Coiba National Park and its Special Zone of Marine Protection
Country
Panama
Inscribed in
2005
Criteria
(ix)
(x)
The conservation outlook for this site has been assessed as "significant concern" in the latest assessment cycle. Explore the Conservation Outlook Assessment for the site below. You have the option to access the summary, or the detailed assessment.
Coiba National Park, off the southwest coast of Panama, protects Coiba Island, 38 smaller islands and the surrounding marine areas within the Gulf of Chiriqui. Protected from the cold winds and effects of El Niño, Coiba’s Pacific tropical moist forest maintains exceptionally high levels of endemism of mammals, birds and plants due to the ongoing evolution of new species. It is also the last refuge for a number of threatened animals such as the crested eagle. The property is an outstanding natural laboratory for scientific research and provides a key ecological link to the Tropical Eastern Pacific for the transit and survival of pelagic fish and marine mammals. © UNESCO
Summary
2025 Conservation Outlook
Finalised on
11 Oct 2025
Significant concern
Current state and trend of VALUES
High Concern
Overall THREATS
Overall PROTECTION and MANAGEMENT
Full assessment
Description of values
High variety of endemic terrestrial species
Criterion
(x)
The forests of Coiba Island contain many endemic species and subspecies, including mammals (e.g. Coiba Agouti; Coiba Howler Monkey), birds (e.g. Coiba Spinetail), more than 60 plants and numerous invertebrates (State Party of Panama, 2005; STRI, 2015; IUCN, 2017).
High diversity of threatened marine fish and cetaceans
Criterion
(x)
The marine ecosystems within the property include more than 760 species of marine fishes, 33 species of sharks and 20 species of cetaceans. Schooling Scalloped Hammerheads as well as Black Tip, Silky and Oceanic Whitetip Sharks can be encountered on the Hannibal Bank (State Party of Panama, 2005). Coiba’s shallower waters are used by Humpback Whales for raising calves and are grouping areas for Whale Sharks. Coiba is important for commercial fish species like the Silk Snapper, which forms spawning aggregations around Coiba, where this activity was reported for the first time in the Pacific of Central America. The islands within the property are the only group of inshore islands in the tropical eastern Pacific that have significant populations of trans-Pacific fishes, namely, Indo-Pacific species that have established themselves in the eastern Pacific (State Party of Panama, 2005; STRI, 2015).
Important areas for marine turtles
Criterion
(x)
Coiba has extensive beaches for turtle nesting and some of the largest extension of seagrasses known in Panama’s Pacific. The site supports some of the largest groups of the Critically Endangered Hawksbill Turtle in the region (STRI, 2015).
Outstanding natural laboratory for scientific research
Criterion
(ix)
Despite the short time of isolation of the islands of the Gulf of Chiriquí on an evolutionary timeframe, new species are being formed, which is evident from the levels of endemism reported for many groups (mammals, birds, plants), making the Coiba National Park an outstanding natural laboratory for scientific research (State Party of Panama, 2005; SoOUV, 2014). More than 800 scientific papers have been published to date based on research from Coiba (IUCN Consultation, 2020).
Key ecological link in the Tropical Eastern Pacific
Criterion
(ix)
The Eastern Pacific reefs, such as those within the property, are characterized by complex biological interactions of their inhabitants and provide a key ecological link in the Tropical Eastern Pacific for the transit and survival of numerous pelagic fish as well as marine mammals (State Party of Panama, 2005; SoOUV, 2014).
Coral reefs
Criterion
(x)
The coral reef zones and coral communities of Coiba are among the largest and most diverse in the American Pacific and recent studies have found high levels of endemism (STRI, 2015).
Refuge for species disappeared from mainland Panama
Coiba serves as the last refuge for species that have largely disappeared from the rest of Panama, such as the Scarlet Macaw (Ara macao) with an important population within the Park (State Party of Panama, 2005; SoOUV, 2014; State Party of Panama, 2023). The Crested Eagle (Morphnus guianensis) was listed in the Statement of Outstanding Universal Value (SoOUV, 2014) and recorded from Coiba (Whetmore, 1957), but the State Party has requested that this be removed as there are no records of this species on the island (State Party of Panama, 2023).
Remarkable presence of marine megafauna
Coiba National Park hosts a remarkable diversity of marine megafauna, making it a key site for migratory species of the Tropical Eastern Pacific. Its waters regularly host Humpback Whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) during breeding and calving seasons, as well as Whale Sharks (Rhincodon typus), Giant Manta Rays (Mobula birostris), Common Dolphins, and other cetaceans and elasmobranchs.
Geological value of oceanic volcanic origin
Coiba National Park and its group of islands are part of the ancient Panama Arc, a chain of oceanic volcanic islands that emerged millions of years ago. This geological history has produced igneous rock formations such as basalts and andesites, which contribute to young, fertile soils that support exceptional biodiversity.
Assessment information
Unregulated tourism development and fishing (both legal and illegal) has been a cause for concern in the past. A Strategic Environmental Assessment, including evaluation of preferred options for sustainable economic development in the site and in the surrounding region, has been undertaken but is still awaiting approval. The adoption in 2018 of new fishing regulations for the Special Zone of Marine Protection after a long absence of any regulation for this area, and new fishery regulations aimed at making fishing sustainable in the property, still require evaluation. Capacity to enforce the existing regulations has been improved, but is still estimated to be insufficient. Climate change is impacting coral reefs through bleaching and mortality, although many corals have demonstrated remarkable resilience and rapid recovery after bleaching events.
Invasive Non-Native/ Alien Species
(Feral livestock (cattle, horses, buffalo) on Coiba Island)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
In 2005 it was estimated that approximately 2,029 head of cattle, 70 horses, 18 pigs, 200 dogs and 15 buffalo were present on the island (State Party, 2005). Presence of feral livestock represented a significant threat in the past due to degradation of native vegetation and erosion, which in turn caused siltation of reefs adjacent to the Island (State Party, 2011). However, since inscription a successful eradication programme of feral livestock has been undertaken. A follow up and monitoring programme has also been established and while cows and horses have been removed from the island, photo-trap monitoring in 2023 revealed the presence of 5 buffalo (3 male, 2 female) and a smaller footprint, indicating that there is reproduction (State Party, 2024). The State Party is committed to continuous monitoring activities and to design a plan to control these non-native species.
Other Human Disturbances
(Naval base on Coiba Island)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
The main threat that the small naval base on Coiba could have would be the inadvertent introduction of alien plant or animal species to the island (the same issue exists for the biological and visitor reception centre at Gambute). A Biosafety Plan has been prepared (State Party, 2020) and is hopefully being implemented. However, the navy could help control illegal fishing practices and increase security for Park personnel and tourists in case of emergency (UNESCO & IUCN, 2014; IUCN, 2017). The National Aeronaval Service (SENAN) plays a key role as a strategic ally in Coiba National Park by strengthening surveillance and control efforts against illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing.
Recreational Activities
(Unregulated tourism and coastal development)
Inside site
, Widespread(15-50%)
Outside site
Tourism has been increasing with a 42% increase reported in 2017 from 2014-2015 (from around 10,000 to 17,200 visitors, with international tourists comprising about 78%) (IUCN, 2017) and associated development has been of concern in the past. Tourism interest in the property has grown and is expected to increase with the number of visitors growing rapidly (Global Conservation, 2025). Tourism activities include the use of the beaches and coastal areas as well as underwater activities and need to be monitored and managed so as to prevent significant impacts on the property and its values.
In terms of direct impacts, disturbance of some species, for example, whale sharks, has been noted, including signs of changing behaviour due to disturbance from humans (IUCN Consultation, 2020). A Strategic Environmental Impacts Assessment for the World Heritage site, including evaluation of preferred options for sustainable economic development in the site and in the surrounding region, has been completed but still needs to be approved in conjunction with the Management Plan (State Party, 2024).
The Park has a public use plan that regulates and organizes all tourism activities, establishing a sustainable carrying capacity for the area. Thanks to this plan and an increase in staff, the Site currently has 37 park rangers strategically distributed across the different visitor areas, ensuring effective control and proper management of visitors. In addition, the administrative team is made up of four key professionals—the Director of Coiba National Park, the Coordinator of Control and Surveillance, the Coordinator of Monitoring and Research, and the Coordinator of Tourism and Community Affairs—who oversee and ensure that tourism is conducted in an orderly and responsible manner, minimizing the potential environmental impact (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
In terms of direct impacts, disturbance of some species, for example, whale sharks, has been noted, including signs of changing behaviour due to disturbance from humans (IUCN Consultation, 2020). A Strategic Environmental Impacts Assessment for the World Heritage site, including evaluation of preferred options for sustainable economic development in the site and in the surrounding region, has been completed but still needs to be approved in conjunction with the Management Plan (State Party, 2024).
The Park has a public use plan that regulates and organizes all tourism activities, establishing a sustainable carrying capacity for the area. Thanks to this plan and an increase in staff, the Site currently has 37 park rangers strategically distributed across the different visitor areas, ensuring effective control and proper management of visitors. In addition, the administrative team is made up of four key professionals—the Director of Coiba National Park, the Coordinator of Control and Surveillance, the Coordinator of Monitoring and Research, and the Coordinator of Tourism and Community Affairs—who oversee and ensure that tourism is conducted in an orderly and responsible manner, minimizing the potential environmental impact (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
Fishing, Harvesting & Controlling Aquatic Species
(Overfishing and illegal fishing)
Other targeted species names
Snapper, dorado
Inside site
, Throughout(>50%)
Outside site
Industrial, commercial, artisanal, and sport fishing within the World Heritage site, both legal and illegal, pose the main threats to the site (Maté et al., 2015). Regulations for fishing activities in the Special Zone of Marine Protection (SZMP), which forms part of the World Heritage site, were approved in January 2018. The SZMP was subdivided into three sub-zones: Hannibal Bank Habitat Protection Zone, Montuosa Island Marine Reserve and the Resource Management Zone, the latter covering the majority of the SZMP. Fishing is completely prohibited only within the Montuosa Island Marine Reserve. Commercial fishing is allowed in the two other sub-zones. Further specific regulations outlined include seasonal bans on fishing of certain species (snapper and dorado), and restrictions on fishing gear and size of boats (State Party, 2019). However, concerns remain that the regulations in their current form essentially allow commercial fishing in almost 98% of the SZMP (WHC, 2019), including in the Hannibal Bank Habitat Protection Zone considered as one of the priority conservation areas (UNESCO & IUCN, 2014).
Currently, there are 159 fishing authorizations in the SZMP, of which 105 correspond to commercial fishing, specifically longline fishing, distributed in 76 inshore vessels and 29 deep-sea vessels. Approximately 72% of these vessels are inshore or artisanal, which ensures that the fishing effort remains reduced and controlled, minimizing the impact on the ecosystem. In addition, there are 40 authorizations for recreational sport fishing and 14 for tourist sport fishing. It is important to note that, although there are 130 permits available for commercial fishing in the SZMP, only 105 have been granted. However, currently only 28 commercial vessels, 20 inshore and 8 offshore, have valid authorization to operate in the SZMP. This rigorous control reflects effective management by the Aquatic Resources Authority of Panama (ARAP by its acronym in Spanish), which monitors all fishing activities through a mandatory satellite monitoring system for commercial vessels that develop fishing activities in the SZMP. This ensures that they operate within the permitted areas and comply with the established regulations (State Party, 2024).
The State Party (2024) outlines enormous efforts to ensure that fishing in the property is sustainable, noting that commercial fishing in the Special Zone for Marine Protection (SZMP) is subject to strict control and requesting that the World Heritage Committee evaluates the efforts that the State Party has made in recent years to ensure sustainable fishing in the property (State Party, 2024). While control on illegal fishing has improved in the Park, there are still bycatch issues and control in the SZMP is extremely difficult (IUCN Consultation, 2025). In 2025 President José Raúl Mulino expounded on Global Conservation’s Marine Protection program in Coiba National Marine Park, detailing the support, equipment, training, and new Marine Monitor radar installation, which resulted in multiple illegal fishing arrests in its first month of operations. Over one month Panama interdicted sixteen fishing boats in the Coiba National Marine Park using an advanced marine protection system to detect illegal fishing around the UNESCO World Heritage site and deep in the Pacific. The raid was the largest bust in the history of the country (Global Conservation, 2025). Panamanian authorities seized six longliner vessels and opened an investigation into an additional 10 vessels that surveillance data showed had apparently been fishing in the area but left by the time authorities arrived (Carver, 2025).
It is important to note that, at the request of Panama, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) announced that Panama establishes zero export quotas for all species of sharks and rays included in the Appendices (Elasmobranchii spp.), except for Prionace glauca (blue shark or dogfish). This zero-quota will be in effect until reliable scientific information is available, obtained from population monitoring of each of the species of sharks and rays of commercial interest, along with other tools for correct traceability and effective controls on landings.
Currently, there are 159 fishing authorizations in the SZMP, of which 105 correspond to commercial fishing, specifically longline fishing, distributed in 76 inshore vessels and 29 deep-sea vessels. Approximately 72% of these vessels are inshore or artisanal, which ensures that the fishing effort remains reduced and controlled, minimizing the impact on the ecosystem. In addition, there are 40 authorizations for recreational sport fishing and 14 for tourist sport fishing. It is important to note that, although there are 130 permits available for commercial fishing in the SZMP, only 105 have been granted. However, currently only 28 commercial vessels, 20 inshore and 8 offshore, have valid authorization to operate in the SZMP. This rigorous control reflects effective management by the Aquatic Resources Authority of Panama (ARAP by its acronym in Spanish), which monitors all fishing activities through a mandatory satellite monitoring system for commercial vessels that develop fishing activities in the SZMP. This ensures that they operate within the permitted areas and comply with the established regulations (State Party, 2024).
The State Party (2024) outlines enormous efforts to ensure that fishing in the property is sustainable, noting that commercial fishing in the Special Zone for Marine Protection (SZMP) is subject to strict control and requesting that the World Heritage Committee evaluates the efforts that the State Party has made in recent years to ensure sustainable fishing in the property (State Party, 2024). While control on illegal fishing has improved in the Park, there are still bycatch issues and control in the SZMP is extremely difficult (IUCN Consultation, 2025). In 2025 President José Raúl Mulino expounded on Global Conservation’s Marine Protection program in Coiba National Marine Park, detailing the support, equipment, training, and new Marine Monitor radar installation, which resulted in multiple illegal fishing arrests in its first month of operations. Over one month Panama interdicted sixteen fishing boats in the Coiba National Marine Park using an advanced marine protection system to detect illegal fishing around the UNESCO World Heritage site and deep in the Pacific. The raid was the largest bust in the history of the country (Global Conservation, 2025). Panamanian authorities seized six longliner vessels and opened an investigation into an additional 10 vessels that surveillance data showed had apparently been fishing in the area but left by the time authorities arrived (Carver, 2025).
It is important to note that, at the request of Panama, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) announced that Panama establishes zero export quotas for all species of sharks and rays included in the Appendices (Elasmobranchii spp.), except for Prionace glauca (blue shark or dogfish). This zero-quota will be in effect until reliable scientific information is available, obtained from population monitoring of each of the species of sharks and rays of commercial interest, along with other tools for correct traceability and effective controls on landings.
Changes in Physical & Chemical Regimes, Changes in Temperature Regimes
(Warming and coral bleaching)
Inside site
, Throughout(>50%)
Outside site
Climate change has been impacting coral reefs for more than three decades through the bleaching and mortality of corals due to heat stress. Further predicted warming is projected to exceed the ability of reefs to survive within 1-3 decades for the majority of World Heritage sites containing coral reefs. In the past years, more than three-quarters all natural World Heritage sites containing corals (including Coiba National Park) have been affected by severe and/or repeated heat stress (Heron et. al, 2017). However, corals in the World Heritage site have also shown signs of high thermal-tolerance and adaptability (IUCN Consultation, 2020).
During 2023, the Pacific coast of Panama experienced a massive coral bleaching event that began near the end of July and extended until November. The reefs in the Pearl Islands experienced much higher bleaching levels and subsequently more severe mortality than those observed in sites in Coiba National Park, despite the regions experiencing very similar thermal anomalies in terms of intensity and duration. For the colonies that did not die, there was no significant difference in photosynthetic efficiency. In both cases, there was an initial decline, followed by gradual recovery, up until August 2024. To date, monitoring of physiological parameters and the microbiome composition is underway (State Party, 2024).
Site managers have compiled four decades of data on temperature, coral cover, coral bleaching, and mortality, including three mass bleaching events during El Niño heatwaves in 1982-1983, 1997-1998, and 2015-2016. Greater heat resistance was detected in subsequent bleaching events in the dominant structural-building genus, Pocillopora, while other coral taxa exhibited similar susceptibility across all events. Genetic analyses of Pocillopora spp. colonies and their algal symbionts (2014-2016) revealed that one of the two Pocillopora lineages present in the region (Pocillopora "type 1") increased its association with heat-tolerant algal symbionts (Durusdinium glynnii) during the 2015-2016 thermal stress event. This lineage experienced less bleaching and mortality compared to Pocillopora "type 3", which did not acquire D. glynnii. Under projected thermal stress, ETP reefs may be able to maintain high coral cover until the 2060s or later, primarily composed of Pocillopora colonies that associate with D. glynnii. However, while low-diversity, high-cover ETP reefs might illustrate a potential functional state for some future reefs, this state may only be temporary unless global greenhouse gas emissions and resulting global warming are reduced (Palacio-Castro et al. 2023).
More studies are necessary to determine the extent that thermal stress may affect tropical species inhabiting this region, particularly coral colonies and sessile species (Zevallos-Rosado et al. 2023).
During 2023, the Pacific coast of Panama experienced a massive coral bleaching event that began near the end of July and extended until November. The reefs in the Pearl Islands experienced much higher bleaching levels and subsequently more severe mortality than those observed in sites in Coiba National Park, despite the regions experiencing very similar thermal anomalies in terms of intensity and duration. For the colonies that did not die, there was no significant difference in photosynthetic efficiency. In both cases, there was an initial decline, followed by gradual recovery, up until August 2024. To date, monitoring of physiological parameters and the microbiome composition is underway (State Party, 2024).
Site managers have compiled four decades of data on temperature, coral cover, coral bleaching, and mortality, including three mass bleaching events during El Niño heatwaves in 1982-1983, 1997-1998, and 2015-2016. Greater heat resistance was detected in subsequent bleaching events in the dominant structural-building genus, Pocillopora, while other coral taxa exhibited similar susceptibility across all events. Genetic analyses of Pocillopora spp. colonies and their algal symbionts (2014-2016) revealed that one of the two Pocillopora lineages present in the region (Pocillopora "type 1") increased its association with heat-tolerant algal symbionts (Durusdinium glynnii) during the 2015-2016 thermal stress event. This lineage experienced less bleaching and mortality compared to Pocillopora "type 3", which did not acquire D. glynnii. Under projected thermal stress, ETP reefs may be able to maintain high coral cover until the 2060s or later, primarily composed of Pocillopora colonies that associate with D. glynnii. However, while low-diversity, high-cover ETP reefs might illustrate a potential functional state for some future reefs, this state may only be temporary unless global greenhouse gas emissions and resulting global warming are reduced (Palacio-Castro et al. 2023).
More studies are necessary to determine the extent that thermal stress may affect tropical species inhabiting this region, particularly coral colonies and sessile species (Zevallos-Rosado et al. 2023).
Potential development of islands to the north of Coiba National Park and increased tourism have been a concern in the past and will require effective control and enforcement, as well as the proper development and implementation of management instruments. Climate change may increase other threats in the future.
Residential Areas, Recreation & Tourism Areas
(Coastal development)
Outside site
Plans to accelerate coastal development in the islands to the north, near Coiba National Park limits, which could exacerbate recreational and sports fishing pressures and significantly increase water pollution, were of concern in the past (IUCN, 2017).
The review of the Public Use Plan further proposed some significant expansions of existing infrastructure within the World Heritage site, including different types of accommodation facilities, which might go beyond the scope of improving existing facilities (WHC, 2018). It is encouraging that a Strategic Environmental Impacts Assessment has been prepared for the World Heritage site, including evaluation of preferred options for sustainable economic development in the site and in the surrounding region, although this assessment is still awaiting approval of the Management Plan to be adopted (State Party, 2024).
The review of the Public Use Plan further proposed some significant expansions of existing infrastructure within the World Heritage site, including different types of accommodation facilities, which might go beyond the scope of improving existing facilities (WHC, 2018). It is encouraging that a Strategic Environmental Impacts Assessment has been prepared for the World Heritage site, including evaluation of preferred options for sustainable economic development in the site and in the surrounding region, although this assessment is still awaiting approval of the Management Plan to be adopted (State Party, 2024).
Changes in Physical & Chemical Regimes, Changes in Precipitation & Hydrological Regime
(Increasing hurricanes and sea level rise)
Inside site
, Throughout(>50%)
Outside site
Climate change is predicted to produce stronger and more frequent hurricanes and sea level rise, with impact in particular on terrestrial species.
Involvement of stakeholders and rightsholders, including indigenous peoples and local communities, in decision-making processes
The park is governed by the Coiba National Park Board of Directors, established by Law 44 of 2004 made up of public and private institutions, NGOs, scientists, and the fishing sector. Support to local authorities (municipalities) in the park's area of influence, on ecotourism, restoration and environmental sanitation activities is being provided (State Party, 2024). NGOs such as Marviva work to increase public awareness of the property (Murcia-Moreno et al., 2024). Furthermore, in 2024, the Coiba National Park Board of Directors successfully regulated and operationalized the Coiba Fund, which not only benefits the park's operations but also the five districts within the park's direct area of influence (IUCN Consultation, 2024). Nevertheless, the extent to which local communities can engage in decision-making and management processes could further improve.
Legal framework
Coiba National Park was established by Resolution No. 021 (1991) of the National Authority of the Environment. Furthermore, the World Heritage site is protected under National Law 44, adopted by the Legislative Assembly in 2004, establishing Coiba National Park and a Special Zone of Marine Protection within the Gulf of Chiriqui. The Law established the boundaries of the National Park along with its Zone of Marine Protection, as well as the protection and management regulations for both of these areas (SoOUV, 2014).
Governance arrangements
The park is governed by the Coiba National Park Board of Directors, established by Law 44 of 2004 made up of public and private institutions, NGOs, scientists, and the fishing sector. Mayors of adjacent municipalities as well as the Governor of the province are actively involved in Park affaires through the Executive Council (State Party, 2005; ANAM, 2009). Recently the Park restructured and now has 4 administrative staff (a Park Director, a monitoring and research coordinator, a control and surveillance coordinator and a tourism and community affairs coordinator (State Party, 2024).
Integration into local, regional and national planning systems (including sea/landscape connectivity)
Coiba is part of the “Marine Conservation Corridor of the Eastern Tropical Pacific Seascape” (CMAR). The other three World Heritage sites which form part of this network, Malpelo (Colombia), Cocos Island (Costa Rica) and Galapagos Islands (Ecuador), have much stricter fishing regulations than those of Coiba. Legislation was enacted in 2014 to strengthen protection of Whale Sharks in the marine reserve of the Canales de Afuera (IUCN, 2017); however, concerns remain over conservation of whale sharks and other highly migratory species (IUCN Consultation, 2020).
Panama, Colombia, Costa Rica, and Ecuador are establishing cooperative actions to ensure the conservation and sustainable use of this strip of the Pacific, with a special focus on its five core areas: Cocos Island National Park in Costa Rica; Coiba National Park and its Special Zone of Marine Protection in Panama; Malpelo Fauna and Flora Sanctuary and Gorgona Islands in Colombia; and the Galapagos Archipelago in Ecuador. The State Parties are advancing in the preparation of their national records as a prior process to set up the regional file that will be submitted to the Secretariat of UNESCO´S MAB Programme in 2025 (State Party, 2024).
With the expansion of the Cordillera de Coiba marine protected area, located 62 miles south of Coiba National Park, there is improved connectivity of the Eastern Tropical Pacific Marine Corridor and strengthened conservation and sustainable use of protected waters between Isla de Coco in Costa Rica, Galapagos Islands in Ecuador, Malpelo and Gorgona Islands in Colombia, and Coiba Island in Panama (Nilipour, 2022).
Panama, Colombia, Costa Rica, and Ecuador are establishing cooperative actions to ensure the conservation and sustainable use of this strip of the Pacific, with a special focus on its five core areas: Cocos Island National Park in Costa Rica; Coiba National Park and its Special Zone of Marine Protection in Panama; Malpelo Fauna and Flora Sanctuary and Gorgona Islands in Colombia; and the Galapagos Archipelago in Ecuador. The State Parties are advancing in the preparation of their national records as a prior process to set up the regional file that will be submitted to the Secretariat of UNESCO´S MAB Programme in 2025 (State Party, 2024).
With the expansion of the Cordillera de Coiba marine protected area, located 62 miles south of Coiba National Park, there is improved connectivity of the Eastern Tropical Pacific Marine Corridor and strengthened conservation and sustainable use of protected waters between Isla de Coco in Costa Rica, Galapagos Islands in Ecuador, Malpelo and Gorgona Islands in Colombia, and Coiba Island in Panama (Nilipour, 2022).
Boundaries
With effective management the SZMP boundaries of the World Heritage site should be sufficient to conserve its Outstanding Universal Value (IUCN, 2017). With the expansion of the Cordillera de Coiba marine protected area, located 62 miles south of Coiba National Park, there is improved connectivity of the Eastern Tropical Pacific Marine Corridor and strengthened conservation and sustainable use of protected waters between Isla de Coco in Costa Rica, Galapagos Islands in Ecuador, Malpelo and Gorgona Islands in Colombia, and Coiba Island in Panama (Nilipour, 2022).
Overlapping international designations
None
Implementation of World Heritage Committee decisions and recommendations
Recent recommendations by the Committee include ensuring the completion of an SEA to prohibit rehabilitation works on tourism structures that could damage the OUV, continuing eradication efforts of the domestic water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and to expand efforts to ensure the long-term ecological monitoring of species that constitute the of OUV the property, to further improve and strengthen fishing regulations and to finalise the updated management plan for the property (UNESCO, 2023).
According to the State Party the “Management Plan” draft is under review. The Strategic Environmental Assessment has been completed and the corresponding consultancy products delivered; but the approval is pending since the process goes hand in hand with the revision of management plan. Furthermore, the State Party reiterated that the infrastructure to be rehabilitated at the Gambute Administrative Headquarters is strictly for protected area operations and that cattle in Coiba National Park continue to be monitored with camera traps to design a customized control plan for this non-native species (State Party, 2024).
Regarding the fishing regulations and management of fishing activities, the Committee noted that several of the recommendations of the 2014 and 2016 missions have still not implemented, including:
Establishing additional no-take zones, including the Hannibal Bank Habitat Protection Zone, considering the significantly larger percentage of area covered by no-take zones within the Coiba National Park;
Reconsidering the current approach to commercial fishing within the SZMP in line with regulations in place for Coiba National Park, in order to further reduce pressures from fishing on the property.
Overall, although the State Party responds to the recommendations, implementation is slow.
According to the State Party the “Management Plan” draft is under review. The Strategic Environmental Assessment has been completed and the corresponding consultancy products delivered; but the approval is pending since the process goes hand in hand with the revision of management plan. Furthermore, the State Party reiterated that the infrastructure to be rehabilitated at the Gambute Administrative Headquarters is strictly for protected area operations and that cattle in Coiba National Park continue to be monitored with camera traps to design a customized control plan for this non-native species (State Party, 2024).
Regarding the fishing regulations and management of fishing activities, the Committee noted that several of the recommendations of the 2014 and 2016 missions have still not implemented, including:
Establishing additional no-take zones, including the Hannibal Bank Habitat Protection Zone, considering the significantly larger percentage of area covered by no-take zones within the Coiba National Park;
Reconsidering the current approach to commercial fishing within the SZMP in line with regulations in place for Coiba National Park, in order to further reduce pressures from fishing on the property.
Overall, although the State Party responds to the recommendations, implementation is slow.
Climate action
Resilience studies on coral reefs in Coiba National Park are ongoing, indicating that climate change is radically altering coral reef ecosystems, mainly through increasingly frequent and severe bleaching events. However, some reefs have shown greater thermal tolerance after bleaching severely for the first time.
The Rohr Program on Coral Reef Resilience (RRR) seeks to understand the processes and mechanisms that allow corals in the Tropical Western Pacific (TWP) to thrive in conditions typically considered marginal for the growth and maintenance of coral reefs. Since 2020, RRR has established a baseline dataset both in the Pearl Islands and Coiba National Park, including its Marine Special Protection Zone, focusing on the benthic structure of coral reefs, the physiological condition of the two main coral lineages that dominate these reefs, the microbiome composition of these corals, and the relative abundances of the fish community. The data collected on how corals can resist the effects of climate change may make it possible to develop solutions to make other corals and coral reefs more resilient (Crooks, 2024).
However, the extent to which climate action is being integrated into the updated management plan is unclear.
The Rohr Program on Coral Reef Resilience (RRR) seeks to understand the processes and mechanisms that allow corals in the Tropical Western Pacific (TWP) to thrive in conditions typically considered marginal for the growth and maintenance of coral reefs. Since 2020, RRR has established a baseline dataset both in the Pearl Islands and Coiba National Park, including its Marine Special Protection Zone, focusing on the benthic structure of coral reefs, the physiological condition of the two main coral lineages that dominate these reefs, the microbiome composition of these corals, and the relative abundances of the fish community. The data collected on how corals can resist the effects of climate change may make it possible to develop solutions to make other corals and coral reefs more resilient (Crooks, 2024).
However, the extent to which climate action is being integrated into the updated management plan is unclear.
Management plan and overall management system
The last Management Plan (ANAM, 2009) is currently in the process of being updated, and the life of the current one has been extended for two years. The "Strategic Environmental Assessment for the Natural Heritage Site and its area of influence" has been completed but not yet approved, as it needs to dovetail with the Management Plan (State Party, 2024). Until these documents are approved, the management system remains of some concern.
The Ministry of Environment through Executive Decree No. 15 of December 19, 2022, created the Coordination Center for the Monitoring, Preservation and Protection of the Marine and Coastal Ecosystems, which aims to coordinate, improve communication and traceability among institutions to implement and execute measures for the conservation and protection of the marine and coastal environment against pollution in Panamanian maritime areas and to tackle illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing within the jurisdictional waters of the Republic of Panama. Inter-institutional meetings and exchanges have begun with the aim of learning about different regulations, management tools, and limits of protected areas. In addition, simulation workshops and case studies in the event of a possible situation have been carried out, with the purpose of training park rangers and technical staff on how to act in the event of a suspected illegal activity. It is expected to have this Center in operation by the end of 2025. This will likely further improve the management system overall (State Party, 2024).
The Ministry of Environment through Executive Decree No. 15 of December 19, 2022, created the Coordination Center for the Monitoring, Preservation and Protection of the Marine and Coastal Ecosystems, which aims to coordinate, improve communication and traceability among institutions to implement and execute measures for the conservation and protection of the marine and coastal environment against pollution in Panamanian maritime areas and to tackle illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing within the jurisdictional waters of the Republic of Panama. Inter-institutional meetings and exchanges have begun with the aim of learning about different regulations, management tools, and limits of protected areas. In addition, simulation workshops and case studies in the event of a possible situation have been carried out, with the purpose of training park rangers and technical staff on how to act in the event of a suspected illegal activity. It is expected to have this Center in operation by the end of 2025. This will likely further improve the management system overall (State Party, 2024).
Law enforcement
In the past, patrolling efforts in the Coiba National Park have been considered insufficient, and very little patrolling and enforcement was undertaken in the SZMP (UNESCO & IUCN, 2014; IUCN, 2017; WHC, 2019). Improved law enforcement including increased staff numbers (37 park rangers compared to the current 12), and radar detection of boats and training has been undertaken in partnership with the NGO Global Conservation Organization and other NGOs (State Party, 2024). Additionally, through the Global Conservation Organization, a radar and Marine Monitor (M2) system for the Coiba National Park was procured and installed.
During 2023 - 2024, we carried out 449 patrols, totaling about 1,365.7 hours and 9,691 nautical miles travelled. During these patrols, 139 vessels were sighted; 578 vessels were identified; and 336 vessels were boarded to verify compliance with the environmental regulations of the protected area. Likewise, 2 violations related to illegal fishing were detected, which were addressed and referred by the Coiba National Park staff to the Legal Advisory Department of the Ministry of Environment, to comply with the due administrative process (State Party, 2024). Panamanian authorities seized six longliner vessels on Jan. 20 2025 for fishing illegally in protected waters. They also opened an investigation into an additional 10 vessels that surveillance data showed had apparently been fishing in the area but left by the time authorities arrived. These developments demonstrate, that although significant progress has been made in patrolling and enforcement, illegal fishing activities remain a concern and further efforts are needed.
During 2023 - 2024, we carried out 449 patrols, totaling about 1,365.7 hours and 9,691 nautical miles travelled. During these patrols, 139 vessels were sighted; 578 vessels were identified; and 336 vessels were boarded to verify compliance with the environmental regulations of the protected area. Likewise, 2 violations related to illegal fishing were detected, which were addressed and referred by the Coiba National Park staff to the Legal Advisory Department of the Ministry of Environment, to comply with the due administrative process (State Party, 2024). Panamanian authorities seized six longliner vessels on Jan. 20 2025 for fishing illegally in protected waters. They also opened an investigation into an additional 10 vessels that surveillance data showed had apparently been fishing in the area but left by the time authorities arrived. These developments demonstrate, that although significant progress has been made in patrolling and enforcement, illegal fishing activities remain a concern and further efforts are needed.
Sustainable finance
The "Coiba Fund", a mechanism inscribed in law to provide sustainable finance, exists to fulfil the purposes of Coiba National Park, as an incorporated fund not subject to the principles of the State Fund, whose resources will be under the control of the Coiba National Park Board of Directors and the supervision of the Comptroller General of the Republic in accordance with Law 44 of 2004.
IDB loan to the Coiba National Park has a budget of 22 million to be executed by 2024. The Coiba Fund has not been able to be executed due to the lack of a mechanism for using the fund (State Party, 2023).
However, according to the new Agreement No. 002-2024 of September 6, 2024, the Board of Directors of Coiba National Park approves the Regulations of the Coiba National Park Fund, which lays out that the resources of the fund will be used to cover the administrative and investment expenses of Coiba National Park, with special emphasis on projects and activities aimed at its management, protection, and conservation. The income received by the Park administration from tolls (anchorage) or visitation fees will be allocated according to the percentages established in Article 27 of Law 44 of 2004. These funds will be used exclusively to finance organizational and technology transfer projects for artisanal fishers and small farmers, as well as reforestation, agro-reforestation, ecotourism, and environmental sanitation initiatives. In the case of the University of Panama, Veraguas campus, the funds will be used to establish a biodiversity research and training center in the Park.
The income received by the administration of Coiba National Park from the payment of tolls (anchorage) or visitation rights will be distributed among the following beneficiaries as follows:
1. Seventy-eight percent (78%) will be managed by the administration to fulfill the Park's obligations and demands.
2. Eight percent (8%) will be allocated to the Municipality of Montijo.
3. Six percent (6%) will be allocated to the Municipality of Soná.
4. Two percent (2%) will be allocated to each of the Municipalities of Las Palmas, Río de Jesús, and Mariato. 5. Two percent (2%) will be allocated to the University of Panama, headquarters in Veraguas
There have been issues with this Fund over the years (UNESCO & IUCN, 2014; IUCN, 2017) and levels of funding had been considered insufficient, however these new regulations provide a promising basis for an improvement in the sustainable finance of the property and its management (State Party, 2024).
IDB loan to the Coiba National Park has a budget of 22 million to be executed by 2024. The Coiba Fund has not been able to be executed due to the lack of a mechanism for using the fund (State Party, 2023).
However, according to the new Agreement No. 002-2024 of September 6, 2024, the Board of Directors of Coiba National Park approves the Regulations of the Coiba National Park Fund, which lays out that the resources of the fund will be used to cover the administrative and investment expenses of Coiba National Park, with special emphasis on projects and activities aimed at its management, protection, and conservation. The income received by the Park administration from tolls (anchorage) or visitation fees will be allocated according to the percentages established in Article 27 of Law 44 of 2004. These funds will be used exclusively to finance organizational and technology transfer projects for artisanal fishers and small farmers, as well as reforestation, agro-reforestation, ecotourism, and environmental sanitation initiatives. In the case of the University of Panama, Veraguas campus, the funds will be used to establish a biodiversity research and training center in the Park.
The income received by the administration of Coiba National Park from the payment of tolls (anchorage) or visitation rights will be distributed among the following beneficiaries as follows:
1. Seventy-eight percent (78%) will be managed by the administration to fulfill the Park's obligations and demands.
2. Eight percent (8%) will be allocated to the Municipality of Montijo.
3. Six percent (6%) will be allocated to the Municipality of Soná.
4. Two percent (2%) will be allocated to each of the Municipalities of Las Palmas, Río de Jesús, and Mariato. 5. Two percent (2%) will be allocated to the University of Panama, headquarters in Veraguas
There have been issues with this Fund over the years (UNESCO & IUCN, 2014; IUCN, 2017) and levels of funding had been considered insufficient, however these new regulations provide a promising basis for an improvement in the sustainable finance of the property and its management (State Party, 2024).
Staff capacity, training and development
Under the Coiba Fund activities, supported by the Marviva Foundation, Re:wild and Bezos Earth Fund, various efforts have been made to improve staff capacity and training.
208 technicians, including park rangers and personnel from the Ministry of the Environment and other entities with jurisdiction in coastal marine areas, have been trained on integrated management regulations and measures against illegal fishing.
There has also been a considerable increase in the number of park rangers (25 people). Currently, the Park has a total of 12 park rangers, plus 4 administrative staff (park director, control and surveillance coordinator, monitoring and research coordinator and tourism and community affairs coordinator). With this increase, the Park will have a total of 37 park rangers, which will improve the management and effectiveness of the Site's management. In addition, there are plans for the provision of equipment, scientific research projects, monitoring, among others. Furthermore, support is being provided to local authorities (municipalities) in the park´s area of influence, on ecotourism, restoration and environmental sanitation activities (State Party, 2024).
208 technicians, including park rangers and personnel from the Ministry of the Environment and other entities with jurisdiction in coastal marine areas, have been trained on integrated management regulations and measures against illegal fishing.
There has also been a considerable increase in the number of park rangers (25 people). Currently, the Park has a total of 12 park rangers, plus 4 administrative staff (park director, control and surveillance coordinator, monitoring and research coordinator and tourism and community affairs coordinator). With this increase, the Park will have a total of 37 park rangers, which will improve the management and effectiveness of the Site's management. In addition, there are plans for the provision of equipment, scientific research projects, monitoring, among others. Furthermore, support is being provided to local authorities (municipalities) in the park´s area of influence, on ecotourism, restoration and environmental sanitation activities (State Party, 2024).
Education and interpretation programmes
A national campaign “Conoce Coiba” has been launched to raise awareness about the park’s biodiversity, reaching more than one million people with various promotional materials circulated in media (radio, national television) and social networks (State Party, 2024). NGOs such as Marviva work to increase public awareness of the property (Murcia-Moreno et al., 2024). There are plans for an interpretation centre on the island and new interpretive walks for visitors (State Party, 2019).
Furthermore, a guide for environmental awareness and education in the Coiba National Park, highlighting its values and research and monitoring efforts has been developed (Murcia-Moreno et al. 2024).
Furthermore, a guide for environmental awareness and education in the Coiba National Park, highlighting its values and research and monitoring efforts has been developed (Murcia-Moreno et al. 2024).
Tourism and visitation management
Tourist management (particularly by visiting cruise ships and sport fishermen) was reported as needing improvement (IUCN, 2017), and a Public Use Plan (PUP) was elaborated for the World Heritage site in 2018, although concerns were expressed that it would provide for significant expansion of tourism infrastructure within the site (WHC, 2018). The ranger station at Gambute on Coiba station has been closed to tourists since 2018 and urgent renovations are needed. However, the station will be used strictly for the protected area operations (State Party, 2024). Activities such as spearfishing continue to be based within the property, where tourists can camp and spearfish on Montuosa Island. A "Strategic Environmental Assessment for the Natural Heritage Site and its area of influence" has been completed, but approval is pending the acceptance of the Management Plan (State Party, 2024).
The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI), in close collaboration with the Directorate of Protected Areas and Biodiversity of the Ministry of Environment of Panama and the staff of Coiba National Park, including its Director, Chief of Control and Surveillance, Chief of the Public Use Program, and park rangers, with funding from the Bacon Foundation, has installed eleven mooring buoys for use by recreational diving operators in the World Heritage Site during October 2024. The project included the training of three Coiba park rangers in the process of assembling and installing the mooring buoys. In the next phase of the project, the installation of mooring buoys at an additional 30 sites is planned (State Party, 2024).
The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI), in close collaboration with the Directorate of Protected Areas and Biodiversity of the Ministry of Environment of Panama and the staff of Coiba National Park, including its Director, Chief of Control and Surveillance, Chief of the Public Use Program, and park rangers, with funding from the Bacon Foundation, has installed eleven mooring buoys for use by recreational diving operators in the World Heritage Site during October 2024. The project included the training of three Coiba park rangers in the process of assembling and installing the mooring buoys. In the next phase of the project, the installation of mooring buoys at an additional 30 sites is planned (State Party, 2024).
Sustainable use
Both tourism and fisheries within the property have not been sustainable in the past (Vega et al., 2016, IUCN, 2017) and measures are being undertaken through the Strategic Environmental Impacts Assessment for the World Heritage site, including evaluation of preferred options for sustainable economic development in the site and in the surrounding region. This Assessment has been completed but still needs to be approved in conjunction with the Management Plan (State Party, 2024).
The State Party has implemented a rigorous set of fisheries management measures in the Special Zone for Marine Protection, according to Agreement 001-2018, which allows for the regulation of fishing within a framework of sustainability. In the context of possible additional no-fishing zones, the Aquatic Resources Authority of Panama, which regulates productive activities in the SZMP, considers that the protection of marine resources is already ensured through the combination of restrictions such as the limited number of fishing authorizations for commercial longline and sport vessels; the number of hooks allowed; the limits on species catch; delimitation and restrictions on the fishing area.
In terms of conservation, species that are harvested in the SZMP, in the following order of commercial importance, such as yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), dorado (Coryphaena hippurus), snapper (Lujtanus spp.), and grouper (Serranidae), are subject to specific management measures. Of these, snapper has a ban that protects its reproductive cycle both in the Coiba National Park and in the Special Zone for Marine Protection. In addition, pelagic and migratory species, such as tuna and dorado, are not continuously present in the SZMP due to their migratory patterns. This seasonal dynamic helps reduce pressure on the ecosystem during certain periods of the year. Nevertheless, illegal fishing is still occurring to some extent (Carver, 2025), demonstrating that although there has been significant progress in sustainable use, there remains some concern.
The State Party has implemented a rigorous set of fisheries management measures in the Special Zone for Marine Protection, according to Agreement 001-2018, which allows for the regulation of fishing within a framework of sustainability. In the context of possible additional no-fishing zones, the Aquatic Resources Authority of Panama, which regulates productive activities in the SZMP, considers that the protection of marine resources is already ensured through the combination of restrictions such as the limited number of fishing authorizations for commercial longline and sport vessels; the number of hooks allowed; the limits on species catch; delimitation and restrictions on the fishing area.
In terms of conservation, species that are harvested in the SZMP, in the following order of commercial importance, such as yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), dorado (Coryphaena hippurus), snapper (Lujtanus spp.), and grouper (Serranidae), are subject to specific management measures. Of these, snapper has a ban that protects its reproductive cycle both in the Coiba National Park and in the Special Zone for Marine Protection. In addition, pelagic and migratory species, such as tuna and dorado, are not continuously present in the SZMP due to their migratory patterns. This seasonal dynamic helps reduce pressure on the ecosystem during certain periods of the year. Nevertheless, illegal fishing is still occurring to some extent (Carver, 2025), demonstrating that although there has been significant progress in sustainable use, there remains some concern.
Monitoring
Monitoring programmes for turtles, shark and ray species, marine megafauna as well as corals and seagrass are in place (State Party, 2024). Further alignment in terms of monitoring is needed between the Coiba National Park and the SZMP and there are a lack of trends being reported from ongoing monitoring making the assessment of key attributes difficult.
Research
The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) and Conservation International have provided support for research activities related to the World Heritage site, especially in developing the Management Plan. In 2015 the STRI initiated a "BioBlitz" of the site and many new records for the site, including endemics were discovered (STRI, 2015). Numerous scientific articles have been published. The COIBA AIP Scientific Station supports the development and promotion of science, technology, and education activities, aimed at the study and conservation of biodiversity and natural resources of the Coiba National Park, the Special Marine Protection Zone, the Park's buffer zone and other areas of the national territory (State Party, 2024).
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats outside the site
The Strategic Environmental Assessment which addresses sustainable developement both within the property as well as the surrounding areas affecting the Park has not yet been approved and implemented (State Party, 2024).
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats inside the site
The Coiba National Park and its Special Zone of Marine Protection (SZMP) is large and the management system is still in progress, with a new Management Plan and Strategic Environmental Assessment still pending (State Party, 2024). Restructuring of the Park administration, increasing the number of park rangers and training has reportedly improved management effectiveness within the property (IUCN Consultation, 2025). However, reports of continued damage caused by commercial fishing and instances of illegal fishing within the property indicates continued concern for the management effectiveness inside the property. Panama is currently in the planning process to monitor management in protected areas, including World Heritage Sites, through the "Protected Areas Management Effectiveness Monitoring Program" (PMEMAP).
The need to approve and implement the new Management Plan and the Strategic Environmental Assessment to manage pressures, including coastal zone development outside the property, is urgently needed. Reports on illegal fishing operations within the property, spear-fishing within the property and continued difficulties in policing fishing regulations in the SZMP are of continuing concern. However there have been notable positive developments, including reinforced staffing, increased financial resources and legal dispositions, and collaboration with NGOs to improve fishery regulation enforcement and governance.
High variety of endemic terrestrial species
Data Deficient
Trend
Data Deficient
No comprehensive information on the conservation status of the terrestrial species on the islands is available, although it is likely that terrestrial biodiversity values have remained stable as no reports to the contrary have been found.
Fundación Pro-Conservación de los Primates Panameños (FCPP) has been monitoring the Coiba Island howler´s populations (Alouatta coibensis coibensis and Alouatta coibensis trabeata) as a long-term project and in the most recent reports indicate 472 individuals and a group size average of 4.3 ind/groups, with 109 groups for the island comprising a habitat size of 504 km2. In Coiba low densities and low female: infant ratios were found for Alouatta coibensis coibensis in Coiba Island, which suggests
that the population is decreasing (Méndez-Carvajal, 2019; Díaz-Ferguson et al. 2024).
Fundación Pro-Conservación de los Primates Panameños (FCPP) has been monitoring the Coiba Island howler´s populations (Alouatta coibensis coibensis and Alouatta coibensis trabeata) as a long-term project and in the most recent reports indicate 472 individuals and a group size average of 4.3 ind/groups, with 109 groups for the island comprising a habitat size of 504 km2. In Coiba low densities and low female: infant ratios were found for Alouatta coibensis coibensis in Coiba Island, which suggests
that the population is decreasing (Méndez-Carvajal, 2019; Díaz-Ferguson et al. 2024).
High diversity of threatened marine fish and cetaceans
High Concern
Trend
Data Deficient
While clear monitoring data is unavailable, anecdotal data indicates a cause for concern for marine species. A study on sustainable commercial fisheries within the site demonstrated declines in certain species (Vega et al., 2016), which will have a knock-on effect through the tropic levels (IUCN, 2017). Studies on marine megafauna were provided (State Party, 2024) although no information on trends was reported.
Monitoring missions regularly report the occurrence of pantropical spotted dolphins (Stenella attenuata), bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) (Coast and Seas Directorate, 2023; 2024), however no trends have been established.
Regarding the hammerhead shark (Sphyrna lewini), although not specific to Coiba National Park, the species has experienced population declines of over 75% during the last decades in the ETP. Historical hammerhead shark fishery data from domestic fisheries in the ETP are not species-specific, and they are incomplete, unreliable, and difficult to access. Despite this, available catch data on S. lewini shows a clear decrease in most populations and constitutes enough evidence to advocate for the immediate strict protection of the species throughout the ETP (Chávez et al. 2023).
Monitoring missions regularly report the occurrence of pantropical spotted dolphins (Stenella attenuata), bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) (Coast and Seas Directorate, 2023; 2024), however no trends have been established.
Regarding the hammerhead shark (Sphyrna lewini), although not specific to Coiba National Park, the species has experienced population declines of over 75% during the last decades in the ETP. Historical hammerhead shark fishery data from domestic fisheries in the ETP are not species-specific, and they are incomplete, unreliable, and difficult to access. Despite this, available catch data on S. lewini shows a clear decrease in most populations and constitutes enough evidence to advocate for the immediate strict protection of the species throughout the ETP (Chávez et al. 2023).
Important areas for marine turtles
High Concern
Trend
Data Deficient
A monitoring programme for hawksbill turtles has been established (State Party, 2024) although no results from the tagging and monitoring activities have been reported. Some anecdotal reports of turtles being caught in fishing lines and nets, and even a report of a nest poached on one of the islands have been made (IUCN Consultation, 2025). Until fishing and development pressures are adequately regulated and enforced, it is likely that human activities will continue posing a threat to turtle populations.
Monitoring missions regularly report Kemp's ridley turtle ( Lepidochelys olivacea), green sea turtle (Chelonia Mydas), and hawksbill turtles (eretmochelis imbricata) (Coast and Seas Directorate, 2023;2024).
Monitoring missions regularly report Kemp's ridley turtle ( Lepidochelys olivacea), green sea turtle (Chelonia Mydas), and hawksbill turtles (eretmochelis imbricata) (Coast and Seas Directorate, 2023;2024).
Outstanding natural laboratory for scientific research
Low Concern
Trend
Data Deficient
The COIBA AIP Scientific Station supports the development and promotion of science, technology, and education activities, aimed at the study and conservation of biodiversity and natural resources of the Coiba National Park, the Special Marine Protection Zone, the Park's buffer zone and other areas of the national territory. The property remains an excellent living lab for scientific studies (state Party, 2024). Recent studies into the resilience of corals to heat stress through the Rohr Program on Coral Reef Resilience (RRR) are notable due to their potential to influence the conservation and restoration or reef ecosystems in other locations (Palacio-Castro et al. 2023).
Key ecological link in the Tropical Eastern Pacific
High Concern
Trend
Improving
Coiba National Park and its Special Zone of Marine Protection continue to form a key ecological link in the Tropical Eastern Pacific but unless current fishing practices are not better managed and regulated, this link is in danger of being broken (IUCN, 2017).
Panama, Colombia, Costa Rica, and Ecuador are establishing cooperative actions to ensure the conservation and sustainable use of this strip of the Pacific, with a special focus on its five core areas: Cocos Island National Park in Costa Rica; Coiba National Park and its Special Zone of Marine Protection in Panama; Malpelo Fauna and Flora Sanctuary and Gorgona Islands in Colombia; and the Galapagos Archipelago in Ecuador. The State Parties are advancing in the preparation of their national records as a prior process to set up the regional file that will be submitted to the Secretariat of UNESCO´S MAB Programme in 2025 (State Party, 2024). With the expansion of the Cordillera de Coiba marine protected area, located 62 miles south of Coiba National Park, there is improved connectivity of the Eastern Tropical Pacific Marine Corridor and strengthened conservation and sustainable use of protected waters between Isla de Coco in Costa Rica, Galapagos Islands in Ecuador, Malpelo and Gorgona Islands in Colombia, and Coiba Island in Panama (Nilipour, 2022).
Panama, Colombia, Costa Rica, and Ecuador are establishing cooperative actions to ensure the conservation and sustainable use of this strip of the Pacific, with a special focus on its five core areas: Cocos Island National Park in Costa Rica; Coiba National Park and its Special Zone of Marine Protection in Panama; Malpelo Fauna and Flora Sanctuary and Gorgona Islands in Colombia; and the Galapagos Archipelago in Ecuador. The State Parties are advancing in the preparation of their national records as a prior process to set up the regional file that will be submitted to the Secretariat of UNESCO´S MAB Programme in 2025 (State Party, 2024). With the expansion of the Cordillera de Coiba marine protected area, located 62 miles south of Coiba National Park, there is improved connectivity of the Eastern Tropical Pacific Marine Corridor and strengthened conservation and sustainable use of protected waters between Isla de Coco in Costa Rica, Galapagos Islands in Ecuador, Malpelo and Gorgona Islands in Colombia, and Coiba Island in Panama (Nilipour, 2022).
Coral reefs
High Concern
Trend
Stable
Climate change has also been impacting coral reefs for more than three decades through the bleaching and mortality of corals due to heat stress. Further predicted warming is projected to exceed the ability of reefs to survive within 1-3 decades for the majority of World Heritage sites containing coral reefs. In the past years, more than three-quarters all natural World Heritage sites, containing corals (including Coiba National Park) have been affected by severe and/or repeated heat stress (Heron et. al, 2017). A coral monitoring programme is in place for the property (State Party, 2024). Overall, although the concern for coral reefs remains high, monitoring of coral reefs in the property have shown remarkable resilience and recovery of reefs after heat stress events.
During 2023, the Pacific coast of Panama experienced a massive coral bleaching event that began near the end of July and extended until November. Reefs in the Pearl Islands experienced much higher bleaching levels and subsequently much more severe mortality than those observed in Coiba National Park, despite the regions experiencing very similar thermal anomalies in terms of intensity and duration. On the other hand, for the colonies that did not die, there was no significant difference in photosynthetic efficiency. In both cases, there was an initial decline, followed by gradual recovery, up until August 2024.
To understand the changes in thermal tolerance in the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP), four decades of data on temperature, coral cover, coral bleaching, and mortality have been collected, including three mass bleaching events during El Niño heatwaves in 1982-1983, 1997-1998, and 2015-2016. Greater heat resistance was detected in subsequent bleaching events in the dominant structural-building genus, Pocillopora, while other coral taxa exhibited similar susceptibility across all events. Genetic analyses of Pocillopora spp. colonies and their algal symbionts (2014-2016) revealed that one of the two Pocillopora lineages present in the region (Pocillopora "type 1") increased its association with heat-tolerant algal symbionts (Durusdinium glynnii) during the 2015-2016 thermal stress event. This lineage experienced less bleaching and mortality compared to Pocillopora "type 3", which did not acquire D. glynnii. Under projected thermal stress, ETP reefs may be able to maintain high coral cover until the 2060s or later, primarily composed of Pocillopora colonies that associate with D. glynnii. However, while low-diversity, high-cover ETP reefs might illustrate a potential functional state for some future reefs, this state may only be temporary unless global greenhouse gas emissions and resulting global warming are reduced (Palacio-Castro et al. 2023).
During 2023, the Pacific coast of Panama experienced a massive coral bleaching event that began near the end of July and extended until November. Reefs in the Pearl Islands experienced much higher bleaching levels and subsequently much more severe mortality than those observed in Coiba National Park, despite the regions experiencing very similar thermal anomalies in terms of intensity and duration. On the other hand, for the colonies that did not die, there was no significant difference in photosynthetic efficiency. In both cases, there was an initial decline, followed by gradual recovery, up until August 2024.
To understand the changes in thermal tolerance in the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP), four decades of data on temperature, coral cover, coral bleaching, and mortality have been collected, including three mass bleaching events during El Niño heatwaves in 1982-1983, 1997-1998, and 2015-2016. Greater heat resistance was detected in subsequent bleaching events in the dominant structural-building genus, Pocillopora, while other coral taxa exhibited similar susceptibility across all events. Genetic analyses of Pocillopora spp. colonies and their algal symbionts (2014-2016) revealed that one of the two Pocillopora lineages present in the region (Pocillopora "type 1") increased its association with heat-tolerant algal symbionts (Durusdinium glynnii) during the 2015-2016 thermal stress event. This lineage experienced less bleaching and mortality compared to Pocillopora "type 3", which did not acquire D. glynnii. Under projected thermal stress, ETP reefs may be able to maintain high coral cover until the 2060s or later, primarily composed of Pocillopora colonies that associate with D. glynnii. However, while low-diversity, high-cover ETP reefs might illustrate a potential functional state for some future reefs, this state may only be temporary unless global greenhouse gas emissions and resulting global warming are reduced (Palacio-Castro et al. 2023).
Assessment of the current state and trend of World Heritage values
Data Deficient
The current state of World Heritage values of the site is of high concern, mainly due to the effect of unsustainable fishing and development pressures on the marine values. On the other hand, the removal of almost all feral livestock from Coiba Island is positive, especially in terms of vegetation regrowth. Conservation prospects for the terrestrial part of the site appear to be positive, even if comprehensive data on many species and habitats is lacking. For the marine area, while data is also lacking, a number of monitoring programmes are in place which will allow a better assessment of trends in the future.
Assessment of the current state and trend of other important biodiversity values
Low Concern
Data Deficient
Coiba remains the only place where scarlet macaws (Ara macao) can be observed in Panama, as this species is threatened at the national level. However, trends on the populations of this species in Coiba are not available.
Assessment of the current state and trend of other important values
Good
Stable
Coiba National Park and its group of islands are part of the ancient Panama Arc, a chain of oceanic volcanic islands that emerged millions of years ago. This geological history has produced igneous rock formations such as basalts and andesites, which contribute to young, fertile soils that support exceptional biodiversity. The geological features remain in good condition.
Additional information
Importance for research,
Contribution to education,
Collection of genetic material
The island is an important "natural laboratory" for species evolution and interactions. Researchers from the International Cooperative Biodiversity Groups Project (ICBG), funded through the National Institutes of Health and the pharmaceutical industry, have collected marine and terrestrial samples for bioprospecting for the last ten years and some active molecules have been identified from the Park (IUCN, 2014; IUCN, 2017).
Fishing areas and conservation of fish stocks
By law artisanal, subsistence and sport fishing is allowed in the Coiba National Park in addition to commercial fishing in the SZMP. Fishing employs local and non-local people, particularly those who export fish caught inside the Park to the US, even if this practice is unsustainable (Vega et al., 2016).
While fishing is beneficial to people, concerns have been expressed that the current levels of fishing are unsustainable.
Outdoor recreation and tourism
Tourism is increasing with national and international visitor numbers increasing 42% from 2014-2015 (with around 17,200 visitors of which international tourists comprise about 78%). This includes recreational diving, beach activities, hiking and nature observation, and recreational and commercial sport fishing. A number of cruise ships also visit the Park on a regular basis (ANAM, 2009; IUCN, 2017),
Increased tourism brings increased risk of invasive species, disturbance and pollution as well as increased development to accommodate the tourists.
The site provides an important nearly pristine area for research and discovery. Tourism (in particular diving and increasingly nature-watching) and fishing contribute significantly to the local economy, although fishing within the site has been demonstrated to be unsustainable, thus will not continue to provide benefits in the long term. The main benefit of this protected area should be to act as a refuge for marine life that would then provide benefits in areas beyond the boundaries of the site.
| № | Organization | Brief description of Active Projects | Website |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | MiAmbiente and various NGOs | Coiba forms part of the CMAR Marine Conservation and Sustainable Development Corridor of the Eastern Pacific (Galapagos-Cocos-Coiba-Gorgona-Malpelo Islands) and the MiAmbiente partipates in this network through workshops to improve management. |
http://cmarpacifico.org/donde-trabajamos/areas-nucleo/parque-nacional-coiba
|
| 2 | Mar Viva, MiAmbiente | MarViva has been very active in strengthening fishermen’s organizations and communities around Coiba and in developing and enforcing the Management Plan. No current projects specifically aimed at Coiba have been identified, but several projects aimed at ensuring that fishing is sustainable will have an impact on Coiba. |
www.marviva.net
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| 3 | Natura-ANCON | Natura Panama supports various projects in the Parque Nacional Coiba-Golf de Chiriquí. In the past they implemented the tourism program of ARTURIS (Association of Sustainable Rural Tourism) to increase capacity in the local community to participate in sustainable tourism, particularly in helping cross the language gap as many tourists speak English, while the local community does not. |
https://naturapanama.org/parque-nacional-coiba-2/
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| 4 | Conservation International | Eastern Tropical Pacific Seascape Initiative. It aims to monitor and to protect The Eastern Tropical Pacific Seascape from threats like illegal fishing, overfishing and pollution. It has supported the creation or expansion of more than 20 marine protected areas (MPAs) and working to restore the critical coastal areas, end destructive fishing practices such as overfishing and trawling and coordinate cooperation among the governments of Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia and Ecuador to create a more sustainable Pacific Ocean. |
https://www.conservation.org/places/Eastern-Tropical-Pacific-Seascape
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| 5 | WildAid and MiAMBIENTE | The Ministry of Environment and WildAid signed a technical cooperation agreement to strengthen the protection and conservation of the country's marine and coastal resources. This agreement marks a milestone in the fight against illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing, with a special focus on Coiba National Park. WildAid will provide technical and logistical support to MiAMBIENTE to improve surveillance in protected areas, train officials in marine protection strategies, and facilitate dialogue with national and international stakeholders on conservation issues. It will also contribute to the search for funding for joint activities to strengthen marine protection. |
https://miambiente.gob.pa/miambiente-y-wildaid-se-unen-para-proteger-las-areas-marinas-en-panama/
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| 6 | Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) | Mooring Bouy Maintenance and Installation Program for Recreational Diving Activities at Coiba National Park, Rohr Program Activities on Coral Reef Resilience |
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rmB8b2viEqI
https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.2202388120
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| 7 | Fundación PACIFICO | Strengthening the use of tools to improve control and surveillance in marine protected areas through training, support with equipping the Control and Monitoring Center, and the acquisition of control and surveillance equipment. |
https://redpacifico.net/es/
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References
| № | References |
|---|---|
| 1 |
ANAM (2009). Plan de Manejo del Parque Nacional Coiba, Compiladores J.L. Maté, D. Towar, E. Arcia, & Y. Hidalgo. Autoridad Nacional del Ambiente, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. 168 pp.
|
| 2 |
Carver, E. (2025). Panama conducts large illegal fishing bust in protected Pacific waters. Mongabay Central America. Published online 28 March 2025. Available at: https://news.mongabay.com/2025/03/panama-conducts-large-ill…
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| 3 |
Chávez, E.J., Arauz, R., Bravo-Ormaza, E., De la Llata-Quiroga, E., González, A., Guzmán, H., Hearn, A., Herrera, H., Ross-Salazar, E.; Vera, A. & Worm, B. (2023). Challenges and opportunities for the conservation of the scalloped hammerhead shark (Sphyrna lewini) in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. MigraMar. Costa Rica.
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| 4 |
Coast and Seas Directorate (2023). Official Mission for the Monitoring of Megafauna in the Gulf of Chiriquí. DEPARTMENT OF COASTAL AND MARINE RESOURCES MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT OF COASTAL AND SEA SPATIAL PLANNING. OFFICIAL DICOMAR MISSION TECHNICAL REPORT No. 091-2024.
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| 5 |
Coast and Seas Directorate (2024). Official Mission for the Monitoring of Megafauna in the Gulf of Chiriquí. DEPARTMENT OF COASTAL AND MARINE RESOURCES MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT OF COASTAL AND SEA SPATIAL PLANNING. OFFICIAL DICOMAR MISSION TECHNICAL REPORT No. 026-2023
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| 6 |
Crooks, V. (2024). Colorless corals. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. Published online 6 March 2024. Available at: https://stri.si.edu/story/colorless-corals
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| 7 |
Díaz-Ferguson, E., Ramos, C. W., Pineda, Y., Gutiérrez-Pineda, K. M., Castro-Pérez, E., & Méndez-Carvajal, P. G. (2024). Genetic approach of the Coiba Island howler monkey Alouatta coibensis coibensis from Panama, and its conservation implications. Tecnociencia, 26(1), 112-128.
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| 8 |
Díaz-Ferguson, E.E. & Hunter, M.E. (2019). Life history, genetics, range expansion and new frontiers of the lionfish (Pterois volitans, Perciformes: Pteroidae) in Latin America. Regional Studies in Marine Science 31: 100793 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2019.100793
|
| 9 |
Global Conservation (2025). New GC Marine Radar Captures Six Illegal Boats in First Month in Coiba National Marine Park, Panama. Global Conservation. Published online 27 May 2025. Available at: https://globalconservation.org/news/coiba
|
| 10 |
Heron et al. (2017). Impacts of Climate Change on World Heritage Coral Reefs: A First Global Scientific Assessment. Paris, UNESCO World Heritage Centre. [online] Available at: https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/16386
|
| 11 |
IUCN (2017). Report on the IUCN Reactive Monitoring Mission to Coiba National Park and Its Special Zone of Marine Protection (Panama). Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Available at: http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1138/documents/
|
| 12 |
IUCN Consultation (2020). IUCN World Heritage Outlook Confidential Consultation (pars. comm.). Coiba National Park and its Special Zone of Marine Protection (Panama).
|
| 13 |
IUCN Consultation (2025). IUCN World Heritage Outlook Confidential Consultation (pars. comm.). Coiba National Park and its Special Zone of Marine Protection (Panama).
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| 14 |
Maté, J.L, Vega, A.J., Tovar, D. & Arcia, E. (2015). Plan de Aprovechamiento Pesquero Sostenible del Parque Nacional Coiba. Versión Popular. Ciudad de Panamá, República de Panamá. 58 pp.
|
| 15 |
Murcia-Moreno, D., Del Cid González, A. & Flores, E.E. (2024). Parque Nacional Coiba: una guía para la sensibilización y la educación ambiental. Fundación MarViva, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá. 38 pp.
|
| 16 |
Murcia-Moreno, D., Del Cid González, A. y Flores, E.E. (2024). Parque Nacional Coiba: una guía para la sensibilización y la educación ambiental. Fundación MarViva, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá. 38 pp.
|
| 17 |
Méndez-Carvajal, P.G. (2019). A long-term monitoring study to evaluate the primate conservation status in Panama using species distribution modelling and complementary information (Doctoral dissertation, Durham University). https://etheses.dur.ac.uk/13393/1/Me%CC%81ndez-Carvajal_PM_…
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| 18 |
Nilipour, L. (2022). High seas - The first scientific expedition to Panama’s unexplored Cordillera de Coiba sets sail. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. Published online 26 April 2022. Available at: https://stri.si.edu/story/high-seas
|
| 19 |
Palacio-Castro, A. M., Smith, T. B., Brandtneris, V., Snyder, G. A., van Hooidonk, R., Maté, J. L., ... & Baker, A. C. (2023). Increased dominance of heat-tolerant symbionts creates resilient coral reefs in near-term ocean warming. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(8), e2202388120.
|
| 20 |
STRI (2015). Coiba BioBlitz. Trópicos. Magazine of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, April, 2015. 38 pp. https://stri.si.edu/sites/default/files/magazine/docs/4_tro…
|
| 21 |
SoOUV (2014). Coiba National Park and its Special Zone of Marine Protection Statement of Outstanding Universal Value (Panama). World Heritage Committee http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1138/documents
|
| 22 |
State Party (2005). Nomination of Coiba National Park and its Special Zone of Marine Protection as a World Heritage Site. Available at: http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1138/documents/
|
| 23 |
State Party (2011). Report of the State Party to the World Heritage Committee on the state of conservation of Coiba National Park and its Special Zone of Marine Protection (Panama). Ministry of Environment, Government of Panama. Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1138/documents/
|
| 24 |
State Party of Panama (2019). Report of the State Party to the World Heritage Committee on the state of conservation of Coiba National Park and its Special Zone of Marine Protection (Panama). Ministry of Environment, Government of Panama. Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1138/documents/
|
| 25 |
State Party of Panama (2020). State of Conservation Report - 44 COM. Coiba National Park and its Special Zone of Marine Protection (Panama). 14pp + 15 annexes. Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1138/documents/
|
| 26 |
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|
| 27 |
State Party of Panama (2024). Report to the World Heritage Committee on the World Heritage Site Coiba National Park and its Special Zone of Marine Protection (Panama). 32pp + 16 annexes. Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1138/documents/
|
| 28 |
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|
| 29 |
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|
| 30 |
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| 31 |
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|
| 32 |
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| 33 |
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