas have been burnt since then; however, an ongoing burning regime is being implemented to help reduce the risk of large wildfires (IUCN Consultation, 2020a). The summer of 2020 saw an increase in public interest in Aboriginal cultural burning across Australia - the practices at Uluṟu may attain increased significance from this (IUCN Consultation, 2020b). Roughly every 10 years following a significant rainfall, the park experiences higher than average wildfires caused by dry lightning strikes in cured vegetation. Knowing this pattern of rainfall and vegetation response allows the joint management partners to plan with strategic fire breaks and using fire to create a range of vegetation age classes to reduce the risk of large wildfires. In 2019, approximately 6 percent of the park burnt. Planning and implementing annual burns occur with the adjoining Indigenous Protected Area. In 2023, a significant wildfire started through a lightning strike. The fire was successfully contained by Park staff and prevented the fire impacting on tjakura habitat (IUCN Consultation, 2025). Annually a regional fire meeting, initiated by Parks staff is held to jointly plan fire management with Anangu, neighbouring Indigenous Protected Areas and the Yulara Resort and includes Northern Territory Bushfires to work collaboratively across the region, to identify issues and plan upcoming activities. An annual burning program has been maintained in the park (IUCN Consultation (2020c).
Invasive / Other Problematic Species, Genes & Pathogens, Invasive Non-Native/ Alien Species
(Feral and invasive species)
Invasive/problematic species
Cenchrus ciliaris
Alternanthera pungens
Argemone ochroleuca
Cenchrus echinatus
Tribulus terrestris
Cynodon dactylon
Felis catus
Vulpes vulpes
Oryctolagus cuniculus
Camelus dromedarius
Inside site
, Widespread(15-50%)
Outside site
Buffel grass is an invasive weed species which is now widespread and has significant impact on conservation values. It forms monocultures that out- compete native grasses and other flora and provides further fuel for wildfires. Other weeds include khaki weed (Alternanthera pungens); Mexican poppy (Argemone ochroleuca); Mossman River grass (Cenchrus echinatus); and caltrop (Tribulus terrestris). Couch grass (Cynodon dactylon) is likely also spreading in the site (DoE, 2013; Freidel et al., 2006; NRETAS, 2013). Invasive animal species, particularly cats, foxes, rabbits and camels, also pose a threat to aspects of the park’s biodiversity. Cats and foxes predate on many culturally significant species including the blue tongue lizard, sand goanna and great desert skink and mala. Camels graze on sensitive Quandong trees, damage park fencing (e.g. Mala paddock) and scarce desert waterholes essential to many native species and the continuity of the creation songlines that are the essence of cultural law. Park staff sporadically control these species, such as trapping for foxes and cats and occasional culling of camels, but a more structured approach is needed, for example, by working with the managers of the Indigenous Protected Area that surround the park. Hand-pulling and herbicide control for buffel grass is occurring, however it remains a biodiversity and wildfire threat close to Uluṟu and along creek lines and roadsides at Kata Tjuṯa. The use of fluro propenate has shown to be useful to assist to control germination of new buffel grass seeds. Moreover, Uluṟu and Kata Tjuṯa National Park and the Central Land Council have successfully led a campaign to get buffel grass declared a weed in the Northern Territory, as of 2024. The Park is leading the way with a new approach to fire management that includes buffel grass management in an integrated strategy with fire management due to high fuel load and dominant effect on increasing fire risk to sensitive habitats. Past plant and animal control programs have declined in the last few years with drier than usual years. Efforts have and will continue to focus on cage and leghold trapping of cats near native fauna management zones and visitor areas. An Integrated Pest and Culturally Significant Species Management Strategy for Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park was developed in 2024 outlining a strategy from 2024-2029, prioritising feral animal control and protection of several culturally significant species within the park. The effects of climate change on invasive species are still being considered with the possibility that climate change may promote buffel grass growth, therefore leading to larger and more frequent wildfires.
Dams & Water Management/Use
(Water extraction)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
In Central Australia, water is used very sparingly due to its scarcity. Uluru is a semi-arid region, with summer temperatures reaching up to 47°C. Average rainfall is approximately 307 mm per year, but annual evaporation rates (~2,800 mm) exceed rainfall by nearly ten times (Earth2Water, 2019).
An Aquifer Sustainability Assessment of groundwater use from the park’s Southern Aquifer (Jacobs, 2018) estimated that groundwater levels have been slowly declining over the past 10 years, and that current usage is approaching, or may have already exceeded, the sustainable yield. With projected increases in population, development and tourism visitation, there is a concern that future use may push the capacity of the aquifer to beyond its limit. Further studies and continued monitoring of ground water resources will be important for informing decisions about the sustainability of ground water resources.
Today, Uluṟu rises approximately 348 m above ground level. Bush tucker, including bush tomatoes and plums, grows around the waterholes (e.g., Mutitjulu) at Uluru. The Mutitjulu Waterhole is one of the few places in the park where wallabies may be seen among the tall grasses and river red gum trees. Surface water in the region is found in waterholes (tjukula), soaks (raalpa), and springs (kapi wala). Bush foods also thrive, including tjantu (bush tomatoes), ili (figs), and arnguli (bush plums). Anangu understand the critical value of water in arid areas, and water is not merely a resource; it is a fundamental aspect of their culture (Earth2Water, 2019).
Registration of the Mutitjulu township sublease inside the park has raised community expectations for economic development and growth. The Park and sub-lessee will have to closely monitor water use capability and ensure any future development is sustainable and uses the best available technology and energy efficiency. The effects of climate change and development proposals at Mutitjulu are yet unknown and a bore monitoring system is required to guide future development and management decisions. The Park is initiating a multi-year project in conjunction with Monash University and CSIRO to work with Aṉangu to identify issues relating to the sustainable use of water, particularly for the community the community resident in the park. The project will involve generating better quality data as well as experimenting with new approaches to improve understanding and management of water issues.
An Aquifer Sustainability Assessment of groundwater use from the park’s Southern Aquifer (Jacobs, 2018) estimated that groundwater levels have been slowly declining over the past 10 years, and that current usage is approaching, or may have already exceeded, the sustainable yield. With projected increases in population, development and tourism visitation, there is a concern that future use may push the capacity of the aquifer to beyond its limit. Further studies and continued monitoring of ground water resources will be important for informing decisions about the sustainability of ground water resources.
Today, Uluṟu rises approximately 348 m above ground level. Bush tucker, including bush tomatoes and plums, grows around the waterholes (e.g., Mutitjulu) at Uluru. The Mutitjulu Waterhole is one of the few places in the park where wallabies may be seen among the tall grasses and river red gum trees. Surface water in the region is found in waterholes (tjukula), soaks (raalpa), and springs (kapi wala). Bush foods also thrive, including tjantu (bush tomatoes), ili (figs), and arnguli (bush plums). Anangu understand the critical value of water in arid areas, and water is not merely a resource; it is a fundamental aspect of their culture (Earth2Water, 2019).
Registration of the Mutitjulu township sublease inside the park has raised community expectations for economic development and growth. The Park and sub-lessee will have to closely monitor water use capability and ensure any future development is sustainable and uses the best available technology and energy efficiency. The effects of climate change and development proposals at Mutitjulu are yet unknown and a bore monitoring system is required to guide future development and management decisions. The Park is initiating a multi-year project in conjunction with Monash University and CSIRO to work with Aṉangu to identify issues relating to the sustainable use of water, particularly for the community the community resident in the park. The project will involve generating better quality data as well as experimenting with new approaches to improve understanding and management of water issues.
Recreational Activities
("The Uluṟu climb")
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
The climb to the top of Uluṟu was permanently closed on 26 October 2019, the 34th anniversary of the Hand back of Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park to its Traditional Aboriginal Owners, in line with the long-held wishes of Aṉangu. The chain and summit cairn have been removed — although the mark that it has left on the land can still be observed today (pers. obs. 2023). The number of visitors climbing Uluṟu steadily declined before its closure to less than 20 percent of visitors (although there was a sharp increase in the period immediately prior to the close). Most visitors comply with Park regulations and respect the visitor access restrictions at the sacred sites around the base of Uluṟu. There has been no evidence of illegal climbing following the closure (IUCN Consultation, 2020; 2025). Tourism has led to increased levels of dust and interaction with cultural values. An infrastructure upgrade and updated security is currently being installed to address these issues and protect cultural values from human intrusions and disturbances.
Changes in traditional ways of life and knowledge systems that result in negative impact
(Loss of traditional cultural and ecological knowledge )
Inside site
, Throughout(>50%)
Outside site
The potential loss of traditional cultural and ecological knowledge is of great concern to Traditional Owners. The Park has focussed on activities to regularly bring family groups to locations within the park to rejuvenate their knowledge of country and places of significance. Senior Aṉangu have expressed concern that younger generations are not learning traditions and knowledge associated with Tjukurpa, traditional Aṉangu law that is associated with and defines the living cultural landscape of Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park (IUCN Consultation, 2017). The threat is widely acknowledged with specific programs designed to increase opportunities for intergenerational transfer of knowledge, flexible employment options and on-country engagement. These are reflected in the Management Plan for the park. The Park has a cultural database system (Tjukurpa Artunmara Kanyintjaku) for documenting places of heritage significance, object and collections and cultural and ecological knowledge. Training has been undertaken in recording oral history, managing cultural sites and cultural burning practices.
Traditional knowledge systems should be documented through participatory methods that respect the knowledge holders’ intellectual property rights and cultural contexts (Berkes, 2017). The UNESCO 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage emphasises that capturing and preserving such knowledge should focus on community involvement and respect for local customs. Adequate documentation is at the forefront of the safeguarding and transmission activity. UNESCO (2003) further points to the value of generational transmission. On-country trips are regularly undertaken in a way that integrates cultural and ecological knowledge transfer. Park staff use participatory planning methods to engage Aṉangu and community in planning and implementing park management programs. The Park supports a Mutitjulu Community Ranger and program. A dedicated cultural heritage officer in the Park records, preserves and maintains cultural values, both intangible and tangible. This position has a heavy focus on recording endangered knowledge and preserving cultural sites, particularly rock art sites. Longer, hotter seasons with less rainfall has affected people’s ability to hunt e.g. for honey ant after rain (IUCN Consultation, 2020c), however, it is unclear how climate change may affect Aṉangu access to country and cultural activities.
Traditional knowledge systems should be documented through participatory methods that respect the knowledge holders’ intellectual property rights and cultural contexts (Berkes, 2017). The UNESCO 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage emphasises that capturing and preserving such knowledge should focus on community involvement and respect for local customs. Adequate documentation is at the forefront of the safeguarding and transmission activity. UNESCO (2003) further points to the value of generational transmission. On-country trips are regularly undertaken in a way that integrates cultural and ecological knowledge transfer. Park staff use participatory planning methods to engage Aṉangu and community in planning and implementing park management programs. The Park supports a Mutitjulu Community Ranger and program. A dedicated cultural heritage officer in the Park records, preserves and maintains cultural values, both intangible and tangible. This position has a heavy focus on recording endangered knowledge and preserving cultural sites, particularly rock art sites. Longer, hotter seasons with less rainfall has affected people’s ability to hunt e.g. for honey ant after rain (IUCN Consultation, 2020c), however, it is unclear how climate change may affect Aṉangu access to country and cultural activities.
Residential Areas, Recreation & Tourism Areas
(Pollution from housing areas and associated infrastructure)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
The Aboriginal community of Mutitjulu is entirely contained in the site and is adjacent to the Uluṟu monolith. The community has a population of about 300 people, sometimes more noting the transient nature of the community. The associated infrastructure within the Park that enables this community to function includes a power station (diesel generators); a sewage treatment area; and a rubbish tip. Airborne rubbish and illegal dumping of construction materials within the community sublease are common, requiring constant monitoring and regulation with contractors. All essential services to the community are the responsibility of the Park. The current management plan proposes upgrading these facilities with the view to transfer responsibility to another agency. In 2020, the Park received significant funding to refresh and renew aged essential services in Mutitjulu including water infrastructure and introduction of solar and battery storage system. This work is progressing with some early works completed on electrical, sewerage and water expansions and further enhancements being designed with the Mutitjulu Community and expected to roll out over 2025-28.
Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park has faced increasing pressure from visitors who are unaware and/or disrespectful to Aṉangu culture. This has led to direct impacts on the environment of the Park, cultural sites and in some cases on sacred sites. For example, the Park has seen an increase in people leaving human ashes, presumably from people who had previously visited, and the Park continues to deal with the ‘sorry rocks’ (people who remove sand and rock and then returned them later in the post). The Park was successful in prosecuting such visitors in 2023 that entered a sacred site causing damage to the site and rock art. The Park is seeking to better understand these issues and addressing communication and messaging issues that can more directly appeal to appropriate behaviour for visitors to Aṉangu land.
Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park has faced increasing pressure from visitors who are unaware and/or disrespectful to Aṉangu culture. This has led to direct impacts on the environment of the Park, cultural sites and in some cases on sacred sites. For example, the Park has seen an increase in people leaving human ashes, presumably from people who had previously visited, and the Park continues to deal with the ‘sorry rocks’ (people who remove sand and rock and then returned them later in the post). The Park was successful in prosecuting such visitors in 2023 that entered a sacred site causing damage to the site and rock art. The Park is seeking to better understand these issues and addressing communication and messaging issues that can more directly appeal to appropriate behaviour for visitors to Aṉangu land.
Changes in Temperature Regimes, Changes in Precipitation & Hydrological Regime
(Climate change )
Inside site
, Throughout(>50%)
Whilst there are predictive models, the real impact of rising temperatures to arid ecosystems is yet to be understood. A 2022 CSIRO report (CSIRO, 2022) analysed the impacts of climate change on Australia's natural heritage sites, emphasizing how shifts in temperature, rainfall patterns, and extreme weather events pose significant risks to the preservation of both ecological and cultural values. For example, it highlights Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa as vulnerable to increasing temperatures and altered precipitation patterns, which could exacerbate erosion, alter species habitats, and intensify fire risk. The report also underscores the need for targeted climate adaptation measures to protect these sites' Outstanding Universal Values (OUV) while aligning with sustainable tourism strategies. The report argues that enhancing resilience in heritage management requires localised climate projections and that integrating Indigenous knowledge systems, particularly around fire and land management, will be key in building adaptive capacity.
Sustainable water use and shifts in water availability due to climate change are critical concerns. The Park is investigating aquifer sustainability and water quality to better understand and manage these resources. Increasing heat and drought events add significant challenges, especially for vegetation resilience and management. Visitor impacts, concentrated in high-use zones, create issues such as dust, graffiti, and inappropriate behaviour resulting in impacts on natural and cultural values. As visitor numbers recover post-COVID and potentially exceed previous levels, the Park is proactively enhancing infrastructure and management strategies to protect both the environment and visitor safety, especially with the increased risks posed by extreme summer temperatures and variable seasonal conditions.
Residential Areas
(Impacts associated with visitor accommodation and staff quarters)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Some impacts associated with the Yulara village (main township and visitor accommodation) may be negatively affecting important faunal habitat in the Yulara borefields area (NRETAS, 2013). Proposed developments within the Mutitjulu Sublease are aimed at supporting economic development and self-determination require careful assessment and monitoring. Overnight bushwalking in the Park is being introduced with controls for operations and monitoring for impact on values includes drones to monitor erosion impacts of new tracks installed. Impact assessments were required, and the overnight hiking has triggered an assessment under the EPBC Act (IUCN Consultation, 2020c). Within a cultural landscape, planning should be an interrelated framework between nature and culture, targeting support for both environmental and cultural processes at different scales. This approach resonates with the need to design and manage visitor accommodations and staff quarters at Uluru-Kata Tjuta in a way that respects and aligns with the area's cultural and ecological systems (Tardim-Coelho, 2012).
Earth & Sediment Management
(Continuous erosion )
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Major surface features of the Uluṟu monolith include sheet erosion with layers 1 – 3 m thick, parallel to the existing surface, breaking away. Several caves, inlets and overhangs at the base are formed by chemical degradation and sand blast erosion (DoE, 2013). Erosion is a particular concern in some of these areas. The 25-year rock art survey, conducted in 2024 found that in the last 25 years, erosion on the rock face of Uluṟu has remained stable (IUCN Consultation, 2025). Large erosion patches appear to be a result of fire damage prior to 2000. Wildfires appear to be the biggest risk to erosional activity, however cool burns and weed management around the base of the rock will seriously diminish this risk.
Vehicle use by early visitors around the base of Uluṟu resulted in severe gully erosion. In addition, the Uluṟu Ring Road was built above the natural ground level in places, which has significantly altered the sheet flow and caused significant erosion. Soil susceptibility to erosion and changes to surface flows are a risk and must be carefully considered in planning, designing and maintaining park infrastructure. Soils of the Gillen land system based around Uluṟu and Kata Tjuṯa are the most susceptible to erosion in the park where tourism pressures are greatest (DNP, 2010). Some tracks at Uluṟu are widening due to mixed uses and these and other tracks throughout the park display severe erosion and rutting. Continued erosion from visitor traffic around the base walk (including use of segways and increasing cycle traffic) and an increase in the impact of dust generated from these activities has been identified including on the rock art adjacent to tracks (as recorded in the 25-year rock art survey). This will require further investigation.
Vehicle use by early visitors around the base of Uluṟu resulted in severe gully erosion. In addition, the Uluṟu Ring Road was built above the natural ground level in places, which has significantly altered the sheet flow and caused significant erosion. Soil susceptibility to erosion and changes to surface flows are a risk and must be carefully considered in planning, designing and maintaining park infrastructure. Soils of the Gillen land system based around Uluṟu and Kata Tjuṯa are the most susceptible to erosion in the park where tourism pressures are greatest (DNP, 2010). Some tracks at Uluṟu are widening due to mixed uses and these and other tracks throughout the park display severe erosion and rutting. Continued erosion from visitor traffic around the base walk (including use of segways and increasing cycle traffic) and an increase in the impact of dust generated from these activities has been identified including on the rock art adjacent to tracks (as recorded in the 25-year rock art survey). This will require further investigation.
Involvement of stakeholders and rightsholders, including indigenous peoples and local communities, in decision-making processes
Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park is a living cultural landscape tens of thousands of years old. It is Aboriginal land which Aṉangu have leased to the Australian Government's Director of National Parks.
The joint management of Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park has been pivotal in integrating Aṉangu perspectives into decision-making through well-established consultation mechanisms, overseen by both the Board of Management and the Central Land Council. Aṉangu are also involved in on-ground management programs and through the Board of Management and the Board's working groups (IUCN Consultation, 2020; 2025). Strengthening efforts to enhance accessibility and approachability within these consultative frameworks aligns with best practices in stakeholder engagement, particularly where ongoing, reciprocal communication is prioritised to ensure shared objectives are met efficiently and respectfully (IUCN Consultation, 2024).
Some concerns have been expressed, that Public Service employment standards and WH&S conditions, and a range of socio-economic factors like literacy and numeracy, poor housing, health issues continue to limit Aṉangu aspirations (IUCN Consultation, 2017). A 10-year Management Plan was prepared in 2021 by the Board of Management and Director of National Parks using participatory processes to foster Aṉangu decision making, in relation to the future direction and priorities of the park (DNP, 2021). This is most evident in the Board’s vision for the Park which is that Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park is a place where Aṉangu law and culture is kept strong for future generations (IUCN Consultation, 2020). The current Management Plan also includes a full chapter on addressing Aṉangu benefits from employment, enterprise and economic development (DNP, 2021). The increase in commercial licences in the park has provided increased opportunities for Aṉangu engagement and negotiation of “Aṉangu benefits packages” to promote employment and development of sustainable livelihoods.
In 2024 Aṟa-ku Kulini (ara-ku-kulini.net.au), the digital story book of the Plan of Management was launched following two years of co-design. Aṟa-ku Kulini was developed on the request of the Board of Management to ensure the new plan of management was available digitally and in the languages of Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara, so that it was accessible to Aṉangu, young people and the broader community. Aṉangu were engaged across all aspects of the project, including storyboard development, filming, language services, website content development, artwork and storytelling camps and many site visits and workshops. The Mala Rangers tested the website and facilitated Aṉangu-led information sessions at the community launch. The Board of Management selected the name Ara-ku Kulini, which loosely translates to ‘Understanding one story’.
A community-based governance approach is a significant approach for benefiting locals and requires greater inclusion in all processes. It does not need to be overly formal but rather more participatory to prevent the disappearance of living heritage (Lixinski, 2019).
The joint management of Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park has been pivotal in integrating Aṉangu perspectives into decision-making through well-established consultation mechanisms, overseen by both the Board of Management and the Central Land Council. Aṉangu are also involved in on-ground management programs and through the Board of Management and the Board's working groups (IUCN Consultation, 2020; 2025). Strengthening efforts to enhance accessibility and approachability within these consultative frameworks aligns with best practices in stakeholder engagement, particularly where ongoing, reciprocal communication is prioritised to ensure shared objectives are met efficiently and respectfully (IUCN Consultation, 2024).
Some concerns have been expressed, that Public Service employment standards and WH&S conditions, and a range of socio-economic factors like literacy and numeracy, poor housing, health issues continue to limit Aṉangu aspirations (IUCN Consultation, 2017). A 10-year Management Plan was prepared in 2021 by the Board of Management and Director of National Parks using participatory processes to foster Aṉangu decision making, in relation to the future direction and priorities of the park (DNP, 2021). This is most evident in the Board’s vision for the Park which is that Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park is a place where Aṉangu law and culture is kept strong for future generations (IUCN Consultation, 2020). The current Management Plan also includes a full chapter on addressing Aṉangu benefits from employment, enterprise and economic development (DNP, 2021). The increase in commercial licences in the park has provided increased opportunities for Aṉangu engagement and negotiation of “Aṉangu benefits packages” to promote employment and development of sustainable livelihoods.
In 2024 Aṟa-ku Kulini (ara-ku-kulini.net.au), the digital story book of the Plan of Management was launched following two years of co-design. Aṟa-ku Kulini was developed on the request of the Board of Management to ensure the new plan of management was available digitally and in the languages of Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara, so that it was accessible to Aṉangu, young people and the broader community. Aṉangu were engaged across all aspects of the project, including storyboard development, filming, language services, website content development, artwork and storytelling camps and many site visits and workshops. The Mala Rangers tested the website and facilitated Aṉangu-led information sessions at the community launch. The Board of Management selected the name Ara-ku Kulini, which loosely translates to ‘Understanding one story’.
A community-based governance approach is a significant approach for benefiting locals and requires greater inclusion in all processes. It does not need to be overly formal but rather more participatory to prevent the disappearance of living heritage (Lixinski, 2019).
Legal framework
Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park is a living cultural landscape tens of thousands of years old. It is Aboriginal land which Aṉangu have leased to the Australian Government's Director of National Parks.
The Australian Government formally leased Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa land back to the Aṉangu in 1985, establishing their ownership under a 99-year lease. The Park is managed by the Australian Government’s Director of National Parks, with the support of Parks Australia, under the oversight Board of Management with majority Anangu members in line with the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) and the Head Lease with the Land Trust. Negotiations are underway to update the Head Lease. Mutitijulu Township is governed under a sub-lease arrangement with the Executive Director of Township Leasing.
Management Plans for Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park are prepared under provisions of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (DNP, 2010). Management is underpinned by Tjukurpa (pronounced ‘chook-orr-pa’, meaning life, law and traditional culture) and Australian laws which are both central to the 10-year Management Plan to guide the management of the park. The Board of Management and Director of National Parks have developed a current Management Plan in 2021 for the period 2020-2030. This has involved a participatory process including the preparation of the vision and goals for the park to guide the plan’s preparation and the strategic content of the plan being developed and approved by the Board of Management. Upon registration, it is a legally binding document under Australia’s Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 reflecting the Director of National Parks obligations under the park lease agreement (IUCN Consultation, 2020a). This framework requires consultation and inclusion of Aṉangu in decision-making processes in line with the Management Plan, respecting Indigenous knowledge and cultural values.
The Australian Government formally leased Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa land back to the Aṉangu in 1985, establishing their ownership under a 99-year lease. The Park is managed by the Australian Government’s Director of National Parks, with the support of Parks Australia, under the oversight Board of Management with majority Anangu members in line with the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) and the Head Lease with the Land Trust. Negotiations are underway to update the Head Lease. Mutitijulu Township is governed under a sub-lease arrangement with the Executive Director of Township Leasing.
Management Plans for Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park are prepared under provisions of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (DNP, 2010). Management is underpinned by Tjukurpa (pronounced ‘chook-orr-pa’, meaning life, law and traditional culture) and Australian laws which are both central to the 10-year Management Plan to guide the management of the park. The Board of Management and Director of National Parks have developed a current Management Plan in 2021 for the period 2020-2030. This has involved a participatory process including the preparation of the vision and goals for the park to guide the plan’s preparation and the strategic content of the plan being developed and approved by the Board of Management. Upon registration, it is a legally binding document under Australia’s Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 reflecting the Director of National Parks obligations under the park lease agreement (IUCN Consultation, 2020a). This framework requires consultation and inclusion of Aṉangu in decision-making processes in line with the Management Plan, respecting Indigenous knowledge and cultural values.
Governance arrangements
Joint management between the Traditional Owners (Aṉangu) and the Director of National Parks operating through a Board of Management provides the foundation Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park governance arrangements. The Board is supported by four working groups that advise the Board on tourism, media and tourism and scientific and cultural heritage matters. The Park is surrounded by the Katiti-Petermann Indigenous Protected Area which has overlapping traditional ownership, compatible governance arrangements and collaborative land management programs with the Park. The governance structure of Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park demonstrates a strong commitment to joint management, integrating Aṉangu cultural values and knowledge.
Integration into local, regional and national planning systems (including sea/landscape connectivity)
The park is managed in accord to prescriptions contained in the management plan and in accord with Northern Territory and Federal legislative obligations including: those specific to World Heritage sites; Parks Australia policy and planning and legislative, systems; and the Park lease and sub lease agreements. The Park makes a significant contribution to the comprehensiveness, adequateness and representativeness of the National Reserve System, which aims to contain samples of all regional ecosystems across Australia, their constituent biota and associated conservation values, in accordance with the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia. The park also contributes to the delivery of Australia’s Strategy for Nature 2019-30 and associated priority targets by conserving biological diversity in situ, integrating biological diversity conservation and natural resource management, managing threatening processes, improving knowledge of biological diversity. and involving the community in biodiversity conservation. Migratory species prevalent in Uluṟu–Kata Tjuṯa National Park are protected under international agreements such as the Bonn Convention for conserving migratory species, and Australia’s migratory bird protection agreements with China (CAMBA), Japan (JAMBA) and Korea (ROKAMBA) (DNP, 2010). The recent declaration of the Katiti-Petermann Indigenous Protected Area (IPA) surrounding the park further strengthens the protection of the site. The IPA surrounds the national park and enables cooperative land management over a large area (IUCN Consultation, 2017). Joint planning and implementation for annual burn programs occurs with the IPA, and Indigenous land managers from South and West Australia through the Tri-state Waru committee (IUCN Consultation, 2020c).
The governance of Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park aligns with national and regional planning systems, particularly through compliance with federal legislation and participation in the National Reserve System.
The governance of Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park aligns with national and regional planning systems, particularly through compliance with federal legislation and participation in the National Reserve System.
Boundaries
The management plan identifies zoning that provides for biodiversity conservation in the reserve, the landscape and the needs of the Aṉangu community, the Central Land Council and Uluṟu–Kata Tjuṯa Land Trust in accordance with the Lease Agreement (DoE, 2013; DNP, 2021), the EPBC Act and its own compliance with the site’s status as World Heritage under the UNESCO framework.
Overlapping international designations
N/A
Implementation of World Heritage Committee decisions and recommendations
No recent decisions
Climate action
In 2012 Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park released its climate change strategy for 2012-2017 (Director of National Parks, 2012). The predicted effects climate change for the central Australia region include a rise in average temperatures, a reduction in the number of cold nights (below 0 degrees Celsius) and an increase in evaporation rates. There is no projected change to annual average rainfall, there is a marginal increase in the occurrence of hot days and rain events. The key threats to central Australia are an increased in annual temperatures, increase in CO2 concentrations, increase in potential evaporation, increase in the number of hot days over 35 degrees Celsius and a change in fire regimes. These impacts could lead to increased weeds and feral animals in the park, reduced groundwater and surface water, increased risk of fire and an increased stress on park infrastructure. The Park has identified a series of management actions in its climate change strategy to minimise the risks and impacts associated with climate change and further integrated actions under the climate change section of the current management plan (i.e. maintaining Indigenous knowledge and skills, monitoring and research regarding land, species and vegetation conditions, implementing relevant action plans for threat abatement, invasive animals and plants, fire management). Climate change is a long term issue and this strategy is but an incremental 'first step' to what must be a far longer and enduring response. The climate change strategy is an adaptive tool subject to ongoing review and management responses will be amended to take account of improvements in the understanding of the implications of climate change on the park (DCCEEW, 2021). No update of the strategy is available and the current climate action therefore seems to be mostly carried out through the current management plan.
Management plan and overall management system
The 2021 Management Plan for Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park, designed to guide actions for the next 10 years, focuses on cultural heritage conservation, visitor management, and environmental preservation. It continues the joint management model with Aṉangu, integrating traditional knowledge in decision-making. Key objectives include protecting biodiversity, managing visitation, and improving fire risk-management in collaboration with local stakeholders. The Management Plan aligns with both national and international conservation obligations. The Management Plan was prepared in 2021 by the Board of Management and Director of National Parks using participatory processes to foster Aṉangu decision making, in relation to the future direction and priorities of the park (DNP, 2021). This is most evident in the Board’s vision for the park which is that Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park is a place where Aṉangu law and culture is kept strong for future generations (IUCN Consultation, 2020). The current Management Plan also includes a full chapter on addressing Aṉangu benefits from employment, enterprise and economic development (DNP, 2021). The increase in commercial licences in the park has provided increased opportunities for Aṉangu engagement and negotiation of “Aṉangu benefits packages” to promote employment and development of sustainable livelihoods.
Law enforcement
Enforcement of the relevant laws and regulations is mostly effective and is based on an education and compliance focus rather than enforcement. However, there are no compliance issues that significantly threaten park values, especially given the closure of the Uluṟu climb, as illegal climbing was the major compliance issue (e.g. when the climb was closed due to safety reasons like rain and strong winds) (IUCN Consultation, 2020a). More training for staff responsible for monitoring should be pursued and employing Anangu for such should be prioritised as custodians of the land.
Sustainable finance
Planning and financial decision-making are based on best available information, good practice and Government requirements. High levels of staff expertise and performance are maintained (DNP, 2010) however, this can be difficult to do in a remote area (e.g. due to staff retention, social impacts of living in remote areas). Actions are being undertaken to increase levels of employment of Aṉangu in Park Management roles as well as private enterprises to ensure the Aṉangu community has a sustainable and healthy future. This should continue to be strongly emphasised. Given the very remote location, costs for effective park management are very high. Visitation is the key source of park income and has increased over the last few years. This has also resulted in increased payments to Aṉangu under the park lease agreement. An injection of Federal funding over three years for refreshing and renewing aged park infrastructure and Mutitjulu Community essential services commenced in 2020. It will be important to have asset management plans and preventative maintenance programs in place with experienced staff to ensure lasting benefits (IUCN Consultation, 2020c) — data of the effect of this funding implementation should be produced. Seventy-five percent of own source revenue derived from park entry fees, permits, rent and sales is used annually for park operations and the remainder is paid to Traditional Owners through the Central Land Council. This funding arrangement is currently under negotiation with Traditional Owners and expected to be amended during 2025. Whilst visitation significantly diminished during the COVID-19 pandemic, visitation numbers have been slowly increasing to pre-pandemic levels (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
Staff capacity, training and development
Building livelihoods and other benefits for Aṉangu, particularly young Aṉangu should be a key goal of the Board of Management. Aṉangu employment has increased over the last few years and further Aṉangu employment and training plan has been pursued, however, employing and developing Aṉangu skills remains one of the major challenges and priorities. The remote location also poses some challenges for Aṉangu and non-Aṉangu training and development (IUCN Consultation, 2024). Recent efforts have focussed on accredited group training delivered locally to park staff, namely Mala Rangers (previously named Mutitjulu Community Rangers) and Indigenous ranger groups associated with the adjoining Indigenous Protected Area. Continued implementation of the 2020 Aṉangu Employment Pathway includes Junior Rangers, work experience, community ranger, trainee and park staff pathways. Commercial permits and licences look to commit to Anangu training and employment outcomes to further increase opportunity to Anangu capacity building. As custodians, Aṉangu should be at the forefront of protection and management of the site, and whilst programs have been under development, more resource allocation is required to build innovative and capacity building training for younger generations.
Education and interpretation programmes
The Cultural Centre is the primary opportunity for increasing visitor awareness of living cultural traditions and the natural and cultural values of the Park. It is also the base for several Aṉangu enterprises to service visitor needs for tours, arts/crafts and refreshments. A ‘Knowledge for Tour Guides’ program, updated late 2024-early 2025, continues to improve tour guides’ knowledge of Aṉangu culture, and natural heritage of the park. Public awareness and appreciation of park values is also enhanced through a free daily interpretive walk (the Mala Walk) which showcases the park’s cultural and natural values, as well as a free daily cultural centre talk. Park social media, education packages and junior ranger programs are developed by park staff. Commercial operators are informed on best practice to provide a high-quality informative service to park visitors and help to manage high numbers of visitors, especially through the provision of interpretive information about the parks values. A Visitor Infrastructure Plan and a Park Interpretation Strategy have been endorsed by the Board and priority planning will commence for upgrading the Cultural Centre which is now circa 30 years old (IUCN Consultation, 2024), therefore, although appropriate, further enhancing the centre, its own and the broader Park’s interpretation plan would benefit the transmission and safeguarding of the living heritage embedded within Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park.
In 2024 Aṟa-ku Kulini (ara-ku-kulini.net.au), a digital story book developed as part of the Management Plan (2021) was launched following two years of co-design. Aṟa-ku Kulini was developed on the request of the Board of Management to ensure the new plan of management was available digitally and in the languages of Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara, so that it was accessible to Aṉangu, young people and the broader community. Aṉangu were engaged across all aspects of the project, including storyboard development, filming, language services, website content development, artwork and storytelling camps and many site visits and workshops. The Mala Rangers tested the website and facilitated Aṉangu-led information sessions at the community launch. The Board of Management selected the name Ara-ku Kulini, which loosely translates to ‘Understanding one story’.
In 2024 Aṟa-ku Kulini (ara-ku-kulini.net.au), a digital story book developed as part of the Management Plan (2021) was launched following two years of co-design. Aṟa-ku Kulini was developed on the request of the Board of Management to ensure the new plan of management was available digitally and in the languages of Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara, so that it was accessible to Aṉangu, young people and the broader community. Aṉangu were engaged across all aspects of the project, including storyboard development, filming, language services, website content development, artwork and storytelling camps and many site visits and workshops. The Mala Rangers tested the website and facilitated Aṉangu-led information sessions at the community launch. The Board of Management selected the name Ara-ku Kulini, which loosely translates to ‘Understanding one story’.
Tourism and visitation management
Aṉangu and non-Aboriginal people perceive Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park in very different ways (Calvin et al. 2024). Circa 350,000 people visited the park each year, to experience the spectacular and iconic scenery and learn about Aṉangu culture. Many people regard the Uluṟu monolith as one of the natural wonders of the world. For non-Aboriginal Australians, Uluṟu is the symbolic heart of the nation and is socially important for its recreational and aesthetic qualities. Visitor impacts (on reserve management, values, the environment and other visitors) are within acceptable levels. Although already involved in higher decision-making processes, Aṉangu want to be more involved in tourism businesses and interpretation delivery. Policies and regulations in relation to visitor management have been developed in such a way as to emphasise Aṉangu perceptions of appropriate visitor behaviour. The most prominent recent example of this was the decision by the Board of Management to close the Uluṟu climb, which was based on the wishes of Aṉangu. Also of particular importance are the policies and guidelines developed with the Board of Management for commercial filming and photography and the closing of certain areas (e.g. sacred sites) around the base of Uluṟu, to ensure visitors do not inadvertently contravene Tjukurpa restrictions. The Cultural Centre has greatly increased opportunities for visitors to learn about Tjukurpa, Aṉangu culture and the park. Within the bounds of appropriate access, Tjukurpa provides a basis for most of the interpretation of the park to visitors. Aṉangu want visitors to understand how they interpret this landscape. Tjukurpa contains information about the landscape features, the ecology, the plants and animals, and appropriate use of areas of the park. Tjukurpa has been passed down through the generations and can be shared with visitors. In addition, Aṉangu believe that visitors’ understanding of the park can be enhanced by providing information about how Aṉangu use the park’s resources and their knowledge of using these resources.
Sustainable use
In accordance with the Management Plan, stakeholders, neighbours, state agencies and park user groups – visitors and tourism operators - are involved in and contribute to park management activities. A key sustainability issue is groundwater capacity for Mutitjulu community and further studies are needed to determine its sustainability.
Conserving groundwater in dry areas like Uluṟu and Central Australia is very important because of the limited rainfall and high evaporation rates. Groundwater, stored in deep underground layers, is the main water source for local people and visitors. Managing this water includes preventing pollution, especially around sacred waterholes like Mutitjulu, which can be affected by waste from tourism. Key strategies include reducing pollution, educating visitors on proper waste disposal, and using water in a way that doesn’t drain the underground reserves (Ausemade, 2023; Earth2Water, 2019). Current studies are being undertaken to make decisions on short and long-term actions to be taken to address these issues.
Development applications for Mutitjulu Community and the Yulara borefield areas are under ongoing consideration, however, planning mechanisms in place would appear to protect the cultural and natural heritage conservation — and should continue by enforcing consultation and engagement processes with local communities. New tourism activity (the use of cycles and segways on tracks originally developed for low impact walking) has resulted in tracks widening substantially in recent years, with severe erosion and rutting becoming apparent.
Conserving groundwater in dry areas like Uluṟu and Central Australia is very important because of the limited rainfall and high evaporation rates. Groundwater, stored in deep underground layers, is the main water source for local people and visitors. Managing this water includes preventing pollution, especially around sacred waterholes like Mutitjulu, which can be affected by waste from tourism. Key strategies include reducing pollution, educating visitors on proper waste disposal, and using water in a way that doesn’t drain the underground reserves (Ausemade, 2023; Earth2Water, 2019). Current studies are being undertaken to make decisions on short and long-term actions to be taken to address these issues.
Development applications for Mutitjulu Community and the Yulara borefield areas are under ongoing consideration, however, planning mechanisms in place would appear to protect the cultural and natural heritage conservation — and should continue by enforcing consultation and engagement processes with local communities. New tourism activity (the use of cycles and segways on tracks originally developed for low impact walking) has resulted in tracks widening substantially in recent years, with severe erosion and rutting becoming apparent.
Monitoring
Effective research and monitoring provides essential information to assist the Director and the Board, and the Australian Government, to make sound decisions about management of the park (IUCN Consultation, 2024). These decisions should be effected in collaboration with active participation by Aṉangu and the local community (Lixinski, 2019), and partnerships with research organisations are highly desirable for enhancing management effectiveness. This work may be carried out by park staff or consultants engaged by the Director. It may also be carried out in collaboration with other government agencies, organisations and individuals, including researchers and tourism businesses on site.
Visitor monitoring has continued, however, some concerns exist with regards to the effectiveness of monitoring of the park's biodiversity and the level of engagement of Aṉangu people in the process. Biodiversity and geological erosion monitoring with the aid of Aṉangu should be a high priority for the park. A mala census has occurred annually with the participation of Aṉangu, as well an annual fauna survey. An annual Tjakura (great desert skink) survey has also been implemented over the last 2 years to assess numbers, threats and patterns within Tjakura populations. The 25-year rock art survey was conducted in 2024, to rerecord all rock art sites of Uluṟu, assess damages and threats to the rock art of Uluṟu. A further 25 previously unrecorded sites were identified and a report for recommendations was produced. Some recommendations are already being implemented, with graffiti removal, cobweb and dust removal and weed and fire management being undertaken. The effects of increased development and climate change are unknown (CSIRO, 2022). Although monitoring programs are not extensive, results of monitoring and surveys in the park provide valuable information about natural and cultural resources and visitor use of the park. Regular monitoring reveals whether and how conditions have changed in relation to the baseline information and helps in assessing the effectiveness of management programs and making better management decisions.
Visitor monitoring has continued, however, some concerns exist with regards to the effectiveness of monitoring of the park's biodiversity and the level of engagement of Aṉangu people in the process. Biodiversity and geological erosion monitoring with the aid of Aṉangu should be a high priority for the park. A mala census has occurred annually with the participation of Aṉangu, as well an annual fauna survey. An annual Tjakura (great desert skink) survey has also been implemented over the last 2 years to assess numbers, threats and patterns within Tjakura populations. The 25-year rock art survey was conducted in 2024, to rerecord all rock art sites of Uluṟu, assess damages and threats to the rock art of Uluṟu. A further 25 previously unrecorded sites were identified and a report for recommendations was produced. Some recommendations are already being implemented, with graffiti removal, cobweb and dust removal and weed and fire management being undertaken. The effects of increased development and climate change are unknown (CSIRO, 2022). Although monitoring programs are not extensive, results of monitoring and surveys in the park provide valuable information about natural and cultural resources and visitor use of the park. Regular monitoring reveals whether and how conditions have changed in relation to the baseline information and helps in assessing the effectiveness of management programs and making better management decisions.
Research
Scientific research and surveys are not a major aspect of the parks management (IUCN Consultation, 2020a; IUCN Consultation, 2024). However, research is sometimes undertaken by Aṉangu, Park staff and other research partners (such as University researchers) leading to a better understanding of the Park’s biodiversity and natural and cultural heritage values, and the pressures these are under from a variety of sources; a better understanding of visitors: who they are, their expectations and awareness of the park, levels of satisfaction, and preferences and use of the Park. The Board and Park management continuously seek to more effectively involve Aṉangu and traditional skills and knowledge to contribute to effective management of the park and the region and protect Park values (DNP, 2010; McAlpin 2006). Several ongoing research projects are being undertaken in the Park including on cultural site disturbance, thorny devil research, mala health research and translocation options, Tjakura surveys, water studies and drought research to name a few.
The research permit process at Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park is currently being updated. This project came from a 2021 Tjungukula Ngura Artungmara Working Group (TNA Working Group) meeting where Aṉangu discussed ways to get more young Aṉangu involved in research and appropriate acknowledgement in publications, along with more Aṉangu driven research on the Park. The TNA Working Group met three times throughout 2023 and 2024 to workshop ideas and capture Aṉangu priorities. The new process will involve updated permit conditions such as annual reporting to keep researchers accountable and engaged with Aṉangu, and the possibility of bespoke research agreements in addition to permits. These additional agreements are intended to foster constructive and positive relationships between Aṉangu, researchers, and the Park, and ensure benefits to Aṉangu are prioritised and project expectations are aligned (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
It may be appropriate in the future to build on these efforts and develop a Research Plan for the site in conjunction with Aṉangu, Central Land Council and others, to optimise research interactions with internal and external researchers. A research proposal is in development to assess the effects of climate change and cultural burning on significant habitats within the park (IUCN Consultation, 2020c). The Park has moved to a more proactive role with identifying research and developing partnerships more directed toward Park management outcomes rather than just responding to requests from external research interests. This has involved developing a clearer profile of research priorities and a research agreement process that focusses collaborative knowledge-building research with Anangu and greater benefit for the park. The Park is initiating a multi-year project in conjunction with Monash University and CSIRO to work with Anangu to identify issues relating to the sustainable use of water, particularly for the community the community resident in the Park. Such initiatives should be expanded and continued (IUCN Consultation, 2024).
The research permit process at Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park is currently being updated. This project came from a 2021 Tjungukula Ngura Artungmara Working Group (TNA Working Group) meeting where Aṉangu discussed ways to get more young Aṉangu involved in research and appropriate acknowledgement in publications, along with more Aṉangu driven research on the Park. The TNA Working Group met three times throughout 2023 and 2024 to workshop ideas and capture Aṉangu priorities. The new process will involve updated permit conditions such as annual reporting to keep researchers accountable and engaged with Aṉangu, and the possibility of bespoke research agreements in addition to permits. These additional agreements are intended to foster constructive and positive relationships between Aṉangu, researchers, and the Park, and ensure benefits to Aṉangu are prioritised and project expectations are aligned (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
It may be appropriate in the future to build on these efforts and develop a Research Plan for the site in conjunction with Aṉangu, Central Land Council and others, to optimise research interactions with internal and external researchers. A research proposal is in development to assess the effects of climate change and cultural burning on significant habitats within the park (IUCN Consultation, 2020c). The Park has moved to a more proactive role with identifying research and developing partnerships more directed toward Park management outcomes rather than just responding to requests from external research interests. This has involved developing a clearer profile of research priorities and a research agreement process that focusses collaborative knowledge-building research with Anangu and greater benefit for the park. The Park is initiating a multi-year project in conjunction with Monash University and CSIRO to work with Anangu to identify issues relating to the sustainable use of water, particularly for the community the community resident in the Park. Such initiatives should be expanded and continued (IUCN Consultation, 2024).
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats outside the site
A key factor to address threats outside of the Park and to promote seamless management of cultural heritage programs, is working collaboratively with Aṉangu land managers and the Central Land Council. The site is in quite a remote location in the desert heart of Australia. Ecological and bio conditions do not differ from inside the site and proposed development is highly unlikely.
The current focus of management outside the site remains on operational programs for the effective management of fire, as well as feral animals, weeds and invasive plants, particularly buffel grass, as well as the potential impacts of climate change and tourism management. In addition to the site-specific Management Plan, there are programs and national recovery plans relevant to threatened species and other management issues such as the Australian Weeds Strategy, Threat Abatement Plan for Predation by Feral Cats, Threat Abatement Plan for Predation by European Red Fox, Threat Abatement Plan for Competition by Feral Rabbits. Across the Northern Territory, fire is mapped continuously under the North Australia Fire Information Project. Data from all these programs are integrated into site management, research and monitoring programs (NRETAS, 2013). Partnering with Aṉangu for best land management practices should continue to be pursued and emphasised for outside the park as well as inside.
The current focus of management outside the site remains on operational programs for the effective management of fire, as well as feral animals, weeds and invasive plants, particularly buffel grass, as well as the potential impacts of climate change and tourism management. In addition to the site-specific Management Plan, there are programs and national recovery plans relevant to threatened species and other management issues such as the Australian Weeds Strategy, Threat Abatement Plan for Predation by Feral Cats, Threat Abatement Plan for Predation by European Red Fox, Threat Abatement Plan for Competition by Feral Rabbits. Across the Northern Territory, fire is mapped continuously under the North Australia Fire Information Project. Data from all these programs are integrated into site management, research and monitoring programs (NRETAS, 2013). Partnering with Aṉangu for best land management practices should continue to be pursued and emphasised for outside the park as well as inside.
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats inside the site
The management system to date has effectively preserved the values of the site, despite an increase in recent wildfires due to successive dry years and a reduction in land management programs due to the busiest visitor years on record with climb closure. Populations of EPBC Act listed threatened species and their habitats have been conserved (DNP, 2010). A performance (indicator) management plan (PMP) was approved by the Board of Management in 2017 and since then has been used to report to the Board annually on key aspects of the Park's management. The PMP has been revised in-line with the current Management Plan. The current plan has an increased focus on Aṉangu aspirations for sustainably managing country and culture for future generations and visitors to the park.
The challenge is to create safeguard and transmit the living heritage existent within the cultural landscape of Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park. Linking nature and culture, connecting their elements and processes across different scales. In the context of Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park, this means understanding the interrelationship between the land’s cultural significance and its natural environment to inform land management and the visitor experience. The goal is to manage these spaces in a way that reflects their complex interactions, guiding a deeper engagement with both the cultural and ecological heritage of the park, and offering a foundation for meaningful conservation and visitor education. This approach can lead to more innovative ways of preserving and interpreting Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park's unique values (Tardim-Coelho, 2012).
The challenge is to create safeguard and transmit the living heritage existent within the cultural landscape of Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park. Linking nature and culture, connecting their elements and processes across different scales. In the context of Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park, this means understanding the interrelationship between the land’s cultural significance and its natural environment to inform land management and the visitor experience. The goal is to manage these spaces in a way that reflects their complex interactions, guiding a deeper engagement with both the cultural and ecological heritage of the park, and offering a foundation for meaningful conservation and visitor education. This approach can lead to more innovative ways of preserving and interpreting Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park's unique values (Tardim-Coelho, 2012).
The Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park Management Plan for 2020-2030 provides a structured framework for protecting the Park's cultural and natural World Heritage values. Joint management governance ensures active Aṉangu involvement in decision-making across management planning, resource conservation, and tourism. This approach upholds the Park as a "living cultural landscape," integrating traditional knowledge and sustainable land practices into conservation. Aṉangu and the Director of National Parks, with the support of Parks Australia, share decision-making for the management of Uluṟu- Kata Tjuṯa National Park. Management Plans for Uluṟu- Kata Tjuṯa National Park meet all the statutory requirements for management plans under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act). They also address obligations under the Park lease and are a mechanism for joint planning and implementation of the future directions and priorities for the Park. This occurs through the Board of Management, planning of on-ground programs jointly between Aṉangu and Park staff and other Park related plans, which also play a crucial role in the maintenance and protection of the World Heritage values. Management impacts from tourism and building livelihoods and other benefits for Aṉangu, particularly young Aṉangu should be key goals of the Board of Management in the near future.
Good practice examples
The 2021 Management Plan for Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park focuses on cultural heritage conservation, visitor management, and environmental preservation. In 2024 Aṟa-ku Kulini (ara-ku-kulini.net.au), the digital story book of the Plan of Management was launched following two years of co-design. Aṟa-ku Kulini was developed on the request of the Board of Management to ensure the new plan of management was available digitally and in the languages of Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara, so that it was accessible to Aṉangu, young people and the broader community. Aṉangu were engaged across all aspects of the project, including storyboard development, filming, language services, website content development, artwork and storytelling camps and many site visits and workshops. The Mala Rangers tested the website and facilitated Aṉangu-led information sessions at the community launch. The Board of Management selected the name Ara-ku Kulini, which loosely translates to ‘Understanding one story’. Such projects should continue to be pursued by the Board of Management.
Ongoing geological processes
Low Concern
Trend
Stable
The monoliths of Uluṟu and Kata Tjuṯa are exceptional examples of tectonic, geochemical and geomorphic processes. Therefore, changes over time continue to occur. Uluṟu is affected by erosional processes including sheeting of rock parallel to the surface and granular disintegration known as cavernous weathering. The improvements to site and visitor management, in particular closing the climbing of Uluṟu, has improved the integrity of the site’s OUV and further following the wishes of Aṉangu, the chain and summit cairn that was used for climbing were removed — although the mark that it has left on the land can still be observed (pers. obs. from site visit 2023). Erosion is a particular concern in some areas, however, it is well recognised in the current Management Plan (2021) and improvements have been implemented (e.g. erosion control works). Soils of the Gillen land system based around Uluṟu and Kata Tjuṯa are the most susceptible to erosion in the park where tourism pressures are greatest, and vehicle used for visitation from when the site was initially opened as a national park resulted in severe gully erosion. Soil susceptibility to erosion is a major risk and is carefully considered in planning, designing and maintaining park infrastructure (DoE, 2013; DNP, 2010).
Natural phenomena of exceptional aesthetic and spiritual importance
Good
Trend
Stable
Aṉangu continue to work together with park rangers to look after the natural heritage according to Tjukurpa, and Piranpa (non-Aṉangu) rangers are receiving training in traditional land management. The values of the site are far more respected by visitors than they previously were. Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park remains of outstanding exceptional aesthetic values and a universal natural phenomena (pers. obs. from site visit 2023), a cultural landscape of associative qualities demonstrating long lasting human living heritage.
Spectacular desert landscape
Good
Trend
Stable
Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park covers 1,325 km2 of arid ecosystems and is in the centre of Australia in the Western Deserts, symbolically in the ‘heart of Australia’, and standing in the lands of Aṉangu, who are typically Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara language speakers. Aṉangu have lived in and maintained the cultural landscape and Tjukurpa at Uluṟu and Kata Tjuṯa for many thousands of years. For the Indigenous community it has profound significance, intrinsic to their sense of meaning and identity. Uluṟu and Kata Tjuṯa are exceptional examples of tectonic, geochemical and geomorphic processes (DoE, 2013) and a natural landform feature of remarkable recognition. Nonetheless, the desert landscape where the monoliths stand is equally important spiritually, as well as for their aesthetical values. The Park is a living cultural landscape, where Aṉangu continue to use traditional land management methods that they have used over tens of thousands of years to manage culture and country.
Assessment of the current state and trend of World Heritage values
Stable
The Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park embodies significant cultural, geological, and biodiversity values that configure its Outstanding Universal Value (OUV). The Park's geological features, such as Uluṟu’s weathering and Kata Tjuṯa’s block tilting, reflect natural tectonic and geomorphic processes, configuring unique value for site's geo-heritage under World Heritage criterion (viii). The spiritual and aesthetic values defining it as a cultural landscape are iconic natural formations and central elements of Aṉangu culture — initially unrecognised in its inscription (World Heritage 11 Com VIIA, 1987) — Traditional Knowledge “Tjukurpa” and a symbol of Indigenous advocacy for its later nomination as a World Heritage cultural landscape (World Heritage 18 Com XI, 1994). The site’s natural values are currently stable and generally well-preserved, with low immediate concern regarding natural degradation. However, maintaining this stability is increasingly challenged by factors such as climate change and human pressures, which necessitate continued adaptive management and monitoring. A critical component of Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park embodies significant cultural, geological, and biodiversity values that configure its Outstanding Universal Value (OUV). The Park's geological National Park’s value lies in the transmission of Aṉangu continuity through intangible cultural heritage. These practices, which include songlines, ceremonies, and storytelling, are intimately connected to the landscape, support cultural continuity and help sustain biodiversity by continuing to implement Traditional Knowledge practices (such as fire land management practices). However, challenges exist in ensuring that World Heritage values are effectively incorporated into modern management systems, while avoiding the risk of cultural dilution or loss. Its protection requires conservation efforts are pursued by active participation of the community in its continuity. Ongoing engagement in the daily management and decision-making processes by Aṉangu, especially in the areas of cultural education and interpretation enhance the safeguarding of their intangible cultural heritage, as it directly links to the living landscape and the park’s ecosystem.
Assessment of the current state and trend of other important biodiversity values
Low Concern
Stable
The key issues for the site's other important biodiversity values are wildfire, feral animals, weeds and invasive exotic species —as well as the potential climate change impact (CSIRO, 2022). These threats may also impact on the World Heritage values, such as through the loss of traditional bush foods and medicines, and changing Anangu’s ways to access Country. These threats are interrelated and together with climate change projections, they may further result in significant impact on available ground water, which is a key determinant to the survival of the threatened species and the livelihood of the community. The site supports an exceptional reptile fauna (74 species), many plant species with a restricted range and eleven migratory species. It is therefore considered to have high conservation value and botanical significance. These threats are well recognised and prioritised in the Management Plan. There has been little research, survey or monitoring in the park in recent years. The Park is initiating a multi-year project in conjunction with Monash University and CSIRO to work with Anangu to identify issues relating to the sustainable use of water, particularly for the community the community resident in the park. Such initiatives should be expanded and continued (IUCN Consultation, 2024). Annual research projects within the park in recent years consist of the Mala census, Tjakura survey, fauna survey and flora survey. Drought research and water studies are also being undertaken and a 25-year rock art survey and subsequent monitoring has taken place in 2024 and will continue to be implemented moving forward.
Assessment of the current state and trend of other important values
Low Concern
Stable
The assessment of Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park’s from an intangible cultural heritage perspective highlights the continued relevance of Aṉangu traditions and knowledge systems, which are integral to the park's management and significance, as well as an indicator of environmentally sustainable practices. This includes safeguarding and transmitting Aṉangu oral traditions, cultural practices, and spiritual connections to the land, all of which are essential in maintaining the site's outstanding universal value. Intangible cultural heritage, as defined by UNESCO, emphasises the importance of safeguarding living traditions and practices that are passed down through generations (UNESCO, 2003).
A review of the joint management legislation and re-focus on Aṉangu aspirations for Country, culture and livelihoods in the new Management Plan (DNP, 2021) is a welcome shift from tourism (whilst still showcasing the busiest year on record preceding the climb closure). Significant capital funding will refresh and renew aged park infrastructure and Mutitjulu Community essential services. The potential effect of climate change on the site is unknown and development on the park is likely to occur in the coming years — thus a risk-management approach for both should be pursued in partnering park managers, Anangu and research organisations.
By integrating living heritage into educational programs and visitor experiences with the Anangu community involved throughout the process, supporting a circular economy (Doe, 2023) the park could serve as an exemplary model for safeguarding intangible cultural heritage within conservation areas, ensuring that future generations continue to benefit from both cultural and ecological knowledge exhibited in World Heritage sites.
A review of the joint management legislation and re-focus on Aṉangu aspirations for Country, culture and livelihoods in the new Management Plan (DNP, 2021) is a welcome shift from tourism (whilst still showcasing the busiest year on record preceding the climb closure). Significant capital funding will refresh and renew aged park infrastructure and Mutitjulu Community essential services. The potential effect of climate change on the site is unknown and development on the park is likely to occur in the coming years — thus a risk-management approach for both should be pursued in partnering park managers, Anangu and research organisations.
By integrating living heritage into educational programs and visitor experiences with the Anangu community involved throughout the process, supporting a circular economy (Doe, 2023) the park could serve as an exemplary model for safeguarding intangible cultural heritage within conservation areas, ensuring that future generations continue to benefit from both cultural and ecological knowledge exhibited in World Heritage sites.
Additional information
Wilderness and iconic features,
Sacred natural sites or landscapes,
Sacred or symbolic plants or animals,
Cultural identity and sense of belonging
Uluṟu- Kata Tjuṯa National Park is on the traditional lands of the Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara Aboriginal people (Aṉangu: meaning broadly Aboriginal people). It is part of an extensive Aboriginal cultural landscape that stretches across the Australian continent. The site represents the combined works of ancestral Elders and nature over millennia. The landscape has been continuously and sustainably managed using traditional Aṉangu methods governed by Tjukurpa (Traditional Indigenous Lore). The Aṉangu have obligations to maintain Tjukurpa and want to ensure that these obligations and cultural traditions continue to be recognised (DNP, 2010). The park is also home to plants and animals that have cultural significance to the Aṉangu people. Ancestral beings such as the Mala, Woma Python, Western Brown Snake, Blue Tongue Lizard, Marsupial Mole, Kingfisher and others occur, as well as important bush foods and medicines, such as kangaroo, emu, bush turkey, wattle seed and millet seeds. The park is therefore deeply significant to the Anangu people for its spiritual and cultural importance, which is embedded in the landscape and cultural practices. With its World Heritage status, that this knowledge is permitted to be safeguarded and transmitted globally.
The creation stories associated with the Uluṟu and Kata Tjuṯa, as well as the broader arid region are a component of unbroken cultural lore in the Western Desert of Australia. The traditional stories and other cultural associations with the land also provide a strong sense of connection for Aṉangu to their country and each other.
The creation stories associated with the Uluṟu and Kata Tjuṯa, as well as the broader arid region are a component of unbroken cultural lore in the Western Desert of Australia. The traditional stories and other cultural associations with the land also provide a strong sense of connection for Aṉangu to their country and each other.
Sustaining these values requires ongoing Aṉangu involvement in management, as cultural heritage is best preserved when local communities play an active role (Lixinski, 2019).
Wilderness and iconic features
Within Uluṟu- Kata Tjuṯa National Park the monolith Uluṟu is arguably the most distinctive and iconic landscape symbol of Australia, nationally and internationally. It conveys a powerful sense of the very long time during which the landscape of the Australian continent has evolved. As the park is a living cultural landscape that has been continuously inhabited for thousands of years it is not considered a wilderness area.
An increase in commercial licences and new activities need to be sustainable and the visitor management strategies are needed to ensure sustainable access without impacting sensitive environments.
Outdoor recreation and tourism
The Park receives over 350,000 visitors a year. The Uluṟu- Kata Tjuṯa Cultural Centre provides opportunities for visitors to learn about Tjukurpa, Aṉangu culture and the park and experience the iconic monolith of Uluṟu and the rock domes of Kata Tjuṯa. Within the bounds of appropriate access, Tjukurpa provides a basis for most of the interpretation of the park to visitors. Aṉangu want visitors to understand how they interpret this landscape. Tjukurpa contains information about the landscape features, the ecology, the plants and animals, and appropriate use of areas of the park.
Tjukurpa has been passed down through the generations and appropriate aspects can be shared with visitors.
Tjukurpa has been passed down through the generations and appropriate aspects can be shared with visitors.
Increased variety of activities offered include cycling, segways, and potentially quad bikes and overnight hiking.
Water provision (importance for water quantity and quality)
Uluṟu and Kata Tjuṯa monoliths provide runoff water which finds its way into moist gorges and drainage lines where isolated flora populations persist in an environment otherwise characterised by infertile and dry dune fields within a massive desert region. The waterholes at the base of Uluṟu are also important for the Aṉangu from a cultural perspective.
The effects of climate change and development are unknown. The approach needs to be cautious, assessing and monitoring impacts, implementing efficient systems, and replacing aged/ broken infrastructure.
Climate change risk-preparedness is necessary to protect these services from increasing environmental pressures.
Climate change risk-preparedness is necessary to protect these services from increasing environmental pressures.
Legal subsistence hunting of wild game,
Collection of wild plants and mushrooms
Local harvesting of animals and plants is an important food source for Aṉangu and supports the maintenance of traditions. The rights of Aṉangu to harvest and collect ‘bush foods’ are protected under the park lease agreement.
Indigenous ecological knowledge and maintenance of traditional hunting and gathering skills.
Provision of jobs,
Tourism-related income
Central Australia supports several tour operators and others who derive a significant proportion of their income from visitors to the park. Tourism is central to the regional economy, particularly in terms of employment. The standard of visitor facilities that Parks Australia develops and maintains in the park greatly influences the quality of tourists’ experience of the region and hence sustainability of the tourism industry. Tourism is a major export industry in Australia and is actively promoted by governments at all levels. Along with other World Heritage sites of significant natural beauty in Australia such as Kakadu National Park and the Great Barrier Reef, Uluṟu- Kata Tjuṯa has become a major tourism attraction for national and overseas visitors. Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa generates income and job opportunities through tourism, supporting both local and regional economies (DNP, 2021).
The site provides local employment and other economic opportunities to communities in the area. Increasing the level of Aṉangu employed in the park and through tourism associated with the park is a management priority.
The site provides local employment and other economic opportunities to communities in the area. Increasing the level of Aṉangu employed in the park and through tourism associated with the park is a management priority.
Commercial licences contain incentives for “Aṉangu benefits packages” to promote training, employment or other benefits for traditional owners.
Aṉangu Employment Pathway strategy is aimed at local and regional employment benefits.
Aṉangu Employment Pathway strategy is aimed at local and regional employment benefits.
Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park is on the traditional lands of the Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara Aboriginal people (known locally as Aṉangu). Aṉangu knowledge of sustainable land use derives from a detailed body of ecological knowledge which includes a classification and use of ecological zones. This knowledge continues to contribute significantly to ecological research and management of the park. The site is also a major tourism attraction for national and overseas visitors. Tourism is central to the regional economy, particularly in terms of employment. The site provides local employment and other economic opportunities to communities in the area. Increasing the level of Aṉangu employed in the park and through tourism associated with the park is a management priority.
| № | Organization | Brief description of Active Projects | Website |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The Director of National Parks, supported by Parks Australia, Aṉangu, and relevant Northern Territory government departments | Surveys and ongoing monitoring of the distribution and abundance of listed species under the EPBC Act. Data on EPBC Act and Northern Territory listed plant and animal species and others of conservation or cultural significance will be maintained, and management programs and activities ensure protection from inappropriate disturbance. | |
| 2 | The Director of National Parks, supported by Parks Australia working closely with Aṉangu, the Central Land Council and the Mala Recovery Team | Maintain the captive population of Mala and seek to transfer excess Mala to other enclosures, to ensure the viability of this EPBC Listed threatened species. Volunteers assist with manual removal of buffel grass. | |
| 3 | The Director of National Parks, supported by Parks Australia working closely with Aṉangu, the Central Land Council | Current management consists of removing buffel grass chemical methods and by hand, a resource-intensive process. | |
| 4 | The Director of National Parks, supported by Parks Australia working closely with Aṉangu, the Central Land Council | Jointly planning and implementing fire management with Aṉangu. This includes supporting intergenerational transfer of Aṉangu knowledge and skills in fire management so that fire work can continue to be done in the culturally appropriate way. Collaborative fire planning and burn implementation with adjoining Indigenous Protected Area and community ranger groups. | |
| 5 | The Director of National Parks, supported by Parks Australia, working closely with Aṉangu, the Central Land Council and other landholders | In conjunction with Nguraṟitja, develop and implement invasive animal control programs. This will include: a. assessing and prioritising control of invasive species based on risks to park values and visitor safety and the likelihood control works being effective; b. monitoring invasive species density, spread and effectiveness of control works; c. adopting regional management approaches (where applicable) for long term control options with the Central Land Council and other key stakeholders; d. ensuring control programs are undertaken in accordance with clearly defined objectives and outcomes; and e. compliance with appropriate animal welfare standards and protocols. Work carried out on an ad-hoc basis and opportunistically during successive dry years. | |
| 6 | Indigenous People, Director of National Parks and others | Today, Aṉangu work together with park rangers and scientists to look after the land, plants and animals according to traditional law. Piranpa (non-Aṉangu) rangers receive training in traditional land management. Piranpa rangers bring scientific knowledge to the park. Young Aṉangu are training to be rangers. They are studying science as well as learning from the old men and women. Bringing Indigenous Rangers together and working across boundaries is very good practice. |
https://www.dcceew.gov.au/parks-heritage/national-parks/uluru-kata-tjuta-national-park/management-and-conservation/conserving-uluru
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References
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