Chiribiquete National Park – “The Maloca of the Jaguar”
Country
Colombia
Inscribed in
2018
Criteria
(iii)
(ix)
(x)
The conservation outlook for this site has been assessed as "significant concern" in the latest assessment cycle. Explore the Conservation Outlook Assessment for the site below. You have the option to access the summary, or the detailed assessment.
Chiribiquete National Park, the largest protected area in Colombia, is the confluence point of four biogeographical provinces: Orinoquia, Guyana, Amazonia, and North Andes. As such, the National Park guarantees the connectivity and preservation of the biodiversity of these provinces, constituting itself as an interaction scenario in which flora and fauna diversity and endemism have flourished. One of the defining features of Chiribiquete is the presence of tepuis (table-top mountains), sheer-sided sandstone plateaux that outstand in the forest and result in dramatic scenery that is reinforced by its remoteness, inaccessibility and exceptional conservation. Over 75,000 figures have been made by indigenous people on the walls of the 60 rock shelters from 20,000 BCE, and are still made nowadays by the uncontacted peoples protected by the National Park. © UNESCO
Summary
2025 Conservation Outlook
Finalised on
11 Oct 2025
Significant concern
Current state and trend of VALUES
Data Deficient
Overall THREATS
Overall PROTECTION and MANAGEMENT
Full assessment
Description of values
Bridge between four biogeographic provinces
Criterion
(ix)
Due to its unique location in the middle of two Pleistocene refuges (Napo and Imeri) and its function as a corridor between four biogeographic provinces (Amazon, Andes, Orinoco and Guyana), Chiribiquete National Park hosts unique species with distinctive adaptations thought to have resulted from its geographical isolation (Alvarez et al., 2003). Maintaining those natural connections are important to allow the continued regional migration and diversification of species (Clerici et al., 2019).
High floral and faunal diversity shaped by evolutionary processes
Criterion
(ix)
The location of Chiribiquete National Park, between the Andes, the Guiana Shield, the Amazon and Central America has brought a convergence of species to the site (Cortés and Franco, 1997). The overlap in species found in the site with the Andes, the Amazonian Rainforest, the Guyana Shield and the Orinoco Savannah regions are all evidence of the common evolutionary history and the past connectivity between the regions (Bernal et al., 2015). Several species found in the site were previously thought to only exist in other regions thus giving further credence to the hypothesis of historical and evolutionary connectivity. The Sepia-capped Flycatcher (Leptopogon amaurocephalus, LC) is very similar to the Andean species Slaty-capped Flycatcher (Leptopogon superciliaris, LC). Two typically Amazonian species of amphibian, Yapima Shield Frog (Adelophryne adiastola, LC), Smallskin Treefrog (Boana microderma, LC) and of one typically Guyanese species, Otophryne pyburni (LC) were also found in the site (State Party of Colombia, 2017).
Unique landforms and landscapes providing habitat critical for the survival of the site’s characteristic plants and animals
Criterion
(ix)
The great diversity of landforms include arches, labyrinths, caverns, structural cracks more than 10 meters thick, storaxes, residual tepuis of ancient levels forming exotic structures such as chasms and concentric erosion processes on the tops of the tepuis (Vargas, 2017). These landforms harbor a plethora of species, many of which are endemic to Chiribiquete National Park (World Heritage Committee, 2018).
Exceptionally high biodiversity
Criterion
(x)
Despite few scientific surveys of the biodiversity in Chiribiquete National Park due to its geographic isolation, available data shows that 2,939 species have been recorded. These include 1,801 species of plants, and 82 species of mammals, including a bat species new to science as well as a number of globally threatened species such as the Giant Otter, Giant Anteater, Lowland Tapir, Common Woolly Monkey and Jaguar. In addition, surveys have found 60 species of reptiles, 57 species of amphibians, 492 species and subspecies of birds (including a new endemic species, the Chiribiquete Emerald Hummingbird), 238 fish species and 209 species of butterflies (including to date at least 6 potentially new species) (World Heritage Committee, 2018).
Exceptionally high species endemism
Criterion
(x)
Chiribiquete National Park contains high levels of endemism for amphibians and fish. Despite the relatively few research expeditions into Chiribiquete National Park, 21 endemic species have been found. This number is anticipated to grow as more field surveys are undertaken (World Heritage Committee, 2018).
Threatened species
Criterion
(x)
The site contains several Endangered, Threatened and Vulnerable species according to the IUCN Red List. They include the Giant Otter (Pteronura brasiliensis, EN), Amazon River Dolphin (Inia geoffrensis, EN), Jaguar (Panthera once, NT), Tapir (Tapirus terrestris, VU), Giant Anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla, VU) and Common Woolly Monkey (Lagothrix lagothricha, VU).
One of the most irreplaceable protected areas for species conservation
Criterion
(ix)
The site overlaps entirely with Serrania de Chiribiquete (Chiribiquete Mountain Range), which is listed amongst the most irreplaceable protected areas in the world for the conservation of mammal, bird and amphibian species (IUCN, 2018).
Biodiversity linked with cultural and archaeological values
The biodiversity values of the site are inextricably linked to its significant cultural and archeological values that are strongly associated to the beliefs and spiritual values of the indigenous peoples living in the site (World Heritage Committee, 2018).
Assessment information
The main threat to the World Heritage site is the presence of Illegal Armed Groups, which have a direct link to illegal activities (coca plantations and trafficking, illegal and unregulated tourism, mining). While there is no evidence these activities are widespread in the site, affecting the buffer zone at the enlarged Park’s 2018 boundary but not the core area, when coupled with restricted access to the site by park managers because of the security situation, the threat is greatly magnified. These activities threaten species, ecosystems and the voluntarily isolated Indigenous groups that inhabit the property, and are exacerbated due to the current security situation, where new armed dissident criminal groups have replaced the FARC. The deforestation that continues in the buffer zone, moving closer to the boundaries of the site, poses a significant threat to species, ecosystems, connectivity and the voluntarily isolated Indigenous groups that inhabit the property.
Gathering, Harvesting & Controlling Terrestrial Plants & Fungi
(Illegal Coca Production)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Outside site
The most dangerous threat for the property is presence of Illegal Armed Groups in the region. Related with this is the planting of coca to produce cocaine and its trafficking as one of many drivers of deforestation in Chiribiquete National Park. While not the most significant driver, it is one of the most dangerous threats to the site and to park managers. The extent of this threat is not well documented, but Mongabay reported that 399 kilograms, or about 880 pounds of cocaine was seized in 2018 from Chiribiquete (Mongabay, 2023). Illegal coca plantations have been found and destroyed in the buffer zone of the site (the area of national park expansion), and also inside the World Heritage site (State Party of Colombia, 2023).
Coca crops have expanded around the National Park, in the expanded area and a few lower areas within the site. Illegal roads have been constructed in the expanded zone where the threat is more focused. A key threat related to illegal coca production is the corridors of cocaine transport trough rivers (like the Camuya, Apaporis, Ajaju Yari, rivers), paths under forest, and illegal unpaved roads. According to the Colombian army there are also new corridors of marihuana from the western Colombia areas, going to the Brazilian Market, using southern areas of Chiribiquete (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
Coca crops have expanded around the National Park, in the expanded area and a few lower areas within the site. Illegal roads have been constructed in the expanded zone where the threat is more focused. A key threat related to illegal coca production is the corridors of cocaine transport trough rivers (like the Camuya, Apaporis, Ajaju Yari, rivers), paths under forest, and illegal unpaved roads. According to the Colombian army there are also new corridors of marihuana from the western Colombia areas, going to the Brazilian Market, using southern areas of Chiribiquete (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
Conflict, Civil Unrest & Security Activities
(Restricted access to manage and monitor the site)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
According to the National Authorities in 2025, the presence of the Illegal Armed Groups is the most important threat for the property, impeding or complicating the integral presence of park rangers that is required for the conservation of it’s OUV. Two different environmental news services have reported that park rangers from Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia, the agency responsible for management and monitoring Chiribiquete, have been restricted from entering the park (Mongabay 2020, 2023; International Crisis Group, 2021). Mongabay reported that rangers could access only one of six sectors of the park (Mongabay 2023). At one point, illegal groups declared the national parks team a military target and occupied park infrastructure inside the site (State Party of Colombia 2023). The National Authorities confirmed that National Parks of Colombia had to retrieve the park rangers because of direct threats from Illegal Armed Groups.
The International Crisis Group reported that park authorities in Guaviare have been unable to enter the Amazon since 2019, except for some specific sectors where institutional presence is normalized, and other sectors where short visits of only a few hours is possible (International Crisis Group, 2024).
The control in the field is under the illegal armed groups creating a deep situation of ungovernability. Chiribiquete is now the critical area of presence, training, movement, and corridors of illegal armed groups using this area as their main territorial target. In the last year National Parks started a boundaries delimitation with support of the International Cooperation (mainly Norway's government and EU Delegation), with the Agriculture Ministry and local organizations as a part of the Peace Dialogues activities of the Colombian Peace Policy. Unfortunately, the future of these dialogues are currently uncertain due to the continuation of conflict between illegal groups (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
Restrictions on entering the site could have profound implications for enforcement of regulations, including the regulations that restrict visitation (except for tourist overflights and for research purposes), limit road building, prohibit deforestation, coca production, cattle grazing and other illegal activities. Other sectors are hard and expensive to access because they are remote.
The International Crisis Group reported that park authorities in Guaviare have been unable to enter the Amazon since 2019, except for some specific sectors where institutional presence is normalized, and other sectors where short visits of only a few hours is possible (International Crisis Group, 2024).
The control in the field is under the illegal armed groups creating a deep situation of ungovernability. Chiribiquete is now the critical area of presence, training, movement, and corridors of illegal armed groups using this area as their main territorial target. In the last year National Parks started a boundaries delimitation with support of the International Cooperation (mainly Norway's government and EU Delegation), with the Agriculture Ministry and local organizations as a part of the Peace Dialogues activities of the Colombian Peace Policy. Unfortunately, the future of these dialogues are currently uncertain due to the continuation of conflict between illegal groups (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
Restrictions on entering the site could have profound implications for enforcement of regulations, including the regulations that restrict visitation (except for tourist overflights and for research purposes), limit road building, prohibit deforestation, coca production, cattle grazing and other illegal activities. Other sectors are hard and expensive to access because they are remote.
Recreational Activities
(Illegal and Unregulated Tourism)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
Chiribiquete does not and never has allowed in-person tourism on the ground (IUCN, 2018); in legal terms in Colombia’s National Natural Parks System, it has no Touristic Vocation. Mainly this decision is to protect the voluntarily isolated communities that live there, because an encounter with tourists could cause a health disaster for these communities. A situation for which many international and national tourists lack sufficient awareness.
To better protect the many natural values of the site, and the voluntarily isolated indigenous people that live there, the government issued Resolution 0154 of 2019 with the National Aeronautical Authority to control the airspace and prevent illegal tourism (State Party of Colombia, 2023). This Resolution is ordering the aerial space, opening only a restricted route of 5 Mn to make overflights of 3.500 feet and stablishes different restrictions and conditions for the touristic operators. However, despite this resolution, the State Party notes in their 2023 Periodic Report the difficulties from illegal and unregulated tourism after the World Heritage inscription (State Party of Colombia 2023) and there is a lack of capacity to monitor and enforce the overflights restrictions amidst reports that touristic aircrafts have detoured from the mandatory route (IUCN Consultation, 2025). Both of these threaten the ecological integrity, connectivity and the Indigenous Peoples in Isolation (State Party of Colombia 2023).
To better protect the many natural values of the site, and the voluntarily isolated indigenous people that live there, the government issued Resolution 0154 of 2019 with the National Aeronautical Authority to control the airspace and prevent illegal tourism (State Party of Colombia, 2023). This Resolution is ordering the aerial space, opening only a restricted route of 5 Mn to make overflights of 3.500 feet and stablishes different restrictions and conditions for the touristic operators. However, despite this resolution, the State Party notes in their 2023 Periodic Report the difficulties from illegal and unregulated tourism after the World Heritage inscription (State Party of Colombia 2023) and there is a lack of capacity to monitor and enforce the overflights restrictions amidst reports that touristic aircrafts have detoured from the mandatory route (IUCN Consultation, 2025). Both of these threaten the ecological integrity, connectivity and the Indigenous Peoples in Isolation (State Party of Colombia 2023).
Mining & Quarrying
(Illegal Mining)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
Despite the issuance of a temporary suspension of the reception and processing of mining licenses and activities (Resolution No. 1518 of 2012, issued by the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development in conjunction with the Ministry of Mines) on mining in a Type A Forest Reserve that is part of the buffer zone, the nomination file from the State Party and the IUCN Technical Evaluation of Chiribiquete National Park (IUCN, 2018) both list illegal mining as a threat to the site. In the upper Apaporis river there were mining activities 5 years ago, but a military operation destroyed the illegal dredges. Nevertheless, this situation demonstrates the potential of gold reserves in the river which may pose future pressures in this zone, should exploitation resume. This illegal activity is also linked and supported by the Illegal Armed Groups (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
Hunting, Collecting & Controlling Terrestrial Animals, Logging, Harvesting & Controlling Trees
(Deforestation)
Outside site
In 2018, Chiribiquete National Park in Colombia expanded to enhance conservation of both natural values and the voluntarily isolated Indigenous communities, the inclusion of underrepresented ecosystems, the strengthening of ecosystem and protected area connectiveness in a wider landscape, to limit the agricultural-livestock frontier expansion and curb deforestation. This expansion was also meant to increase protection of the core area of the property to contribute to World Heritage commitments, and to achieve CBD Aichi Target 11. The core area corresponds to the limits of the National Park before 2018, meanwhile the buffer zone of the site encompasses the enlarged Park, Indigenous reserves, and other protected areas, but it does not have legal recognition in Colombia (the majority of National Parks in Colombia have no formal-legal buffer zone). Despite these efforts, deforestation has occurred in the property's buffer zone, though the World Heritage site's core remains largely unaffected. Between 2015 and 2022, the buffer zone lost approximately 8,711 hectares (21,525 acres) of forest. Since the 2018 expansion, deforestation in the buffer zone has exceeded 6,000 hectares (14,800 acres) (Finer and Mamani, 2022) and currently affects approximately 10.000 hectares in the 2018 enlarged area’s boundaries (IUCN Consultation, 2025). From 2001 to 2023, Global Forest Watch data indicates a loss of 12.6 thousand hectares (31,135 acres) of humid primary forest in the entire park, mostly in the buffer zone, representing a 0.30% reduction (Global Forest Watch, 2025).
While deforestation mainly affects the buffer zone, there's no significant encroachment into the World Heritage site. Agro-livestock expansion, aided by illegal road construction, is a major cause of deforestation in and around the buffer zone. Livestock grazing is driving deforestation (García, 2023) and the construction of unpaved roads to connect the remote areas, increasing by 2.500 kilometers between March 2018 and March 2021. In 2024, reports indicated 12 illegal roads in and around Chiribiquete National Park. However, the Colombian Attorney General's Office and the Army dismantled two drug production laboratories and destroyed five bridges to disable an illegal highway crossing the park (Contra Réplica 2024). Furthermore, there is a threat from cattle ranch expansion and land grabbing of deforested areas. Currently cattle ranching and coca crops are no more than 15 km from the site area and are currently affecting the Isolated Voluntary Indigenous People Territory in the western zone of the National Park (Camuya river basin) (IUCN Consultation, 2025). If the deforestation reaches inside the site's boundaries, it could significantly threaten its ecological integrity, connectivity, and the Indigenous peoples living in isolation.
While deforestation mainly affects the buffer zone, there's no significant encroachment into the World Heritage site. Agro-livestock expansion, aided by illegal road construction, is a major cause of deforestation in and around the buffer zone. Livestock grazing is driving deforestation (García, 2023) and the construction of unpaved roads to connect the remote areas, increasing by 2.500 kilometers between March 2018 and March 2021. In 2024, reports indicated 12 illegal roads in and around Chiribiquete National Park. However, the Colombian Attorney General's Office and the Army dismantled two drug production laboratories and destroyed five bridges to disable an illegal highway crossing the park (Contra Réplica 2024). Furthermore, there is a threat from cattle ranch expansion and land grabbing of deforested areas. Currently cattle ranching and coca crops are no more than 15 km from the site area and are currently affecting the Isolated Voluntary Indigenous People Territory in the western zone of the National Park (Camuya river basin) (IUCN Consultation, 2025). If the deforestation reaches inside the site's boundaries, it could significantly threaten its ecological integrity, connectivity, and the Indigenous peoples living in isolation.
Scientific expeditions are a potential threat to the rights to self-determination, territory and culture of the Voluntarily Isolated Indigenous territories. Any direct contact of any kind to Voluntarily Isolated Indigenous territories will represent a violation of their rights and can have a long-lasting effect in terms of the loss of culture and the transmission of pathogens. Due to the exponential increase of illegal activities and the presence of armed groups, drug traffickers, miners, and ranchers, entering the critical territory of the PIAV people (acronym in Spanish) in the upper basins of the Yari, Camuya, Ajaju, Yaya Ayaya, rivers, this threat is rapidly increasing.
Other Human Disturbances
(Potential impacts of scientific expeditions on voluntarily isolated indigenous peoples)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Scientific expeditions are a potential threat to the rights to self-determination, territory and culture of the Voluntarily Isolated Indigenous territories and are regulated by the management of the protected area. Due to the very high cost, scientific expeditions are infrequently conducted. Any direct contact of any kind to Voluntarily Isolated Indigenous territories will represent a violation of their rights and can have a long-lasting effect in terms of the loss of culture and the transmission of pathogens (IUCN, 2018).
Due to the exponential increase of illegal activities and presence of armed groups, drug traffickers, miners, and ranchers, entering the critical territory of the PIAV people (acronym in Spanish) in the upper basins of the Yari, Camuya, Ajaju, Yaya Ayaya, rivers, this threat is rapidly increasing.
Due to the exponential increase of illegal activities and presence of armed groups, drug traffickers, miners, and ranchers, entering the critical territory of the PIAV people (acronym in Spanish) in the upper basins of the Yari, Camuya, Ajaju, Yaya Ayaya, rivers, this threat is rapidly increasing.
Involvement of stakeholders and rightsholders, including indigenous peoples and local communities, in decision-making processes
Although access to the interior of the park is prohibited, the buffer zone is home to numerous Indigenous communities who maintain traditional lifestyles. Management authorities have signed formal agreements with 5 of 7 Indigenous reservations that overlap with the buffer zone of Chiribiquete. These agreements formalize the rights of Indigenous people to continue traditional and cultural uses including sustainable use. The park authorities have also pledged to facilitate the participation of community members in the plans, programs, projects and actions that are developed in the areas where interests are shared with the authorities of the Indigenous reserves. However, no formal agreements are yet in place for two of the Indigenous reserves as of November 2019, when the current management plan, now expired, was completed: Monochoa and Puerto Zábalo. While there is evidence that both of these Indigenous reserves were expanded in 2017, prior to the park’s expansion, there is no evidence that a specific agreement was signed between these Indigenous reserves and the national park authorities regarding alignment of park and reserve objectives. The ongoing spread of illegal activities in the property's buffer zone further strain the relationships with Indigenous people and present a serious threat on the Voluntary Isolated Indigenous territories.
Legal framework
An adequate legal framework for maintaining of the Outstanding Universal Value including conditions of Authenticity and/or Integrity of the World Heritage property and the buffer zone exists but there are some deficiencies in implementation. Actions need to be taken to dismantle the leadership of criminal structures and socio-economic activities that fuel illegal activities and to improve financial, technological, and human resources. In the buffer zone, work is underway to update the management plan, but it is necessary to strengthen work with the peasants’ organizations in the buffer zones of the main threatened areas: 1. The Yaguara-Cachicamo area. 2. The Yari – Camuya zone. 3. The Manavires-Itilla zone. In the case of indigenous people, the main area to focus work is in the Yaguara indigenous reserve (State Party of Colombia, 2023; IUCN Consultation, 2025). Finally, there are legal restrictions on the airspace above the park. The framework is adequate to support the maintenance of its World Heritage values but will require robust enforcement to be effective.
Governance arrangements
While the decision-making structure for Chiribiquete is clear, there are significant limitations in how decision-making is operationalized. As noted in the now expired park management (Plan de Manejo 2018-2022 Parque Nacional Natural Serrania de Chiribiquete, 2018, p.8), there are logistical and operational limitations for monitoring, control and surveillance of the protected area, in addition to large gaps in information and knowledge of ecological and cultural values, which makes management planning and decision-making difficult.
Integration into local, regional and national planning systems (including sea/landscape connectivity)
As the now expired management plan (Plan de Manejo 2018-2022 Parque Nacional Natural Serrania de Chiribiquete, 2018) notes in the effectiveness evaluation, particularly in the expansion areas, coordination and integration of the site with national and regional planning systems is difficult and the park lacks sufficient capacity to do this well.
Boundaries
It is challenging to mark the boundaries of a park as large as Chiribiquete. However, much of the park boundary has been drawn to conform to natural features such as rivers and mountains.
The inscribed site is 2,782,354 hectares. In July 2018, Chiribiquete National Park was expanded to 4,268,095 hectares to enhance the protection of its core World Heritage area. The expansion area provides the buffer zone for the site.
The buffer zone has been developed to include seven indigenous reserves that align with the objectives of Chiribiquete. Its large size also provides a significant barrier for the intrusion of human uses in the interior of the park. However, the rate of deforestation continues to rise inside the buffer zone, raising the question about the adequacy of the boundaries.
The inscribed site is 2,782,354 hectares. In July 2018, Chiribiquete National Park was expanded to 4,268,095 hectares to enhance the protection of its core World Heritage area. The expansion area provides the buffer zone for the site.
The buffer zone has been developed to include seven indigenous reserves that align with the objectives of Chiribiquete. Its large size also provides a significant barrier for the intrusion of human uses in the interior of the park. However, the rate of deforestation continues to rise inside the buffer zone, raising the question about the adequacy of the boundaries.
Overlapping international designations
N/A
Implementation of World Heritage Committee decisions and recommendations
Committee requests to maintain and enhance regulations that prevent agricultural development, deforestation and road development seem to have been followed. However, if access to the site is restricted because of the security situation, park authorities are unable to fully monitor and act against these threats. This critical issue requires further examination.
The development of projects to enhance the natural and cultural heritage in the buffer zone appears to be proceeding.
Strictly preventing possible contact between non-indigenous local communities and others with isolated uncontacted communities may not be fully acted upon given the security situation that may prevent timely visits inside the property. This critical issue requires further examination.
Current budget information was not available for this assessment to gauge if the Committee request to increase financial support was fully implemented. However, a new financial mechanism from the Legacy Landscapes fund to deliver 1 million USD to the park over the next 30 years was announced (Reuters 2024b, Legacy Landscapes Fund 2024). This could provide significant support to protect Chiribiquete’s World Heritage Values, if there is not a concomitant decrease in government financial support.
Also, there was no information available to assess whether a basic socio-economic study of the needs of local communities in the buffer zone has yet been implemented.
The development of projects to enhance the natural and cultural heritage in the buffer zone appears to be proceeding.
Strictly preventing possible contact between non-indigenous local communities and others with isolated uncontacted communities may not be fully acted upon given the security situation that may prevent timely visits inside the property. This critical issue requires further examination.
Current budget information was not available for this assessment to gauge if the Committee request to increase financial support was fully implemented. However, a new financial mechanism from the Legacy Landscapes fund to deliver 1 million USD to the park over the next 30 years was announced (Reuters 2024b, Legacy Landscapes Fund 2024). This could provide significant support to protect Chiribiquete’s World Heritage Values, if there is not a concomitant decrease in government financial support.
Also, there was no information available to assess whether a basic socio-economic study of the needs of local communities in the buffer zone has yet been implemented.
Climate action
The site and its buffer zone are managed in a way to prevent or reduce deforestation. Protecting and restoring forests enhances their role as carbon sinks, reducing the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The amount of deforestation in the buffer zone has been increasing in recent years due to the security situation and the lack of capacity by law enforcement authorities and others.
Management plan and overall management system
The site is managed by the Ministry of the Environment through the Unidad Administrativa Especial del Sistema de Parques Nacionales (UAESPNN). At the institutional level, the Decree 3572 of 2011 defines that National Natural Parks of Colombia is the authority in charge of administering and managing the areas that make up the national park system, which in the case of the Serranía de Chiribiquete National Parks carries out its functions through the Amazonia Territorial Directorate and the Serranía Chiribiquete National Natural Park Office with the Park’s Head or Superintendent.
The conservation of the site is guided by the “Plan de Manejo 2018-2022 Parque Nacional Natural Serrania de Chiribiquete” (Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia, 2018) that includes provisions on management activities required for the different land use zones as well as expected biodiversity conservation outputs derived from these actions. The zones in the park are enabled through Decree 622 of 1977 that establishes 6 distinct zones for all Natural National Parks. The management plan is in an updated process because it exceeded the 5 year lifespan; it is crucial to note in the document that the Management Plans for park system areas or other protected areas do not lose their validity or expire in the strict sense of the word; rather, its intrinsic design contemplates a periodic update every 5 years to ensure that the territorial ordering mandates continue their validity and that conservation actions continue to be carried out on the best available information. Activities to protect the voluntarily isolated Indigenous people in the buffer zone and inside the park are also described. The management planning process includes consultation with stakeholders, including local communities and prioritizes governance, transparent decision-making and conflict resolution.
The conservation of the site is guided by the “Plan de Manejo 2018-2022 Parque Nacional Natural Serrania de Chiribiquete” (Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia, 2018) that includes provisions on management activities required for the different land use zones as well as expected biodiversity conservation outputs derived from these actions. The zones in the park are enabled through Decree 622 of 1977 that establishes 6 distinct zones for all Natural National Parks. The management plan is in an updated process because it exceeded the 5 year lifespan; it is crucial to note in the document that the Management Plans for park system areas or other protected areas do not lose their validity or expire in the strict sense of the word; rather, its intrinsic design contemplates a periodic update every 5 years to ensure that the territorial ordering mandates continue their validity and that conservation actions continue to be carried out on the best available information. Activities to protect the voluntarily isolated Indigenous people in the buffer zone and inside the park are also described. The management planning process includes consultation with stakeholders, including local communities and prioritizes governance, transparent decision-making and conflict resolution.
Law enforcement
Law enforcement duties are shared between park managers, the military, municipalities, and Control and Surveillance Committees. The buffer zone is a major area where law enforcement actions are conducted relating to deforestation, illegal mining, etc. As much of the area surrounding the park is in a rebuilding stage due to the 2018 peace deal with the FARC, there is a lack of strong local institutions to carry out law enforcement duties. The park managers also have a limited number of staff and rely on the military and their aircraft to implement law enforcement in otherwise inaccessible roadless areas.
Indications that park staff are unable to enter the property, except for only short visits is very concerning.
Indications that park staff are unable to enter the property, except for only short visits is very concerning.
Sustainable finance
The park has a stated goal in the now expired management plan to develop a financial sustainability strategy within the time frame of the plan (2018 – 2022) (Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia, 2018). It was unknown at the time of this assessment whether this strategy was developed.
The government budget for the site for 2015-2022 is reported to be USD 1.7 Million (Mongabay, 2023). In addition to its normal yearly budget allocation from the government, an initiative from the German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, announced 1 million USD per year for 30 years to support all aspects of management and threat reduction in the site (Reuters 2024b, Legacy Landscapes Fund 2024).
The government budget for the site for 2015-2022 is reported to be USD 1.7 Million (Mongabay, 2023). In addition to its normal yearly budget allocation from the government, an initiative from the German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, announced 1 million USD per year for 30 years to support all aspects of management and threat reduction in the site (Reuters 2024b, Legacy Landscapes Fund 2024).
Staff capacity, training and development
The management effectiveness assessment referenced in the now expired management plan (Plan de Manejo 2018-2022 Parque Nacional Natural Serrania de Chiribiquete, 2018) notes the lack of management capacity to effectively deal with the expansion of the park. As of 2020, when the last World Heritage Outlook was developed, training programs existed with FUNAI, the Brazilian government agency established to carry out policies on indigenous peoples, for example a training program for peasant settler communities to develop sustainable production of sacha inchi seeds and pepper was announced. The now expired management plan lists numerous planned trainings (Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia, 2018).
The State Party Periodic Report (State Party of Colombia, 2023) notes that Chiribiquete has 39 workers, but the minimum required is 118. It also notes that while there have been may trainings and experience-sharing workshops, much work is needed.
There was no information available at the time of this 2025 World Heritage assessment to update information on staff capacity, training and development.
The State Party Periodic Report (State Party of Colombia, 2023) notes that Chiribiquete has 39 workers, but the minimum required is 118. It also notes that while there have been may trainings and experience-sharing workshops, much work is needed.
There was no information available at the time of this 2025 World Heritage assessment to update information on staff capacity, training and development.
Education and interpretation programmes
The following information comes directly from the now expired 2018-2022 management plan for the site.
Park managers have been working to publicize the protected area, the importance of the sustainable use of the environment and the need for protection in the municipalities of Calamar, El Retorno, Solano and at the departmental level in Guaviare and Caquetá and in nearby rural areas. Managers will be focusing on a) support for formal education; b) promotion of inter-institutional coordination; and c) relationship with the communities located in the influence of the protected area. The park management plans call for the development of a Program on Local Environmental Education aligned with the National Policy of Environmental Education and the National Strategy of Environmental Education which aims to: Support the social assessment of the PNN Serranía de Chiribiquete, highlighting the ecosystem services that it generates at the local, regional and national level, through environmental education, in order to promote changes in attitude, behavior and habits that minimize the risk of possible pressure on the protected area. Hence, it is a central component for the prevention of illegal activities in the area of influence of the PNN Serranía de Chiribiquete (Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia, 2018).
The 2023 Periodic Report notes that there is a planned and effective education and awareness programme for children and youth. The "Guardians of Chiribiquete" program aims to engage a wide audience; including children, youth, Indigenous peoples, and peasant communities, by emphasizing the concept of "Knowing without Going." Its objectives are to 1) communicate the exceptional heritage that led to Chiribiquete's inclusion on the World Heritage List, 2) promote awareness of its natural and cultural values at all levels to foster a sense of belonging, and 3) encourage participation and dialogue to drive actions that help reduce environmental pressures (State Party of Colombia, 2023).
Park managers have been working to publicize the protected area, the importance of the sustainable use of the environment and the need for protection in the municipalities of Calamar, El Retorno, Solano and at the departmental level in Guaviare and Caquetá and in nearby rural areas. Managers will be focusing on a) support for formal education; b) promotion of inter-institutional coordination; and c) relationship with the communities located in the influence of the protected area. The park management plans call for the development of a Program on Local Environmental Education aligned with the National Policy of Environmental Education and the National Strategy of Environmental Education which aims to: Support the social assessment of the PNN Serranía de Chiribiquete, highlighting the ecosystem services that it generates at the local, regional and national level, through environmental education, in order to promote changes in attitude, behavior and habits that minimize the risk of possible pressure on the protected area. Hence, it is a central component for the prevention of illegal activities in the area of influence of the PNN Serranía de Chiribiquete (Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia, 2018).
The 2023 Periodic Report notes that there is a planned and effective education and awareness programme for children and youth. The "Guardians of Chiribiquete" program aims to engage a wide audience; including children, youth, Indigenous peoples, and peasant communities, by emphasizing the concept of "Knowing without Going." Its objectives are to 1) communicate the exceptional heritage that led to Chiribiquete's inclusion on the World Heritage List, 2) promote awareness of its natural and cultural values at all levels to foster a sense of belonging, and 3) encourage participation and dialogue to drive actions that help reduce environmental pressures (State Party of Colombia, 2023).
Tourism and visitation management
Tourism is prohibited inside the national park, considered as illegal and illicit according to the management plan, except through overflights of the park by registered providers of this service (IUCN, 2018). However, there are known instances of illegal incursions by some tourism providers in two sectors, one in the north near Calamar, sector from Cerro Campana, and another in the southeast near Puerto Abeja by the Mesay River (Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia, 2018); however, there is no accurate information on the number of people and the frequency with which these incursions occur.
Sustainable use
For Indigenous communities living in the buffer zone, sustainable use is practiced in the buffer zone and also allowed inside the site as agreed with five Indigenous groups that signed agreements with the government during the park enlargement consultation. Sustainable use is also allowed for the voluntarily isolated and uncontacted persons that live inside. Unsustainable uses are common in the buffer zone of the expanded park zones with increasing areas converted into grasslands for the expansion of cattle ranching and areas with coca crops in specific areas. The security situation makes law enforcement challenging, which raises concern that illegal activities leading to deforestation will encroach into the property in the near future.
Monitoring
The following information comes directly from the now expired 2018-2022 management plan for the site.
One of the weaknesses pointed out through the management effectiveness assessment referenced in the now expired management plan (Plan de Manejo 2018-2022 Parque Nacional Natural Serrania de Chiribiquete, 2018) is monitoring to support the park’s management objectives. However, some monitoring does occur. These monitoring efforts include work done by a) the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) that has uncovered illegal coca plantations, the Corpoamazonia Environmental Monitoring System – SISA and The Environmental Monitoring System of the Amazon that monitors logging in the surrounding area; b) the National Forest and Carbon Monitoring System that monitors deforestation operated by the Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology and Environmental Studies (IDEAM) - a government agency of the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development. This management plan, now expired, calls for strengthening inter-institutional coordination to improve the efficiency of monitoring efforts and it notes the existence of a Monitoring Program annexed to the plan (Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia, 2018).
The 2023 Periodic Report notes that monitoring is made by non-invasive techniques such as overflights and satellite image monitoring of heat points of forest fires and forest loss, and investigations have high international standards. The park also monitors tourism overflights. In addition, adequate and key indicators have been defined for measuring the state of conservation and are being used in monitoring of how the Outstanding Universal value of the property is being maintained (State Party of Colombia, 2023).
The potential loss of access at certain times by park staff to the interior of the park can seriously limit the effectiveness of monitoring efforts.
One of the weaknesses pointed out through the management effectiveness assessment referenced in the now expired management plan (Plan de Manejo 2018-2022 Parque Nacional Natural Serrania de Chiribiquete, 2018) is monitoring to support the park’s management objectives. However, some monitoring does occur. These monitoring efforts include work done by a) the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) that has uncovered illegal coca plantations, the Corpoamazonia Environmental Monitoring System – SISA and The Environmental Monitoring System of the Amazon that monitors logging in the surrounding area; b) the National Forest and Carbon Monitoring System that monitors deforestation operated by the Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology and Environmental Studies (IDEAM) - a government agency of the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development. This management plan, now expired, calls for strengthening inter-institutional coordination to improve the efficiency of monitoring efforts and it notes the existence of a Monitoring Program annexed to the plan (Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia, 2018).
The 2023 Periodic Report notes that monitoring is made by non-invasive techniques such as overflights and satellite image monitoring of heat points of forest fires and forest loss, and investigations have high international standards. The park also monitors tourism overflights. In addition, adequate and key indicators have been defined for measuring the state of conservation and are being used in monitoring of how the Outstanding Universal value of the property is being maintained (State Party of Colombia, 2023).
The potential loss of access at certain times by park staff to the interior of the park can seriously limit the effectiveness of monitoring efforts.
Research
There are numerous research programs related to deforestation, indigenous peoples, biodiversity and ecosystem services that focus on Chiribiquete and the surrounding areas. The now expired management plan, describes the potential to develop a research center of international character for Chiribiquete (Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia, 2018).
The extent of current research is unclear at this time due to the security situation.
The extent of current research is unclear at this time due to the security situation.
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats outside the site
The following information comes directly from the now expired 2018-2022 management plan for the site. No additional information was found to update this for this current 2025 World Heritage Outlook assessment. The security concerns in the area surrounding the park are very concerning.
The management authorities periodically assess the effectiveness of management using a tool called AEMAPPS (Análisis de la Efectividad del Manejo de Áreas Protegidas con Participación). While the latest management plan is well articulated, the plan (Plan de Manejo 2018-2022 Parque Nacional Natural Serrania de Chiribiquete, 2018) notes that there are limitations in the logistics and operations for monitoring, control and surveillance of the protected area and large gaps in information and knowledge of ecological and cultural values that hinder management planning and decision making. The lack of a financial sustainability strategy is also noted as a significant hindrance to overall effectiveness. More specific limitations in management uncovered through the effectiveness evaluation include: 1) the monitoring and research program to support management decisions, 2) the lack of management capacity to effectively deal with the expansion of the park, 3) alignment of park management with regional and local authorities, especially in the expansion areas, 4) alignment between internal levels of park management, and 5) prevention, control and surveillance. Various large projects funded through international development assistance are working to overcome the weaknesses listed above.
The management authorities periodically assess the effectiveness of management using a tool called AEMAPPS (Análisis de la Efectividad del Manejo de Áreas Protegidas con Participación). While the latest management plan is well articulated, the plan (Plan de Manejo 2018-2022 Parque Nacional Natural Serrania de Chiribiquete, 2018) notes that there are limitations in the logistics and operations for monitoring, control and surveillance of the protected area and large gaps in information and knowledge of ecological and cultural values that hinder management planning and decision making. The lack of a financial sustainability strategy is also noted as a significant hindrance to overall effectiveness. More specific limitations in management uncovered through the effectiveness evaluation include: 1) the monitoring and research program to support management decisions, 2) the lack of management capacity to effectively deal with the expansion of the park, 3) alignment of park management with regional and local authorities, especially in the expansion areas, 4) alignment between internal levels of park management, and 5) prevention, control and surveillance. Various large projects funded through international development assistance are working to overcome the weaknesses listed above.
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats inside the site
The following information comes directly from the now expired 2018-2022 management plan for the site. No additional information was found to update this for this current 2025 World Heritage Outlook assessment. As noted below, there are some concerns that the management systems may not be sufficient to address threats inside the site. It would be very concerning however if park managers are unable to enter the site, except for short periods of time, as some media outlets have reported.
The management authorities periodically assess the effectiveness of management using a tool called AEMAPPS (Análisis de la Efectividad del Manejo de Áreas Protegidas con Participación). While the latest, but now expired management plan is well articulated, the plan (Plan de Manejo 2018-2022 Parque Nacional Natural Serrania de Chiribiquete, 2018) notes that there are limitations in the logistics and operations for monitoring, control and surveillance of the protected area and large gaps in information and knowledge of ecological and cultural values that hinder management planning and decision making. The lack of a financial sustainability strategy is also noted as a significant hindrance to overall effectiveness. More specific limitations in management uncovered through the effectiveness evaluation include: 1) the monitoring and research program to support management decisions, 2) the lack of management capacity to effectively deal with the expansion of the park, 3) alignment of park management with regional and local authorities, especially in the expansion areas, 4) alignment between internal levels of park management, and 5) prevention, control and surveillance. Various large projects funded through international development assistance are working to overcome the weaknesses listed above.
The management authorities periodically assess the effectiveness of management using a tool called AEMAPPS (Análisis de la Efectividad del Manejo de Áreas Protegidas con Participación). While the latest, but now expired management plan is well articulated, the plan (Plan de Manejo 2018-2022 Parque Nacional Natural Serrania de Chiribiquete, 2018) notes that there are limitations in the logistics and operations for monitoring, control and surveillance of the protected area and large gaps in information and knowledge of ecological and cultural values that hinder management planning and decision making. The lack of a financial sustainability strategy is also noted as a significant hindrance to overall effectiveness. More specific limitations in management uncovered through the effectiveness evaluation include: 1) the monitoring and research program to support management decisions, 2) the lack of management capacity to effectively deal with the expansion of the park, 3) alignment of park management with regional and local authorities, especially in the expansion areas, 4) alignment between internal levels of park management, and 5) prevention, control and surveillance. Various large projects funded through international development assistance are working to overcome the weaknesses listed above.
While the site has developed management structures and policies that are robust considering its large size and inaccessibility, deforestation and other illegal activities continue to rise in the buffer zone. The current security situation may be preventing regular park management activities such as monitoring, law enforcement, and research. This assessment is preliminary however, as timely information about access issues were not available at the time of this assessment. Committee requests to maintain and enhance regulations that prevent agricultural development, deforestation and road development seem to have been followed. However, if access to the site is restricted because of the security situation, park authorities are unable to fully monitor and act against these threats. The development of projects to enhance the natural and cultural heritage in the buffer zone appears to be proceeding. Strictly preventing possible contact between non-indigenous local communities and others with isolated uncontacted communities may not be fully acted upon given the security situation presenting a great threat to Voluntary Isolated Indigenous territories. A new financial mechanism from the Legacy Landscapes fund to deliver 1 million USD to the park over the next 30 years was announced which could provide significant support to protect Chiribiquete’s World Heritage Values.
Good practice examples
1. The expansion of the park to reduce the threats from deforestation, road development and agriculture.
2. Conservation agreements with communities and most of the Indigenous Reserves have strengthened the buffer zone.
3. Excellent joint work to protect the cultural heritage with the Colombian Institute of Anthropology and History (ICANH).
4. The development of long-term financial mechanism for Chiribiquete’s management and threat abatement through the Legacy Landscape Fund is expected to contribute 1 million USD each year for 30 years.
2. Conservation agreements with communities and most of the Indigenous Reserves have strengthened the buffer zone.
3. Excellent joint work to protect the cultural heritage with the Colombian Institute of Anthropology and History (ICANH).
4. The development of long-term financial mechanism for Chiribiquete’s management and threat abatement through the Legacy Landscape Fund is expected to contribute 1 million USD each year for 30 years.
Bridge between four biogeographic provinces
Data Deficient
Trend
Data Deficient
Assessments conducted during the period of time leading up to inscription indicate that the unique species with distinctive adaptations are in good condition as are the linkages between the four biogeographic provinces (IUCN, 2018; State Party of Colombia, 2017). However, no new information was available since the time of inscription to assess trends.
High floral and faunal diversity shaped by evolutionary processes
Data Deficient
Trend
Data Deficient
Assessments conducted during the period of time leading up to inscription indicate that the high floral and faunal diversity present in the site due to evolutionary processes and historical connectivity are in good condition (IUCN, 2018; State Party of Colombia, 2017). However, no new information was available since the time of inscription to assess trends.
Unique landforms and landscapes providing habitat critical for the survival of the site’s characteristic plants and animals
Data Deficient
Trend
Data Deficient
Assessments conducted during the period of time leading up to inscription indicate that the unique landforms and landscapes that provide habitat critical for the site's characteristic plants and animals are in good condition (IUCN, 2018; State Party of Colombia, 2017). However, no new information was available since the time of inscription to assess trends.
Exceptionally high biodiversity
Data Deficient
Trend
Data Deficient
Assessments conducted during the period of time leading up to inscription indicate that the high biodiversity present in the site is in good condition (IUCN, 2018; State Party of Colombia, 2017). However, no new information was available since the time of inscription to assess trends.
Exceptionally high species endemism
Data Deficient
Trend
Data Deficient
Assessments conducted during the period of time leading up to inscription indicate that the endemic species present in the site are in good condition (IUCN, 2018; State Party of Colombia, 2017). However, no new information was available since the time of inscription to assess trends.
Threatened species
Data Deficient
Trend
Data Deficient
Assessments conducted during the period of time leading up to inscription indicate that the threatened species present in the site are in good condition. However, no new information was available since the time of inscription to assess trends.
One of the most irreplaceable protected areas for species conservation
Data Deficient
Trend
Data Deficient
Serrania de Chiribiquete remains one of the most irreplaceable protected areas for species conservation (IUCN, 2018).
Assessment of the current state and trend of World Heritage values
Data Deficient
Assessments conducted prior to the site's inscription on the World Heritage List in 2018 indicated that its values, including biodiversity and unique landforms, were in good condition. However, recent evaluations reveal an increase in deforestation, illegal road development and coca plantations within the buffer zone. Despite the illegal activities in the buffer zone, there is no evidence of significant encroachment into its interior, though that could change quickly if the security situation worsens. For other World Heritage values and attributes, there is a lack of recent assessments to determine current trends.
Assessment of the current state and trend of other important biodiversity values
Data Deficient
Data Deficient
The linkage between the site's biodiversity values and cultural and archaeological values that are strongly associated to the beliefs and spiritual values of the Indigenous peoples living in the site was noted at the time of inscription. However, no new information is available to assess trends at this time.
Additional information
Sacred natural sites or landscapes,
Sacred or symbolic plants or animals,
Cultural identity and sense of belonging
Chiribiquete is considered to be of mythical importance by several Indigenous groups living outside the site and in the buffer zone and is designated the "The Great Maloca (ancestral longhouse) of the Jaguar”. Indigenous peoples of the Amazon place great spiritual significance on jaguars and the park is important to the stability of South America's jaguar population (IUCN, 2018).
Little data are available to determine level of impact and trends.
Importance for research
The park provides an exceptional laboratory for scientific research for biological and ecological studies due to its pristine nature. As research expeditions continue, many new species are expected to be discovered (IUCN, 2018)
Carbon sequestration
Chiribiquete National Park is considered important for climate change mitigation, as well as mitigation of regional climatic variability. It has been estimated that the area captures 323 million tons of carbon (State Party of Colombia, 2017).
Water provision (importance for water quantity and quality)
The site is important for regional water regulation (State Party of Colombia, 2017).
The benefits from the park to cultural and spiritual values and knowledge generation are immense and have a very low level of threat from outside forces. Little data and information exists to assess other benefits.
References
| № | References |
|---|---|
| 1 |
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Clerici, N., Salazar, C., Pardo‐Díaz, C., Jiggins, C. D., Richardson, J. E., and Linares, M. (2019). Peace in Colombia is a critical moment for Neotropical connectivity and conservation: Save the northern Andes–Amazon biodiversity bridge. Conservation Letters, 12(1), e12594, pp.1-10.
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Contra Réplica (2024). Devastación ambiental en Chiribiquete: Las FARC abren camino para el narcotráfico. [online] Available At: https://www.contrareplica.mx/nota-Devastacion-ambiental-en-…. [Accessed: January 19 2025]
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Cortés, R. and Franco, P. (1997). Análisis panbiogeográfico de la flora de Chiribiquete, Colombia. Caldasia, 19, pp.465-478.
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García, R. B. (2023). A Roadmap for Forest Protection in Post-Conflict Colombia: Complex governance challenges converge in the Colombian Amazon. Defending ecosystems and the Indigenous peoples who live there is inseparable from negotiating peace with armed groups. NACLA Report on the Americas, 55(2), 140-147.
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| 8 |
Global Forest Watch (2025). Interactive Viewer. [online] Available at: https://www.globalforestwatch.org/map/. [Accessed: January 15 2025]
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| 9 |
IUCN (2018). World Heritage Nomination – IUCN Technical Evaluation Chiribiquete National Park – “The Maloca of the Jaguar” (Colombia). [online], Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. pp.1-11 Available at: < https://whc.unesco.org/document/168671>;. [Accessed 24 April 2020].
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International Crisis Group (2024) Rebel Razing: Loosening the Criminal Hold on the Colombian Amazon. Briefing No. 52, Latin American and the Caribbean. [online] Available at: https://www.crisisgroup.org/latin-america-caribbean/andes/c…. [Accessed: January 14 2025]
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| 12 |
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| 13 |
Mongabay (2020). Double blow to Colombian Amazon and Indigenous groups from armed militants, COVID-19. [online]. Available At: https://news.mongabay.com/2020/07/double-blow-to-colombian-…. [Accessed: January 17 2025]
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| 14 |
Mongabay (2023). Colombian Amazon park rangers face violence, threats by illegal armed groups. [online]. Available at: https://news.mongabay.com/2023/12/colombian-amazon-park-ran…. [Accessed: January 14 2025]
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| 15 |
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| 16 |
Reuters (2024a). Exclusive: Operations to destroy illegal roads in Colombia's Amazon hit standstill, sources say. [online] Available at: https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/operations-destroy-i…. [Accessed: January 17 2025]
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| 17 |
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| 18 |
State Party of Colombia (2017). Nomination of Chiribiquete National Park as a World Heritage Site. [online] Bogotá, Colombia: Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia, pp.1-174. Available at: <https://whc.unesco.org/document/160558>; [Accessed 27 April 2020].
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| 19 |
State Party of Colombia (2023). Periodic Report Cycle 3, Section II: Chiribiquete National Park – “The Maloca of the Jaguar”. [online] Paris, France: UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Available at: < https://whc.unesco.org/document/218012>;. (Accessed 21 January 2025).
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| 20 |
Vargas, G. (2017). Report to support Chiribiquete nomination to the World Heritage List: Geomorphology of the Parque Nacional Natural Serrania de Chiribiquete. Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
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| 21 |
Álvarez, M., Umaña, A. M., Mejía, G. D., Cajiao, J., von Hildebrand, P., and Gast, F. (2003). Aves del Parque Nacional Natural Serranía de Chiribiquete, Amazonia-Provincia de la Guyana, Colombia. Biota Colombiana, 4(1), pp.49-63.
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