Tien Shan occidental
Country
Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan,
Uzbekistan
Inscribed in
2016
Criterion
(x)
The conservation outlook for this site has been assessed as "significant concern" in the latest assessment cycle. Explore the Conservation Outlook Assessment for the site below. You have the option to access the summary, or the detailed assessment.
Summary
2025 Conservation Outlook
Finalised on
11 oct 2025
Significant concern
Current state and trend of VALUES
Low Concern
Overall THREATS
Overall PROTECTION and MANAGEMENT
Full assessment
Description of values
Exceptionally rich biodiversity of global significance amongst diverse landscapes within one of the largest mountain ranges in the world
Criterion
(x)
The Western Tien-Shan supports a high diversity of different types of forests and unique combinations of plant communities characteristic of the Mountains of Central Asia biodiversity hotspot. The property is a transnational serial site spanning the three countries of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan. Located in the western part of the 2,500km long Tianshan Mountain range, the property lies within a region known for its high levels of endemism and includes many species of global conservation importance. The mountainous region is characterized by a combination of different types of coniferous and deciduous forests, some in combination with wild fruit tree species. the property supports outstanding diversity of plant and animal species with high level of endemism and many species of global conservation importance. It is known as a centre of origin of cultivated plants, and home to a number of wild species related to domesticated fruit plants including wild apples, apricot, pistachio, vine, plum, pear, walnut and hawthorn. The vertebrate biodiversity found in the region of Western Tien Shan includes 61 species of mammals, 316 species of birds, 17 species of reptiles, 3 species of amphibians and more than 20 fish species, and almost all of these species are reported as occurring in the area of the property.
The Western Tien-Shan supports 14 species of flora and 18 of fauna listed as globally threatened by IUCN at the time of inscription. These include several wild relatives of today’s commercial fruit trees as other rare species. Among the fauna, these are saker falcon Falco cherrug (EN), Egyptian vulture Neophron percnopterus (EN), cinereous vulture Aegypius monachus (NT), charismatic snow leopard Uncia uncia (EN), wild sheep Ovis ammon with two subspecies (nigrimontana at Karatau - 80% of the global population - and karelini), Menzbier’s marmot Marmota menzbieri, European marbled polecat Vormela peregusna (VU). Invertebrates have high level of endemism (IUCN Consultation, 2024).
Very high plant species endemism is particularly characteristic for Karatau State Nature Reserve (SNR) with 61 endemic genera of angiosperms (IUCN, 2016).
The Western Tien-Shan supports 14 species of flora and 18 of fauna listed as globally threatened by IUCN at the time of inscription. These include several wild relatives of today’s commercial fruit trees as other rare species. Among the fauna, these are saker falcon Falco cherrug (EN), Egyptian vulture Neophron percnopterus (EN), cinereous vulture Aegypius monachus (NT), charismatic snow leopard Uncia uncia (EN), wild sheep Ovis ammon with two subspecies (nigrimontana at Karatau - 80% of the global population - and karelini), Menzbier’s marmot Marmota menzbieri, European marbled polecat Vormela peregusna (VU). Invertebrates have high level of endemism (IUCN Consultation, 2024).
Very high plant species endemism is particularly characteristic for Karatau State Nature Reserve (SNR) with 61 endemic genera of angiosperms (IUCN, 2016).
A globally important centre of origin of cultivated plants and home to a number of wild species related to domesticated fruit
Criterion
(x)
The Western Tien-Shan lies within a region which is one of 12 global centres of origin for nut, fruit, and many cultivated plants of importance to agrobiodiversity (38 important agricultural crops). Over 20% of the world’s cereals, vegetable and spice plants, and 90% of the major temperate-zone fruit crops are found in this region. The walnut-fruit forests of the region are considered to be the largest forest of this type in the world.
The wild fruit and nut forests of Western Tien-Shan are considered to be an important genetic resource for the development of future strains of pest and disease resistant domestic fruit and nut species. Many domesticated plant species, particularly fruit and nut plants are reported for the property including wild apples, apricot, pistachio, vine, plum, pear, walnut and hawthorn. 14 species are considered globally threatened including Siverse’s Apple (Malus sieversii, VU), Nedzvetsky’s Apple (Malus niedzwetzkyana, EN) and Wild Apricot (Armeniaca vulgaris, EN) and Walnut Juglans regia (NT), as well as other rare species, such as Crataegus knorringiana (CR); Lonicera karataviensis (CR), Betula talassica (EN), Spiraeanthus schrenkianus (EN) (IUCN Consultation, 2024). Of particular interest is the Siverse’s Apple, a wild apple species considered to be the progenitor of today’s variety of apples (IUCN, 2016).
The wild fruit and nut forests of Western Tien-Shan are considered to be an important genetic resource for the development of future strains of pest and disease resistant domestic fruit and nut species. Many domesticated plant species, particularly fruit and nut plants are reported for the property including wild apples, apricot, pistachio, vine, plum, pear, walnut and hawthorn. 14 species are considered globally threatened including Siverse’s Apple (Malus sieversii, VU), Nedzvetsky’s Apple (Malus niedzwetzkyana, EN) and Wild Apricot (Armeniaca vulgaris, EN) and Walnut Juglans regia (NT), as well as other rare species, such as Crataegus knorringiana (CR); Lonicera karataviensis (CR), Betula talassica (EN), Spiraeanthus schrenkianus (EN) (IUCN Consultation, 2024). Of particular interest is the Siverse’s Apple, a wild apple species considered to be the progenitor of today’s variety of apples (IUCN, 2016).
Important habitat for globally threatened faunal species characteristic of the western Tianshan Mountains
Criterion
(x)
The vertebrate biodiversity found in the region of Western Tien Shan includes 61 species of mammals, 316 species of birds, 17 species of reptiles, 3 species of amphibians and more than 20 fish species, almost all of these species are reported as occurring in the area of the property. 18 of the faunal species are listed as globally threatened including several bird species: Eastern Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca, VU), Great Bustard (Otis tarda, VU), Pale-backed Pigeon (Columba eversmanni, VU), Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug, EN), Cinereous Vulture (Aegypius monachus, NT) and Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus, EN). Threatened mammals include Dhole (Cuon alpinus, EN), Menzbier’s Marmot (Marmota menzbieri, VU), Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia, EN), Wild Sheep (Ovis ammon with two subspecies (nigrimontana at Karatau - 80% of the global population - and karelini)) and the European Marbled Polecat (Vormela peregusna, VU) (IUCN, 2016; World Heritage Committee, 2016; IUCN Consultation, 2024).
The property is an important hotspot for rare and endemic fish species.The 2016 Nomination dossier mentions only one fish species as threatened on the IUCN Red List. As of the last IUCN review (2020-2022), five fish species native to the area are recognized as threatened or vulnerable (Rivers without Boundaries, 2025). Based on current data compiled in the Central Asia database on key freshwater habitats the rivers of Western Tien Shan are crucial for conservation of at least 21 threatened and/or endemic fishes (Rivers without Boundaries, 2025). New species of sculpin Cottus nasalis has been recently been described from Mashat River (Sideleva, 2021), with more new species likely to follow.
The property is an important hotspot for rare and endemic fish species.The 2016 Nomination dossier mentions only one fish species as threatened on the IUCN Red List. As of the last IUCN review (2020-2022), five fish species native to the area are recognized as threatened or vulnerable (Rivers without Boundaries, 2025). Based on current data compiled in the Central Asia database on key freshwater habitats the rivers of Western Tien Shan are crucial for conservation of at least 21 threatened and/or endemic fishes (Rivers without Boundaries, 2025). New species of sculpin Cottus nasalis has been recently been described from Mashat River (Sideleva, 2021), with more new species likely to follow.
Assessment information
The status of the current threats to the key attributes of the World Heritage site is unclear as there is a lack of consistent monitoring and reporting of the site as a whole. Despite progress towards greater collaboration between States Parties, there is no common monitoring system. While past land use practices such as logging, grazing, and hay collection have been reduced following the designation of protected areas, new and emerging threats require urgent attention. Invasive species pose a potentially high threat, although the full extent remains uncertain due to a lack of data. Chatkal SBNR already suffers from a range of invasive plant species, but there is insufficient information on their presence in other protected areas. The absence of national inventories and expert capacity to manage invasive species increases the risk of ecological imbalances in the future. Droughts are leading to an increased risk of forest fires, particularly in dry years. The dominant juniper forests are highly flammable, and firefighting is challenging due to the inaccessibility of many areas. While the current frequency of fires is low, any large fire could have catastrophic consequences for biodiversity and ecosystem stability. River mining, particularly for gold ore and gravel, represents a very high and increasing threat. There are plans for such activities along most rivers, with Kyrgyzstan already permitting investigations in Besh-Aral NR. Mining activities could cause significant destruction of river ecosystems, including water pollution, habitat loss, and disruption of aquatic life. Without strict enforcement of regulations, mining activities could escalate and pose severe risks to the integrity of the World Heritage site. Another very high and increasing threat comes from hydropower and water infrastructure projects. Plans for hydropower projects and water harvesting are actively being pursued in all three countries: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan. In some cases, these projects are located just outside the World Heritage Property, while in Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan, attempts have been made to adjust borders to allow for such developments. If implemented, these projects could significantly alter river flow, disrupt freshwater ecosystems, and affect biodiversity. The cumulative impact of multiple infrastructure projects could irreversibly damage the site's ecological integrity.
Logging, Harvesting & Controlling Trees
(Legacy of past illegal logging)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
A number of components have suffered from intensive use (grazing, logging, hay collection) in the past before they were declared protected areas, but the areas have been recovering since the establishment of protected areas. In particularly logging had been carried out in the past in Karatau, Sary Chelek and Padysha-Ata SNRs (IUCN, 2015).
Invasive Non-Native/ Alien Species
(Invasive plant species are present in Chatkal SBNR)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
Chatkal SBNR suffers from a range of invasive plant species (IUCN, 2016). However, there is currently not enough data on invasive species in the other protected areas constituting the World Heritage site. Actions required to better understand the level of threat posed by non-native and invasive species include developing the national inventories of the invasive species, assessing their influence, increasing competence of the corresponding experts responsible for these matters in the protected areas, as well as in the state authorities (IUCN Consultation, 2019).
Fire & Fire Management
(Wildfires occur in dry years)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
Droughts lead to fires in dry years (World Heritage Committee, 2017). While the occurrence of fires (both from natural and anthropogenic causes) is still quite low, taking into account that the main forest forming tree species (juniper) burn really quickly and most of the places are very hard to access for fire-fighting groups, the consequences of any fire might be dramatic (IUCN Consultation, 2019).
Mining & Quarrying
(Gold mining)
Inside site
, Scattered(5-15%)
Plans for river mining, mainly for gold ore but also for placer gold and gravel, are present on most rivers. In Kyrgyzstan, however, such gold ore mining has already been declared in Besh-Aral NR, although the authorities state that only investigations of the area are being carried out (IUCN Consultation, 2024). The Cabinet of Ministers of the Kyrgyz Republic, by its Decree No.290 of 30.05.2023 granted the Kyrgyzgeologiya State Enterprise (under the Ministry of Natural Resources, Ecology and Technical Supervision of the Kyrgyz Republic) the right to use subsoil of the Naiza-Tugai and Arab gold deposits for geological exploration. However, the National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic and the Department for Biodiversity Conservation and Protected Areas of the Ministry of Natural Resources, Ecology and Technical Supervision of the Kyrgyz Republic initiated the revision of the decree as it did not align with the national legislation. Currently, a Cross-Departmental Committee was established to investigate the issue. According to the preliminary results of the investigation, the need to clarify the boundaries of the Besh-Aral State Nature Reserve as well as to conduct an HIA was identified (State Parties, 2024). According to sattelite imagery, in late 2024 the Chatkal river inside the proeprty was diverted from its natural course and mining was spread about 1.5 kilometers along the river, destroying at least 30 hectares of riparian (tugai) floodplain ecosystems (Rivers without Boundaries, 2025).
The Government Resolution No. 359 (July 12, 2023) authorized the transfer of 19,396 hectares in the northeast of the "Sandalash" site from the category of "Lands of specially protected natural territories" to "Reserve lands". This area was a part of the Besh-Aral Nature Reserve and a component of the WTS World Heritage property. The primary beneficiary appears to be the gold mining company Chaarat Zaav , which holds exploration licenses and is constructing roads and infrastructure within and around the World Heritage site (Rivers without Boundaries, 2025).
The Government Resolution No. 359 (July 12, 2023) authorized the transfer of 19,396 hectares in the northeast of the "Sandalash" site from the category of "Lands of specially protected natural territories" to "Reserve lands". This area was a part of the Besh-Aral Nature Reserve and a component of the WTS World Heritage property. The primary beneficiary appears to be the gold mining company Chaarat Zaav , which holds exploration licenses and is constructing roads and infrastructure within and around the World Heritage site (Rivers without Boundaries, 2025).
Renewable Energy
(Hydro power stations and water reservoirs)
Outside site
Plans to implement projects for power generation and/or water harvesting for the population's water supply and irrigation are present in all three countries, or HPPs have already been implemented on the stretch of the river just along the border from WH Property (Uzbekistan). In the other two countries, similar interventions are planned, which is also attempted to be justified by the proposal of border changes from the WH Property (Kyrgyzstan) or plans to locate such facilities immediately adjacent to the WH Property (Kazakhstan) (IUCN Consultation, 2024; State Parties, 2024). The impact assessment for the Ugam Hydro Project planned in the buffer zone of the Sairam-Ugam State Nature Park – Sairam-Ugam Area component part revealed 'minor negative impact on some species identified as OUV attributes and wider value features of the component part are to be compensated, avoided, and minimized through mitigation measures accepted by the developer of the Ugam Hydro Project' (State Parties, 2024). However, third parties have raised concerns that the the hydropower and water diversion project is proposed on the main river in the middle of the main territory of the Sairam-Ugam National Park, which according to the text of Nomination Dossier is a part of the World Heritage Property. Such hydropower development would likely severely fragment and degrade the OUV of the property (Rivers without Boundaries, 2025).
Concerning the potential construction of a hydroelectric power station on the Chatkal River reported to the World Heritage Centre by a third party, the Kyrgyz Republic shared that no final decision was made regarding this issue. As of November 2024, there are no works implemented for the construction of hydroelectric power stations on the Chatkal River in the Kyrgyz Republic. However, the road illegally built along the Chatkal River through the Besh Aral NR facilitates not only gold mining but also future hydropower construction (Simonov, 2024).
The State Party assures that an environmental impact assessment will be conducted if such a proposal is approved at the governmental level (States Parties, 2024). Nevertheless, the new version of the HPP was marketed to potential investors at World Bank sponsored event in June 2024 and negotiations on participation in dam construction are underway with Uzbekistan in late 2024 (Rivers without Boundaries, 2025). A small hydropower dam has been completed in late 2024 on the lower Ugam River in Uzbekistan downstream of the Sairam-Ugam National Park in Kazakhstan, thus potentially blocking fish migration to the property (Chatkal sculpin being an endemic species of concern).
There are currently two hydropower plant projects under implementation in the Bostanlyk district of the Tashkent region: Lower Chatkal Hydropower Plant Project and Upper Pskem Hydropower Plant Project. The Lower Chatkal Hydropower Plant Project is constructed in the lower reaches of the Chatkal River above the Charvak water reservoir between the right-bank confluence of the Khudoydasai River and the right-bank confluence of the Chikuraksuyu River. The project underwent the Environmental Impact Assessment following the national legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2019. The project involves the construction of a gravity concrete dam with a height of 50 m with a bottom spillway, a dammed hydroelectric power station building, and a tunnel spillway. According to the State Party of Uzbekistan, the project does not have any impact on the 012 Chatkal State Biosphere Nature Reserve – Maidantal Area (Republic of Uzbekistan) and 009 Besh-Aral State Nature Reserve – Main Part (Kyrgyz Republic) component parts due to the spatial distance. However, the project potentially blocks migration of fish from Charvak Reservoir to both of these areas and this impact requires further assessment. The Upper Pskem Hydropower Plant Project is constructed in the middle reaches of the Pskem River. The project underwent the Environmental Impact Assessment following the national legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2019. The project involves the construction of a dam with a reinforced concrete screen with a maximum height of 195 m, spillway structures, a water supply, a hydroelectric power plant building, and a 220 kV switchgear. Again, according to the State Party, there are no negative impacts on the component parts of the property in the area.
Concerning the potential construction of a hydroelectric power station on the Chatkal River reported to the World Heritage Centre by a third party, the Kyrgyz Republic shared that no final decision was made regarding this issue. As of November 2024, there are no works implemented for the construction of hydroelectric power stations on the Chatkal River in the Kyrgyz Republic. However, the road illegally built along the Chatkal River through the Besh Aral NR facilitates not only gold mining but also future hydropower construction (Simonov, 2024).
The State Party assures that an environmental impact assessment will be conducted if such a proposal is approved at the governmental level (States Parties, 2024). Nevertheless, the new version of the HPP was marketed to potential investors at World Bank sponsored event in June 2024 and negotiations on participation in dam construction are underway with Uzbekistan in late 2024 (Rivers without Boundaries, 2025). A small hydropower dam has been completed in late 2024 on the lower Ugam River in Uzbekistan downstream of the Sairam-Ugam National Park in Kazakhstan, thus potentially blocking fish migration to the property (Chatkal sculpin being an endemic species of concern).
There are currently two hydropower plant projects under implementation in the Bostanlyk district of the Tashkent region: Lower Chatkal Hydropower Plant Project and Upper Pskem Hydropower Plant Project. The Lower Chatkal Hydropower Plant Project is constructed in the lower reaches of the Chatkal River above the Charvak water reservoir between the right-bank confluence of the Khudoydasai River and the right-bank confluence of the Chikuraksuyu River. The project underwent the Environmental Impact Assessment following the national legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2019. The project involves the construction of a gravity concrete dam with a height of 50 m with a bottom spillway, a dammed hydroelectric power station building, and a tunnel spillway. According to the State Party of Uzbekistan, the project does not have any impact on the 012 Chatkal State Biosphere Nature Reserve – Maidantal Area (Republic of Uzbekistan) and 009 Besh-Aral State Nature Reserve – Main Part (Kyrgyz Republic) component parts due to the spatial distance. However, the project potentially blocks migration of fish from Charvak Reservoir to both of these areas and this impact requires further assessment. The Upper Pskem Hydropower Plant Project is constructed in the middle reaches of the Pskem River. The project underwent the Environmental Impact Assessment following the national legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2019. The project involves the construction of a dam with a reinforced concrete screen with a maximum height of 195 m, spillway structures, a water supply, a hydroelectric power plant building, and a 220 kV switchgear. Again, according to the State Party, there are no negative impacts on the component parts of the property in the area.
Hunting, Collecting & Controlling Terrestrial Animals
(Poaching)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
The States Parties report that argali, Siberian ibex, wild boar, bear, badger, porcupine, are being targeted by poachers in the Kazakh components of the World Heritage site. Little information is available on poaching in other components (IUCN, 2015). However, poaching is likely widespread in other components as well and while many protected areas also have developed measures to prevent illegal activities, poaching remains an issue (IUCN Consultation, 2019; States Parties, 2023).
Tourism use of the World Heritage site is currently modest and regulated, however detailed monitoring data on this potential threat remains data deficient. Some parts of the site are surrounded by highly populated areas and as a result they have tourism potential. The potential to develop the industry in future years with the inscription of the site in 2016 was reported at the time of inscription, however there is a lack of information regarding such growth. Although currently unknown, the threat of climate change to the values of the site is likely to increase in the future. Furthermore, a proposal to develop a ski resort in the buffer zone of the Sairam-Ugam State National Nature Park – Sairam Ugam Area component part is a concern. Considering the extensive construction work and various transportation and linear infrastructure development in direct vicinity (and seemingly also within) the property, this project is likely to have a significant impact on the OUV and need to be carefully assessed.
Recreational Activities
(Increasing tourism interest and use of certain parts of the property following inscription)
Inside site
, Scattered(5-15%)
Outside site
Visitor numbers in most of the components of the World Heritage site are currently reported as quite low. Visitation is limited to very restricted areas and is only allowed by permit (IUCN, 2015). However, interest in the component protected areas could increase in the near future (IUCN Consultation, 2024). There are 23 tourist routes and trails in the Kazakh components, with development of campsites, viewing platforms, ethno village, and tent camps along the trails. In 2021, more than 36,000 people visited the property in Kazakhstan. Visitor centres to provide information are planned, including catering facilities, souvenir shops, medical stations, and tourist equipment rental points (UNESCO, 2023).
Changes in Temperature Regimes, Changes in Precipitation & Hydrological Regime
(Climate change-induced changes in the hydrological cycle)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
Climate change-induced changes in the hydrological cycle and increases in water demand are projected to exacerbate water scarcity in the region. In the past 30 years, climate warming has changed the pattern of glacier accumulation/ablation in mountain areas, resulting in variability and uncertainty of water resources assessment in mountain areas and bringing new challenges to evaluating and utilizing water resources in a changing environment. The same is true for permafrost. In the future, the glaciers in Asia’s high mountains will decrease by more than 30% under a global temperature rise of 1.5 °C (Tang et al. 2022).
Recreation & Tourism Areas
(Ski resort development)
Outside site
Kaskasu Tourist and Recreation Center is being proposed for development in the buffer zone of the Sairam-Ugam State National Nature Park – Sairam Ugam Area component part, although according to the map, the project seems to extend into the core zone. Kaskasu Ski Resort proposes to create facilities for skiing in wintertime
and for recreational activities in summertime in the project area of 280 ha. The project proposes to construct roads, waterpipes, and powerlines to connect the project area with the settlements of the Tolebi district of the Turkestan region as well as an administrative building, cable car stations, ski tracks, technical buildings in the height of 1900-3200 m. The project was stopped from further discussion by the national authorities until the potential impact on the OUV attributes of the Sairam-Ugam State National Nature Park – Sairam Ugam Area component part is presented and discussed at the national level. Considering the extensive construction work and various transportation and linear infrastructure development in direct vicinity (and seemingly also within) the property, this project is likely to have a significant impact on the OUV.
and for recreational activities in summertime in the project area of 280 ha. The project proposes to construct roads, waterpipes, and powerlines to connect the project area with the settlements of the Tolebi district of the Turkestan region as well as an administrative building, cable car stations, ski tracks, technical buildings in the height of 1900-3200 m. The project was stopped from further discussion by the national authorities until the potential impact on the OUV attributes of the Sairam-Ugam State National Nature Park – Sairam Ugam Area component part is presented and discussed at the national level. Considering the extensive construction work and various transportation and linear infrastructure development in direct vicinity (and seemingly also within) the property, this project is likely to have a significant impact on the OUV.
Involvement of stakeholders and rightsholders, including indigenous peoples and local communities, in decision-making processes
Not all stakeholders or local communities are sufficiently involved in decision-making processes and the general structure is top-down. According to the latest periodic report, only local authorities are directly involved in the management system, while local communities, landowners and other stakeholders only have limited participation opportunities (States Parties, 2023).
Some components are located in a more densely populated region but population pressure surrounding the protected areas is relatively low (IUCN, 2016). There was little evidence of participatory management engaging local people at the time of inscription (IUCN, 2016), and this is likely to remain the case as there is little evidence to suggest this aspect of the site's management has been improved upon. Concerns also remain regarding potential conflicts related to resources use, particularly what concerns livestock grazing (IUCN Consultation, 2019).
Some components are located in a more densely populated region but population pressure surrounding the protected areas is relatively low (IUCN, 2016). There was little evidence of participatory management engaging local people at the time of inscription (IUCN, 2016), and this is likely to remain the case as there is little evidence to suggest this aspect of the site's management has been improved upon. Concerns also remain regarding potential conflicts related to resources use, particularly what concerns livestock grazing (IUCN Consultation, 2019).
Legal framework
The legal frameworks at national level are sufficient for the effective management of individual protected areas, and the establishment of a WH Property-wide working component has also increased the legal basis for the effective achievement of conservation and development objectives. However, the responses of this planning at the level of responsibility are not yet visible in practice.
The majority of the site’s components are state protected areas of national importance and protected under the respective national legislations of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan. All the protected areas except Sairam-Ugam NP (IUCN category II) are strict nature reserves (considered equivalent to IUCN category Ia) and all have a functioning management system (IUCN, 2016). Access is limited and strictly controlled across the components of the site in all three countries, and any use of animals and plants and any economic activities are prohibited, with the exception of limited economic zones which have been identified in the Sairam-Ugam SNNR (State Party of Kazakhstan, 2018). All areas of Western Tien-Shan have their own administration and staff and they are managed by authorized state executive bodies in each country (IUCN, 2015).
The majority of the site’s components are state protected areas of national importance and protected under the respective national legislations of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan. All the protected areas except Sairam-Ugam NP (IUCN category II) are strict nature reserves (considered equivalent to IUCN category Ia) and all have a functioning management system (IUCN, 2016). Access is limited and strictly controlled across the components of the site in all three countries, and any use of animals and plants and any economic activities are prohibited, with the exception of limited economic zones which have been identified in the Sairam-Ugam SNNR (State Party of Kazakhstan, 2018). All areas of Western Tien-Shan have their own administration and staff and they are managed by authorized state executive bodies in each country (IUCN, 2015).
Governance arrangements
Following the signing of the previously reported Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between the three States Parties, the Regional Committee for the management of the property has been formed, including representatives of responsible state bodies, protected natural areas and relevant international organizations from each State Party (UNESCO, 2023). After establishing the joint Regional Committee for managing the Western Tien-Shan serial transnational World Heritage property, there were six committee meetings (States Parties, 2024). A Work Plan (2021-2025) has been agreed and is under implementation. Overall, the governance model is rather centralised and, above all, there is weak cooperation between managers and decision-makers on the ground.
Integration into local, regional and national planning systems (including sea/landscape connectivity)
The mechanisms for establishing planning at different levels are largely in place, but what is lacking is a mechanism to enable joint management tasks to be carried out on the ground. The establishment of the Regional Committee is positive. The transboundary collaboration, including in cooperation with IUCN, on regional projects and workshops aimed at building capacity of the States Parties towards effective transboundary management of the property is also welcomed, and should be encouraged further, in particular with a view to developing the transboundary integrated management plan for the property (UNESCO, 2023).
In general, the protected areas comprising the World Heritage site have not been explicitly integrated within regional and national planning systems. In Kazakhstan, Sairam-Ugam SNR is included in regional tourism planning (“Program of development of tourism” by the Regional Departments of Culture and of Industries and Trade). Some components are included in bioregional planning developed in the framework of a Central Asian cross-border project (GEF and World Bank) which is aimed primarily at conserving biodiversity outside of the protected areas (States Parties of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, 2015). The role of the “Uzbekistan Temir Yollari” National Railway Company in the management of the Ugam-Chatkal State Biosphere Reserve, which includes the Bashkizilsay component of the World Heritage site, is uncertain despite assurances on behalf of the State Party that the legal protection regime remains and that no construction is planned in the buffer zone around the Bashkizilsay component (States Parties of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, 2020). Mining and hydropower development plans in all three nations neglect international and domestic legal requirements for protected areas and World Heritage, which led to planning of massive destruction of several key components of the property, such as Sairam-Ugam in Kazakhstan and Besh-Aral in Kyrgyzstan, while dam building plans threaten rivers flowing virtually through all components (Rivers without Boundaries, 2025).
In general, the protected areas comprising the World Heritage site have not been explicitly integrated within regional and national planning systems. In Kazakhstan, Sairam-Ugam SNR is included in regional tourism planning (“Program of development of tourism” by the Regional Departments of Culture and of Industries and Trade). Some components are included in bioregional planning developed in the framework of a Central Asian cross-border project (GEF and World Bank) which is aimed primarily at conserving biodiversity outside of the protected areas (States Parties of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, 2015). The role of the “Uzbekistan Temir Yollari” National Railway Company in the management of the Ugam-Chatkal State Biosphere Reserve, which includes the Bashkizilsay component of the World Heritage site, is uncertain despite assurances on behalf of the State Party that the legal protection regime remains and that no construction is planned in the buffer zone around the Bashkizilsay component (States Parties of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, 2020). Mining and hydropower development plans in all three nations neglect international and domestic legal requirements for protected areas and World Heritage, which led to planning of massive destruction of several key components of the property, such as Sairam-Ugam in Kazakhstan and Besh-Aral in Kyrgyzstan, while dam building plans threaten rivers flowing virtually through all components (Rivers without Boundaries, 2025).
Boundaries
The issue of borders, and even of changes to existing borders, is highly problematic and requires an immediate reaction from the responsible authorities. According to the State Parties, there have been technical mistakes that occurred in the maps at the time of inscription regarding the core and buffer zones of the component parts of the Western Tien-Shan serial transnational World Heritage property located in the Republic of Kazakhstan (State Parties, 2024). Clarifications were provided in the 2024 state of conservation report and the State Parties have reviewed and rationalized the boundaries and buffer zones of the component parts of the Western Tien-Shan serial transnational World Heritage property and prepared a joint boundary clarification request, which will be submitted to the World Heritage Centre. The Republic of Kazakhstan is also planning to enlarge the territory of the Sairam-Ugam State National Nature Park with an area of 10,000 ha, which currently belongs to the Akimat of Turkestan region. After the finalization of the land transfer process, this area will be included in the buffer zone of the 007 Sairam-Ugam Area component part of the Western Tien-Shan serial transnational World Heritage property.
Overlapping international designations
Partial overlap (Ramsar Convention).
On the recommendation of the UNESCO MAB International Coordinating Council, the Sary- Chelek Nature Reserve was included in the international network of biosphere reserves in 1979 at the UNESCO General Conference (States Parties, 2023).
Other non-internationally recognised designations: The Ugam-Chatkal State Biosphere Reserve was established, including the territory of the Bashkizilsay Area component part. The designations are managed by Uzbekistan National Railway JSC (State Parties, 2024). The territory of the Maidantal Area component part served as the basis for the establishment of the second protected area – Chatkal State Biosphere Nature Reserve managed under the State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Ecology and Environmental Protection (currently, the Ministry of Ecology, Environmental Protection and Climate Change).
On the recommendation of the UNESCO MAB International Coordinating Council, the Sary- Chelek Nature Reserve was included in the international network of biosphere reserves in 1979 at the UNESCO General Conference (States Parties, 2023).
Other non-internationally recognised designations: The Ugam-Chatkal State Biosphere Reserve was established, including the territory of the Bashkizilsay Area component part. The designations are managed by Uzbekistan National Railway JSC (State Parties, 2024). The territory of the Maidantal Area component part served as the basis for the establishment of the second protected area – Chatkal State Biosphere Nature Reserve managed under the State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Ecology and Environmental Protection (currently, the Ministry of Ecology, Environmental Protection and Climate Change).
Implementation of World Heritage Committee decisions and recommendations
The implementation of World Heritage decisions is slow and in some cases problematic, especially when WH Property boundaries change.
Four recommendations were made to the States Parties at the time of inscription of the site. These included the establishment of a Steering Committee, the formation of a tripartite Memorandum for management and a review of boundaries of the site. The Committee suggested that these be done with the help and cooperation of IUCN. Progress has been achieved towards a number of these requests, most notably the signing of the tri-partite MoU, the development of a steering committee and the development of a work plan and management plan. However some concern remains over the implementation, which will only become clearer over time. Additionally, in addressing the boundaries of the site, a number of issues have revealed themselves, including the excision of a significant proportion of one of the Kazakh components as well as the activities of the 'Uzbekistan Temir Yollari' railway company within the management of the Bashkilisay component. Both of these issues are likely to require further clarification, as has been provided in the most recent state of conservation report (States Parties, 2024).
Four recommendations were made to the States Parties at the time of inscription of the site. These included the establishment of a Steering Committee, the formation of a tripartite Memorandum for management and a review of boundaries of the site. The Committee suggested that these be done with the help and cooperation of IUCN. Progress has been achieved towards a number of these requests, most notably the signing of the tri-partite MoU, the development of a steering committee and the development of a work plan and management plan. However some concern remains over the implementation, which will only become clearer over time. Additionally, in addressing the boundaries of the site, a number of issues have revealed themselves, including the excision of a significant proportion of one of the Kazakh components as well as the activities of the 'Uzbekistan Temir Yollari' railway company within the management of the Bashkilisay component. Both of these issues are likely to require further clarification, as has been provided in the most recent state of conservation report (States Parties, 2024).
Climate action
Not known.
Management plan and overall management system
Virtually all component protected areas of Western Tien-Shan are government owned, each of them has its own administration and staff and they are managed by an authorised state executive body of each country with funding from the state budgets (World Heritage Committee, 2016). The individual protected areas that make up the WH Property mostly have a Management Plan, but these should be updated to meet international guidelines. The WH Property also has a Regional Management Plan for the Western Tien-Shan serial transnational World Heritage property for 2024-2028, but there is an urgent need to develop operational plans based on this umbrella document and to provide mechanisms to ensure the implementation of the Management Plan and to establish cooperation in management between the three countries. A national level management plan (2023-2027) for the Kyrgyz components has been developed, based on the individual component management plans. The management plan includes a brief description of the relevant protected areas, an assessment of their activities, joint interaction and a plan of joint activities for a five-year period, and will be approved by the Ministry of Natural Resources, Ecology and Technical Supervision of the Kyrgyz Republic (UNESCO, 2023).
Law enforcement
From the individual reports on the implementation of the management tasks in each component, it appears that the legal basis is being implemented, at least in key areas. It should be added that the areas are extremely large and difficult to pass through and that monitoring the situation on the ground is very challenging. All component protected areas appear to be well-managed and have adequate capacity to address existing threats, such as poaching, illegal logging and grazing, even though capacity could always be increased (IUCN, 2015).
Sustainable finance
Not all information is available, but it seems that sufficient financial support is provided to keep the protected area functioning at a minimum.
The Chatkal State Biosphere Nature Reserve is funded mainly by the national budget of the Republic of Uzbekistan (199,000$ per year), although other sources of income, such as charitable donations, fines, etc. are allowed. The Ugam-Chatkal State Biosphere Reserve is also funded mainly by the national budget of the Republic of Uzbekistan (35,000$ per year) and the Uzbekistan National Railway JSC (879,000$ per year), although other sources of income, such as charitable donations, fines, etc. are allowed.
All component protected areas appear to have relatively adequate budgets administered by the authorized state executive bodies in each country with funding from state budgets. No additional budget has been forecast for the joint management system of the whole transboundary property (IUCN, 2016). Financial assistance through interested donors and sponsoring organisations for managing and conserving the site's OUV is welcomed by the States Parties (States Parties of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, 2020). A number of KBAs within the site have been targeted for priority CEPF funding, including Aflatun-Padyshata, Kyrgyzstan, Aksu-Zhabagly, Kazakhstan and the Akbulak and Bashkyzylsay river basins (within the Chatkal Biosphere Reserve), Uzbekistan, which may directly boost funding towards the conservation of biodiversity in these specific areas (CEPF, 2017), albeit only over the course of the CEPF funding period.
The Chatkal State Biosphere Nature Reserve is funded mainly by the national budget of the Republic of Uzbekistan (199,000$ per year), although other sources of income, such as charitable donations, fines, etc. are allowed. The Ugam-Chatkal State Biosphere Reserve is also funded mainly by the national budget of the Republic of Uzbekistan (35,000$ per year) and the Uzbekistan National Railway JSC (879,000$ per year), although other sources of income, such as charitable donations, fines, etc. are allowed.
All component protected areas appear to have relatively adequate budgets administered by the authorized state executive bodies in each country with funding from state budgets. No additional budget has been forecast for the joint management system of the whole transboundary property (IUCN, 2016). Financial assistance through interested donors and sponsoring organisations for managing and conserving the site's OUV is welcomed by the States Parties (States Parties of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, 2020). A number of KBAs within the site have been targeted for priority CEPF funding, including Aflatun-Padyshata, Kyrgyzstan, Aksu-Zhabagly, Kazakhstan and the Akbulak and Bashkyzylsay river basins (within the Chatkal Biosphere Reserve), Uzbekistan, which may directly boost funding towards the conservation of biodiversity in these specific areas (CEPF, 2017), albeit only over the course of the CEPF funding period.
Staff capacity, training and development
While it is commendable that some protected areas are well staffed, it is important to understand that these are extremely large areas. Staff urgently need additional training. Staffing levels are variable with a reported 233 staff across the three protected areas in Kazakhstan and 142 staff are noted for the three protected areas in Kyrgyzstan. The staff of the Ugam-Chatkal State Biosphere Reserve is comprised of 126 employees, including 12 administrative personnel, 81 nature protection, conservation, and scientific personnel as well as 33 technical personnel. The staff of the Chatkal State Biosphere Nature Reserve is comprised of 67 employees, including 5 administrative personnel, 42 nature protection, conservation, and scientific personnel as well as 20 technical personnel (State Parties, 2024).
The IUCN evaluation mission found very little understanding of what World Heritage status means with no plans evident as to how awareness levels might be raised among staff and stakeholders (IUCN, 2015). The tri-partite MoU includes measures for experience exchange and technical and consulting assistance in the management of the site's values with relevant experts and between country staff (State Parties of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, 2020). However, there is no indication of any implementation of this to date, and therefore some concern remains in this regard.
The IUCN evaluation mission found very little understanding of what World Heritage status means with no plans evident as to how awareness levels might be raised among staff and stakeholders (IUCN, 2015). The tri-partite MoU includes measures for experience exchange and technical and consulting assistance in the management of the site's values with relevant experts and between country staff (State Parties of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, 2020). However, there is no indication of any implementation of this to date, and therefore some concern remains in this regard.
Education and interpretation programmes
Overall, visitation to the World Heritage site remains limited. In areas with relatively high visitation rates, visitor centres have limited displays on the biodiversity values of the component areas of the site. Staff members also appear to have little or no understanding of the meaning and implications of World Heritage status with regards to awareness-raising and education programmes focused on the OUV of the site (IUCN, 2015; IUCN, 2016). However, joint educational programs, including exhibitions and scientific investigation, are articulated within the tri-partite MoU between the States Parties to enhance this aspect of the site's management (States Parties of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, 2020). Nonetheless, education and interpretation of the site's values remains of some concern, given the lack of current programs. The regional management plan aims to strengthen this aspect through developing a plan of joint environmental education and information activities on the serial site and publishing various materials (States Parties, 2024).
Tourism and visitation management
Tourism and visitation management needs to be better planned, especially for the expected increase in visitor numbers. Tourism use of the World Heritage site is currently modest. Some parts of the site are surrounded by highly populated areas and as a result they have tourism potential. The States Parties recognize that tourism development needs to be managed in a way that optimizes its benefits but minimizes any threats from uncontrolled tourism development (World Heritage Committee, 2017).
Sustainable use
Some of the most significant elements of the World Heritage site have been severely impacted by past use. For example, the Siverse’s Apple forest stands which are now restricted to small separated patches; and uncontrolled collection of wild plants, nuts and fruits beyond the point of self-rehabilitation capabilities of the ecosystem has been identified as a threat (IUCN Consultation, 2019). Despite this the protected areas in general appear to have substantially retained their values and a number have been in existence for many years (e.g. Aksu-Jabagly SNR (Kazakhstan), established in 1926 is the oldest nature reserve in Central Asia) (IUCN, 2016). However, of greater concern is the development of hydropower, water abstraction for irrigation and drinking, and the exploitation of minerals (gold).
Monitoring
Monitoring is partly carried out, but it is not carried out using mutually consistent and up-to-date methods, nor does it cover all key species and habitats. Indicators should be better defined. Cross-border cooperation in this area is weak. The regional management plan has an objective related to developing an agreed list of animal and plant species to be monitored, establishing a joint monitoring system, harmonize methods and develop a system of data exchange. Furthermore, there are endeavours to identify technical and financial opportunities to support mapping (States Parties, 2024).
Research
Research is partly carried out, but it is not carried out using mutually consistent and up-to-date methods, nor does it cover all key species and habitats. Cross-border cooperation in this area is weak.
Research activities are underway, focused on monitoring of natural processes and preserving biological diversity in Kazakhstan (UNESCO, 2023).
Research activities are underway, focused on monitoring of natural processes and preserving biological diversity in Kazakhstan (UNESCO, 2023).
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats outside the site
Many of the components are in quite remote areas relatively free from human threats, however, some are located in more heavily populated areas. Past land and resource use such as grazing, poaching and hay cutting is also evident; however areas are recovering following protection. There are nevertheless ongoing external threats but insufficient information to fully assess the effectiveness of management outside of the site. Concerns regarding the meaning, design and effectiveness of the buffer zones add to concerns about dealing with external pressures on the site, particularly stemming from hydropower, tourism and mining developments.
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats inside the site
There has been progress in developing an integrated management system across the serial World Heritage site as a whole. A Memorandum of Agreement between the three countries has been signed and the implementation of activities listed in the Memorandum is reportedly ongoing (States Parties of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, 2020). A Regional Committee for the management of the property has been formed, including representatives of responsible state bodies, protected natural areas and relevant international organizations from each State Party (UNESCO, 2023). After establishing the joint Regional Committee for managing the Western Tien-Shan serial transnational World Heritage property, there were six committee meetings (States Parties, 2024). A Work Plan (2021-2025) has been agreed and is under implementation along with a Regional Management plan. However, the governance model is remains centralised and, above all, there is weak cooperation between managers and decision-makers on the ground. There are also ongoing concerns with respect to how the zoning systems within the protected areas operate and if they provide appropriate levels of protection to key values (UNESCO, 2018).
The protection and management of the Western Tien-Shan World Heritage Property is supported by adequate national-level legal frameworks and management systems, ensuring sufficient staffing and financial resources for several component parts. Since inscription, progress has been made in strengthening transnational coordination, including the signing of a tripartite Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) in 2018 and the establishment of the Regional Committee in 2021. The approval of the Regional Management Plan for 2024-2028 marks a key step toward harmonized site management across Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan. However, challenges remain in ensuring effective coordination across the three countries. The full implementation of the MoU, particularly the operationalization of the Steering Committee, is still pending. Boundary issues remain unresolved despite repeated requests from the World Heritage Committee for rationalization based on ecological principles and connectivity. Unilateral modifications, such as those proposed in Kyrgyzstan in 2024, further complicate the transboundary management process. Development of hydropower dams, water withdrawal infrastructure and gold mining within the property is incompatible with the objectives of the world Heritage Convention. The assessment of development projects, particularly hydropower initiatives like the Ugam Hydro Project, requires improvement. The recent Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA) lacks comprehensive data on key species and ecosystem changes. More detailed studies and modifications to project designs are necessary to mitigate risks to the Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) of the site. While the Lower Chatkal HPP (in Uzberkistan) is not expected to significantly impact the property, stronger safeguards should be in place for future developments. Despite these challenges, the efforts of the States Parties, supported by IUCN and other international partners, are commendable. To enhance the effectiveness of transboundary management, the Regional Committee should establish clear Terms of Reference, improve communication and data sharing, and implement joint monitoring and conservation programs. Strengthening scientific research, capacity-building, and community engagement will be essential for the long-term protection of this transnational World Heritage site.
Exceptionally rich biodiversity of global significance amongst diverse landscapes within one of the largest mountain ranges in the world
Data Deficient
Trend
Data Deficient
Despite these outstanding values, the configuration of the property remains a concern. The serial site consists of 13 component parts drawn from eight protected areas, with protection levels corresponding to IUCN categories Ia and II. However, the selection and connectivity of these components continue to raise questions, particularly given the inclusion of two small Aksu-Jabagly SNR components, which were initially nominated under criterion (viii) but inscribed solely under criterion (x). The World Heritage Committee has repeatedly requested that boundaries be reviewed and rationalized to ensure ecological integrity, enhance connectivity, and fully meet the requirements of criterion (x). Yet, these issues remain unresolved, and unilateral boundary modifications by some States Parties have further complicated site management. The lack of comprehensive species data across the entire serial site undermines confidence in assessing the overall conservation status of its biodiversity. Existing species records are presented per component, with no clear understanding of species overlap or complementarity, making it difficult to evaluate the sufficiency of the site's coverage in maintaining ecological processes. The situation is exacerbated by increasing threats, including mining, hydropower development, and the impact of invasive species, which further jeopardize key habitats and connectivity. While some progress has been made in transnational management, particularly through the establishment of the Regional Committee and the approval of the Regional Management Plan (2024-2028), further coordinated efforts are essential to address these long-standing concerns. Without urgent action to resolve boundary issues, strengthen ecological connectivity, and enhance data collection for species distribution and population trends, the long-term conservation of the site’s Outstanding Universal Value remains uncertain.
A globally important centre of origin of cultivated plants and home to a number of wild species related to domesticated fruit
Low Concern
Trend
Stable
The concerns noted above with regard to site configuration and data confidence also apply to this value. Many of the domesticated fruit and nut species which contribute substantially to the site's OUV are globally threatened (eg. Pear species, Pyrus korshinsky - CR; Nedzvetsky’s apple-tree, Malus niedzwetzkyana - EN; wild apricot, Armeniaca vulgaris- EN). However there is limited available data for their conservation status within the site.
Some of the most significant elements of the site have been severely impacted by past use, such as the Sivers Apple forest stands which are now restricted to small separated patches. Despite this the protected areas in general appear to have substantially retained their values since inscription.
According to the State Parties, limited monitoring data from 2016-2023 shows an overall positive population trend of the wild relatives of commercial fruit trees in component parts where data was available. Siever's apple (Malus sieversii) is increasing or stable in the four component parts where data was collected, Walnut (Juglans regia) remained stable in the one component part data was available, and Wild apricot (Armeniaca vulgaris) was recorded as increasing in the one component part data was available (States Parties, 2024). Sievers’s apple is present in all component parts of the Western Tien-Shan serial transnational World Heritage property. However, its monitoring was conducted irregularly only in the component parts located in the Aksu-Jabagly State Nature Reserve and Sairam-Ugam State National Nature Park as well as in Sary-Chelek State Biosphere Nature Reserve, Besh-Aral State Nature Reserve, and Padysha-Ata State Nature Reserve within the framework of forestry surveys. There was an increase in the distribution territory of Sievers’s Apple in Sairam-Ugam State National Nature Park from 25 in 2016 to 55 ha in 2023 in the protected area. This happened due to the special program for the plantation of the Sievers’s apple within the ecological stabilization zones of the park. Similarly for Wild apricot, its distribution territory increased from 5 in 2016 to 6.5 ha in 2023 in the Sairam-Ugam State National Nature Park (States Parties, 2024).
The Republic of Kazakhstan is funding the State Program on the Evaluation of the Current State and Rational Use of the Genetic Pool of Apple Forests for Reforestation and Gardening Development for 2025-2027.
Some of the most significant elements of the site have been severely impacted by past use, such as the Sivers Apple forest stands which are now restricted to small separated patches. Despite this the protected areas in general appear to have substantially retained their values since inscription.
According to the State Parties, limited monitoring data from 2016-2023 shows an overall positive population trend of the wild relatives of commercial fruit trees in component parts where data was available. Siever's apple (Malus sieversii) is increasing or stable in the four component parts where data was collected, Walnut (Juglans regia) remained stable in the one component part data was available, and Wild apricot (Armeniaca vulgaris) was recorded as increasing in the one component part data was available (States Parties, 2024). Sievers’s apple is present in all component parts of the Western Tien-Shan serial transnational World Heritage property. However, its monitoring was conducted irregularly only in the component parts located in the Aksu-Jabagly State Nature Reserve and Sairam-Ugam State National Nature Park as well as in Sary-Chelek State Biosphere Nature Reserve, Besh-Aral State Nature Reserve, and Padysha-Ata State Nature Reserve within the framework of forestry surveys. There was an increase in the distribution territory of Sievers’s Apple in Sairam-Ugam State National Nature Park from 25 in 2016 to 55 ha in 2023 in the protected area. This happened due to the special program for the plantation of the Sievers’s apple within the ecological stabilization zones of the park. Similarly for Wild apricot, its distribution territory increased from 5 in 2016 to 6.5 ha in 2023 in the Sairam-Ugam State National Nature Park (States Parties, 2024).
The Republic of Kazakhstan is funding the State Program on the Evaluation of the Current State and Rational Use of the Genetic Pool of Apple Forests for Reforestation and Gardening Development for 2025-2027.
Important habitat for globally threatened faunal species characteristic of the western Tianshan Mountains
Low Concern
Trend
Stable
The concerns noted above with regard to site configuration and data confidence also apply to this value. A number of components of the site have suffered from intensive use (grazing, logging, hay collection) in the past but are now recovering. Nevertheless, the site’s values in some components are still being impacted by pressures such as grazing. Although there is little information available, grazing is still likely to represent an ongoing management issue in some areas. For example, in Sairam-Ugam SNNP where there is an enclave subject to grazing which is also critical habitat for the endemic Menzbier’s Marmot, which has now been excised to include as part of the buffer zone. Illegal poaching most likely also occurs in many areas (IUCN Consultation, 2019), including of argali, Siberian ibex, wild boar, bear, badger and porcupine.
States Parties reports from monitoring between 2016-2023, indicate an overall positive and increasing trends for rare bird species, including Saker falcon (Falco cherrug), Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) and Cinereous vulture (Aegypius monachus). All species were found to have increasing or stable population trends in all component parts where data was available, except the Saker flacon was found to be declining in 011 Padysha-Ata SNR (States Parties, 2024). Overall, monitoring revealed an increase in the total population of the Saker falcon from 73 specimens in 2020 to 80 in 2023. The data on the monitoring of Egyptian vultures available for the component parts located in the Republic of Kazakhstan from 2016 to 2023 showed an increase in the population from 96 to 144 specimens. The data available for the Cinereous vulture demonstrates the stabilization of the population, which reached 421 specimens in 2023 (States Parties, 2024).
In regards to threatened mammal species, similar trends were recorded with increasing or stable populations for Snow leopard (Uncia uncia) and Argali (Ovis ammon karelini and Ovisammon nigromontana). Menzbier's marmot (Marmota menzbieri) showed declining trends in two out of the three component parts for which data was available, from 13,845 individuals in Sairam-Ugam SNNP in 2016 to 12,293 individuals in 2023; from 4,450 individuals in Chatkal SBNR in 2018 to 3,400 individuals in 2023 (States Parties, 2024).
The Sustainable Natural Resources and Forest Management in Mountainous Areas UNDP project in 2017-2021 contributed to the enhancement of the state of knowledge on snow leopard and prey populations in the component parts. Snow leopards remained stable in all component parts consisting of recorded individuals ranging from 2 to 10 in each component part. Ovis ammon karelini reached 201 specimens in 2023 and Ovis ammon nigromontana data available from 2016 to 2023 demonstrated a significant increase in its population from 331 to 1317 specimens (States Parties, 2024).
The Kyrgyz Republic has reported the establishment of the Chatkal Ecological Corridor with a total area of 64,105 ha, which connects the territories of the Sary-Chelek State Biosphere Nature Reserve (008) and Padysha-Ata State Nature Reserve (011) component parts of the Western Tien-Shan serial transnational World Heritage property as well as Alatai State Nature Park. The territory of the corridor was defined based on the scientific research of the migratory routes of the key species, including the Saker falcon, Egyptian vulture, Cinereous vulture, and Snow leopard (States Parties, 2024).
Hydropower boom on almost all rivers flowing from the Western Tian Shan Mountains leads to fragmentation of river habitat for rare and endangered species of fish (e.g. Chatkal sculpin) and may result in decline and local extinction of river-dependent species.
States Parties reports from monitoring between 2016-2023, indicate an overall positive and increasing trends for rare bird species, including Saker falcon (Falco cherrug), Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) and Cinereous vulture (Aegypius monachus). All species were found to have increasing or stable population trends in all component parts where data was available, except the Saker flacon was found to be declining in 011 Padysha-Ata SNR (States Parties, 2024). Overall, monitoring revealed an increase in the total population of the Saker falcon from 73 specimens in 2020 to 80 in 2023. The data on the monitoring of Egyptian vultures available for the component parts located in the Republic of Kazakhstan from 2016 to 2023 showed an increase in the population from 96 to 144 specimens. The data available for the Cinereous vulture demonstrates the stabilization of the population, which reached 421 specimens in 2023 (States Parties, 2024).
In regards to threatened mammal species, similar trends were recorded with increasing or stable populations for Snow leopard (Uncia uncia) and Argali (Ovis ammon karelini and Ovisammon nigromontana). Menzbier's marmot (Marmota menzbieri) showed declining trends in two out of the three component parts for which data was available, from 13,845 individuals in Sairam-Ugam SNNP in 2016 to 12,293 individuals in 2023; from 4,450 individuals in Chatkal SBNR in 2018 to 3,400 individuals in 2023 (States Parties, 2024).
The Sustainable Natural Resources and Forest Management in Mountainous Areas UNDP project in 2017-2021 contributed to the enhancement of the state of knowledge on snow leopard and prey populations in the component parts. Snow leopards remained stable in all component parts consisting of recorded individuals ranging from 2 to 10 in each component part. Ovis ammon karelini reached 201 specimens in 2023 and Ovis ammon nigromontana data available from 2016 to 2023 demonstrated a significant increase in its population from 331 to 1317 specimens (States Parties, 2024).
The Kyrgyz Republic has reported the establishment of the Chatkal Ecological Corridor with a total area of 64,105 ha, which connects the territories of the Sary-Chelek State Biosphere Nature Reserve (008) and Padysha-Ata State Nature Reserve (011) component parts of the Western Tien-Shan serial transnational World Heritage property as well as Alatai State Nature Park. The territory of the corridor was defined based on the scientific research of the migratory routes of the key species, including the Saker falcon, Egyptian vulture, Cinereous vulture, and Snow leopard (States Parties, 2024).
Hydropower boom on almost all rivers flowing from the Western Tian Shan Mountains leads to fragmentation of river habitat for rare and endangered species of fish (e.g. Chatkal sculpin) and may result in decline and local extinction of river-dependent species.
Assessment of the current state and trend of World Heritage values
Stable
While the World Heritage Committee previously determined that the individual components collectively maintain the functioning of the natural systems of the Western Tien-Shan, concerns remain regarding the selection, boundaries and configuration of these components. The Committee has repeatedly requested a rationalization of the site's boundaries to ensure they fully correspond to criterion (x), follow ecological principles, and enhance connectivity. Despite these requests, unresolved boundary issues persist, and unilateral changes have been introduced, such as the excision of part of the Sairam-Ugam SNNR for inclusion in the buffer zone. Such modifications raise concerns about their potential impact on the Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) of the site, particularly its conditions of integrity. A further critical issue is the absence of a unified species monitoring system across the entire serial property. Species data remain fragmented, reported separately for each component without a clear understanding of overlap, complementarity, or ecological connectivity. Some updated data indicate that key mammal, bird and plant species populations are stable or increasing, with the Menzbier's marmot presenting an exception with decreasing populations. However, data was not available for all components. Without a coordinated, transnational monitoring approach and comprehensive baseline data, the ability to assess the current state and trends of the site's values remains significantly hindered. Given the increasing threats from mining, hydropower development, invasive species, and climate change, there is an urgent need for a robust monitoring framework that integrates data across all components to ensure the long-term conservation of the site's ecological integrity.
Additional information
Outdoor recreation and tourism
With the inscription of the site in 2016 there is a potential for an increase in the annual number of tourists to the site. This could in turn create an increase in opportunities for employment for locals including tour guides, as well as the employment that goes with providing services for tourists and maintaining the areas that are visited.
Collection of genetic material
The site is an important global centre for agrobiodiversity with potential to contribute to research and to act as a genetic warehouse of source material.
The World Heritage sit holds potential for increased tourism use and thus the promise of becoming a stronger economic driver for local communities and regional economies. At present visitor numbers in most of the components of the site are low and, since most of the components are strict nature reserves, visitation is limited to very restricted areas and is only allowed by permit. There are however, opportunities in selected components and, with an increase in tourism demand, there would potential employment opportunities and an increase in education opportunities for locals (IUCN, 2016).
The importance of Western Tien-Shan as a global centre for agrobiodiversity may increase in the face of climate change. There are many beneficial areas of research and understanding that can be derived from the site to enhance global food security.
The importance of Western Tien-Shan as a global centre for agrobiodiversity may increase in the face of climate change. There are many beneficial areas of research and understanding that can be derived from the site to enhance global food security.
| № | Organization | Brief description of Active Projects | Website |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Association for the Conservation of Biodiversity of Kazakhstan (ACBK) | “The inventory and protection of the Important Bird Territories in Kazakhstan”, since 2005, run by ACBK with the support of Darwin Initiative (2005-2008) and Royal Society of the Protection of Birds (RSPB) (States Parties of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, 2015). |
References
| № | References |
|---|---|
| 1 |
Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF). (2017). Mountains of Central Asia Biodiversity Hotspot: Ecosystem Profile. [online] Arlington, USA: Conservation International. Available at: https://www.cepf.net/our-work/biodiversity-hotspots/mountai… (Accessed 20 May 2019).
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| 2 |
IUCN (2015) Evaluation Mission Report. Western Tien-Shan. IUCN Gland, Switzerland
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| 3 |
IUCN (2016) Evaluation Report. Western Tien-Shan. IUCN Gland, Switzerland
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| 4 |
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