Durmitor National Park
Country
Montenegro
Inscribed in
1980
Criteria
(vii)
(viii)
(x)
The conservation outlook for this site has been assessed as "significant concern" in the latest assessment cycle. Explore the Conservation Outlook Assessment for the site below. You have the option to access the summary, or the detailed assessment.
This breathtaking national park was formed by glaciers and is traversed by rivers and underground streams. Along the Tara river canyon, which has the deepest gorges in Europe, the dense pine forests are interspersed with clear lakes and harbour a wide range of endemic flora. © UNESCO
Summary
2025 Conservation Outlook
Finalised on
11 Oct 2025
Significant concern
Current state and trend of VALUES
High Concern
Overall THREATS
Overall PROTECTION and MANAGEMENT
Full assessment
Description of values
Exceptional natural beauty
Criterion
(vii)
Durmitor National Park's exceptional scenic beauty has been shaped by glaciers and rivers. The alpine meadows on plateaus and smooth hills are set against the stark backdrop of the numerous high and rugged peaks. The dense forests and the glacial lakes add to the scenic diversity and appeal. The most dramatic elements of the spectacular mountain landscape are the deep river canyons, most notably the famous Tara River Gorge, Europe's deepest gorge and one of very few unaffected by dams and roads. Even the underground offers stunning natural beauty in the form of numerous caves, most notably the “Ice Cave”, with its impressive ice stalactites and stalagmite (World Heritage Committee, 2015).
Geological features
Criterion
(viii)
Geologically, Durmitor and Tara canyons are made up of rocky massifs of the Middle and Upper Triassic, Upper Jurassic and Upper Cretaceous, though more recent rocks are also present. The dominant features are limestone, especially the so-called Durmitor Flysch, a set of tectonic layers inclined at an angle of 90 degrees in the Durmitor Massif. There are displays of many karst features: rugged peaks, limestone plateaus, deep canyons (such as the Tara gorge, 60 km in length), caves (including Montenegro’s deepest cave and subterranean rivers draining some of the glacial lakes), etc. (World Heritage Committee, 2015). Less known but no less fascinating is the underground world of the property. It includes Montenegro's deepest cave and subterranean rivers draining some of the glacial lakes. In particular, the “Ice Cave” is a visually stunning and a rare relict of past glaciation (World Heritage Committee, 2015).
Rare and endemic flora
Criterion
(x)
Spanning an altitude range from 450 to 2,500 m, Durmitor National Park supports a rich karstic flora (700 species, with 1,600 existing in the wider area (World Heritage Committee, 2015) with many rare and endemic species. Durmitor, together with the Tara canyon, represents one of the most important refugia of arcto-tertiary flora, as evidenced by its endemic and relict species. The endemic flora of Durmitor comprises 175 species, which represents 12% of the total flora of this massif. High mountain endemics number 122 species, which is 77% of the total endemic flora of this massif, and 15 % of the total high mountain flora.
The park contains one of the last virgin black pine forests in Europe, on soils that would usually develop beech woodland (World Heritage Committee, 2015).
The park contains one of the last virgin black pine forests in Europe, on soils that would usually develop beech woodland (World Heritage Committee, 2015).
Terrestrial species diversity
Criterion
(x)
Among the large mammals are predators like Brown Bear, Grey Wolf, European Wild Cat and River Otter. Some 130 bird species include birds of prey, such as Golden and Short-toed Eagle, Honey Buzzard and Peregrine Falcon (World Heritage Committee, 2015). About 50% of the national population of the Western Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) is found in the park, making some of the largest leks, not only in Montenegro and the Balkans, but in the whole of Europe. Durmitor is also the first area in Montenegro for Three-toed Woodpecker (Picoides tridactylus) and second best for Hazel Grouse (Bonasa bonasia) and Boreal Owl (Aegolius funereus). River canyons of Tara and Sušica and some other cliffs in the park are nesting site of 4-6 pairs of Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) and some 10-15 pairs of Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo), while Rock Partridges (Alectoris graeca) and Horned Larks (Eremophila alpestris balcanica) and Rock Thrushes (Monticola saxatilis) inhabit high bare rocky areas. Open grassy areas of the Durmitor plateau are important for Wood Larks (Lullula arborea), Tawny Pipit (Anthus campestris) and the Short-toed Snake Eagles (Circaetus gallicus). Occasionally the area is visited by small flocks or individual Griffon Vultures (Gyps fulvus) that breed in nearby Uvac canyon in Serbia (Rubinić et al., 2019).
Endangered freshwater species
Criterion
(x)
The Tara and its tributaries, as well as the lakes, contain a large number of of fish, including salmonidae (UNEP-WCMC, 2012), such as Hucho hucho, Thymallus thymallus, Salmo labrax, Cottus gobio and Squalius cephalus (State Party of Montenegro, 2023). The endangered Danube Salmon, under heavy pressure from overuse and dam construction elsewhere in its natural habitat, continues to live in the rivers of the park (World Heritage Committee, 2015).
Assessment information
Durmitor National Park faces a diverse range of threats, with varying degrees of severity and impact on its ecological and cultural values. Among the most severe challenges is the introduction of non-native fish species, which have disrupted aquatic ecosystems, preying on native amphibians and altering the ecological balance. This issue, exacerbated by the presence of species such as the invasive goldfish, is widespread and historically tied to unregulated fish stocking for recreational purposes. Ski resort development in Savin Kuk represents another critical threat. Extensive infrastructure projects, including ski lifts, slopes, water reservoirs for artificial snow, and visitor facilities, have been implemented and planned within the park's boundaries. These developments, while temporarily suspended by the government, have already caused significant ecological and visual disruptions, highlighting the urgent need for sustainable tourism strategies. Pollution from past mining activities, particularly at the Mojkovac site, poses a low threat today due to completed remediation efforts. However, proposals for new mining operations, though currently suspended, could reignite environmental risks if pursued. Similarly, power lines crossing the park, including the Tara Canyon, have a relatively low but notable impact on the natural scenery and avifauna. Although mitigation measures are in place, concerns remain about their ecological effects. The construction of dams, while currently limited to outside the park, has high potential to disrupt ecosystems, particularly if plans for small hydropower projects within the park materialize. Forest fires are a persistent high-intensity threat, exacerbated by climate change. Fires have historically caused significant damage, with recent events highlighting the park's vulnerability to prolonged droughts and dry soils. Urban development, particularly around Žabljak, is a high-intensity threat, with illegal construction and unregulated expansion fragmenting habitats, degrading landscapes, and stressing water resources. Over-visitation further compounds these pressures, with increasing tourist numbers exceeding the park's carrying capacity, particularly in sensitive areas like Crno Jezero and Tara Canyon. Planned measures to distribute visitor pressure and study carrying capacities are essential but not yet implemented. Water extraction from Modro Jezero and Crno Jezero for artificial snow and municipal supply adds to environmental stress, threatening the hydrological balance of these glacial lakes. Climate change acts as a pervasive high-level threat, altering habitats, reducing biodiversity, and jeopardizing endemic species in vulnerable ecosystems. Alpine meadows, glacial lakes, and forests are particularly susceptible to temperature fluctuations and changing precipitation patterns. Finally, poaching and invasive species further challenge the park's conservation goals. Illegal hunting of species like the brown bear and Balkan chamois in the Tara Canyon continues to threaten wildlife, while invasive fish and vegetation encroach on native habitats, particularly in lakes and peat bogs. These threats highlight the urgent need for comprehensive management strategies to balance conservation, sustainable tourism, and local community needs while addressing emerging challenges such as climate change and development pressures
Invasive Non-Native/ Alien Species
(Introduction of non-native fish species)
Inside site
, Scattered(5-15%)
Outside site
The rivers and lakes have been stocked with non-native fish species (rainbow trout) (WWF, 2007). Several lakes, not connected with the river system and originally without fish, have been stocked artificially.
The threat posed by the introduction of non-native fish species in the waters of Durmitor National Park is extensive and severe. Historically, fish species such as Alpine char (Salvelinus alpinus), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and other non-native species have been introduced into glacial lakes, often for recreational fishing. These species disrupt local ecosystems, predating on native amphibians like larval stages of newts and frogs, which are particularly sensitive to these predatory pressures. The introduction of invasive species such as the goldfish (Carassius auratus), which has been recorded in recent years, further exacerbates ecological imbalances. These activities, often unregulated or unauthorized, have led to significant ecological challenges in maintaining the natural balance of these aquatic ecosystems (Durmitor National Park Management Plan, 2023).
The threat posed by the introduction of non-native fish species in the waters of Durmitor National Park is extensive and severe. Historically, fish species such as Alpine char (Salvelinus alpinus), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and other non-native species have been introduced into glacial lakes, often for recreational fishing. These species disrupt local ecosystems, predating on native amphibians like larval stages of newts and frogs, which are particularly sensitive to these predatory pressures. The introduction of invasive species such as the goldfish (Carassius auratus), which has been recorded in recent years, further exacerbates ecological imbalances. These activities, often unregulated or unauthorized, have led to significant ecological challenges in maintaining the natural balance of these aquatic ecosystems (Durmitor National Park Management Plan, 2023).
Recreation & Tourism Areas
(Ski resort development)
Inside site
, Scattered(5-15%)
Outside site
Ski runs and lifts have been constructed inside the World Heritage site (World Heritage Centre, 2017; World Heritage Committee, 2016). Savin Kuk (near the village of Zabljak) is one of the most important ski centres in Montenegro, easily accessible from Podgorica. A medium-size skiing area has been developed inside the World Heritage site, including chairlifts and ski runs, placing additional inadequately planned growth pressure on the area.
The existing spatial plan for the wider Zabljak area includes plans for a significant extension and enlargement of the existing ski centre Savin Kuk, along with the extension of the existing ski lift, new lifts and new ski slopes and several steps towards the transformation of the ski centre into a larger-scale ski resort have already been done (works on the slopes of the mountains to enable new ski corridors, construction of the infrastructure and facilities for visitors, new access roads for road traffic, extensive parking lots, erection of a garage, restaurants, creation of a water reservoir for artificial snow etc.). In the initial phase of the enlargement of the ski centre Savin Kuk, the transformation of the existing ski lift into a six-seat cable lift and extension of the ski terrain to the top of Savin Kuk, together with the construction of the extensive water reservoir and other construction works on the infrastructure for visitors, are foreseen and some already being implemented (IUCN and UNESCO, 2018).
However, the spatial plan is currently under revision. The State of Montenegro has temporarily suspended all plans for the possible expansion of ski resorts, including the construction of new ski slopes, cable cars, lifts and ski infrastructure within the natural heritage area. According to Decision 43 COM 7B.19 and Decision 45 COM 7B.93, the Government of Montenegro has committed to prohibit the construction and expansion of tourism infrastructure within the natural heritage area (State Party of Montenegro, 2023). The updated spatial plan for Durmitor National Park, which must include a strategy for sustainable tourism management, is still in the process (State Party of Montenegro, 2024).
The existing spatial plan for the wider Zabljak area includes plans for a significant extension and enlargement of the existing ski centre Savin Kuk, along with the extension of the existing ski lift, new lifts and new ski slopes and several steps towards the transformation of the ski centre into a larger-scale ski resort have already been done (works on the slopes of the mountains to enable new ski corridors, construction of the infrastructure and facilities for visitors, new access roads for road traffic, extensive parking lots, erection of a garage, restaurants, creation of a water reservoir for artificial snow etc.). In the initial phase of the enlargement of the ski centre Savin Kuk, the transformation of the existing ski lift into a six-seat cable lift and extension of the ski terrain to the top of Savin Kuk, together with the construction of the extensive water reservoir and other construction works on the infrastructure for visitors, are foreseen and some already being implemented (IUCN and UNESCO, 2018).
However, the spatial plan is currently under revision. The State of Montenegro has temporarily suspended all plans for the possible expansion of ski resorts, including the construction of new ski slopes, cable cars, lifts and ski infrastructure within the natural heritage area. According to Decision 43 COM 7B.19 and Decision 45 COM 7B.93, the Government of Montenegro has committed to prohibit the construction and expansion of tourism infrastructure within the natural heritage area (State Party of Montenegro, 2023). The updated spatial plan for Durmitor National Park, which must include a strategy for sustainable tourism management, is still in the process (State Party of Montenegro, 2024).
Mining & Quarrying
(Pollution from mining)
Outside site
A mining area with a polluted reservoir was located upstream of the World Heritage Site near Mojkovac on the Tara River (UNEP-WCMC, 2012). The tailings of the lead mine and the toxic waste dump are located 32 km upstream of the national park boundaries. From 1976 to 1991, a lead and zinc processing plant was in operation in Mojkovac, which processed ore by flotation. The toxic waste, which was stored on an area of 19 hectares (approx. 2 million m3 in total), was cleaned up in the past, but threatened the environment after the mine was closed. Remediation work on the lead mine tailings and toxic waste dumps and adjacent contaminated areas has been completed and significant progress has been made in resolving the problem. Today, the wastewater and waste disposal systems are in place and fully functional, and remediation work on the former lead mine complex and wastewater and waste disposal infrastructure has been completed (UNESCO, 2019).
The opening of a new mining area near Mojkovac has been discussed: Brskovo Zinc and Lead Mine (State Party of Montenegro, 2024); in line with the recommendations highlighted in Decision 45 COM 7B.93, the Government of Montenegro has currently suspended the implementation of the proposed Brskovo Zinc and Lead Mine project in Mojkovac.
The opening of a new mining area near Mojkovac has been discussed: Brskovo Zinc and Lead Mine (State Party of Montenegro, 2024); in line with the recommendations highlighted in Decision 45 COM 7B.93, the Government of Montenegro has currently suspended the implementation of the proposed Brskovo Zinc and Lead Mine project in Mojkovac.
Utility & Service Lines
(Power lines)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Outside site
Transmission lines cross the National Parks of Lovcen and Durmitor, including the Tara canyon, pose a threat to rare and endemic avifauna and the natural beauty of the area. The Detailed Spatial Plan (DSP) for the corridor of a 400 kV optical cable transmission line from the Montenegrin coast to Pljevlja and a 500 kV submarine optical cable between Italy and Montenegro, which was adopted by the Government of Montenegro at a meeting on 28 July 2011, intersects parts of the Municipalities of Budva, Kotor, Cetinje, Niksic, Pluzine, Savnik, Zabljak and Pljevlja. In order to create a connection between the coast and Pljevlja, it is inevitable for the future corridor to pass through the National Parks of Lovcen and Durmitor (Conservation Measures Partnership, 2013). The installation of the 400 kV line is planned to replace the existing 110 kV line on the same route and using the existing maintenance roads of the 110 kV line, also in order to keep the visual impacts limited, which represents the best possible option to minimise visual impacts on the natural beauty of the area, as well as impacts from construction and maintenance works (UNESCO, 2019). In 2020 Montenegro submitted additional documentation regarding the plans for the Lastva Grbaljska-Pljevlja power line, which would cross the natural heritage site, as well as an alternative route being considered, in accordance with a petition from local communities. The local communities submitted a petition to change the route of the existing power line to move it farther from settlements, as part of the planned upgrade, which is currently under discussion by national authorities (State Party of Montenegro, 2024). Existing and planned power lines clearly affect the natural beauty of the area and negatively impact avifauna (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
Dams & Water Management/Use
(Dams – water flow)
Outside site
The dam on the Piva River on the western border of the park has an impact on fish populations. In May 2020, the Government of Montenegro approved a detailed spatial plan for the Komarnica hydropower plant (HPP), which is located 45 km upstream of Piva. The spatial plan covers an area of 5,577 ha and envisages a 171 m high concrete dam that will impound up to 227 million m3 (Hydropower and dams, 2020; IUCN Consultation, 2020). The government of the Republic of Montenegro announced at the end of 2024 that it would continue with the construction of the hydropower plant on the Komarnica River (RTCG, 2024). A very large dam project on the Tara River, discussed and planned in the 1990s, with potentially irreversible damages, has been abandoned. There are no plans to construct any dams on the Tara River. The full preservation of the entire river flow is requested by the Declaration of the Parliament on the Protection of the River Tara.
Particular attention should be put on plans for eventual construction of small HPPs on the Tara river and its tributaries, especially if the planned locations would be inside the World Heritage site as those HPPs could have negative impacts on the site's Outstanding Universal Value. The current threat from existing dams outside the site is perceived as very low, however, this could change if new large or small HHPs are constructed.
Particular attention should be put on plans for eventual construction of small HPPs on the Tara river and its tributaries, especially if the planned locations would be inside the World Heritage site as those HPPs could have negative impacts on the site's Outstanding Universal Value. The current threat from existing dams outside the site is perceived as very low, however, this could change if new large or small HHPs are constructed.
Fire & Fire Management
(Forest fires)
Inside site
, Widespread(15-50%)
Outside site
Fires are a frequent threat, particularly to forested parts of the Durmitor National Park, mostly in the canyons of the rivers Tara and Draga. According to National Park data, the largest fires occurred in Prag near Vaškovo in 2006 and in the reserve Crna Poda (belonging to Protection Zone I - the strictest protection zone) in 2012. More precisely, fires spread in the Tara canyon across 4,000 hectares of forests and other areas (Srdanovic & Pavic, 2013). Although fires appear to be rather localised, climate change could lead to increasing forest fires.
The threat of forest fires to Durmitor National Park is significant and multifaceted, primarily affecting areas with vulnerable vegetation and challenging terrain. Forest fires have historically caused extensive damage, including the 2017 fire that affected 1,110 hectares of forest vegetation. These fires not only destroy forest ecosystems but also lead to habitat degradation, increased erosion, and loss of biodiversity. Abiotic pressures like dry soils and prolonged droughts exacerbate the park’s susceptibility to fires, particularly in the black pine forests and canyon regions. Given the terrain's configuration, localizing and controlling fires poses significant challenges, underscoring the critical need for enhanced fire prevention and management strategies (Durmitor National Plan Management Plan, 2023). A current project the Public Enterprise for National Parks of Montenegro (PENPMNE) is implementing conservation action within the 3-year partnership between UNESCO and the abrdn Charitable Foundation, focused on reducing occurrence of forest fires in National Park Durmitor and Tara River Basin. The project puts forward solutions to reduce the occurrence of forest fires in the area, with a particular focus on research and monitoring for the prevention of fire risks, education for disaster risks reduction, and community engagement (UNESCO, 2024).
The threat of forest fires to Durmitor National Park is significant and multifaceted, primarily affecting areas with vulnerable vegetation and challenging terrain. Forest fires have historically caused extensive damage, including the 2017 fire that affected 1,110 hectares of forest vegetation. These fires not only destroy forest ecosystems but also lead to habitat degradation, increased erosion, and loss of biodiversity. Abiotic pressures like dry soils and prolonged droughts exacerbate the park’s susceptibility to fires, particularly in the black pine forests and canyon regions. Given the terrain's configuration, localizing and controlling fires poses significant challenges, underscoring the critical need for enhanced fire prevention and management strategies (Durmitor National Plan Management Plan, 2023). A current project the Public Enterprise for National Parks of Montenegro (PENPMNE) is implementing conservation action within the 3-year partnership between UNESCO and the abrdn Charitable Foundation, focused on reducing occurrence of forest fires in National Park Durmitor and Tara River Basin. The project puts forward solutions to reduce the occurrence of forest fires in the area, with a particular focus on research and monitoring for the prevention of fire risks, education for disaster risks reduction, and community engagement (UNESCO, 2024).
Residential Areas, Recreation & Tourism Areas
(Urban development)
Inside site
, Scattered(5-15%)
Outside site
There is uncontrolled development of the town of Zabljak, inside and outside the World Heritage site. The absence of an effective spatial planning and the lack of its enforcement has led to many illegal constructions (mainly holiday houses) scattered especially around the town of Zabljak (World Heritage Committee, 2015; IUCN Consultation, 2017; Srdanovic & Pavic, 2013). The town of Zabljak and its immediate surroundings have become attractive to investors in recent years; a large number of holiday homes were built in the protection zone of the national park, often built without any prior plans and adversely affecting the overall image of the space (Conservation Measures Partnership, 2013). The government adopted a decision on amending the Spatial Plan for Special Purposes for Durmitor. The local development strategy is to construct high quality and more expensive hotels to replace old and lower standard accommodation. Such a strategy in the World Heritage area have the potential to further increase visitor numbers, whose numbers may likely already exceed the carrying capacity of the area (UNESCO and IUCN, 2018). Future urban development in municipalities within the park, in particular in Zabljak, are not sufficiently regulated through adequate plans, considering the rehabilitation of the entire area, in particular, infrastructures such as sewage and waste disposal systems to be compliant with international environmental standards. The threat rating also takes into account the cumulative impacts of this threat with other similar threats (Savin Kuk ski resort development), where construction of the infrastructure and facilities for visitors, including new access roads for road traffic, extensive parking lots, erection of a garage and restaurants already took place (UNESCO and IUCN, 2018).
In the Žabljak area, urbanization is a significant concern due to its status as a major tourist center. The unregulated expansion of residential, tourism, and weekend houses leads to fragmentation of habitats, visual degradation of the landscape, and increased pressure on natural resources. The use of modern materials and construction methods often disregards traditional architectural styles, undermining the region’s cultural identity and aesthetic values. Water resource exploitation, such as sourcing water for Žabljak from Crno Jezero, further exacerbates environmental stress, threatening the integrity of this glacial lake (Durmitorr National Park Management Plan, 2023).
In other parts of the park, the development of tourism infrastructure, such as weekend houses and accommodations, is encroaching on protected zones and causing habitat disruption. The lack of coordinated urban planning and enforcement allows for constructions that are inconsistent with the park’s conservation goals, creating long-term ecological and cultural risks (Durmitor National Park Management Plan, 2023).
In the Žabljak area, urbanization is a significant concern due to its status as a major tourist center. The unregulated expansion of residential, tourism, and weekend houses leads to fragmentation of habitats, visual degradation of the landscape, and increased pressure on natural resources. The use of modern materials and construction methods often disregards traditional architectural styles, undermining the region’s cultural identity and aesthetic values. Water resource exploitation, such as sourcing water for Žabljak from Crno Jezero, further exacerbates environmental stress, threatening the integrity of this glacial lake (Durmitorr National Park Management Plan, 2023).
In other parts of the park, the development of tourism infrastructure, such as weekend houses and accommodations, is encroaching on protected zones and causing habitat disruption. The lack of coordinated urban planning and enforcement allows for constructions that are inconsistent with the park’s conservation goals, creating long-term ecological and cultural risks (Durmitor National Park Management Plan, 2023).
Recreational Activities
(Human activities in Tara gorges)
Inside site
, Scattered(5-15%)
Outside site
The main road along the Tara River is an important national highway of Montenegro. It provides easy access to some sections of the Tara River with risk of pollution and deterioration of the natural beauty of the gorges. However, it should be noted that the main road Pljevlja - Žabljak, which stretches along the length of the canyon of the river Tara, existed at the time of the inscription of Durmitor National Park on the World Heritage List. In recent years, this road has been significantly relieved by the reconstruction of the main road Nikšić - Žabljak (IUCN Consultation, 2020b).
The construction of the Bar-Boljare highway, supported by the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), which crosses the Tara River has the potential to negatively impact the WH site. According to the State Party regular monitoring is being conducted on the Tara River on water quality (State Party of Montenegro, 2024). However, there are concerns that the State Party is not showing enough concern over the environmental impacts of the project. According to Coenen et al. (2022) environmental issues could have been prevented during the spatial planning phase, but important governance instruments such as the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) were of limited effectiveness due to its fast and late completion, lack of assessment of alternative routes, and the limited enforcement of the provisions therein. This case is illustrative of a larger set of BRI projects which run the risk of falling short on sustainability due to a lack of environmentally sound and transparent planning and implementation.
Several zip lines and points for embarkment on the rafts are located at the entrances in zone III of the national park inside the World Heritage site (IUCN Consultation, 2020a). These areas are also intensively promoted for “adventure tourism”, and may result in mass and environmentally damaging forms of tourism and could initiate negative impacts on the values of the site (UNESCO and IUCN, 2018).
Tourism activities in Durmitor National Park, particularly in gorges, adventure tourism, and zip lines, present significant challenges to the park's conservation goals. These activities have led to environmental pressures, including habitat disturbance, erosion, and noise pollution, particularly in high-traffic areas like the Tara River Canyon. The development and operation of zip lines, while offering economic and recreational benefits, contribute to visual and acoustic disturbances and risk altering the natural aesthetic and ecological balance of the park. Adventure tourism, including hiking and extreme sports, is concentrated in sensitive ecological areas, further stressing already vulnerable habitats. The lack of comprehensive regulation and monitoring exacerbates these impacts. Although such activities are economically beneficial and attract international visitors, they necessitate stricter management and the establishment of carrying capacity thresholds to ensure the park's ecological integrity is not compromised (Durmitor National Park Mangement Plan, 2023).
The construction of the Bar-Boljare highway, supported by the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), which crosses the Tara River has the potential to negatively impact the WH site. According to the State Party regular monitoring is being conducted on the Tara River on water quality (State Party of Montenegro, 2024). However, there are concerns that the State Party is not showing enough concern over the environmental impacts of the project. According to Coenen et al. (2022) environmental issues could have been prevented during the spatial planning phase, but important governance instruments such as the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) were of limited effectiveness due to its fast and late completion, lack of assessment of alternative routes, and the limited enforcement of the provisions therein. This case is illustrative of a larger set of BRI projects which run the risk of falling short on sustainability due to a lack of environmentally sound and transparent planning and implementation.
Several zip lines and points for embarkment on the rafts are located at the entrances in zone III of the national park inside the World Heritage site (IUCN Consultation, 2020a). These areas are also intensively promoted for “adventure tourism”, and may result in mass and environmentally damaging forms of tourism and could initiate negative impacts on the values of the site (UNESCO and IUCN, 2018).
Tourism activities in Durmitor National Park, particularly in gorges, adventure tourism, and zip lines, present significant challenges to the park's conservation goals. These activities have led to environmental pressures, including habitat disturbance, erosion, and noise pollution, particularly in high-traffic areas like the Tara River Canyon. The development and operation of zip lines, while offering economic and recreational benefits, contribute to visual and acoustic disturbances and risk altering the natural aesthetic and ecological balance of the park. Adventure tourism, including hiking and extreme sports, is concentrated in sensitive ecological areas, further stressing already vulnerable habitats. The lack of comprehensive regulation and monitoring exacerbates these impacts. Although such activities are economically beneficial and attract international visitors, they necessitate stricter management and the establishment of carrying capacity thresholds to ensure the park's ecological integrity is not compromised (Durmitor National Park Mangement Plan, 2023).
Logging, Harvesting & Controlling Trees
(Logging (legal and illegal))
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Outside site
Repeated concerns about logging of valuable old growth subalpine forests have been expressed (Rubinic, 2019). The threat assessment takes into account the fact that these forests constitute one of the key values of the park and are a habitat of the highly endangered bird species (Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus). Extensive logging took place along the Crno jezero in 2019 as a preparation for the construction of bungalows (OZON, 2019); the project has since been stopped.
It has been further clarified by the responsible management authorities that these activities were part of sanitary felling, already planned for that period of time to ensure visitors' safety and in line with the Management programme for Durmitor National Park. The trees were marked for cutting following an expert assessment of their condition (UNESCO, 2019; IUCN Consultation, 2020b).
The extent and impact of legal and illegal logging in Durmitor National Park vary across the park, influenced by legal frameworks and enforcement challenges. Legal logging is conducted within specified zones and follows guidelines aimed at minimizing ecological impact. However, illegal logging remains a significant threat, particularly near settlements and in rural areas. It is driven by local demands for firewood and timber, often leading to habitat degradation and a reduction in forest cover; illegal activities are more prevalent near the Tara Canyon and other accessible areas, where enforcement is limited. These actions result in the fragmentation of forest ecosystems and disrupt wildlife habitats. The management plan underscores the need for stricter monitoring, better enforcement of regulations, and community engagement to mitigate these threats and preserve the park's ecological integrity; illegal logging in the Durmitor Massif threatens the integrity of high-altitude forest ecosystems, impacting species like the lynx (Lynx lynx) and various endemic plants (Durmitor National Park management Plan, 2023). Furthermore, there is pressure for salvage logging due to a bark beetle outbreak inside National Park, however currently the Environmental Protection Agency states that this should not be done inside protected areas (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
It has been further clarified by the responsible management authorities that these activities were part of sanitary felling, already planned for that period of time to ensure visitors' safety and in line with the Management programme for Durmitor National Park. The trees were marked for cutting following an expert assessment of their condition (UNESCO, 2019; IUCN Consultation, 2020b).
The extent and impact of legal and illegal logging in Durmitor National Park vary across the park, influenced by legal frameworks and enforcement challenges. Legal logging is conducted within specified zones and follows guidelines aimed at minimizing ecological impact. However, illegal logging remains a significant threat, particularly near settlements and in rural areas. It is driven by local demands for firewood and timber, often leading to habitat degradation and a reduction in forest cover; illegal activities are more prevalent near the Tara Canyon and other accessible areas, where enforcement is limited. These actions result in the fragmentation of forest ecosystems and disrupt wildlife habitats. The management plan underscores the need for stricter monitoring, better enforcement of regulations, and community engagement to mitigate these threats and preserve the park's ecological integrity; illegal logging in the Durmitor Massif threatens the integrity of high-altitude forest ecosystems, impacting species like the lynx (Lynx lynx) and various endemic plants (Durmitor National Park management Plan, 2023). Furthermore, there is pressure for salvage logging due to a bark beetle outbreak inside National Park, however currently the Environmental Protection Agency states that this should not be done inside protected areas (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
Recreational Activities
(Over-visitation, constructions and tourism management)
Inside site
, Widespread(15-50%)
Outside site
Over-visitation of the Durmitor National Park is a serious threat to the Outstanding Universal Value of the site. The number of visitors to the National Park has been increasing in recent years (UNESCO and IUCN, 2018), with ca. 270,000 visitors in 2019 (IUCN Consultation, 2020b) and ca. 300,000 visitors in 2024 (Montenegro Business, 2024). This is in line with the increasing tourism trend across National Parks in Montenegro. Although construction of new wooden bungalows, which were planned in the area near to the Crno jezero (entrance zone to the National Park near Zabljak) and would have aggravated disturbance and fragmentation - was stopped, new tourism infrastructure for attracting visitors is being purchased (boats for tourists at Crno jezero, enlargement of facilities). These will attract more and more visitors to this already overcrowded area, which would then require enlargement of the access roads, additional car parking, and will contribute to more noise and pollution. Too many visitors are often seen also in the areas adjacent to the Crno jezero area. Disturbance by 4x4 vehicles and similar; rafting on the Tara is not well controlled and puts too much pressure on the river and its natural values (Rubinic, 2019).
The development of new tourist products, such as the panoramic road "Ring around Durmitor", is expected to reduce the pressure of visitors to the most attractive localities, such as the Black Lake (IUCN Consultation, 2020b). The number of visitors to Durmitor National Park has been increasing since 2018 (with a drop during COVID-19), as indicated by multiple references in the management plan and supporting documents. This trend is attributed to the growing popularity of the park as a tourist destination, the expansion of tourism-related infrastructure, and increasing awareness of the park's natural and cultural heritage; the increase in visitation also presents challenges, including higher pressure on sensitive ecological zones, such as Crno Jezero and Tara Canyon, particularly during peak seasons. This underscores the importance of managing visitor capacity to mitigate environmental and social impacts (Durmitor National Park Management Plan, 2023).
A carrying capacity study has been planned for some of the most visited locations (e.g. Black Lake, Tara River Canyon, Škrčka Lakes, etc.) in the next planning period (Management Plan 2021-2025).
The development of new tourist products, such as the panoramic road "Ring around Durmitor", is expected to reduce the pressure of visitors to the most attractive localities, such as the Black Lake (IUCN Consultation, 2020b). The number of visitors to Durmitor National Park has been increasing since 2018 (with a drop during COVID-19), as indicated by multiple references in the management plan and supporting documents. This trend is attributed to the growing popularity of the park as a tourist destination, the expansion of tourism-related infrastructure, and increasing awareness of the park's natural and cultural heritage; the increase in visitation also presents challenges, including higher pressure on sensitive ecological zones, such as Crno Jezero and Tara Canyon, particularly during peak seasons. This underscores the importance of managing visitor capacity to mitigate environmental and social impacts (Durmitor National Park Management Plan, 2023).
A carrying capacity study has been planned for some of the most visited locations (e.g. Black Lake, Tara River Canyon, Škrčka Lakes, etc.) in the next planning period (Management Plan 2021-2025).
Dams & Water Management/Use
(Extraction of water from Modro jezero)
Inside site
, Scattered(5-15%)
Outside site
Operations of the ski centre Savin Kuk are supported by provision of artificial snow.; water for the artificial snow creation is extracted from the Modro jezero; diversion of excess surface waters from the lake before and after the winter period is used to fill the newly created water reservoir close to the ski-lift area. Waters from the lake are transported through recently (2018) created 8 km long pipeline, passing the area of the World Heritage site. The reservoir was justified for provision of water for small settlements downstream the ski resort for irrigation and water supply purposes (UNESCO and IUCN, 2018). In addition to the extraction of waters of Modro jezero, waters from the Crno jezero are extracted for water supply of the town of Zabljak (JPNPCG, 2015).
There are no provisions in the curent management plan to remove the reservoir or stop collecting water from Plavo jezero; instead the plan recommends that monitoring water levels and extraction regimes should regularly be conducted to ensure the sustainability of the lake's natural hydrological balance (Durmitor Management Plan Management Plan, 2023).
There are no provisions in the curent management plan to remove the reservoir or stop collecting water from Plavo jezero; instead the plan recommends that monitoring water levels and extraction regimes should regularly be conducted to ensure the sustainability of the lake's natural hydrological balance (Durmitor Management Plan Management Plan, 2023).
Hunting, Collecting & Controlling Terrestrial Animals
(Poaching )
Other targeted species names
Ursus arctos, Rupicapra rupicapra balcanica, Roe Deer, Western Capercaillie
Inside site
, Widespread(15-50%)
Outside site
Poaching is detected in the Tara River Canyon on the brown bear (Ursus arctos) and Balkan chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra balcanica). There is also evidence of illegal shooting of roe deer and wild boar in the Durmitor National Park (Vijesti, 2022). After a brown bear and cubs were shot in 2022, there were calls from NGOs (e.g. CZIP) and citizens, including a petition, for a strategy to combat poaching and a temporary moratorium on hunting (Vijesti, 2022b).
Changes in Physical & Chemical Regimes, Changes in Temperature Regimes, Changes in Precipitation & Hydrological Regime
(Climate change with altered temperature and precipitation patterns)
Inside site
, Throughout(>50%)
Outside site
Endemic species and unique plant communities, species like the brown bear (Ursus arctos) and Balkan chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra balcanica) rely on stable ecosystems for food and shelter which is affected by the climate change. Aquatic species in glacial lakes and rivers, such as the endemic Hucho hucho (Danube salmon), face risks from altered water temperatures and reduced water flows.
Alpine meadows and rock ecosystems, which are characteristic of Durmitor, are highly vulnerable; shifts in vegetation zones due to warming could result in habitat fragmentation and reduced biodiversity. Forest ecosystems are at risk from droughts and temperature fluctuations. The Tara River and glacial lakes are susceptible to reduced water levels and quality due to increased evaporation and changes in precipitation. In addition to the Tara River Canyon, Glacial Lakes (e.g. Crno Jezero) and areas above 2.000 m (e.g. Bobotov Kuk) are at risk of losing snow cover and facing altered ecosystems (Dumitor National Park Management Plan, 2023).
Alpine meadows and rock ecosystems, which are characteristic of Durmitor, are highly vulnerable; shifts in vegetation zones due to warming could result in habitat fragmentation and reduced biodiversity. Forest ecosystems are at risk from droughts and temperature fluctuations. The Tara River and glacial lakes are susceptible to reduced water levels and quality due to increased evaporation and changes in precipitation. In addition to the Tara River Canyon, Glacial Lakes (e.g. Crno Jezero) and areas above 2.000 m (e.g. Bobotov Kuk) are at risk of losing snow cover and facing altered ecosystems (Dumitor National Park Management Plan, 2023).
Invasive Non-Native/ Alien Species
(Invasive species in waters and terrestrial habitats)
Inside site
, Scattered(5-15%)
Outside site
Invasive species in lakes include the California rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), alpine char (Salvelinus alpinus), and Chinese goldfish (Carassius auratus).The peat bogs and boreal habitats, particularly around Barno Lake are endangered due to habitat loss but also by invasive vegetation encroachment (Durmitor National Park Management Plan, 2023).
Durmitor National Park faces significant potential threats that vary in severity and impact on its ecological integrity and Outstanding Universal Value (OUV). Among the most concerning is the construction of hydroelectric power plants (HPPs), which poses a very high threat. Plans for small hydropower projects within the Tara River catchment, as well as the Buk Bijela HPP project on the Tara River in neighboring Bosnia and Herzegovina, remain active risks. While Montenegro has committed to environmental impact assessments and a degree of caution in such developments, the ongoing discussions and legislative provisions for small HPPs highlight the unresolved nature of this threat. Boundary modifications represent a high threat, with the exclusion of key areas such as Zabljak and subsequent boundary reductions in 2013 diminishing the park’s protected scope. While efforts have been made to address this through the proposed inclusion of the Dragišnica and Komarnica Regional Park, the weaker protection regime in these areas undermines the integrity and conservation potential of the park. Active forest management and hunting permitted in regional parks, along with less effective management and oversight, exacerbate concerns about resource exploitation and habitat degradation in critical zones. The exclusion of ecologically valuable areas, such as Šaranci, further weakens the park’s capacity to support endangered species like the Capercaillie, which rely on these habitats for survival. Pollution, while assessed as a low threat, remains a localized concern, particularly in areas near settlements and park borders. Unregulated waste disposal sites and inadequate waste management threaten water resources, including glacial lakes like Crno Jezero. Tourist activities and vehicular traffic also contribute to pollution, though their effects are more contained and less pervasive.
Dams & Water Management/Use
(Hydroelectricity projects)
Outside site
Construction of small hydroelectric power plants (HPP) outside the World Heritage site within the Tara river catchment could have negative impacts on the OUV of the site (IUCN and UNESCO, 2018). The danger still exists since there are provisions in legislation for construction of small hydropower plants on the tributaries. In the Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina, plans exist to built the Buk Bijela HPP, which would impact the wider Tara river canyon in Montenegro (Durmitor) and Bosnia and Herzegovina (Environmental Justice Atlas, 2020). The state of Montenegro committed itself to not start with the construction of HPP Buk Bijela without a prior environmental impact assessment. Bosnia and Herzegovina has initiated a new environmental impact assessment process for the Buk Bijela HPP project, and has provided the accompanying documentation to Montenegro. There has been no communication regarding the Buk Bijela Hydroelectric Power Plant with Serbia (State Party of Montenegro, 2024). Furthermore, there are plans to develop a dam on Komarnica (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
Other Human Disturbances
(Boundary modifications)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Outside site
A first boundary modification was adopted by the World Heritage Committee in 2005 adjusting the borders to those of the National Park, thus excluding the town of Zabljak. A possible extension to include the whole Tara River canyon as suggested by the 2005 monitoring mission was not considered.
The exclusion of Zabljak in 2005 has not yet been compensated by an extension, following the minor modifications to the boundaries. Further exclusions from Durmitor National Park (following exclusion of Zabljak) have not been halted, but continued through the reduction of national park boundaries in 2013, whilst the boundaries of the World Heritage site are still in place (UNESCO and IUCN, 2018).
The recently designated Dragišnica and Komarnica Regional (Nature) Park has been proposed as a potential area to replace the above described excluded parts of the National Park Durmitor (World Heritage Committee, 2016). The Regional Park belongs to the cadastral municipalities of Grabovica, Komarnica, Duži, Dubrovsko and Pošćenje. The total area of the park is 8.834 ha.
The proposed area could potentially be an appropriate addition to the World Heritage site enhancing its integrity. However, unlike initially planned, Dragišnica and Komarnica have not been included into the National Park Durmitor but designated as a Regional (Nature) Park only, which implies that the protection regime for this area is weaker than for National Park Durmitor, according to national legislation on nature in Montenegro. The management of the Nature Park was considered not effective enough to prevent some uses of natural resources that would not be in line with the high protection standards of the national park and the World Heritage site. In particular, active forest management and hunting can be permitted in regional and nature parks of Montenegro. In addition, while national parks have their own on-place ranger services, the regional and landscape parks in Montenegro are subject to forest inspections carried out by sectoral inspectorial units (UNESCO and IUCN, 2018).
The revision study for Durmitor National Park, once approved, will define the protection zones and buffer zones in accordance with the Nature Protection Law, must undergo public consultation before final adoption. After the adoption of the Revised Protection Study, the Ministry of Spatial Planning, Urbanism, and State Property is obligated to initiate the preparation of the Spatial Plan for Special Purpose (PPPN) for Durmitor National Park, taking into account the findings of the study.The Revised Protection Study proposes returning the park’s boundaries to their state prior to the 2013 changes, allowing for new zoning and the definition of the buffer zone. This also includes the return of Motički Gaj into the protected area, which is reflected in the draft study (completed at the end of 2022) (State Party of Montenegro, 2024).
Rubinic (2019) reports that some of the ecologically most valuable areas like Šaranci area are not included in the park borders although they are extremely important or even most important areas for many of the endangered bird species, including areas with highest densities or reproductive value for selected endangered bird species – i.e. largest Capercaillie leks.
The exclusion of Zabljak in 2005 has not yet been compensated by an extension, following the minor modifications to the boundaries. Further exclusions from Durmitor National Park (following exclusion of Zabljak) have not been halted, but continued through the reduction of national park boundaries in 2013, whilst the boundaries of the World Heritage site are still in place (UNESCO and IUCN, 2018).
The recently designated Dragišnica and Komarnica Regional (Nature) Park has been proposed as a potential area to replace the above described excluded parts of the National Park Durmitor (World Heritage Committee, 2016). The Regional Park belongs to the cadastral municipalities of Grabovica, Komarnica, Duži, Dubrovsko and Pošćenje. The total area of the park is 8.834 ha.
The proposed area could potentially be an appropriate addition to the World Heritage site enhancing its integrity. However, unlike initially planned, Dragišnica and Komarnica have not been included into the National Park Durmitor but designated as a Regional (Nature) Park only, which implies that the protection regime for this area is weaker than for National Park Durmitor, according to national legislation on nature in Montenegro. The management of the Nature Park was considered not effective enough to prevent some uses of natural resources that would not be in line with the high protection standards of the national park and the World Heritage site. In particular, active forest management and hunting can be permitted in regional and nature parks of Montenegro. In addition, while national parks have their own on-place ranger services, the regional and landscape parks in Montenegro are subject to forest inspections carried out by sectoral inspectorial units (UNESCO and IUCN, 2018).
The revision study for Durmitor National Park, once approved, will define the protection zones and buffer zones in accordance with the Nature Protection Law, must undergo public consultation before final adoption. After the adoption of the Revised Protection Study, the Ministry of Spatial Planning, Urbanism, and State Property is obligated to initiate the preparation of the Spatial Plan for Special Purpose (PPPN) for Durmitor National Park, taking into account the findings of the study.The Revised Protection Study proposes returning the park’s boundaries to their state prior to the 2013 changes, allowing for new zoning and the definition of the buffer zone. This also includes the return of Motički Gaj into the protected area, which is reflected in the draft study (completed at the end of 2022) (State Party of Montenegro, 2024).
Rubinic (2019) reports that some of the ecologically most valuable areas like Šaranci area are not included in the park borders although they are extremely important or even most important areas for many of the endangered bird species, including areas with highest densities or reproductive value for selected endangered bird species – i.e. largest Capercaillie leks.
Water-borne & other effluent Pollution, Garbage & Solid Waste
(Pollution)
Inside site
, Scattered(5-15%)
Outside site
Several unregulated waste disposal sites, or "wild dumps" and unregulated areas near park borders and settlements threaten natural values in the Park. Inadequate waste and sewage management impacts the park's water resources, including its glacial lakes and rives. Zabljak's water supply from Crno Jezero (Black Lake) is particularly under threat due to over-extraction and potential contamination. Pollution from tourist activities and vehicular traffic could affect localized areas (Durmitor National Park Management Plan, 2023).
Involvement of stakeholders and rightsholders, including indigenous peoples and local communities, in decision-making processes
Durmitor National Park's Management Plan (2021–2025) explicitly prioritizes collaboration with local communities and stakeholders. This inclusivity ensures that their needs and perspectives are considered in planning and management, promoting a balanced approach to conservation and development. The governance framework aligns with national legislation, such as the Law on Nature Protection, and international conventions like UNESCO guidelines. These legal and strategic instruments mandate stakeholder engagement, ensuring participatory management of the protected area. Institutional collaboration is emphasized through partnerships with domestic and international organizations and direct cooperation with local communities. This approach supports sustainable socio-economic development alongside conservation goals. Local community engagement is addressed through socio-economic strategies that recognize the vital role of local populations in sustainable tourism, conservation, and resource use. Measures to promote sustainable livelihoods compatible with conservation goals are included, highlighting the socio-economic integration of local communities.
Although the mechanisms to ensure effective stakeholder involvement in the management of the park are well set out in the management plan, there is a disconnect between the written principles and effective management in practice (Durmitor National Park Managemnet Plan, 2023).
Although the mechanisms to ensure effective stakeholder involvement in the management of the park are well set out in the management plan, there is a disconnect between the written principles and effective management in practice (Durmitor National Park Managemnet Plan, 2023).
Legal framework
Durmitor National Park operates under a comprehensive legal framework designed to ensure its conservation. National legislation plays a crucial role, with key instruments including the Law on Nature Protection (Official Gazette of Montenegro, No. 54/2016 and 18/2019) and the Law on National Parks (Official Gazette of Montenegro, No. 28/2014 and 39/2016). These laws define the park's management and conservation strategies, including governance mechanisms, zoning, and preservation measures. Additionally, the Special Purpose Spatial Plan for the Durmitor Area (Official Gazette of Montenegro, No. 47/2016) integrates conservation goals with sustainable development by aligning the park's management with broader spatial planning priorities.
The park also benefits from international recognition and compliance with several conventions. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, recognized for its exceptional natural beauty and ecological significance. The park is part of the Man and Biosphere (MAB) Reserve, which emphasizes sustainable development alongside conservation.
Governance of the park is managed by the Public Enterprise for National Parks of Montenegro (JPNPCG). Management plans are developed for five-year periods, with annual programs to ensure their implementation. Governance also includes a scientific advisory board, which guides efforts in ecological and cultural preservation.
The park's legal framework has strengths and challenges in delivering its conservation goals. On the positive side, clear zoning delineates areas for conservation and regulated human activities, while biodiversity monitoring provides data for adaptive management. Community involvement is also promoted, encouraging sustainable practices and aligning local interests with conservation efforts. Regulations for tourism management aim to reduce environmental impacts.
Challenges include: infrastructure development in and around the parkb, alancing the needs of the local population with conservation objectives, particularly as traditional land uses intersect with modern preservation goals. Climate change and limited funding and resources also present a barrier to effective enforcement and monitoring.
The effectiveness of the Park's legal framework is hindered by practical challenges such as resource limitations, development pressures, and climate change impacts, enforcement, sustainable funding, and community engagement (Durmitor National Park Management Plan, 2023; Environmental Protection Agency of Montenegro, 2023).
The park also benefits from international recognition and compliance with several conventions. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, recognized for its exceptional natural beauty and ecological significance. The park is part of the Man and Biosphere (MAB) Reserve, which emphasizes sustainable development alongside conservation.
Governance of the park is managed by the Public Enterprise for National Parks of Montenegro (JPNPCG). Management plans are developed for five-year periods, with annual programs to ensure their implementation. Governance also includes a scientific advisory board, which guides efforts in ecological and cultural preservation.
The park's legal framework has strengths and challenges in delivering its conservation goals. On the positive side, clear zoning delineates areas for conservation and regulated human activities, while biodiversity monitoring provides data for adaptive management. Community involvement is also promoted, encouraging sustainable practices and aligning local interests with conservation efforts. Regulations for tourism management aim to reduce environmental impacts.
Challenges include: infrastructure development in and around the parkb, alancing the needs of the local population with conservation objectives, particularly as traditional land uses intersect with modern preservation goals. Climate change and limited funding and resources also present a barrier to effective enforcement and monitoring.
The effectiveness of the Park's legal framework is hindered by practical challenges such as resource limitations, development pressures, and climate change impacts, enforcement, sustainable funding, and community engagement (Durmitor National Park Management Plan, 2023; Environmental Protection Agency of Montenegro, 2023).
Governance arrangements
The Durmitor National Park is managed by the Public Enterprise for National Parks of Montenegro (JPNPCG), which is responsible for the management and conservation of all national parks in the country, including Durmitor.
The governance structure includes an Administrative Board, which is appointed by the Government of Montenegro on the recommendation of the relevant ministry. The board consists of five members, three of whom are selected from scientific and professional experts, while the remaining two are representatives from the enterprise's staff. The Administrative Board oversees the general management and strategic direction of the park. Additionally, the organization is led by a director, also appointed by the government for a term of four years.
A Scientific Advisory Council serves as a consultative body within the governance structure, providing an expert guidance on ecological and cultural conservation efforts, ensuring that management aligns with scientific principles and conservation goals.
Internally, JPNPCG is organized into several functional units and services. These include departments responsible for nature and cultural heritage protection, sustainable development, tourism promotion, international cooperation, and administrative functions. Within the framework of Durmitor National Park, specific local services handle physical protection, maintenance of infrastructure, environmental monitoring, and visitor relations. The park's management headquarters is located in Žabljak, where a visitor center is also established to facilitate public engagement and education.
The governance arrangements are designed to ensure the effective implementation of management plans, which are developed for five-year periods and further executed through annual operational programs. Despite these arrangements, the park faces challenges such as funding constraints, pressures from infrastructure development, and the need for stronger collaboration with local stakeholders to achieve its conservation objectives (Durmitor National Park Management Plan, 2023)
The governance structure includes an Administrative Board, which is appointed by the Government of Montenegro on the recommendation of the relevant ministry. The board consists of five members, three of whom are selected from scientific and professional experts, while the remaining two are representatives from the enterprise's staff. The Administrative Board oversees the general management and strategic direction of the park. Additionally, the organization is led by a director, also appointed by the government for a term of four years.
A Scientific Advisory Council serves as a consultative body within the governance structure, providing an expert guidance on ecological and cultural conservation efforts, ensuring that management aligns with scientific principles and conservation goals.
Internally, JPNPCG is organized into several functional units and services. These include departments responsible for nature and cultural heritage protection, sustainable development, tourism promotion, international cooperation, and administrative functions. Within the framework of Durmitor National Park, specific local services handle physical protection, maintenance of infrastructure, environmental monitoring, and visitor relations. The park's management headquarters is located in Žabljak, where a visitor center is also established to facilitate public engagement and education.
The governance arrangements are designed to ensure the effective implementation of management plans, which are developed for five-year periods and further executed through annual operational programs. Despite these arrangements, the park faces challenges such as funding constraints, pressures from infrastructure development, and the need for stronger collaboration with local stakeholders to achieve its conservation objectives (Durmitor National Park Management Plan, 2023)
Integration into local, regional and national planning systems (including sea/landscape connectivity)
At the national level, the park is guided by the Special Purpose Spatial Plan for the Durmitor Area, which aligns its management objectives with broader spatial development priorities. This ensures a strategic approach to conservation while supporting sustainable development initiatives. Additionally, the park’s inclusion in national biodiversity strategies and action plans reflects its importance in Montenegro’s environmental planning framework.
Regionally, the park benefits from its designation as part of the UNESCO Man and Biosphere (MAB) Reserve, which emphasizes balancing conservation with socio-economic development in surrounding areas. This framework promotes regional connectivity and fosters collaboration between the park and neighboring municipalities. Furthermore, the park’s position within the Dinaric Alps connects it to a larger ecological and cultural landscape, enhancing transboundary conservation efforts and regional planning.
Locally, the park works with municipalities such as Žabljak to address community needs and integrate conservation goals with local development. However, challenges remain in fully harmonizing the park's management with local land use practices and addressing pressures from tourism and infrastructure projects. While efforts are made to maintain landscape connectivity and ecological integrity, conflicts sometimes arise between conservation objectives and the economic interests of local communities.
The Durmitor National Park is well integrated into national and regional planning systems and benefits from its international designations, but there are gaps in achieving seamless local integration.(Durmitor National Park Management Plan, 2023; Environmental Protection Agency of Montenegro, 2023).
Regionally, the park benefits from its designation as part of the UNESCO Man and Biosphere (MAB) Reserve, which emphasizes balancing conservation with socio-economic development in surrounding areas. This framework promotes regional connectivity and fosters collaboration between the park and neighboring municipalities. Furthermore, the park’s position within the Dinaric Alps connects it to a larger ecological and cultural landscape, enhancing transboundary conservation efforts and regional planning.
Locally, the park works with municipalities such as Žabljak to address community needs and integrate conservation goals with local development. However, challenges remain in fully harmonizing the park's management with local land use practices and addressing pressures from tourism and infrastructure projects. While efforts are made to maintain landscape connectivity and ecological integrity, conflicts sometimes arise between conservation objectives and the economic interests of local communities.
The Durmitor National Park is well integrated into national and regional planning systems and benefits from its international designations, but there are gaps in achieving seamless local integration.(Durmitor National Park Management Plan, 2023; Environmental Protection Agency of Montenegro, 2023).
Boundaries
The boundaries of Durmitor National Park, established in 1952 were revised over the years and certain areas such as Razvršje, Motički Gaj, Virak, and Pošćenski Kraj were excluded from the park’s boundaries in 2013 due to anthropogenic pressures (unplanned urbanization and tourism infrastructure development). However, this decision fragmented ecological connectivity and left ecologically significant zones under weaker protection regimes.
The Komarnica and Dragišnica Regional Park, which was integrated into the buffer zone instead of being granted full national park status, is another critical issue. This area, significant for its biodiversity and connectivity, lacks the stringent conservation safeguards provided under national park designation. Current recommendations from UNESCO missions and the study highlight the need to restore boundaries to their pre-2013 configuration and elevate the protection level of zones like Komarnica.
A proposed revision includes re-integrating excluded areas into the park's third protection zone, addressing ecological and landscape connectivity concerns. However, balancing this expansion with local socio-economic interests, particularly those of communities reliant on tourism and traditional land use, remains a challenge (Durmitor National Park Management Plan, 2023; Environmental Protection Agencyof Montenegro, 2023).
The Komarnica and Dragišnica Regional Park, which was integrated into the buffer zone instead of being granted full national park status, is another critical issue. This area, significant for its biodiversity and connectivity, lacks the stringent conservation safeguards provided under national park designation. Current recommendations from UNESCO missions and the study highlight the need to restore boundaries to their pre-2013 configuration and elevate the protection level of zones like Komarnica.
A proposed revision includes re-integrating excluded areas into the park's third protection zone, addressing ecological and landscape connectivity concerns. However, balancing this expansion with local socio-economic interests, particularly those of communities reliant on tourism and traditional land use, remains a challenge (Durmitor National Park Management Plan, 2023; Environmental Protection Agencyof Montenegro, 2023).
Overlapping international designations
The World Heritage site spans 33,895 hectares, encompassing the Durmitor massif and the Tara River Canyon. Overlaps with other designations include its integration within the UNESCO Man and Biosphere Reserve (MAB) program and alignment with Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs), Important Plant Areas (IPAs), and the Emerald Network of protected areas.
The Tara River Basin is designated as a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve since 1977 and partially overlaps with the World Heritage site. While the Biosphere Reserve's larger area includes transition and buffer zones beyond the World Heritage boundaries, its core zone, designed for strict conservation, overlaps with significant portions of the World Heritage site. The World Heritage site partially overlaps with designated IBAs, the World Heritage site is part of the proposed Emerald Network areas under the Bern Convention (Durmitor National Park Management Plan, 2023; Environmental Protection Agency of Montenegro, 2023). The extent to which these overlaps are coordinated in management is unclear.
The Tara River Basin is designated as a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve since 1977 and partially overlaps with the World Heritage site. While the Biosphere Reserve's larger area includes transition and buffer zones beyond the World Heritage boundaries, its core zone, designed for strict conservation, overlaps with significant portions of the World Heritage site. The World Heritage site partially overlaps with designated IBAs, the World Heritage site is part of the proposed Emerald Network areas under the Bern Convention (Durmitor National Park Management Plan, 2023; Environmental Protection Agency of Montenegro, 2023). The extent to which these overlaps are coordinated in management is unclear.
Implementation of World Heritage Committee decisions and recommendations
The implementation of World Heritage Committee decisions and recommendations for the Durmitor National Park World Heritage Site has made a progress. Key recommendations from the Committee have included improving the park's management to align with UNESCO standards, revising its boundaries to address the exclusions made in 2013, and establishing a buffer zone to protect the site from anthropogenic pressures (43COM 7B.19, 44COM 7B.104 and 45COM 7B.93).
The Montenegrin authorities have initiated the process of boundary revision to include previously excluded areas, such as Razvršje, Motički Gaj, and Pošćenski Kraj, into the third protection zone. Additionally, the establishment of a protective buffer zone has been proposed, covering 92,705 hectares, to mitigate external pressures and ensure ecological integrity. These measures align with UNESCO’s calls for enhancing the protection regime and ensuring compliance with international conservation standards.
Despite these efforts, significant challenges remain in fully implementing the World Heritage Committee's recommendations. Pressures from unplanned urbanization, tourism infrastructure expansion, and environmental degradation persist, particularly around key areas such as Crno Jezero and the Tara River Canyon. The Committee's repeated concerns about the expansion of ski infrastructure, particularly in the Savin Kuk area, reflect ongoing issues with balancing development and conservation. Although the Montenegrin authorities have suspended some proposed developments, the long-term resolution of these conflicts remains uncertain.
Additionally, the effectiveness of implementation is hindered by gaps in monitoring and enforcement. While the Committee has emphasized the need for rigorous environmental impact assessments and monitoring programs, these have not been consistently applied. The lack of comprehensive evaluations of tourism capacity and the absence of detailed action plans for mitigating anthropogenic impacts weaken the overall effectiveness of UNESCO's guidance (Durmitor National Park Management Plan, 2023; Environmental Protection Agency of Montenegro, 2023).
The Montenegrin authorities have initiated the process of boundary revision to include previously excluded areas, such as Razvršje, Motički Gaj, and Pošćenski Kraj, into the third protection zone. Additionally, the establishment of a protective buffer zone has been proposed, covering 92,705 hectares, to mitigate external pressures and ensure ecological integrity. These measures align with UNESCO’s calls for enhancing the protection regime and ensuring compliance with international conservation standards.
Despite these efforts, significant challenges remain in fully implementing the World Heritage Committee's recommendations. Pressures from unplanned urbanization, tourism infrastructure expansion, and environmental degradation persist, particularly around key areas such as Crno Jezero and the Tara River Canyon. The Committee's repeated concerns about the expansion of ski infrastructure, particularly in the Savin Kuk area, reflect ongoing issues with balancing development and conservation. Although the Montenegrin authorities have suspended some proposed developments, the long-term resolution of these conflicts remains uncertain.
Additionally, the effectiveness of implementation is hindered by gaps in monitoring and enforcement. While the Committee has emphasized the need for rigorous environmental impact assessments and monitoring programs, these have not been consistently applied. The lack of comprehensive evaluations of tourism capacity and the absence of detailed action plans for mitigating anthropogenic impacts weaken the overall effectiveness of UNESCO's guidance (Durmitor National Park Management Plan, 2023; Environmental Protection Agency of Montenegro, 2023).
Climate action
Durmitor National Park has recognized the growing impact of climate change on its ecosystems and biodiversity and has begun incorporating climate actions into its management strategies. These actions focus on both mitigating the effects of climate change and adapting to its impacts to ensure the long-term conservation of the park's natural and cultural values and include: monitoring the vulnerability of ecosystems, particularly those sensitive to temperature and precipitation changes, such as glacial lakes and alpine habitats, restricting vehicle access, controlling the number of visitors, and promoting sustainable tourism practices.
Reforestation and sustainable forest management are key components of the park's climate actions. By maintaining and enhancing forest cover, the park contributes to carbon sequestration and helps mitigate the effects of climate change. These measures are complemented by efforts to prevent and manage forest fires. Limited resources and technical capacities hinder comprehensive monitoring and enforcement (Durmitor National Park Management Plan, 2023). However, a good example is the Public Enterprise for National Parks of Montenegro (PENPMNE), mentioned below, which is harnessing cutting-edge technology, to develop an early warning system, that utilises the satellite Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS) and thermal drones to scan the vast, rugged terrain and detect fires before they spread (UNESCO, 2024).
Reforestation and sustainable forest management are key components of the park's climate actions. By maintaining and enhancing forest cover, the park contributes to carbon sequestration and helps mitigate the effects of climate change. These measures are complemented by efforts to prevent and manage forest fires. Limited resources and technical capacities hinder comprehensive monitoring and enforcement (Durmitor National Park Management Plan, 2023). However, a good example is the Public Enterprise for National Parks of Montenegro (PENPMNE), mentioned below, which is harnessing cutting-edge technology, to develop an early warning system, that utilises the satellite Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS) and thermal drones to scan the vast, rugged terrain and detect fires before they spread (UNESCO, 2024).
Management plan and overall management system
The current management plan (still lacks official approval), covering the period from 2021 to 2025, outlines clear objectives for ecosystem protection, sustainable tourism, cultural heritage preservation, and community engagement, reflecting national and international conservation priorities, aligning with UNESCO’s requirements for World Heritage sites.
The management system, led by the Public Enterprise for National Parks of Montenegro, implements the plan through a tiered structure that integrates scientific expertise, operational strategies, and stakeholder participation. Specific goals, such as habitat restoration, biodiversity monitoring, and visitor capacity management, are supported by designated protection zones within the park. Thgese zones range from strict conservation areas to zones permitting sustainable use, providing a balanced approach to ecological protection and human activity.
Despite this framework, several shortcomings undermine the overall effectiveness of the management plan and system. Implementation challenges include insufficient financial resources, limited staffing, and inadequate enforcement mechanisms, which hinder the achievement of key objectives, in particular the park faces ongoing pressures from unregulated tourism, urbanization, and illegal activities such as poaching and logging. The lack of a comprehensive system for monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of management interventions further weakens the ability to adapt strategies based on changing conditions or identified gaps .Also, the integration of stakeholders into decision-making processes remains limited (Durmitor National Park Management Plan, 2023).
The management system, led by the Public Enterprise for National Parks of Montenegro, implements the plan through a tiered structure that integrates scientific expertise, operational strategies, and stakeholder participation. Specific goals, such as habitat restoration, biodiversity monitoring, and visitor capacity management, are supported by designated protection zones within the park. Thgese zones range from strict conservation areas to zones permitting sustainable use, providing a balanced approach to ecological protection and human activity.
Despite this framework, several shortcomings undermine the overall effectiveness of the management plan and system. Implementation challenges include insufficient financial resources, limited staffing, and inadequate enforcement mechanisms, which hinder the achievement of key objectives, in particular the park faces ongoing pressures from unregulated tourism, urbanization, and illegal activities such as poaching and logging. The lack of a comprehensive system for monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of management interventions further weakens the ability to adapt strategies based on changing conditions or identified gaps .Also, the integration of stakeholders into decision-making processes remains limited (Durmitor National Park Management Plan, 2023).
Law enforcement
Law enforcement activities include monitoring biodiversity, regulating tourism, controlling illegal activities like logging and poaching, and zoning areas based on protection levels
However, enforcement faces challenges due to pressures from tourism, illegal construction, and resource exploitation, the effectiveness of enforcement is partially hindered by limited resources, coordination gaps, and the need for stronger community engagement and sustainable tourism policies (Durmitor National Park Management Plan, 2023).
However, enforcement faces challenges due to pressures from tourism, illegal construction, and resource exploitation, the effectiveness of enforcement is partially hindered by limited resources, coordination gaps, and the need for stronger community engagement and sustainable tourism policies (Durmitor National Park Management Plan, 2023).
Sustainable finance
Sustainable financing of Durmitor National Park hinges on balancing internal revenue generation, external funding, and meticulous financial planning to meet conservation and developmental goals. Provisions for revenue generation are secured through entrance fees and tourism, and supplemented by projects, donations, and external funding sources (Durmitor National Park Management Plan, 2023). The extent to which sustainable finance is effective currently is unclear.
Staff capacity, training and development
The organizational structure of the park management includes various specialized units responsible for different aspects of park operations, such as ecological monitoring, visitor services, and cultural heritage preservation. However, there are gaps in staff expertise and there is a need for continuous professional development to address the impacts of climate change, increased tourism, and modern conservation strategies.
More training programs are needed as currently there is no systematic ranger training available. The need for retaining skilled personnel by offering incentives, career development opportunities, and a supportive working environment is considered as essential precondition for effective staff (Durmitor National Park Management Plan, 2023). The park has a large number of employees, but it is not clear whether they are all actually carrying out activities that contribute to achieving the nature conservation objectives. According to European Ranger Federation (Bomas, 2023) a lack of rangers in Durmitor National Park hinders effective law enforcement and visitation management. There are apparently 13 regular rangers but these are not able to cover the entire area, especially due to lack of vehicles and other equipment. Other staff e.g. those responsible for maintenance of infrastructure, contribute to filling gaps in staff capacity.
More training programs are needed as currently there is no systematic ranger training available. The need for retaining skilled personnel by offering incentives, career development opportunities, and a supportive working environment is considered as essential precondition for effective staff (Durmitor National Park Management Plan, 2023). The park has a large number of employees, but it is not clear whether they are all actually carrying out activities that contribute to achieving the nature conservation objectives. According to European Ranger Federation (Bomas, 2023) a lack of rangers in Durmitor National Park hinders effective law enforcement and visitation management. There are apparently 13 regular rangers but these are not able to cover the entire area, especially due to lack of vehicles and other equipment. Other staff e.g. those responsible for maintenance of infrastructure, contribute to filling gaps in staff capacity.
Education and interpretation programmes
The park's programs are designed to provide opportunities for learning about its biodiversity, geological formations, and cultural significance, aligning with national and international conservation objectives. Educational initiatives are tailored to various audiences, including school groups, researchers, tourists, and local residents, ensuring inclusivity and accessibility.
Interpretation efforts focus on delivering engaging and informative content through visitor centers, guided tours, and interpretative signage.
Despite these efforts, the management plan identifies several challenges, such as the need for more specialized content, modern interpretive tools, and expanded outreach. Recommendations include investing in interactive technologies, developing multilingual materials, and training staff in environmental education and storytelling techniques. Partnerships with educational institutions and NGOs are also emphasized to enhance program quality and reach (Durmitor National Park Management Plan, 2023). A current project PENPMNE (Public Enterprise for National Parks of Montenegro), partnership between UNESCO and the abrdn Charitable Foundation puts forward solutions to reduce the occurrence of forest fires in the area, with a particular focus on research and monitoring for the prevention of fire risks, education for disaster risks reduction, and community engagement. The project seeks to involve the community, and the youth. It educates local children on the harmful effects of repeated burning practices of natural resources, equipping them with the knowledge to safeguard their environment and shape a sustainable future for themselves and their communities. In collaboration with local schools and Montenegro’s Ministry of Education, Science and Innovation, the PENPMNE team effectively engaged 305 students aged 8 to 12 from around the Durmitor National Park and Tara River Canyon (UNESCO, 2024).
Interpretation efforts focus on delivering engaging and informative content through visitor centers, guided tours, and interpretative signage.
Despite these efforts, the management plan identifies several challenges, such as the need for more specialized content, modern interpretive tools, and expanded outreach. Recommendations include investing in interactive technologies, developing multilingual materials, and training staff in environmental education and storytelling techniques. Partnerships with educational institutions and NGOs are also emphasized to enhance program quality and reach (Durmitor National Park Management Plan, 2023). A current project PENPMNE (Public Enterprise for National Parks of Montenegro), partnership between UNESCO and the abrdn Charitable Foundation puts forward solutions to reduce the occurrence of forest fires in the area, with a particular focus on research and monitoring for the prevention of fire risks, education for disaster risks reduction, and community engagement. The project seeks to involve the community, and the youth. It educates local children on the harmful effects of repeated burning practices of natural resources, equipping them with the knowledge to safeguard their environment and shape a sustainable future for themselves and their communities. In collaboration with local schools and Montenegro’s Ministry of Education, Science and Innovation, the PENPMNE team effectively engaged 305 students aged 8 to 12 from around the Durmitor National Park and Tara River Canyon (UNESCO, 2024).
Tourism and visitation management
Tourism and visitor management in Durmitor National Park are both key economic drivers and significant challenges to achieving conservation objectives. There are critical issues arising from unregulated or poorly managed visitation that threaten the park’s ecological integrity and long-term sustainability.
One of the primary controversies is the strain on the park’s ecosystems due to high visitor numbers, especially during peak seasons. Overcrowding in sensitive areas, such as popular hiking trails and glacial lakes, leads to habitat degradation, soil erosion, and pollution. Increased vehicle traffic and infrastructure development to support tourism further fragment habitats and disturb wildlife.
Another contentious issue is the balancing act between promoting economic benefits for local communities and enforcing regulations to protect the park. Pressure from local stakeholders to expand tourism opportunities, including potentially harmful activities like unsustainable rafting or unregulated camping, often conflicts with conservation priorities.
Additionally, the lack of adequate visitor education exacerbates problems, as tourists may unknowingly damage fragile environments or engage in prohibited activities.
The core controversies stem from the competing interests of economic development, local community benefits, and environmental protection (Durmitor National Park management Plan, 2023; Bomas, 2023).
One of the primary controversies is the strain on the park’s ecosystems due to high visitor numbers, especially during peak seasons. Overcrowding in sensitive areas, such as popular hiking trails and glacial lakes, leads to habitat degradation, soil erosion, and pollution. Increased vehicle traffic and infrastructure development to support tourism further fragment habitats and disturb wildlife.
Another contentious issue is the balancing act between promoting economic benefits for local communities and enforcing regulations to protect the park. Pressure from local stakeholders to expand tourism opportunities, including potentially harmful activities like unsustainable rafting or unregulated camping, often conflicts with conservation priorities.
Additionally, the lack of adequate visitor education exacerbates problems, as tourists may unknowingly damage fragile environments or engage in prohibited activities.
The core controversies stem from the competing interests of economic development, local community benefits, and environmental protection (Durmitor National Park management Plan, 2023; Bomas, 2023).
Sustainable use
Sustainable use involves managing activities such as forestry, agriculture, grazing, and ecotourism in ways that support local livelihoods while preserving the park’s biodiversity and ecological integrity. Overgrazing in certain areas of the park leads to soil erosion, habitat degradation, and competition with native wildlife. Traditional agricultural practices, though valuable for cultural heritage, can conflict with conservation goals if they involve habitat conversion or use of chemical inputs that impact water quality.
Exploitation of forest resources (some forestry activities are permitted under sustainable use frameworks) contribute to habitat loss and fragmentation, mainly caused by unauthorized logging (and lack of inadequate monitoring systems). These activities are exacerbated by insufficient enforcement of regulations and limited capacity to address illegal exploitation.
Tourism, a key component of sustainable use, also presents controversies when improperly managed. Activities such as unregulated rafting, off-road vehicle use, and the proliferation of informal accommodations strain the park’s natural systems (Durmitor National Park Management Plan, 2023).
Exploitation of forest resources (some forestry activities are permitted under sustainable use frameworks) contribute to habitat loss and fragmentation, mainly caused by unauthorized logging (and lack of inadequate monitoring systems). These activities are exacerbated by insufficient enforcement of regulations and limited capacity to address illegal exploitation.
Tourism, a key component of sustainable use, also presents controversies when improperly managed. Activities such as unregulated rafting, off-road vehicle use, and the proliferation of informal accommodations strain the park’s natural systems (Durmitor National Park Management Plan, 2023).
Monitoring
Monitoring efforts in the park include tracking biodiversity indicators, habitat conditions, and the impacts of sustainable use and tourism.
Insufficient funding, lack of trained personnel, imited engagement with local communities and external scientific institutions and lack of monitoring of specific threats, such as climate change impacts and illegal resource exploitation limit the scope and depth of monitoring programs (Durmitor National Park Management Plan, 2023).
Insufficient funding, lack of trained personnel, imited engagement with local communities and external scientific institutions and lack of monitoring of specific threats, such as climate change impacts and illegal resource exploitation limit the scope and depth of monitoring programs (Durmitor National Park Management Plan, 2023).
Research
Research in Durmitor National Park is fragmented and inconsistent. Many research projects are conducted on a short-term or sporadic basis, lacking continuity to monitor long-term ecological and environmental trends effectively. Additionally, limited coordination between research activities and park management results in missed opportunities to integrate research findings into decision-making processes.
Insufficient financial resources and a lack of specialized personnel further constrain the scope of research within the park. The absence of a centralized database to compile and share research findings exacerbates these challenges, making it difficult to build upon existing knowledge.
Collaboration with external scientific institutions and universities, though occurring, remains underutilized (Durmitor National Park Management Plan, 2023).
Insufficient financial resources and a lack of specialized personnel further constrain the scope of research within the park. The absence of a centralized database to compile and share research findings exacerbates these challenges, making it difficult to build upon existing knowledge.
Collaboration with external scientific institutions and universities, though occurring, remains underutilized (Durmitor National Park Management Plan, 2023).
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats outside the site
While Durmitor National Park has a robust legal framework and an up-to-date management plan aligned with national and international conservation standards, the governance system struggles to adequately address threats originating beyond its boundaries. Issues such as deforestation, pollution, and unsustainable land use in surrounding areas directly affect the park’s ecosystems, but these activities often fall outside the jurisdiction of park authorities. This limitation highlights the challenge of coordinating with external stakeholders, including local governments, private landowners, and industries.
The institutional structure responsible for managing the park is constrained by limited human, financial, and technical resources, which weakens its ability to engage effectively in external threat mitigation. Insufficient staffing and training further hinder the capacity to implement strategies for cross-boundary conservation and to enforce regulations beyond park borders. Additionally, a lack of comprehensive and enforceable agreements with local and regional authorities contributes to fragmented governance and limits the park’s influence over activities outside its jurisdiction.
The management plan emphasizes the need for enhanced collaboration with external stakeholders, including local communities, regional authorities, and international organizations, to address threats such as habitat destruction, pollution, and infrastructure development near the park’s boundaries. Strengthening partnerships and creating formal mechanisms for joint decision-making and resource sharing are essential to improving governance and management effectiveness (Durmitor National Park Management Plan, 2023).
The institutional structure responsible for managing the park is constrained by limited human, financial, and technical resources, which weakens its ability to engage effectively in external threat mitigation. Insufficient staffing and training further hinder the capacity to implement strategies for cross-boundary conservation and to enforce regulations beyond park borders. Additionally, a lack of comprehensive and enforceable agreements with local and regional authorities contributes to fragmented governance and limits the park’s influence over activities outside its jurisdiction.
The management plan emphasizes the need for enhanced collaboration with external stakeholders, including local communities, regional authorities, and international organizations, to address threats such as habitat destruction, pollution, and infrastructure development near the park’s boundaries. Strengthening partnerships and creating formal mechanisms for joint decision-making and resource sharing are essential to improving governance and management effectiveness (Durmitor National Park Management Plan, 2023).
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats inside the site
The management system includes a legal framework that defines the park’s purpose and conservation priorities, an institutional structure for decision-making and operational needs, and a range of resources meant to support its goals.
The legal framework for Durmitor National Park is robust and aligned with national and international standards, providing a clear mandate for conservation. The park’s management plan is up-to-date and reflects strategic goals aimed at protecting biodiversity, maintaining ecosystem integrity, and ensuring sustainable use of resources.
The institutional structure is defined by the public enterprise responsible for national parks in Montenegro, with dedicated teams for physical protection, ecological monitoring, and visitor management.
Despite this foundation, the management system faces challenges in addressing threats within the park. Resource constraints, including limited funding and insufficiently trained personnel, hinder the implementation of key conservation and management activities.
Efforts to monitor biodiversity and enforce regulations are often hampered by a lack of financial and human capacity, resulting in gaps in enforcement and insufficient responses to illegal activities, such as unauthorized logging or poaching. Furthermore, the absence of modern technologies and centralized data systems weakens the ability to monitor, analyze, and respond to threats in a timely manner.
Another limitation is the level of stakeholder engagement within the park. While there are efforts to involve local communities and other stakeholders, these are not always fully integrated into governance processes, which reduces the overall effectiveness of the system.
Challenges also arise from conflicting interests between conservation goals and local economic activities, such as grazing and tourism, which require more robust mechanisms for resolution and alignment (Durmitor National Park Management Plan, 2023).
The legal framework for Durmitor National Park is robust and aligned with national and international standards, providing a clear mandate for conservation. The park’s management plan is up-to-date and reflects strategic goals aimed at protecting biodiversity, maintaining ecosystem integrity, and ensuring sustainable use of resources.
The institutional structure is defined by the public enterprise responsible for national parks in Montenegro, with dedicated teams for physical protection, ecological monitoring, and visitor management.
Despite this foundation, the management system faces challenges in addressing threats within the park. Resource constraints, including limited funding and insufficiently trained personnel, hinder the implementation of key conservation and management activities.
Efforts to monitor biodiversity and enforce regulations are often hampered by a lack of financial and human capacity, resulting in gaps in enforcement and insufficient responses to illegal activities, such as unauthorized logging or poaching. Furthermore, the absence of modern technologies and centralized data systems weakens the ability to monitor, analyze, and respond to threats in a timely manner.
Another limitation is the level of stakeholder engagement within the park. While there are efforts to involve local communities and other stakeholders, these are not always fully integrated into governance processes, which reduces the overall effectiveness of the system.
Challenges also arise from conflicting interests between conservation goals and local economic activities, such as grazing and tourism, which require more robust mechanisms for resolution and alignment (Durmitor National Park Management Plan, 2023).
While the management system of Durmitor National Park provides a strong foundation, its effectiveness is significantly undermined by resource limitations, governance challenges, and external pressures. The park's management structure has facilitated significant achievements in preserving its unique biodiversity, geological features, and cultural heritage. Internally, the park benefits from clear institutional roles and a strategic focus on biodiversity monitoring, habitat protection, and sustainable tourism. Yet, the effectiveness of these efforts is hindered by insufficient staffing and a lack of modern technologies to support operational efficiency. Enforcement of regulations and response to illegal activities, such as unauthorized logging and poaching, remain inconsistent due to these resource constraints. Externally, the management system struggles to address threats beyond the park's boundaries, such as deforestation, pollution, and unsustainable land use in surrounding areas. These external pressures are compounded by fragmented governance and limited collaboration with local and regional authorities, weakening the park's ability to mitigate their impact. Engagement with local communities and stakeholders, while present, requires further strengthening to align economic activities such as grazing and tourism with conservation goals. Greater efforts are needed to resolve conflicts and foster shared stewardship of the park’s resources. The park’s management system also faces challenges in research and monitoring. Although these functions are critical for adaptive management, they are constrained by limited funding, a lack of integration with scientific institutions, and gaps in data management. Improving these areas is vital for evidence-based decision-making and long-term conservation success.
Good practice examples
- Systematic consultation with the World Heritage Centre and IUCN, through the National Commission of Montenegro for UNESCO and in line with the Operational Guidelines of the World Heritage Convention; considerably improved the planning and assessment of relevant projects since recently.
- The Public Enterprise for National Parks of Montenegro (PENPMNE) is implementing conservation action within the 3-year partnership between UNESCO and the abrdn Charitable Foundation, focused on promoting sustainable development through UNESCO’s programmes and sites. The project “Reducing occurrence of forest fires in National Park Durmitor and Tara River Basin” puts forward solutions to reduce the occurrence of forest fires in the area, with a particular focus on research and monitoring for the prevention of fire risks, education for disaster risks reduction, and community engagement. The project seeks to involve the community, and the youth. It educates local children on the harmful effects of repeated burning practices of natural resources, equipping them with the knowledge to safeguard their environment and shape a sustainable future for themselves and their communities. In collaboration with local schools and Montenegro’s Ministry of Education, Science and Innovation, the PENPMNE team effectively engaged 305 students aged 8 to 12 from around the Durmitor National Park and Tara River Canyon. The initiative at Durmitor National Park underscores the transformative power of education and community engagement in safeguarding natural resources. By pioneering innovative solutions and empowering local children with vital knowledge about forest conservation and the devastating impact of wildfires, the project nurtures a generation of environmental stewards and also strengthens the bonds between communities and their ecological heritage. This is central to the UNESCO and abrdn Charitable Foundation partnership, in their endeavour to foster sustainable practices and climate neutrality across Europe.
- The Public Enterprise for National Parks of Montenegro (PENPMNE) is implementing conservation action within the 3-year partnership between UNESCO and the abrdn Charitable Foundation, focused on promoting sustainable development through UNESCO’s programmes and sites. The project “Reducing occurrence of forest fires in National Park Durmitor and Tara River Basin” puts forward solutions to reduce the occurrence of forest fires in the area, with a particular focus on research and monitoring for the prevention of fire risks, education for disaster risks reduction, and community engagement. The project seeks to involve the community, and the youth. It educates local children on the harmful effects of repeated burning practices of natural resources, equipping them with the knowledge to safeguard their environment and shape a sustainable future for themselves and their communities. In collaboration with local schools and Montenegro’s Ministry of Education, Science and Innovation, the PENPMNE team effectively engaged 305 students aged 8 to 12 from around the Durmitor National Park and Tara River Canyon. The initiative at Durmitor National Park underscores the transformative power of education and community engagement in safeguarding natural resources. By pioneering innovative solutions and empowering local children with vital knowledge about forest conservation and the devastating impact of wildfires, the project nurtures a generation of environmental stewards and also strengthens the bonds between communities and their ecological heritage. This is central to the UNESCO and abrdn Charitable Foundation partnership, in their endeavour to foster sustainable practices and climate neutrality across Europe.
Exceptional natural beauty
High Concern
Trend
Deteriorating
The spectacular landscape formed by limestone mountains cut by rivers and the canyon is suffering from serious impact from previous illegal and legal urbanization, illegal and sometimes also legal logging and disturbance, infrastructure development, expansion of the ski resort and associated infrastructure (UNESCO and IUCN, 2018). However, a large part of the site is still largely intact.
Geological features
Low Concern
Trend
Stable
The geological values of the site appear in good condition and stable. However, if constructed, the Buk Bijela dam in Bosnia and Herzegovina and small HPPs in the Tara catchment could irreversibly affect the underground karst system (Hockings et al., 2008; Environmental Justice Atlas, 2020). Furthermore, ski resort development and pollution have been reported as key threats to the karst system (Sun et al. 2025).
Rare and endemic flora
High Concern
Trend
Deteriorating
Durmitor’s diverse ecosystems, spanning alpine meadows, dense forests, and glacial lakes, support a remarkable variety of vascular plants, including many species with restricted distributions. Local endemics such as Edraianthus pulevicii, Edraianthus glisicii, and Edraianthus tarae are particularly notable. Additionally, numerous species, including Gentiana lutea and Cypripedium calceolus, are protected under national legislation due to their ecological and cultural importance. Furthermore, new species for Montenegro continue to be discovered within the park, for example Gymnadenia densiflora. The population of G. densiflora found in Montenegro, within the borders of the Durmitor National Park, is in good condition and does not face any immediate threats. However, there is a risk of trampling and/or picking of the plants, as many tourists and mountaineers visit this area. Additionally, the expansion of surrounding forest vegetation could lead to the overgrowth of subalpine meadows, potentially threatening the species’ habitat in the future (Radak et al. 2025).
Despite these protections, the conservation trends for many of these species are concerning. Habitat degradation due to overgrazing, tourism pressure, and climate change has impacted the distribution and abundance of several species. For example, high levels of visitor traffic in fragile habitats, such as alpine zones and wetland areas, have caused localized disturbances, threatening plant populations. Additionally, illegal harvesting of certain species for ornamental or medicinal purposes poses ongoing risks.
Despite these protections, the conservation trends for many of these species are concerning. Habitat degradation due to overgrazing, tourism pressure, and climate change has impacted the distribution and abundance of several species. For example, high levels of visitor traffic in fragile habitats, such as alpine zones and wetland areas, have caused localized disturbances, threatening plant populations. Additionally, illegal harvesting of certain species for ornamental or medicinal purposes poses ongoing risks.
Terrestrial species diversity
Data Deficient
Trend
Data Deficient
The park is home to diverse terrestrial wildlife, including many species of conservation importance such as brown bears, wolves, and chamois, as well as a rich avian population and smaller mammals. There is a lack of updated population size and trend data. Habitat fragmentation, largely driven by tourism infrastructure and human activity near the park, poses a threat to species that require large, undisturbed territories. Overgrazing by livestock in some areas reduces the availability of resources for herbivorous species, while disturbances from increased visitor activity affect sensitive wildlife behaviours, such as breeding and foraging.
Illegal activities such as poaching and the unregulated collection of resources also threaten specific terrestrial species, particularly those with high ecological or economic value. While the park’s management system includes measures to monitor and address these issues, limited resources and enforcement capacity hinder the effectiveness of these efforts.
Climate change presents an emerging threat, with shifting weather patterns potentially altering habitats and food availability for terrestrial species. While current populations remain largely stable, long-term impacts could lead to declines without adaptive management strategies.
According to data from the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, around 420 brown bears live in Montenegro, occupying a territory of around 420.000 hectares, mainly in the northern part of the country. There are no recent figures solely for the national park.
Illegal activities such as poaching and the unregulated collection of resources also threaten specific terrestrial species, particularly those with high ecological or economic value. While the park’s management system includes measures to monitor and address these issues, limited resources and enforcement capacity hinder the effectiveness of these efforts.
Climate change presents an emerging threat, with shifting weather patterns potentially altering habitats and food availability for terrestrial species. While current populations remain largely stable, long-term impacts could lead to declines without adaptive management strategies.
According to data from the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, around 420 brown bears live in Montenegro, occupying a territory of around 420.000 hectares, mainly in the northern part of the country. There are no recent figures solely for the national park.
Endangered freshwater species
Data Deficient
Trend
Data Deficient
Rivers, lakes, and wetlands are exposed to threats such as pollution, habitat degradation, and climate change.
Freshwater habitats in the park, including the Tara River and glacial lakes are under threat of sedimentation, agricultural runoff, and unregulated tourism activities. Additionally, illegal fishing and overfishing pose direct threats to fish populations, particularly in accessible areas. Climate change exacerbates these challenges by altering water temperatures, flow patterns, and seasonal availability, which can disrupt the life cycles of species dependent on stable aquatic conditions.
Nevertheless, there are no updated data to comprehensively assess the status and trend of key freshwater species.
Freshwater habitats in the park, including the Tara River and glacial lakes are under threat of sedimentation, agricultural runoff, and unregulated tourism activities. Additionally, illegal fishing and overfishing pose direct threats to fish populations, particularly in accessible areas. Climate change exacerbates these challenges by altering water temperatures, flow patterns, and seasonal availability, which can disrupt the life cycles of species dependent on stable aquatic conditions.
Nevertheless, there are no updated data to comprehensively assess the status and trend of key freshwater species.
Assessment of the current state and trend of World Heritage values
Data Deficient
The park retains much of its outstanding natural beauty, ecological integrity, and cultural significance with iconic landscapes, including deep river canyons, glacial lakes, and diverse ecosystems. The park’s biodiversity, including rare and endemic species, remains a key attribute of its World Heritage status. However, pressures from human activities, such as tourism, infrastructure development, and unsustainable land use, are beginning to impact these values, although comprehensive updated data are not available to accurately assess current statu and trends. Overcrowding in popular areas, habitat fragmentation, and pollution threaten the ecological processes and species that contribute to the park’s global significance. These impacts are compounded by climate change, which alters hydrological systems and habitat conditions, potentially undermining the park’s resilience. Cultural attributes, including the park’s historical and traditional uses, maintain their importance but are at risk of being overshadowed by the demands of modern tourism and economic development.
Additional information
Outdoor recreation and tourism
The site has high potential for sustainable tourism (hiking, nature discovery, rural tourism) (IUCN Consultation, 2017).
Collection of wild plants and mushrooms
There are currently no legal commercial uses in the core zone of the park (State Party of Montenegro, 2014). However, wild food plants and mushrooms were assessed as having minor subsistence value in Durmitor (IUCN Consultation, 2017).
Legal subsistence hunting of wild game
The park is certainly a significant reservoir for game species (chamois, deer) but also for large carnivores (wolf, bear).
Water provision (importance for water quantity and quality)
Durmitor National Park is an important watershed including production, regulation and provision benefits.
Provision of jobs,
Tourism-related income
Montenegro’s breathtaking landscapes and preserved ecosystems have proven to be a significant draw for nature lovers, as nearly half a million tourists visited the country’s five national parks between April 1 and August 31, 2024. During this period, the National Parks of Montenegro (NPCG) collected over 2.3 million euros in tourism-related income.
496,804 visitors explored the national parks during this five-month period, with a notable increase in the number of annual ticket holders. A total of 13,599 annual tickets were sold, allowing tourists unlimited access to all five parks for less than 14 euros. This pricing structure, which was revised last year, encourages repeat visits and helps attract a growing number of nature enthusiasts both from within Montenegro and abroad (TTW, 2024).
496,804 visitors explored the national parks during this five-month period, with a notable increase in the number of annual ticket holders. A total of 13,599 annual tickets were sold, allowing tourists unlimited access to all five parks for less than 14 euros. This pricing structure, which was revised last year, encourages repeat visits and helps attract a growing number of nature enthusiasts both from within Montenegro and abroad (TTW, 2024).
Durmitor National Park provides important benefits in terms of watershed production, water regulation and provision, as well as good potential benefits related to sustainable nature-based tourism. The latter needs to be prioritised over impactful forms of tourism. There is also a moderate potential for provisioning ecosystem services, in terms of various forest products.
| № | Organization | Brief description of Active Projects | Website |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Local scientific institutions, international conservation organizations, and governmental agencies. | Protect and monitor endemic and endangered species, ensuring their long-term survival. This includes measures for biodiversity conservation and habitat restoration. |
https://www.durmitornp.com/
|
| 2 | UNESCO, national environmental bodies, and local community organizations. | Strengthen the sustainable management of the Tara River ecosystem, which is part of UNESCO's Man and Biosphere Program. Efforts include maintaining water quality, regulating rafting activities, and protecting aquatic habitats. |
https://www.durmitornp.com/
|
| 3 | Local schools, NGOs, and international educational organizations. | Enhance visitor understanding of the park's natural and cultural values through educational trails, visitor centers, and workshops. |
https://www.durmitornp.com/
|
| 4 | Regional parks, international networks like IUCN, and European funding programs. | Exchange best practices and implement joint conservation initiatives, such as those established through the twinning agreement with Black Forest National Park in Germany. |
https://www.durmitornp.com/
|
| 5 | Tourism operators, local governments, and regional development agencies. | Improve park infrastructure, such as eco-friendly trails, interpretative signage, and visitor amenities, to support sustainable tourism while minimizing environmental impact. |
https://www.durmitornp.com/
|
| 6 | Forestry departments and environmental monitoring agencies | Monitor forest health, address pest infestations, and establish preventive measures against wildfires to maintain ecological balance. |
https://www.durmitornp.com/
|
| 7 | Public Enterprise for National Parks of Montenegro, UNESCO, abrdn Charitable Foundation | The project “Reducing occurrence of forest fires in National Park Durmitor and Tara River Basin” puts forward solutions to reduce the occurrence of forest fires in the area, with a particular focus on research and monitoring for the prevention of fire risks, education for disaster risks reduction, and community engagement. |
https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/preventing-forest-fires-through-collaborative-research-and-education-durmitor-national-park
|
References
| № | References |
|---|---|
| 1 |
Bomas, W. (2023). “We can’t shout loud enough”: How rangers connect to protect Montenegro’s natural treasures. European Ranger Federation. Published online 27 November 2023. Available at: https://www.europeanrangers.org/we-cant-shout-loud-enough-h…
|
| 2 |
Coenen, J., Newig, J., & Meyfroidt, P. (2022). Environmental governance of a Belt and Road project in Montenegro–National agency and external influences. Land Use Policy, 119, 106136.
|
| 3 |
Conservation Measures Partnership. (2013). Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation. Version 3.0 / April 2013. CMP. [Online] Available at: http://cmp-openstandards.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/CMP…. Accessed on 26 August 2017.
|
| 4 |
Durmitor National Park Management Plan (2023): Proposal for the Durmitor National Park Management plan 2021-2025. (Predlog Plana upravljanja za Nacionalni park „Durmitor“ za 2021.-2025.god.). Public Enterprise National Parks of Montenegro. (in Montenegrian).
|
| 5 |
Environmental Justice Atlas (2020). Hydropower Plant Buk Bijela's impact on the Tara river canyon, Montenegro and B&H. [online] Available at: https://ejatlas.org/conflict/hydro-power-plant-buk-bjelas-i…;(Accessed 25 May 2020)
|
| 6 |
Environmental Protection Ageny of Montenegro (2023): Revision Study for the National Park Durmitor. Studija revizije za Nacionalni park “Durmitor“. Ministry of Tourism, Ecology, Sustainable Development for teh North Montenegro. Ministarstvo turizma, ekologije, održivog razvoja i razvoja sjevera Crne Gore (in Montenegrian).
|
| 7 |
Hockings, M., James, R., Stolton, S., Dudley, N., Mathur, V., Makombo, J., Courrau, J. and Parrish, J. (2008). Enhancing our Heritage Toolkit. Assessing management effectiveness of natural World Heritage sites. Paris: UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 108 pp. [Online] Available at: http://whc.unesco.org/en/series/23/ (Accessed on 25 August 2017).
|
| 8 |
Hydropower and dams (2020). Montenegro awards rights to develop Komarnica. The International Journal on Hydropower and Dams, 23 September 2020. Available at: https://www.hydropower-dams.com/news/montenegro-awards-righ…
|
| 9 |
IUCN Consultation (2020a). IUCN World Heritage Confidential Consultation: Respondent 1. Durmitor National Park, Montenegro.
|
| 10 |
IUCN Consultation (2020b). IUCN World Heritage Confidential Consultation: Respondent 2. Durmitor National Park, Montenegro.
|
| 11 |
IUCN Consultation. (2017). IUCN World Heritage Confidential Consultation: Durmitor National Park, Montenegro.
|
| 12 |
IUCN and UNESCO. (2018): Joint World Heritage Centre/IUCN Advisory mission to the World Heritage property “Durmitor National Park” (Montenegro), 12-16 November, 2018. [online] Paris, France and Gland, Switzerland: UNESCO World Heritage Centre and IUCN. Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/100/documents/ (Accessed 25 May 2020).
|
| 13 |
JPNPCG (2015): Nacionalni park Durmitor. Plan upravljanja 2016 - 2020 (in Montenegrian only). Javno preduzece Nacionalni parkovi Crne Gore (JPNPCG), pp 71. Available at: http://stari.nparkovi.me/sajt/images/stories/PU_NP_DURMITOR… (Accessed: 18 May 2020)
|
| 14 |
Montenegro Business (2024). Montenegro's national parks see record visitor numbers: Focus on sustainable tourism and active leisure. Published on 16 November 2024 in Montenegro Business. Available at: https://montenegrobusiness.eu/montenegro-business-recent-ec…
|
| 15 |
RTCG (2024): Izgradnjom HE Komarnica Šavnik će prihodovati 2,5 miliona. In Montenegrian https://search.app/wwzwRVJk14arobVLA
|
| 16 |
Radak, B. Đ., Peškanov, J. M., Bokić, B. S., & Anačkov, G. T. (2025). Exploring the Orchid Flora of Montenegro: Ten Newly Identified Taxa. Diversity, 17(5), 337.
|
| 17 |
Rubinić, B., Sackl, P. & Gramatikov, M. (2019): Conserving of wild birds in Montenegro. The first inventory of potential Special Protection Areas in Montenegro. [Online] Budapest: AAM Consulting. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Borut_Rubinic/publicat…
|
| 18 |
Srdanović, M. and Pavić, D. (2013). Environmental protection and major ecological problems in the National Park Durmitor. Researches Reviews of the Department of Geography, Tourism and Hotel Management, 42, pp.82-90.
|
| 19 |
State Party of Montenegro (2024): Report of the State Party to the World Heritage Committee on the state of conservation of natural heritage of outstanding universal value of the Durmitor National Park (Montenegro).
|
| 20 |
State Party of Montenegro. (2014). Periodic Report, Montenegro – Section II-Durmitor National Park. [Online] Available at: http://whc.unesco.org/archive/periodicreporting/EUR/cycle02…. (Accessed: 25 August 2017).
|
| 21 |
Sun, M., Hong, S., Meng, J., Xiong, Q., & Xiao, S. (2025). Assessment and outlook of the global karst World Natural Heritage Sites based on threat intensity. npj Heritage Science, 13(1), 180.
|
| 22 |
TTW (2024). Montenegro National Parks Attract Nearly Half a Million Tourists in Five Months, Generating Over 2.3 Million Euros in Revenue. Travel and Tour World. Published online 12 September 2024. Available at: https://www.travelandtourworld.com/news/article/montenegro-…
|
| 23 |
UNEP-WCMC. (2012). Durmitor National Park – Montenegro. UNEP-WCMC World Heritage Information Sheets. Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC. [Online] Available at: https://www.unep-wcmc.org/resources-and-data/world-heritage…. (Accessed: 26 August 2017).
|
| 24 |
UNESCO (2024). Preventing forest fires through collaborative research and education at the Durmitor National Park. UNESCO. Published online 16 December 2024. Available at: https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/preventing-forest-fires-…
|
| 25 |
Vijesti (2022). NPCG on wild boar shooting: The highest level of understanding of animal life, especially for the UNESCO-listed area. Published online 24 December 2022 in Vijesti News online. Available at: https://en.vijesti.me/news-b/society/636235/npcg-on-the-hun…
|
| 26 |
Vijesti (2022b). CZIP: Ministry most responsible for bragging poachers by our nature. Published online 27 December 2022 in Vijesti News online. Available at: https://en.vijesti.me/news-b/society/636674/czip-ministry-m…
|
| 27 |
WWF. (2007). Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool. Reporting Progress at Protected Area Sites. 2nd edition. Gland, Switzerland: WWF.
|
| 28 |
World Heritage Centre. (2017). The World Heritage List: Durmitor National Park, Montenegro. Documents. [Online] Available at: http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/100/documents/ (Accessed on 25 August 2017).
|
| 29 |
World Heritage Committee. (2015). Decision WHC-15/39.COM/8E.Rev Durmitor National Park Adoption of retrospective Statements of Outstanding Universal Value (Montenegro). Paris: UNESCO World Heritage Centre. [Online] Available at: http://whc.unesco.org/en/decisions/6407 (Accessed: 25 August 2017).
|