Garamba National Park
Country
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Inscribed in
1980
Criteria
(vii)
(x)
The conservation outlook for this site has been assessed as "significant concern" in the latest assessment cycle. Explore the Conservation Outlook Assessment for the site below. You have the option to access the summary, or the detailed assessment.
The park's immense savannahs, grasslands and woodlands, interspersed with gallery forests along the river banks and the swampy depressions, are home to four large mammals: the elephant, giraffe, hippopotamus and above all the white rhinoceros. Though much larger than the black rhino, it is harmless; only some 30 individuals remain. © UNESCO
Summary
2025 Conservation Outlook
Finalised on
11 Oct 2025
Significant concern
Current state and trend of VALUES
Low Concern
Overall THREATS
Overall PROTECTION and MANAGEMENT
Full assessment
Description of values
Large expanse of guinea savannahs with the potential to support an exceptionally high large mammal biomass
Criterion
(vii)
This is a vast, gently undulating expanse of guinea savannahs and open woodlands with a dense network of permanent water sources and streams feeding into the Congo catchment (the northern boundary of the park follows the Congo-Nile divide). The abundance of permanent water means that plant productivity is high, allowing for an exceptionally high biomass of large herbivores. At certain times of the year (May/June), large numbers of elephants move into the park from the surrounding buffer zones (Hunting Domains). Groups of over 500 individuals have been recorded in times past (World Heritage Committee, 2012).
Geographic location within the transition zone between two bio-geographically important centres of endemism (Guinean-Congo and Guinean-Sudanese)
Criterion
(x)
By virtue of its location in the transition zone between two centres of endemism, the park and its buffer zones harbor species typical of both the savannah and dense humid forest ecosystems. This transition zone is poorly represented within protected areas elsewhere. Typically savannah species include the Kordofan giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis antiquorum) (D’haen et al., 2019, Fennessy et al., 2018), African forest elephant and savannah elephant, African buffalo (Syncerus caffer, both forest and savannah forms), Northern lion (Panthera leo leo), spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta), Lelwel’s hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus lelwel), roan antelope (Hippotragus equinus bakeri), Ugandan kob (Kobus kob thomasi), waterbuck (Kobus ellipsyprimnus defassa), reedbuck (Redunca redunca cottoni) and oribi (Ourebia ourebi). Large numbers of hippos (Hippopotamus amphibius) are also present.
Typically dense humid forest species include giant forest hog (Hylochoerus meinertzhageni), blue duiker (Philantomba monticola), red-flanked duiker (Cephalophus rufilatus), yellow-backed duiker (C. silvicultor), chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthi), and 5 species of small diurnal primates: black and white colobus (Colobus guereza occidentalis), De Brazza monkey (Cercopithecus neglectus), and the red-tailed monkey (Cercopithecus ascanius). For other species noted at the time of inscription, Bongo (Tragelaphus euryceros) are expected to occur, red colobus (Piliocolobus oustaleti oustaleti) and agile mangabey (Cercocebus agilis) have not been observed in the last 5-10 years and possibly still exist, and water chevrotain has been recently discovered in Garamba (IUCN Consultation, 2020).
Typically dense humid forest species include giant forest hog (Hylochoerus meinertzhageni), blue duiker (Philantomba monticola), red-flanked duiker (Cephalophus rufilatus), yellow-backed duiker (C. silvicultor), chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthi), and 5 species of small diurnal primates: black and white colobus (Colobus guereza occidentalis), De Brazza monkey (Cercopithecus neglectus), and the red-tailed monkey (Cercopithecus ascanius). For other species noted at the time of inscription, Bongo (Tragelaphus euryceros) are expected to occur, red colobus (Piliocolobus oustaleti oustaleti) and agile mangabey (Cercocebus agilis) have not been observed in the last 5-10 years and possibly still exist, and water chevrotain has been recently discovered in Garamba (IUCN Consultation, 2020).
Presence of emblematic, endangered and/or endemic mammal species
Criterion
(x)
The park’s most emblematic species was the northern white rhino (Ceratotherium simum cottoni); however, no individuals have been observed since 2008 (State Party of the DRC, 2020), and the subspecies is considered extinct in the wild. It was the world’s last remaining population in the wild.
The Kordofan giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis antiquorum) is endemic to the DRC: as the DRC's only giraffe population, numbers were reported at 55 individuals in early 2020 (State Party of the DRC, 2020; AP website 2020) and 62 in the 2020 census (IUCN Consultation, 2020) compared to previous estimates of 40-50 individuals located in the south of the park, and in the southern buffer zone (Gangala na Bodio Hunting Domain) (ICCN, 2010; UNESCO and IUCN, 2016; UNESCO, 2017).
Elephant: this is the DRC’s largest remaining population of elephants within a protected area (and one of the largest in Central Africa) and is unique in being an intergrade between forest and savannah types (ICCN, 2010). The most recent 2017 count estimated a population of around 1,200 individuals (UNESCO, 2019). They range widely over the park and its 3 surrounding buffer zones (Hunting Domains) (Antonínová, 2010).
Eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthi): these are known to still occur in the gallery forests in the eastern buffer zone, but there is insufficient data on the distribution and the size of different subpopulations in and around the park.
The Kordofan giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis antiquorum) is endemic to the DRC: as the DRC's only giraffe population, numbers were reported at 55 individuals in early 2020 (State Party of the DRC, 2020; AP website 2020) and 62 in the 2020 census (IUCN Consultation, 2020) compared to previous estimates of 40-50 individuals located in the south of the park, and in the southern buffer zone (Gangala na Bodio Hunting Domain) (ICCN, 2010; UNESCO and IUCN, 2016; UNESCO, 2017).
Elephant: this is the DRC’s largest remaining population of elephants within a protected area (and one of the largest in Central Africa) and is unique in being an intergrade between forest and savannah types (ICCN, 2010). The most recent 2017 count estimated a population of around 1,200 individuals (UNESCO, 2019). They range widely over the park and its 3 surrounding buffer zones (Hunting Domains) (Antonínová, 2010).
Eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthi): these are known to still occur in the gallery forests in the eastern buffer zone, but there is insufficient data on the distribution and the size of different subpopulations in and around the park.
Assessment information
Garamba National Park faces significant and persistent threats, with illegal hunting, gold mining, and the presence of armed militia posing the greatest risks. Poaching, particularly targeting elephants for ivory, has historically led to severe population declines, with the northern white rhinoceros already extinct in the wild. Although anti-poaching efforts, including aerial surveillance and increased law enforcement, have reduced poaching levels, the threat remains high due to the park’s vast size and ongoing insecurity. Additionally, illegal mining operations, especially in the park’s buffer zones, continue to degrade critical habitats, impacting species like chimpanzees and elephants. While government actions, such as a 2019 ministerial decree to halt mining, have been implemented, enforcement challenges persist, leading to ongoing habitat destruction and human-wildlife conflicts. Beyond these immediate threats, the potential for further encroachment and instability remains a concern. Armed groups, including South Sudanese militias and local poachers, still operate in the region, and while security has improved, the situation remains fragile. Agricultural expansion and settlement pressures in buffer zones further strain the park’s ecological integrity. Despite conservation gains, including stabilizing wildlife populations and strengthened management by African Parks, GNP remains under a "very high threat" category. Continued vigilance, enhanced transboundary cooperation, and sustainable economic alternatives for local communities are crucial for mitigating these threats and ensuring the long-term conservation of this World Heritage site.
Mining & Quarrying
(Gold panning in the buffer zone)
Outside site
Artisanal mining for gold became a major economic activity in parts of the southern half of Gangala Na Bodio and much of Mondo Missa Hunting Areas over the past decade or so (since liberalisation of the mining sector in 2004). It attracted many thousands of people and resulted in extensive destruction of woodlands and gallery forests, as well as the development of large permanent settlements in the Hunting Areas (UNESCO and IUCN, 2016). As a result, low levels of poaching inside the park have occurred as a direct result of the presence of these mining camps (UNESCO and IUCN, 2010).
In 2019, a Ministerial Decree (No. 0532 / CAB.MIN / MINES / 01/2019 of August 23, 2019) was passed to cease gold panning activities in the Gangala Na Bodio and Mondo Missa Hunting Areas, which includes a 6-month moratorium for illegal operators to evacuate the sites (State Party of the DRC, 2020). However, these activities persist, leading to habitat degradation and increased human-wildlife conflicts. Notably, gallery forests in these buffer zones, which are critical habitats for species such as chimpanzees, have been adversely affected by ongoing gold panning operations.
In 2019, a Ministerial Decree (No. 0532 / CAB.MIN / MINES / 01/2019 of August 23, 2019) was passed to cease gold panning activities in the Gangala Na Bodio and Mondo Missa Hunting Areas, which includes a 6-month moratorium for illegal operators to evacuate the sites (State Party of the DRC, 2020). However, these activities persist, leading to habitat degradation and increased human-wildlife conflicts. Notably, gallery forests in these buffer zones, which are critical habitats for species such as chimpanzees, have been adversely affected by ongoing gold panning operations.
Conflict, Civil Unrest & Security Activities
(Presence of armed militia)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
For more than a decade, the park and its surrounding buffer zones were used as a cover by the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) (a rebel group originating in Uganda). This armed militia wreaked havoc amongst local communities and destroyed the park headquarters at Nagero in January 2009 (with the loss of 10 lives), but subsequently became increasingly fragmented and dispersed (Titeca and Costeur, 2015). By the time of the last UNESCO/IUCN Reactive Monitoring mission in 2016, they had mostly moved away from areas previously occupied in the park and Azande Hunting Area into the south-eastern areas of CAR (UNESCO and IUCN, 2016). For some time, personnel of the government’s Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Congo (FARDC), who were tasked with driving out remaining elements of LRA and improving security, were also contributing to the escalation of poaching (Titeca, 2013). Measures have subsequently been taken to ensure that the FARDC are no longer a threat to the park (UNESCO and IUCN, 2016; UNESCO, 2017). As a result of increased actions, the LRA have now been chased off the property; however, minor issues with local poachers, South Sudanese poachers, Mbororo, and other armed groups persist (IUCN Consultation, 2020). Recent reports note that armed conflicts have been caused by a mixture of groups, including the LRA, but also South Sudanese rebels, local poachers, FARDC, Mbororo, etc. (Titeca and Edmond, 2019). In 2020, anti-poaching collaborations between ICCN, African Parks, FARDC, and local authorities were further strengthened, and FARDC forces supported surveillance efforts in and around the site (State Party of the DRC, 2020). As a result of a combination of strong efforts by African Parks and relative calm in South Sudan, Garamba is currently experiencing low levels of insecurity, although it is likely that the stability may only be temporary and therefore insecurity remains a potential future threat (IUCN Consultation, 2020). The continued presence of the Mbororo cattle keepers, who can be armed, leads to tensions with the population. The escalation of the conflict in Eastern DRC since early 2025 for now mainly focused on the Kivu provinces, but risks expanding to the Garamba area. Therefore, the overall volatile politico-security landscape continues to pose a potential risk for Garamba.
Hunting, Collecting & Controlling Terrestrial Animals
(Illegal commercial hunting)
Other targeted species names
elephants, northern white rhinoceros, Kordoffan giraffes
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
Garamba National Park has faced severe threats from illegal hunting, particularly targeting elephants and historically the critically endangered northern white rhinoceros, which was declared functionally extinct in the wild in 2008 (UNESCO, 2023). Illegal commercial hunting over the past 45 years has resulted in significant declines of all wildlife populations on the site (ICCN, 2010; UNESCO and IUCN, 2016; Titeca et al., 2020). In 2012, poachers killed 22 elephants in a single incident, and between 2012 and 2015, the park lost nearly 90% of its elephant population due to ivory poaching (African Parks, 2023). The park was inscribed on the List of World Heritage in Danger multiple times, most recently in 1996, due to poaching crises exacerbated by armed groups and cross-border militias operating in the region (UNESCO, 2023). Ivory poaching, driven by international demand, has drastically reduced elephant populations, with Garamba’s elephants noted for their genetic distinctiveness (UNESCO, 2023). Additionally, the park’s proximity to conflict zones in Central Africa has allowed organized poaching networks, such as the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) and Sudanese poachers from the SPLA, to exploit instability, using advanced weaponry and even helicopters (African Parks, 2023). This illegal hunting undermines biodiversity, disrupts ecosystems, and threatens the park’s Outstanding Universal Value, while also endangering local communities and rangers. For instance, in 2016, a ranger was killed during an anti-poaching operation, highlighting the risks faced by conservation staff (IUCN, 2020).
Animal populations remain significantly reduced compared to their initial state at the time of the site's inscription. However, it is essential to note that population estimates for elephants (latest estimate in 2023) and Kordofan giraffes (latest estimate in 2024) show very encouraging results, with annual growth rates exceeding 10% for both species. A new aerial survey, planned for 2025 and covering more species, is expected to confirm the upward trend already observed during the last survey conducted in 2021. A very positive sign is that poaching trends for key species, particularly elephants and giraffes, have significantly declined since 2017 (State Party of DRC, 2024). Over the past five years, only 4 elephant carcasses with evidence of poaching have been detected in the complex, compared to 91 in 2016 and 50 in 2017, for example. The quantity of bushmeat seized annually does not show an increasing trend (454 kg, 139 kg, 234 kg, and 100 kg in 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, and 2024, respectively). No poached giraffe carcasses have been found since 2017 (State Party of DRC, 2024).
Efforts to combat illegal hunting include strengthened anti-poaching patrols, aerial surveillance, and partnerships with organizations like African Parks Network, which has co-managed Garamba since 2005 (African Parks, 2023). For example, African Parks has deployed a specialized canine unit and drones to track poachers, leading to a significant reduction in elephant poaching incidents in recent years (African Parks, 2023). However, challenges persist due to the park’s vast size, limited resources, and ongoing insecurity from armed groups, including the LRA and other militias, which continue to operate in the region (UNESCO, 2023). Despite some progress, Poaching remains a critical threat. For instance, in 2020, a joint operation between Garamba rangers and Congolese military forces resulted in the arrest of several poachers and the confiscation of illegal firearms, underscoring the need for continued collaboration (African Parks, 2023). In 2024, foot patrols covered 58% and air patrols 98% of the property (State Party of DRC, 2024). Anti-poaching efforts must be proactively continued to ensure both the full eradication of poaching in the site and the recovery of key species.
Animal populations remain significantly reduced compared to their initial state at the time of the site's inscription. However, it is essential to note that population estimates for elephants (latest estimate in 2023) and Kordofan giraffes (latest estimate in 2024) show very encouraging results, with annual growth rates exceeding 10% for both species. A new aerial survey, planned for 2025 and covering more species, is expected to confirm the upward trend already observed during the last survey conducted in 2021. A very positive sign is that poaching trends for key species, particularly elephants and giraffes, have significantly declined since 2017 (State Party of DRC, 2024). Over the past five years, only 4 elephant carcasses with evidence of poaching have been detected in the complex, compared to 91 in 2016 and 50 in 2017, for example. The quantity of bushmeat seized annually does not show an increasing trend (454 kg, 139 kg, 234 kg, and 100 kg in 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, and 2024, respectively). No poached giraffe carcasses have been found since 2017 (State Party of DRC, 2024).
Efforts to combat illegal hunting include strengthened anti-poaching patrols, aerial surveillance, and partnerships with organizations like African Parks Network, which has co-managed Garamba since 2005 (African Parks, 2023). For example, African Parks has deployed a specialized canine unit and drones to track poachers, leading to a significant reduction in elephant poaching incidents in recent years (African Parks, 2023). However, challenges persist due to the park’s vast size, limited resources, and ongoing insecurity from armed groups, including the LRA and other militias, which continue to operate in the region (UNESCO, 2023). Despite some progress, Poaching remains a critical threat. For instance, in 2020, a joint operation between Garamba rangers and Congolese military forces resulted in the arrest of several poachers and the confiscation of illegal firearms, underscoring the need for continued collaboration (African Parks, 2023). In 2024, foot patrols covered 58% and air patrols 98% of the property (State Party of DRC, 2024). Anti-poaching efforts must be proactively continued to ensure both the full eradication of poaching in the site and the recovery of key species.
Other Human Disturbances
(Gold mining inside the park)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Garamba National Park continues to struggle with illegal mining. Reports indicate that illegal miners have been using mercury and other chemicals, contaminating water sources and endangering wildlife, including chimpanzees and elephants (RRIS Biopama, 2020). The mining operations also contribute to deforestation and increased human-wildlife conflicts as settlements expand closer to key ecological areas. The park's management, under African Parks since 2005, has been working to address this issue by engaging local communities and government authorities. In 2021, park representatives met with the DRC's Vice-Minister of Mines to discuss the "anarchic and illegal" expansion of gold mining within the park (Levin Sources, 2021). This illegal activity not only undermines conservation efforts but also threatens the remaining populations of the endemic Kordofan giraffe and African elephants. Additionally, some of these mining activities are linked to armed groups operating in the region, exacerbating insecurity and making law enforcement efforts even more challenging. The Park has developed a strategy for relocating gold panning activities based on dialogue and the involvement of gold miners. The objective is to relocate the activity to legally designated Artisanal Mining Zones (ZEA) outside the protected area, with the support of the relevant authorities. Following the memorandum of understanding reached in February 2019, where civil society, local, and provincial authorities committed to ceasing gold panning activities, and the ministerial order issued in August 2019, a partnership with the Service d’Assistance et de l’Encadrement de l’Exploitation Minière Artisanale à Petite Échelle (SAEMAPE) facilitated the identification of three potential ZEA outside the protected area. A request for formal institutionalization was submitted in November 2021, and the process is currently under review (State Party of the DRC, 2024). The constraints related to the relocation of existing artisanal mining sites within the property and hunting areas, particularly the delays observed in the validation of Artisanal Mining Zones (ZEA) by the Ministry of Mines, as well as the limited progress in finalizing a Land Use Plan (PUT), remain particularly concerning. It was once again recommended to expedite the completion of the Land Use Plan (PUT) and the establishment of ZEAs to reduce the impact of illegal mining on the property's OUV (UNESCO, 2025).
Garamba National Park faces several potential threats that could exacerbate existing conservation challenges if not effectively managed. One of the primary concerns is the possible expansion of illegal gold panning into the park itself. While currently mostly visible in the buffer zones, there remains a risk that mining activities could continue to encroach upon protected areas, leading to habitat degradation, pollution of water sources, and increased human-wildlife conflict. Similarly, the pressures of settlement expansion, tree cutting, and agricultural cultivation in the adjacent hunting areas threaten the ecological integrity of the park. With an estimated 50,000 people living near the park, formalizing buffer zone protections and finalizing land-use plans remain crucial to preventing further encroachment. Another significant potential threat is the resurgence of armed militia activity. While security in the region has improved, the situation remains fragile, with the possibility of renewed conflict posing a risk to both wildlife and conservation personnel. The presence of refugees in nearby areas, though currently stable, also has the potential to create additional resource pressures. Overall, while the current security and conservation efforts have mitigated some risks, these potential threats underscore the need for continued vigilance, improved law enforcement, and stronger transboundary cooperation to ensure the long-term protection of GNP.
Mining & Quarrying
(Gold panning spreading into the park)
Outside site
Whilst gold panning remains active in Hunting Areas surrounding the property, a potential risk remains for this to spread into the World Heritage site.
Logging, Harvesting & Controlling Trees
(Settlement, tree cutting and cultivation)
Outside site
Although the park itself is unaffected by settlement, tree-cutting or cultivation, parts of Gangala na Bodio and Mondo Missa Hunting Areas are coming under increasing pressure from settlers. An estimated 50,000 people live within the two Hunting Areas and adjacent towns of Dungu and Faradje. Areas of these hunting areas that lie immediately adjacent to the park (to the north of the main road connecting these towns) remains relatively pristine as does the whole of Azande Hunting Area and the western part of Mondo Missa bordering the park. It is important that these areas are secured and protected within a formally-recognised Buffer Zone (UNESCO and IUCN, 2016). In 2020, the buffer zone remains to be formalised and the Land Use Plan for the Hunting Estate (initiated in 2017) remains to be finalised (State Party of the DRC, 2020).
Conflict, Civil Unrest & Security Activities
(Refugees)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Outside site
In late 2017, the reported establishment of two refugee camps just 15 km from the property, to accommodate up to 20,000 people, raised significant concerns and led the World Heritage Committee to request the relocation of the camps to outside the property and its buffer zone to reduce the already strong pressures on the natural resources of the property, particularly through poaching (UNESCO, 2018). In May 2019, the government reported that interventions by UNESCO and the European Union with UNHCR resulted in the interruption of camp development and identification of a new location 35 km away from the property (UNESCO, 2019). No further issues have been reported since; however, the continued instability in the region means this may remain a potential threat to the property in the future.
Conflict, Civil Unrest & Security Activities
(Presence of armed militia)
Inside site
, Not applicable
A combination of strong efforts by African Parks and relative calm in South Sudan has resulted in Garamba currently experiencing lower levels of insecurity, however it is likely that this stability is only temporary (IUCN Consultation, 2020), and recognising the history of significant impacts by armed militia on Garamba over past decades (see Threats), insecurity therefore remains a high potential threat to the property.
Involvement of stakeholders and rightsholders, including indigenous peoples and local communities, in decision-making processes
Garamba National Park has been managed through a public-private partnership between the Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature (ICCN) and African Parks since 2005. This collaboration emphasizes community engagement, recognizing the approximately 100,000 people residing around the park as key stakeholders. Efforts have been made to identify and consult these local communities, integrating their needs into the park’s management strategies (African Parks, 2024). In a region with little economic opportunity, Garamba employs over 500 full-time local staff with 2,000 more on short-term contracts. Garamba is one of the largest employers in the region with 514 full-time staff, 94% of whom are DRC nationals, including law enforcement teams and dedicated community personnel. However, while these initiatives reflect efforts to include communities, more structured and inclusive consultation mechanisms are still needed to ensure all rightsholders, including Indigenous Peoples, have a stronger role in decision-making.
The governance structures in place acknowledge the legitimate rights of Indigenous Peoples and local communities. The independent seven-member board overseeing the park’s management includes representatives who ensure that community interests are considered in decision-making processes. However, challenges persist in fully integrating traditional customs and governance practices into the park’s management system. While there is an ongoing dialogue, mechanisms to incorporate Indigenous knowledge in natural resource management remain limited. Conservation activities sometimes result in land-use conflicts, particularly concerning restrictions on traditional hunting and access to resources.
Relationships between the park’s management and surrounding communities have been pivotal in facilitating effective conservation. Initiatives focusing on education, healthcare, and alternative livelihoods aim to address the needs of local populations without compromising the park’s ecological integrity. For example, African Parks has launched a third solar mini-grid in Dungu town, expected to provide electricity to 772 users upon completion (African Parks, 2024). While these efforts contribute to equitable benefit-sharing, challenges remain in addressing land-use conflicts and ensuring governance arrangements advance gender equity within the park’s management framework. Women’s participation in decision-making is still limited, and further efforts are needed to integrate gender considerations into conservation policies. Strengthening participatory governance, ensuring equitable access to conservation benefits, and promoting Indigenous leadership in park management will be essential to achieving long-term sustainability for both people and nature in Garamba National Park. In October 2019, protests broke out against the park by the local population, with protests organised in several surrounding towns (such as Dungu and Faradje). It's unclear to what extent these structural concerns have been addressed.
The governance structures in place acknowledge the legitimate rights of Indigenous Peoples and local communities. The independent seven-member board overseeing the park’s management includes representatives who ensure that community interests are considered in decision-making processes. However, challenges persist in fully integrating traditional customs and governance practices into the park’s management system. While there is an ongoing dialogue, mechanisms to incorporate Indigenous knowledge in natural resource management remain limited. Conservation activities sometimes result in land-use conflicts, particularly concerning restrictions on traditional hunting and access to resources.
Relationships between the park’s management and surrounding communities have been pivotal in facilitating effective conservation. Initiatives focusing on education, healthcare, and alternative livelihoods aim to address the needs of local populations without compromising the park’s ecological integrity. For example, African Parks has launched a third solar mini-grid in Dungu town, expected to provide electricity to 772 users upon completion (African Parks, 2024). While these efforts contribute to equitable benefit-sharing, challenges remain in addressing land-use conflicts and ensuring governance arrangements advance gender equity within the park’s management framework. Women’s participation in decision-making is still limited, and further efforts are needed to integrate gender considerations into conservation policies. Strengthening participatory governance, ensuring equitable access to conservation benefits, and promoting Indigenous leadership in park management will be essential to achieving long-term sustainability for both people and nature in Garamba National Park. In October 2019, protests broke out against the park by the local population, with protests organised in several surrounding towns (such as Dungu and Faradje). It's unclear to what extent these structural concerns have been addressed.
Legal framework
Garamba National Park, operates under a legal framework designed to preserve its ecological and cultural significance. In 2005, the Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature (ICCN) entered into a co-management agreement with African Parks, to enhance the park's governance and management systems. This partnership has reportedly improved law enforcement and wildlife monitoring, indicating that the legal framework is effectively integrated into the park’s governance structure. However, despite these efforts, challenges persist in ensuring compliance with conservation laws, particularly in remote areas where illegal activities such as poaching and artisanal mining persist (African Parks, 2024). The legal framework provides a strong foundation, but enforcement remains inconsistent due to ongoing security threats and limited government presence in the region (Levin Sources, 2021).
The 2019 Ministerial Decree to prohibit artisanal exploitation in several hunting areas shows positive
legislative progress, however the formal designation of a buffer zone, as well as a transboundary
cooperation agreement with South Sudan, remain to be completed (State Party of the DRC, 2020), in
order to further ensure the ecological integrity of the Garamba ecosystem as a whole.
Land tenure issues remain a significant challenge, particularly concerning Indigenous Peoples and local communities. The legal framework aims to balance conservation objectives with community rights, but tensions have arisen over resource access and land use. Unclear land tenure arrangements have led to disputes, particularly regarding customary rights and traditional land-use practices. While some efforts have been made to engage communities in conservation planning, these initiatives remain insufficient to fully integrate Indigenous governance structures into decision-making ( Levin Sources, 2021). To resolve these issues, further legal reforms and inclusive dialogue are needed to ensure that community rights are respected while maintaining the ecological integrity of Garamba National Park.
The 2019 Ministerial Decree to prohibit artisanal exploitation in several hunting areas shows positive
legislative progress, however the formal designation of a buffer zone, as well as a transboundary
cooperation agreement with South Sudan, remain to be completed (State Party of the DRC, 2020), in
order to further ensure the ecological integrity of the Garamba ecosystem as a whole.
Land tenure issues remain a significant challenge, particularly concerning Indigenous Peoples and local communities. The legal framework aims to balance conservation objectives with community rights, but tensions have arisen over resource access and land use. Unclear land tenure arrangements have led to disputes, particularly regarding customary rights and traditional land-use practices. While some efforts have been made to engage communities in conservation planning, these initiatives remain insufficient to fully integrate Indigenous governance structures into decision-making ( Levin Sources, 2021). To resolve these issues, further legal reforms and inclusive dialogue are needed to ensure that community rights are respected while maintaining the ecological integrity of Garamba National Park.
Governance arrangements
Garamba National Park, operates under a public-private partnership between the Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature (ICCN) and African Parks since 2005. This governance arrangement has clearly defined roles and responsibilities, overseen by an independent seven-member board responsible for appointing the park director and assistant park manager. The Park Management Unit (PMU), led by the Park Manager, coordinates various departments to ensure cohesive management. For example, the Operations Manager oversees field activities, ensuring alignment with conservation objectives (African Parks, 2023a). However, challenges remain in fully integrating Indigenous and local community perspectives into decision-making structures, as governance mechanisms primarily focus on ecological and security concerns (African Parks, 2023b).
The planning process in Garamba emphasizes stakeholder and rightsholder involvement. Collaborations with entities such as the National Commission for Refugees (CNR), the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), and local NGOs facilitate community engagement. Workshops and consultations are regularly conducted to address community concerns, particularly those related to refugee settlements near the park's boundaries (CIFOR-ICRAF, 2023). These interactions aim to balance humanitarian needs with conservation efforts, ensuring that local communities have a voice in decision-making processes. However, land tenure conflicts and limited economic opportunities for communities surrounding the park remain significant governance challenges that require further integration into park management strategies.
Transparency and adaptive management are integral to Garamba’s governance. The park management maintains open channels of communication with stakeholders, providing accessible information about natural values, threats, and community issues. Regular reports and updates are shared with partners and the public, fostering accountability. The governance system incorporates a cycle of planning, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation, allowing for adjustments based on feedback and changing circumstances. Despite these efforts, governance mechanisms must continue to evolve, particularly in addressing human-wildlife conflicts and improving benefit-sharing with Indigenous Peoples and local communities. Strengthening governance transparency and ensuring greater inclusion of community knowledge in decision-making will be key to the park’s long-term conservation success.
The planning process in Garamba emphasizes stakeholder and rightsholder involvement. Collaborations with entities such as the National Commission for Refugees (CNR), the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), and local NGOs facilitate community engagement. Workshops and consultations are regularly conducted to address community concerns, particularly those related to refugee settlements near the park's boundaries (CIFOR-ICRAF, 2023). These interactions aim to balance humanitarian needs with conservation efforts, ensuring that local communities have a voice in decision-making processes. However, land tenure conflicts and limited economic opportunities for communities surrounding the park remain significant governance challenges that require further integration into park management strategies.
Transparency and adaptive management are integral to Garamba’s governance. The park management maintains open channels of communication with stakeholders, providing accessible information about natural values, threats, and community issues. Regular reports and updates are shared with partners and the public, fostering accountability. The governance system incorporates a cycle of planning, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation, allowing for adjustments based on feedback and changing circumstances. Despite these efforts, governance mechanisms must continue to evolve, particularly in addressing human-wildlife conflicts and improving benefit-sharing with Indigenous Peoples and local communities. Strengthening governance transparency and ensuring greater inclusion of community knowledge in decision-making will be key to the park’s long-term conservation success.
Integration into local, regional and national planning systems (including sea/landscape connectivity)
Garamba National Park (GNP), faces challenges in harmonizing conservation with local, national, and regional planning systems. The park’s critical biodiversity, including the last Kordofan giraffes and a declining elephant population, is threatened by poaching, artisanal mining, and regional conflicts (JRS Biodiversity Foundation, 2021). Anti-poaching efforts, such as aerial surveillance and collaborations between ICCN (Congolese Institute for Nature Conservation), African Parks, and local authorities, have reportedly reduced elephant poaching incidents inside the park. However, artisanal mining encroachment in buffer zones persists, underscoring gaps in impact assessments for development projects. For example, the Congo Power solar energy program (2019–2025), funded by the EU and implemented by African Parks, aims to reduce resource dependency by installing 330 kWp solar mini-grids in Tadu and Faradje (commissioned in 2021) and distributing 3,200 solar lanterns by late 2021 (Marge, 2021). Despite these efforts, national and regional frameworks for integrating conservation into development planning remain underdeveloped, leaving the park vulnerable to external pressures (ISS Africa, 2025).
Garamba’s management increasingly aligns with broader landscape priorities, though its location in a conflict-prone region complicates regional cooperation. The park is part of a network of "peace parks" in Africa, which aim to balance conservation with local livelihoods through transboundary agreements (ISS Africa, 2025).
The social and economic context is a central consideration in the park's management goals and objectives. The park's management plan incorporates socio-economic development strategies to improve the well-being of nearby communities, addressing both the positive and negative impacts of its World Heritage listing. Funding from the European Union, USAID, and other international donors supports these efforts, enabling the park to balance conservation with community development. For example, initiatives under the "Environment and Sustainable Agriculture - ESA" programme aim to mitigate the economic challenges faced by locals while fostering support for the park's long-term sustainability. This collaborative approach ensures the park's goals are aligned with regional development needs, offering a holistic model of conservation management (African Parks, 2025; European Union, 2025).
Collaborative relations between the GNP and its Southern Sudanese partners have grown significantly since 2021, thanks in large part to the support of the various donors supporting the management of the NGP. Several meetings and joint missions have taken place, resulting in the collection and exchange of information with a multitude of partners based in Southern Sudan, including NGOs, UN entities and Southern Sudanese security agencies, with whom contact was almost non-existent prior to June 2021. Several joint investigations are underway, including (i) the dynamics and structures of pastoralist communities in the region, (ii) the National Salvation Front, a rebel group in the Republic of South Sudan, and (iii) poaching of protected species (State Party of DRC, 2024). However, in order to ensure the sustainability of these collaborations and the efforts currently being made on the ground, it is imperative that the Memorandum of Understanding between the two States Parties is formalised and implemented as soon as possible in order to effectively control illegal cross-border activities such as poaching and trade in wildlife products (UNESCO, 2024).
Garamba’s management increasingly aligns with broader landscape priorities, though its location in a conflict-prone region complicates regional cooperation. The park is part of a network of "peace parks" in Africa, which aim to balance conservation with local livelihoods through transboundary agreements (ISS Africa, 2025).
The social and economic context is a central consideration in the park's management goals and objectives. The park's management plan incorporates socio-economic development strategies to improve the well-being of nearby communities, addressing both the positive and negative impacts of its World Heritage listing. Funding from the European Union, USAID, and other international donors supports these efforts, enabling the park to balance conservation with community development. For example, initiatives under the "Environment and Sustainable Agriculture - ESA" programme aim to mitigate the economic challenges faced by locals while fostering support for the park's long-term sustainability. This collaborative approach ensures the park's goals are aligned with regional development needs, offering a holistic model of conservation management (African Parks, 2025; European Union, 2025).
Collaborative relations between the GNP and its Southern Sudanese partners have grown significantly since 2021, thanks in large part to the support of the various donors supporting the management of the NGP. Several meetings and joint missions have taken place, resulting in the collection and exchange of information with a multitude of partners based in Southern Sudan, including NGOs, UN entities and Southern Sudanese security agencies, with whom contact was almost non-existent prior to June 2021. Several joint investigations are underway, including (i) the dynamics and structures of pastoralist communities in the region, (ii) the National Salvation Front, a rebel group in the Republic of South Sudan, and (iii) poaching of protected species (State Party of DRC, 2024). However, in order to ensure the sustainability of these collaborations and the efforts currently being made on the ground, it is imperative that the Memorandum of Understanding between the two States Parties is formalised and implemented as soon as possible in order to effectively control illegal cross-border activities such as poaching and trade in wildlife products (UNESCO, 2024).
Boundaries
Garamba National Park’s boundaries, encompassing 5,133 km², are surrounded by three Hunting Domains (buffer zones) that form the Garamba Complex (14,760 km² total). These buffer zones are critical for protecting migratory routes of key species like elephants and Kordofan giraffes, which seasonally move into the Hunting Domains.
The eastern, southern, and western boundaries of the park follow large rivers and are therefore clearly recognizable. The northern boundary is the international frontier with Sudan, of which part also forms the southern boundary of Sudan’s Lantoto National Park. Despite efforts to manage the park effectively, the boundaries are not fully marked, and enforcement challenges persist, especially due to ongoing conflicts in the region and limited resources for monitoring. While boundaries are outlined in the park's legal framework, clear demarcation through physical markers or fences is still lacking in certain areas, making it difficult to manage human encroachment and illegal activities like poaching and mining. Local communities often rely on park-adjacent land for agricultural activities, and without adequate sustainable alternatives, buffer zones remain vulnerable to encroachment (CIFOR-ICRAF, 2023). The vastness and inaccessibility of the park add to the difficulty in monitoring boundary integrity, and encroachments by local communities and armed groups still pose significant risks to the park's ecology (African Parks, 2023).
As mentioned previously, effective protection of the buffer zones is essential to the integrity of the whole ecosystem, and the formal designation of a buffer zone remains to be finalised in response to several World Heritage Committee requests (UNESCO, 2017, 2018, 2019; State Party of the DRC, 2020).
The park’s management and key stakeholders, including African Parks, have been putting considerable effort into improving community engagement and enforcement of conservation laws, but stronger local governance and resources are crucial to ensure long-term protection through better buffer zone management and boundary demarcation (African Parks, 2023).
The eastern, southern, and western boundaries of the park follow large rivers and are therefore clearly recognizable. The northern boundary is the international frontier with Sudan, of which part also forms the southern boundary of Sudan’s Lantoto National Park. Despite efforts to manage the park effectively, the boundaries are not fully marked, and enforcement challenges persist, especially due to ongoing conflicts in the region and limited resources for monitoring. While boundaries are outlined in the park's legal framework, clear demarcation through physical markers or fences is still lacking in certain areas, making it difficult to manage human encroachment and illegal activities like poaching and mining. Local communities often rely on park-adjacent land for agricultural activities, and without adequate sustainable alternatives, buffer zones remain vulnerable to encroachment (CIFOR-ICRAF, 2023). The vastness and inaccessibility of the park add to the difficulty in monitoring boundary integrity, and encroachments by local communities and armed groups still pose significant risks to the park's ecology (African Parks, 2023).
As mentioned previously, effective protection of the buffer zones is essential to the integrity of the whole ecosystem, and the formal designation of a buffer zone remains to be finalised in response to several World Heritage Committee requests (UNESCO, 2017, 2018, 2019; State Party of the DRC, 2020).
The park’s management and key stakeholders, including African Parks, have been putting considerable effort into improving community engagement and enforcement of conservation laws, but stronger local governance and resources are crucial to ensure long-term protection through better buffer zone management and boundary demarcation (African Parks, 2023).
Overlapping international designations
Garamba National Park does not currently overlap with other international designations such as Ramsar sites, Biosphere Reserves, or UNESCO Global Geoparks
Implementation of World Heritage Committee decisions and recommendations
Most of the Committee decisions are being implemented within the constraints of the prevailing security
situation in the area and the resource availability.
situation in the area and the resource availability.
Climate action
Garamba National Park, is increasingly vulnerable to the effects of climate change, especially given its location in the Congo Basin Forest. The park does not have an up-to-date management plan, but a five-year business plan was recently approved for the period 2025-2029. However, there is no clear information on whether the plan has taken steps to protect its Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) from the adverse effects of climate change.
Regarding monitoring, GNP currently employs basic environmental monitoring systems, but these do not fully incorporate climate-specific indicators. Although there is some data collection on changes in forest cover and ecosystem dynamics, there is no comprehensive, dedicated system in place to measure and monitor the direct effects of climate change on the park’s biodiversity and ecological functions. Efforts are underway to integrate remote sensing and local climate data into the monitoring system; however, these initiatives are in their early stages and require further investment and technical capacity (UNESCO, 2023). In terms of supporting and maximizing the global response to climate action, Garamba’s management has made modest strides by preserving extensive carbon-rich forest areas that contribute to carbon sequestration. Yet, explicit strategies for mitigation, adaptation, and climate innovation—such as clear targets for greenhouse gas reduction, climate resilience training for staff, or communication initiatives aimed at promoting global climate action—are not prominently featured in the current management framework. African Parks and ICCN recognize the need to incorporate these elements into future revisions of the management plan, aiming to secure additional funding and technical support to better address climate challenges (African Parks, 2022).
Garamba's management is working toward elevating its role in the global response to climate action, although challenges remain in maximizing its contribution to climate mitigation. The site’s focus on enhancing adaptive capacity and communication with local communities is notable, as it integrates preventive actions such as reforestation programs and watershed conservation. Nevertheless, more dedicated efforts are required to strengthen the park’s capacity to respond to the multifaceted nature of climate change. Through improved methods of enhancing site adaptation, broader participation in global climate dialogues, and incorporating sustainable technologies, Garamba can further its role in global climate action in the years to come.
Regarding monitoring, GNP currently employs basic environmental monitoring systems, but these do not fully incorporate climate-specific indicators. Although there is some data collection on changes in forest cover and ecosystem dynamics, there is no comprehensive, dedicated system in place to measure and monitor the direct effects of climate change on the park’s biodiversity and ecological functions. Efforts are underway to integrate remote sensing and local climate data into the monitoring system; however, these initiatives are in their early stages and require further investment and technical capacity (UNESCO, 2023). In terms of supporting and maximizing the global response to climate action, Garamba’s management has made modest strides by preserving extensive carbon-rich forest areas that contribute to carbon sequestration. Yet, explicit strategies for mitigation, adaptation, and climate innovation—such as clear targets for greenhouse gas reduction, climate resilience training for staff, or communication initiatives aimed at promoting global climate action—are not prominently featured in the current management framework. African Parks and ICCN recognize the need to incorporate these elements into future revisions of the management plan, aiming to secure additional funding and technical support to better address climate challenges (African Parks, 2022).
Garamba's management is working toward elevating its role in the global response to climate action, although challenges remain in maximizing its contribution to climate mitigation. The site’s focus on enhancing adaptive capacity and communication with local communities is notable, as it integrates preventive actions such as reforestation programs and watershed conservation. Nevertheless, more dedicated efforts are required to strengthen the park’s capacity to respond to the multifaceted nature of climate change. Through improved methods of enhancing site adaptation, broader participation in global climate dialogues, and incorporating sustainable technologies, Garamba can further its role in global climate action in the years to come.
Management plan and overall management system
Garamba National Park remains at a critical juncture in its management framework. Although a comprehensive, formal management plan is considered indispensable for guiding conservation efforts, UNESCO decision documents have repeatedly noted that Garamba still lacks a finalized, integrated management plan that covers both the park and its surrounding hunting grounds (UNESCO, 2019, and 2021). In the interim, GNP operates under a Business plan (2025–2029) developed by African Parks and the Congolese Institute for Nature Conservation (ICCN), updated every five years to align with evolving conservation priorities (African Parks, 2023, State Party of DRC, 2024). The plan is actively used to guide daily operations alongside management objectives such as anti-poaching, habitat restoration, and community engagement. Key threats, such as armed poaching, illegal mining, and climate-driven habitat shifts, are addressed through targeted strategies like increased ranger patrols, drone surveillance, and community livelihood programs (State Party of DRC, 2024).
Resource management activities follow a structured work program aimed at minimizing threats. For example, the pedestrian and aerial surveillance strategy is not to cover the entire protected area over a certain period but rather to concentrate their efforts based on intelligence, in areas where threats are known to exist. In 2024, foot patrols covered 58% of the complex, and air patrols covered 98% of the complex. Park surveillance is also supported by the mobilization of a company of 90 FARDC agents under the command of the Park (State Party of DRC, 2024).
The Business plan prioritizes local employment and community well-being. Over 70% of Garamba’s 300+ staff are recruited from nearby communities, including rangers, researchers, and outreach officers (African Parks, 2023). Additionally, community-led patrols and chimpanzee monitoring programs integrate traditional knowledge into conservation. While these efforts have improved relations, a 2025 WRI-World Bank report highlights unresolved tensions over restricted access to medicinal plants and grazing lands, with 30% of households reporting negative impacts on resource access (WRI & World Bank, 2025).
The GNP management effectiveness measurement exercise was carried out in 2022 (IMET score of 79%), and shows an improvement in management since the same exercise was carried out in 2019 with an IMET score of 68%.
Resource management activities follow a structured work program aimed at minimizing threats. For example, the pedestrian and aerial surveillance strategy is not to cover the entire protected area over a certain period but rather to concentrate their efforts based on intelligence, in areas where threats are known to exist. In 2024, foot patrols covered 58% of the complex, and air patrols covered 98% of the complex. Park surveillance is also supported by the mobilization of a company of 90 FARDC agents under the command of the Park (State Party of DRC, 2024).
The Business plan prioritizes local employment and community well-being. Over 70% of Garamba’s 300+ staff are recruited from nearby communities, including rangers, researchers, and outreach officers (African Parks, 2023). Additionally, community-led patrols and chimpanzee monitoring programs integrate traditional knowledge into conservation. While these efforts have improved relations, a 2025 WRI-World Bank report highlights unresolved tensions over restricted access to medicinal plants and grazing lands, with 30% of households reporting negative impacts on resource access (WRI & World Bank, 2025).
The GNP management effectiveness measurement exercise was carried out in 2022 (IMET score of 79%), and shows an improvement in management since the same exercise was carried out in 2019 with an IMET score of 68%.
Law enforcement
Garamba National Park’s legal framework is well established on paper, with regulations governing wildlife protection, mining, and land use designed to conserve its exceptional biodiversity. Under the long-term co-management arrangement between the Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature (ICCN) and African Parks, law enforcement activities have been strengthened in recent years. The park’s ranger force, comprising over 300 trained personnel, conducts regular patrols to detect and deter illegal activities such as poaching and illegal mining (African Parks, 2023). Advanced technologies, including drones and satellite collars, have significantly enhanced detection capabilities, reducing elephant and other key species poaching incidents. However, while the legal framework is in place, its effective enforcement is hampered by limited resources, the weak judicial systems and corruption, the vast and remote nature of the park, and frequent incursions by armed groups (African Parks, 2022).
In terms of human rights safeguards, Garamba’s law enforcement efforts aim to balance conservation priorities with the rights of Indigenous Peoples and local communities. The park’s community engagement programs, supported by African Parks, involve residents in conservation activities, such as community-led patrols and chimpanzee monitoring (African Parks, 2023). These initiatives aim to build trust and ensure that enforcement actions do not disproportionately impact vulnerable groups. However, grievances related to restricted access to traditional resources, such as medicinal plants and grazing areas, remain unresolved in some cases. The park’s grievance redress system, operational since 2021, allows communities to report issues such as alleged ranger misconduct or unfair permit denials (African Parks, 2023). However, the system’s accessibility remains limited in remote areas, and some communities lack awareness of their rights and available resources. To address this, African Parks has partnered with local NGOs to conduct awareness campaigns and train community leaders in dispute resolution (WRI & World Bank, 2025).
The combination of regional insecurity, limited operational resources, and the vast area under protection continues to undermine consistent enforcement. Strengthening staff training, expanding infrastructure for patrols, and developing comprehensive, community-inclusive accountability mechanisms are essential to ensure that law enforcement not only protects the park’s biodiversity but also respects the rights of local and Indigenous communities.
In terms of human rights safeguards, Garamba’s law enforcement efforts aim to balance conservation priorities with the rights of Indigenous Peoples and local communities. The park’s community engagement programs, supported by African Parks, involve residents in conservation activities, such as community-led patrols and chimpanzee monitoring (African Parks, 2023). These initiatives aim to build trust and ensure that enforcement actions do not disproportionately impact vulnerable groups. However, grievances related to restricted access to traditional resources, such as medicinal plants and grazing areas, remain unresolved in some cases. The park’s grievance redress system, operational since 2021, allows communities to report issues such as alleged ranger misconduct or unfair permit denials (African Parks, 2023). However, the system’s accessibility remains limited in remote areas, and some communities lack awareness of their rights and available resources. To address this, African Parks has partnered with local NGOs to conduct awareness campaigns and train community leaders in dispute resolution (WRI & World Bank, 2025).
The combination of regional insecurity, limited operational resources, and the vast area under protection continues to undermine consistent enforcement. Strengthening staff training, expanding infrastructure for patrols, and developing comprehensive, community-inclusive accountability mechanisms are essential to ensure that law enforcement not only protects the park’s biodiversity but also respects the rights of local and Indigenous communities.
Sustainable finance
Garamba National Park has conducted detailed assessments to quantify the financial resources required for effective management. A 2021 financial audit by African Parks, the park’s managing authority, estimated an annual operational budget of 3 million, with a five−year (2021–2025) requirement of 12 million to cover anti-poaching patrols, biodiversity monitoring, community engagement, and infrastructure maintenance (African Parks, 2023).
Current financial resources remain insufficient to fully implement conservation measures. A 2023 funding gap analysis identified a $4.3 million shortfall for habitat restoration and community livelihood programs, jeopardizing efforts to mitigate human-wildlife conflict (WRI & World Bank, 2025). These assessments underscore the need for diversified funding streams to address both immediate and emerging challenges.
The park's funding is derived from a combination of governmental support, international donors, and partnerships with non-governmental organizations. Notably, collaborations with entities such as the European Union and USAID facilitated various conservation and community projects. For example, the Central Africa Regional Program for the Environment (CARPE), supported by USAID, has played a key role in strengthening wildlife law enforcement and improving security for local populations (USAID, 2020). Additional funding sources include, African Parks’ core funding, UNESCO Rapid Response Facility and Corporate partnerships with the Kibali Gold Mine. The park is exploring carbon credit schemes, with a pilot project in buffer zones projected to generate $200,000 annually by 2025 (WRI & World Bank, 2025).
To enhance financial security, Garamba is adopting blended finance models, combining grants with revenue-generating ecotourism. For instance, Garamba Lodge, renovated in 2023, aims to attract high-value tourism, with proceeds reinvested into conservation (African Parks, 2023). However, reliance on short-term grants remains a risk, necessitating stronger government commitments and innovative mechanisms like conservation bonds.
Garamba's five-year business plan has been revised for the period 2025-2029 and the annual budget drawn up and validated by the Board of Directors and headquarters of African Parks. Funding is available and a fundraising strategy, including innovative funds, is in place to ensure long-term financing for the management of the GNP (State Party of DRC, 2024). With the end of USAID support, the need to diversity funding has become even more evident.
Current financial resources remain insufficient to fully implement conservation measures. A 2023 funding gap analysis identified a $4.3 million shortfall for habitat restoration and community livelihood programs, jeopardizing efforts to mitigate human-wildlife conflict (WRI & World Bank, 2025). These assessments underscore the need for diversified funding streams to address both immediate and emerging challenges.
The park's funding is derived from a combination of governmental support, international donors, and partnerships with non-governmental organizations. Notably, collaborations with entities such as the European Union and USAID facilitated various conservation and community projects. For example, the Central Africa Regional Program for the Environment (CARPE), supported by USAID, has played a key role in strengthening wildlife law enforcement and improving security for local populations (USAID, 2020). Additional funding sources include, African Parks’ core funding, UNESCO Rapid Response Facility and Corporate partnerships with the Kibali Gold Mine. The park is exploring carbon credit schemes, with a pilot project in buffer zones projected to generate $200,000 annually by 2025 (WRI & World Bank, 2025).
To enhance financial security, Garamba is adopting blended finance models, combining grants with revenue-generating ecotourism. For instance, Garamba Lodge, renovated in 2023, aims to attract high-value tourism, with proceeds reinvested into conservation (African Parks, 2023). However, reliance on short-term grants remains a risk, necessitating stronger government commitments and innovative mechanisms like conservation bonds.
Garamba's five-year business plan has been revised for the period 2025-2029 and the annual budget drawn up and validated by the Board of Directors and headquarters of African Parks. Funding is available and a fundraising strategy, including innovative funds, is in place to ensure long-term financing for the management of the GNP (State Party of DRC, 2024). With the end of USAID support, the need to diversity funding has become even more evident.
Staff capacity, training and development
Garamba National Park’s staff capacity has significantly improved in recent years, though challenges remain. Managed by African Parks in partnership with the Congolese Institute for Nature Conservation (ICCN), the park employs over 300 trained and equipped eco-guards, including rangers, researchers, and community engagement officers. To this must be added the personnel mobilized under the agreement with the FARDC (State Party of DRC, 2024). This workforce is critical for managing the park’s vast area, which includes diverse ecosystems and threatened species like elephants and Kordofan giraffes. However, the park’s operational demands, such as anti-poaching patrols, biodiversity monitoring, and community outreach, often stretch resources thin. Moreover, regional insecurity and limited funding continue to challenge the park’s ability to maintain an adequately staffed team for effective management. These challenges are compounded by the need for highly specialized personnel to manage complex conservation tasks in an environment where security risks frequently disrupt operations.
In terms of training and capability, GNP has had its expertise in the recruitment and basic training of eco-guards since 2021. Garamba’s management has implemented rigorous training programs, including the Ranger Training Academy, which equips rangers with skills in law enforcement, anti-poaching tactics, wildlife monitoring, and conflict resolution. Additionally, community engagement officers are trained in conflict mediation and sustainable resource use, fostering positive relationships with local communities. Despite these efforts, gaps remain in specialized training areas and emerging challenges, such as advanced veterinary care for wildlife, habitat fragmentation, and climate resilience strategies (African Park, 2022). Moreover, while equipment such as patrol vehicles, communication devices, and protective gear have been procured to support management activities, logistical challenges in maintaining and replacing these assets persist, impacting the overall effectiveness and safety of field operations.
Efforts to nurture and safeguard staff well-being are in place, with initiatives such as periodic medical check-ups, safety training, and improvements in living conditions at remote base camps. Every year, some of the eco-guards' equipment is renewed to maintain an optimum level of safety and comfort. In 2023, 159 new uniforms, 82 ammunition waistcoats, 247 pairs of boots, 4 rucksacks, 259 tents, and 12 patrol sets (mosquito nets, water filters, GPS, etc.) were distributed to the various patrols. The renewal of patrol equipment is also included in the 2025-2029 five-year business plan (State Party of DRC, 2024). Despite these efforts, inconsistent delivery of training due to ongoing security concerns and resource constraints limits the full development of staff capabilities, suggesting that further investment in capacity building is necessary (African Parks, 2022). The combination of improved training, enhanced equipment maintenance, and targeted well-being programs remains essential to ensure that the park’s management team can operate effectively over the long term. Strengthening these aspects through increased funding and sustained capacity-building will be critical for achieving long-term conservation outcomes at Garamba National Park (African Parks, 2022).
In terms of training and capability, GNP has had its expertise in the recruitment and basic training of eco-guards since 2021. Garamba’s management has implemented rigorous training programs, including the Ranger Training Academy, which equips rangers with skills in law enforcement, anti-poaching tactics, wildlife monitoring, and conflict resolution. Additionally, community engagement officers are trained in conflict mediation and sustainable resource use, fostering positive relationships with local communities. Despite these efforts, gaps remain in specialized training areas and emerging challenges, such as advanced veterinary care for wildlife, habitat fragmentation, and climate resilience strategies (African Park, 2022). Moreover, while equipment such as patrol vehicles, communication devices, and protective gear have been procured to support management activities, logistical challenges in maintaining and replacing these assets persist, impacting the overall effectiveness and safety of field operations.
Efforts to nurture and safeguard staff well-being are in place, with initiatives such as periodic medical check-ups, safety training, and improvements in living conditions at remote base camps. Every year, some of the eco-guards' equipment is renewed to maintain an optimum level of safety and comfort. In 2023, 159 new uniforms, 82 ammunition waistcoats, 247 pairs of boots, 4 rucksacks, 259 tents, and 12 patrol sets (mosquito nets, water filters, GPS, etc.) were distributed to the various patrols. The renewal of patrol equipment is also included in the 2025-2029 five-year business plan (State Party of DRC, 2024). Despite these efforts, inconsistent delivery of training due to ongoing security concerns and resource constraints limits the full development of staff capabilities, suggesting that further investment in capacity building is necessary (African Parks, 2022). The combination of improved training, enhanced equipment maintenance, and targeted well-being programs remains essential to ensure that the park’s management team can operate effectively over the long term. Strengthening these aspects through increased funding and sustained capacity-building will be critical for achieving long-term conservation outcomes at Garamba National Park (African Parks, 2022).
Education and interpretation programmes
Garamba National Park has implemented various education and interpretation programs aimed at fostering a deeper understanding of its values among local communities and stakeholders. The program, structured around the "Love-Understand-Act" framework, targets schoolchildren, teachers, and community members in the park’s buffer zones. Since 2021, over 9,000 students from more than 100 schools have participated in workshops, park visits, and interactive sessions at Camp Dungu, a facility designed for community engagement (Environews-RDC, 2024). Moreover, the 2023 interschool poster competition on forest protection engaged 29 schools, with students creating 81 posters that creatively conveyed messages about sustainable resource use and conservation (Environews-RDC, 2024). Such initiatives have successfully raised awareness and instilled a sense of responsibility among young people, who are now seen as future ambassadors for the park’s protection. The park’s education programs also focus on sustainable resource use, addressing local reliance on natural resources for livelihoods. Through initiatives like the Junior Farmer Field School (CEP Junior), nearly 900 students and teachers were trained in sustainable agricultural practices in 2023, reducing the prevalence of slash-and-burn farming in the park’s buffer zones (Environews-RDC, 2024).
While these initiatives contribute to general environmental awareness, there is limited information on specific education or awareness programs focused on regulations regarding the sustainable use of the park's natural resources. The existing programs primarily emphasize broad conservation principles and community development. To address this gap, the park management could benefit from collaborating with academic institutions and local knowledge holders to develop targeted educational campaigns. These programs would aim to inform communities about sustainable resource use practices and the importance of adhering to regulations designed to protect the park's ecological integrity.
While these initiatives contribute to general environmental awareness, there is limited information on specific education or awareness programs focused on regulations regarding the sustainable use of the park's natural resources. The existing programs primarily emphasize broad conservation principles and community development. To address this gap, the park management could benefit from collaborating with academic institutions and local knowledge holders to develop targeted educational campaigns. These programs would aim to inform communities about sustainable resource use practices and the importance of adhering to regulations designed to protect the park's ecological integrity.
Tourism and visitation management
The park’s natural and cultural heritage is recognized as a key asset in promoting eco-tourism in the DRC; however, the price and difficulty of obtaining tourist visas, ongoing regional insecurity, and resource constraints have significantly limited tourism development (State Party of DRC, 2024). While national policy frameworks encourage the promotion of protected areas, Garamba has not yet fully capitalized on these policies due to persistent safety concerns and insufficient infrastructure. As a result, the site’s potential for generating revenue through sustainable tourism which could support conservation is underutilized.
While management authorities, notably ICCN in collaboration with African Parks, have initiated steps to develop visitor management protocols and improve access to secure areas within the park, actual visitor services and facilities remain minimal and underdeveloped. For example, guided tours are often restricted to limited and relatively safe zones, and the provision of facilities such as eco-lodges and visitor centers is sporadic, reflecting both security challenges and financial limitations (African Parks, 2022). Visitor services and facilities at Garamba are gradually improving but still fall short of international standards in some areas. Lodges like Garamba Lodge offer basic amenities and are designed to blend with the natural environment, but more sustainable and eco-friendly options are needed (Virunga, 2024). Permit systems and access controls are in place to manage visitor impacts; however, enforcement is uneven, and there is limited evidence of robust educational outreach or community involvement in tourism planning.
Overall, the tourism industry in Garamba National Park is managed with conservation in mind, but the sector remains at an early stage of development. Efforts to integrate tourism revenue into conservation financing have been made, yet the ongoing challenges of insecurity, inadequate infrastructure, and low visitor numbers restrict the industry’s capacity to support the park’s values effectively. There is considerable scope for improvement, particularly through partnerships with academic and research institutions, community-based tourism initiatives, and the development of sustainable visitor services that adhere to international standards of environmental sustainability and safety. Strengthening these areas will be essential to ensure that tourism not only minimizes negative impacts on natural and cultural values but also contributes positively to the long-term conservation of Garamba National Park.
While management authorities, notably ICCN in collaboration with African Parks, have initiated steps to develop visitor management protocols and improve access to secure areas within the park, actual visitor services and facilities remain minimal and underdeveloped. For example, guided tours are often restricted to limited and relatively safe zones, and the provision of facilities such as eco-lodges and visitor centers is sporadic, reflecting both security challenges and financial limitations (African Parks, 2022). Visitor services and facilities at Garamba are gradually improving but still fall short of international standards in some areas. Lodges like Garamba Lodge offer basic amenities and are designed to blend with the natural environment, but more sustainable and eco-friendly options are needed (Virunga, 2024). Permit systems and access controls are in place to manage visitor impacts; however, enforcement is uneven, and there is limited evidence of robust educational outreach or community involvement in tourism planning.
Overall, the tourism industry in Garamba National Park is managed with conservation in mind, but the sector remains at an early stage of development. Efforts to integrate tourism revenue into conservation financing have been made, yet the ongoing challenges of insecurity, inadequate infrastructure, and low visitor numbers restrict the industry’s capacity to support the park’s values effectively. There is considerable scope for improvement, particularly through partnerships with academic and research institutions, community-based tourism initiatives, and the development of sustainable visitor services that adhere to international standards of environmental sustainability and safety. Strengthening these areas will be essential to ensure that tourism not only minimizes negative impacts on natural and cultural values but also contributes positively to the long-term conservation of Garamba National Park.
Sustainable use
Assessments specifically addressing the sustainable use of natural resources within the GNP are limited. While some evaluations, mainly derived from broader conservation assessments, indicate that resource use has historically been managed with a focus on conservation rather than extraction, there remains little evidence of targeted studies that quantify the type and level of resources that can be sustainably used without jeopardizing the site's outstanding universal value. The management documents primarily emphasize biodiversity conservation, and although there are policies in place, comprehensive assessments tailored to sustainable resource utilization are still needed.
In terms of mechanisms ensuring sustainable resource use, Garamba’s legal and administrative framework establishes regulations to control activities such as mining, logging, and hunting in and around the park. However, the enforcement of these measures has been hampered by regional insecurity and weak governance capacity. For example, illegal mining and artisanal gold extraction in the park’s buffer zones have led to habitat degradation and pollution, posing direct threats to key species. Despite some efforts by ICCN and African Parks to monitor and mitigate these activities, the absence of a robust, integrated system for sustainable resource use combined with inadequate mechanisms to ensure equitable benefit-sharing with local and Indigenous communities remains a serious concern (African Parks, 2022).
Current resource use, particularly unregulated extraction, clearly represents a threat to Garamba’s conservation objectives. Illegal mining in the buffer zone has not only led to environmental degradation and loss of habitat connectivity but also increased conflicts between local communities and enforcement agencies. While community-led patrols and chimpanzee monitoring integrate indigenous knowledge, local rightsholders often face difficulties in accessing and benefiting from the park’s natural resources due to stringent conservation policies that do not adequately incorporate traditional resource management practices (JRS Biodiversity Foundation, 2021). To address these challenges, it is essential to develop a comprehensive framework that includes regular assessments, enhanced law enforcement, and cooperative programs with academic and research institutions, as well as the incorporation of traditional ecological knowledge. Such measures would help ensure that resource use contributes to sustainable development while preserving the park's outstanding universal values (Levin Sources, 2021).
In terms of mechanisms ensuring sustainable resource use, Garamba’s legal and administrative framework establishes regulations to control activities such as mining, logging, and hunting in and around the park. However, the enforcement of these measures has been hampered by regional insecurity and weak governance capacity. For example, illegal mining and artisanal gold extraction in the park’s buffer zones have led to habitat degradation and pollution, posing direct threats to key species. Despite some efforts by ICCN and African Parks to monitor and mitigate these activities, the absence of a robust, integrated system for sustainable resource use combined with inadequate mechanisms to ensure equitable benefit-sharing with local and Indigenous communities remains a serious concern (African Parks, 2022).
Current resource use, particularly unregulated extraction, clearly represents a threat to Garamba’s conservation objectives. Illegal mining in the buffer zone has not only led to environmental degradation and loss of habitat connectivity but also increased conflicts between local communities and enforcement agencies. While community-led patrols and chimpanzee monitoring integrate indigenous knowledge, local rightsholders often face difficulties in accessing and benefiting from the park’s natural resources due to stringent conservation policies that do not adequately incorporate traditional resource management practices (JRS Biodiversity Foundation, 2021). To address these challenges, it is essential to develop a comprehensive framework that includes regular assessments, enhanced law enforcement, and cooperative programs with academic and research institutions, as well as the incorporation of traditional ecological knowledge. Such measures would help ensure that resource use contributes to sustainable development while preserving the park's outstanding universal values (Levin Sources, 2021).
Monitoring
Systematic monitoring programs, supported by African Parks and the Congolese Institute for Nature Conservation (ICCN), include aerial surveys, camera traps, and satellite collars to track species like elephants and Kordofan giraffes. However, gaps remain, particularly for species like chimpanzees and red colobus monkeys, which lack comprehensive data on distribution and population trends. While monitoring has improved, the critical status of some species, such as the now-extinct northern white rhino, underscores the need for more robust and continuous data collection to fully safeguard the park’s Outstanding Universal Value (OUV).
The park’s management has already established partnerships with academic and research institutions, but there is room for expansion. Collaborative efforts with organizations such as the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and local universities have generated valuable, though sporadic, data on species and habitat dynamics (African Parks, 2022). African Parks collaborate with entities like the JRS Biodiversity Foundation, which funds research on large mammals and supports initiatives like the Elephant Demographic Survey and chimpanzee monitoring (JRS, 2021). Additionally, UNESCO has facilitated the placement of satellite collars on elephants to track movements and detect poaching threats, demonstrating the value of external partnerships (UNESCO, 2022). To address persistent data gaps, the park could further engage universities and research centers for long-term ecological studies, particularly in under-monitored areas like buffer zones and migratory corridors. Strengthening these collaborations would enhance the park’s capacity to adapt to emerging threats, such as climate change and habitat fragmentation (JRS, 2021).
The park’s management has already established partnerships with academic and research institutions, but there is room for expansion. Collaborative efforts with organizations such as the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and local universities have generated valuable, though sporadic, data on species and habitat dynamics (African Parks, 2022). African Parks collaborate with entities like the JRS Biodiversity Foundation, which funds research on large mammals and supports initiatives like the Elephant Demographic Survey and chimpanzee monitoring (JRS, 2021). Additionally, UNESCO has facilitated the placement of satellite collars on elephants to track movements and detect poaching threats, demonstrating the value of external partnerships (UNESCO, 2022). To address persistent data gaps, the park could further engage universities and research centers for long-term ecological studies, particularly in under-monitored areas like buffer zones and migratory corridors. Strengthening these collaborations would enhance the park’s capacity to adapt to emerging threats, such as climate change and habitat fragmentation (JRS, 2021).
Research
Garamba National Park has a long history of research, yet a fully targeted research program that is integrated into its adaptive management system remains limited. Historical research in Garamba, often conducted under challenging security conditions, has focused on key species such as Grauer’s gorilla and forest elephants through sporadic surveys and academic studies. Advanced technologies, such as satellite collars for elephants and giraffes, alongside partnerships with entities like the Kibali Gold Mine for biodiversity offset programs (2022), underscore the adaptive framework. However, primate research, including chimpanzee studies, faced temporary halts due to COVID-19 funding cuts (2020–2021), highlighting vulnerabilities in program continuity (African Parks, 2023). Recent assessments indicate that while various ad hoc research efforts have been undertaken by organizations like African Parks, the Wildlife Conservation Society and WWF, there is no cohesive, long-term research strategy formally embedded within the park’s business plan. This gap hinders the ability of managers to track changes in biodiversity and habitat conditions continuously, thereby limiting adaptive responses to emerging threats.
In light of this, there is significant potential for the park’s management agency to establish robust cooperation programs with academic institutions, research centers, and traditional knowledge holders. Partnerships with entities such as African Parks and local universities have shown promise in generating valuable data—for instance, collaborative projects examining primate population dynamics and habitat mapping have provided critical insights (Levin Sources, 2021). However, these efforts need to be consolidated into a coordinated, targeted research program that regularly feeds updated information into management decisions. Integrating traditional ecological knowledge from Indigenous Peoples and local communities is also essential, as these stakeholders hold valuable insights into sustainable resource management that can enhance the park’s adaptive capacity.
Overall, the current research efforts in GNP, though valuable, are fragmented and insufficient to fully support long-term conservation planning. The lack of an integrated, continuous research program means that critical data on ecosystem dynamics and species status are not consistently available, undermining effective decision-making. To maintain its Outstanding Universal Value, it is imperative that Garamba’s management adopt a comprehensive research framework that consolidates existing studies, leverages new partnerships, and incorporates local and traditional knowledge. This approach would ensure that up-to-date, diverse data inform adaptive management practices, thereby strengthening the park’s resilience in the face of ongoing environmental and socio-political challenges.
In light of this, there is significant potential for the park’s management agency to establish robust cooperation programs with academic institutions, research centers, and traditional knowledge holders. Partnerships with entities such as African Parks and local universities have shown promise in generating valuable data—for instance, collaborative projects examining primate population dynamics and habitat mapping have provided critical insights (Levin Sources, 2021). However, these efforts need to be consolidated into a coordinated, targeted research program that regularly feeds updated information into management decisions. Integrating traditional ecological knowledge from Indigenous Peoples and local communities is also essential, as these stakeholders hold valuable insights into sustainable resource management that can enhance the park’s adaptive capacity.
Overall, the current research efforts in GNP, though valuable, are fragmented and insufficient to fully support long-term conservation planning. The lack of an integrated, continuous research program means that critical data on ecosystem dynamics and species status are not consistently available, undermining effective decision-making. To maintain its Outstanding Universal Value, it is imperative that Garamba’s management adopt a comprehensive research framework that consolidates existing studies, leverages new partnerships, and incorporates local and traditional knowledge. This approach would ensure that up-to-date, diverse data inform adaptive management practices, thereby strengthening the park’s resilience in the face of ongoing environmental and socio-political challenges.
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats outside the site
The park's management, led by African Parks in partnership with the Congolese Institute for Nature Conservation (ICCN), has made significant strides in improving security and conservation efforts within the park. However, external threats such as illegal gold mining, agricultural encroachment, and armed militia activities in the buffer zones remain persistent challenges. The park's buffer zones, which are critical for maintaining the full range of habitat types and migratory routes for key species, are not yet formally designated or fully surveilled. This lack of formal protection and enforcement in the buffer zones allows illegal activities to continue, negatively impacting habitats and increasing human-wildlife conflicts. Efforts to address these issues, such as the 2019 Ministerial Decree banning gold mining in the buffer zones, have been implemented, but enforcement remains inconsistent due to limited resources and ongoing security threats, and mining continues to degrade key habitats, including gallery forests essential for species like chimpanzees. Additionally, the lack of a finalized Land Use Plan (started in 2018) for the hunting areas surrounding the park leaves these zones vulnerable to unsustainable human activities, further threatening ecological integrity.
Governance mechanisms have facilitated community engagement, with over 300 full-time staff and local employment initiatives aimed at reducing dependence on natural resources. However, unresolved land tenure issues and weak legal enforcement outside the park undermine efforts to fully integrate community interests into conservation strategies. Additionally, the park's management has engaged in transboundary cooperation with South Sudan to address cross-border threats like poaching and illegal resource extraction. However, the formalization of a Memorandum of Understanding between the two countries is still pending, which limits the effectiveness of these collaborative efforts. The lack of a fully integrated management plan for the buffer zones and the surrounding landscape, combined with the persistent presence of armed groups and illegal activities, underscores the need for stronger regional cooperation and more robust enforcement mechanisms to mitigate external threats effectively.
Despite improved patrol coverage and aerial surveillance, governance gaps, legal ambiguities, and enforcement challenges outside the park indicate that the management system is only partially effective in addressing external threats.
Governance mechanisms have facilitated community engagement, with over 300 full-time staff and local employment initiatives aimed at reducing dependence on natural resources. However, unresolved land tenure issues and weak legal enforcement outside the park undermine efforts to fully integrate community interests into conservation strategies. Additionally, the park's management has engaged in transboundary cooperation with South Sudan to address cross-border threats like poaching and illegal resource extraction. However, the formalization of a Memorandum of Understanding between the two countries is still pending, which limits the effectiveness of these collaborative efforts. The lack of a fully integrated management plan for the buffer zones and the surrounding landscape, combined with the persistent presence of armed groups and illegal activities, underscores the need for stronger regional cooperation and more robust enforcement mechanisms to mitigate external threats effectively.
Despite improved patrol coverage and aerial surveillance, governance gaps, legal ambiguities, and enforcement challenges outside the park indicate that the management system is only partially effective in addressing external threats.
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats inside the site
The management system and governance of Garamba National Park have significantly improved in recent years, contributing to the reduction of key threats inside the park. The co-management partnership between the Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature (ICCN) and African Parks has enhanced law enforcement efforts, leading to a notable decline in poaching incidents. Patrols now cover 58% of the park’s complex on foot and 98% through aerial surveillance, supported by intelligence-driven operations and a company of 90 FARDC agents under the park’s command. These measures have contributed to the stabilization and gradual recovery of key species, such as elephants and Kordofan giraffes, whose populations have shown encouraging growth rates. Additionally, efforts to integrate community-led patrols and monitoring programs into conservation strategies have strengthened protection and management within the park.
However, persistent challenges remain, particularly regarding illegal mining and resource extraction, which continue to degrade habitats despite enforcement actions. While the park’s governance framework has improved transparency and accountability, gaps remain in fully integrating Indigenous and local community perspectives into decision-making processes. Additionally, although poaching levels have declined, armed groups still operate sporadically, creating potential security risks for conservation personnel and wildlife. The lack of a finalized integrated management plan also limits the effectiveness of long-term conservation planning. Overall, while the management system has made significant progress in addressing threats inside the park, further strengthening of governance, increased funding, and continued security measures are essential to sustain these improvements.
However, persistent challenges remain, particularly regarding illegal mining and resource extraction, which continue to degrade habitats despite enforcement actions. While the park’s governance framework has improved transparency and accountability, gaps remain in fully integrating Indigenous and local community perspectives into decision-making processes. Additionally, although poaching levels have declined, armed groups still operate sporadically, creating potential security risks for conservation personnel and wildlife. The lack of a finalized integrated management plan also limits the effectiveness of long-term conservation planning. Overall, while the management system has made significant progress in addressing threats inside the park, further strengthening of governance, increased funding, and continued security measures are essential to sustain these improvements.
Garamba National Park's protection and management have shown significant improvements since the establishment of a public-private partnership between the Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature (ICCN) and African Parks in 2005. This collaboration has enhanced law enforcement, wildlife monitoring, and community engagement. The park has implemented rigorous anti-poaching measures, including aerial surveillance, drone technology, and a specialized canine unit, which have contributed to a notable decline in elephant poaching incidents. Additionally, the park has made strides in community development, employing over 300 local staff and initiating programs focused on education, healthcare, and alternative livelihoods. These efforts have improved relations with local communities and provided economic benefits, although challenges remain in fully integrating Indigenous and local community perspectives into decision-making processes and some tensions remain with surrounding communities. Despite these advancements, several concerns persist. The legal framework, while robust on paper, faces enforcement challenges due to ongoing security threats, limited resources, and weak judicial systems. Illegal activities such as gold mining and poaching continue to pose significant risks, particularly in the buffer zones. The formal designation of a buffer zone and a transboundary cooperation agreement with South Sudan remain incomplete, which hampers the park's ecological integrity. Furthermore, while the park has a business plan guiding its operations, it lacks a comprehensive, integrated management plan that covers both the park and its surrounding hunting grounds. Overall, while the management efforts have been mostly effective, continued vigilance, enhanced transboundary cooperation, and stronger community engagement are essential to ensure the long-term conservation of Garamba National Park.
Large expanse of guinea savannahs with the potential to support an exceptionally high large mammal biomass
Good
Trend
Stable
The savannahs and habitats are considered to be in a good pristine condition, unaffected by human settlement, domestic animals, mining or other human activities. However, some change in vegetation structure and succession may be occurring as a result of the substantial reduction in elephant numbers (from around 22,000 in 1976 to around 1,200 in 2016) (State Party of the DRC, 2017). The potential of the area to support the massive populations of large herbivores known previously is largely a function of the biophysical conditions at Garamba, which remain essentially unchanged.
Geographic location within the transition zone between two bio-geographically important centres of endemism (Guinean-Congo and Guinean-Sudanese)
Low Concern
Trend
Stable
The mix of habitat types from the two centers of endemism are still present, although it should be noted that the three buffer zones are critical to the maintenance of the full range of habitat types typical of this transition zone, and these remain to formalised, fully surveilled and the Land Use Plan for the Hunting Estates finalised. Illegal gold panning and clearing for agricultural settlement in the buffer zones has been negatively impacting certain important habitat types, particularly gallery forests which contain many typically moist forest species (UNESCO and IUCN, 2016).
Presence of emblematic, endangered and/or endemic mammal species
High Concern
Trend
Improving
All large herbivores have been affected by poaching, noting particularly that the northern white rhino is considered to be extinct in the wild and the elephant population has faced intense pressure from ivory poaching. Since 2004 the security situation has prevented the systematic collection of monitoring data across the whole park, however aerial censuses have allowed for monitoring in more recent years. Management efforts by African Parks in recent years have enabled the state of the park to be greatly improved since 2015, allowing wildlife populations to grow whilst armed conflicts have been reduced (IUCN Consultation, 2020). Elephant poaching is reported to have progressively declined since aerial surveillance began in 2014 (UNESCO and IUCN, 2016), from 131 carcasses recorded in 2014 to 50 in 2017, to 8 in 2019 (State Party of the DRC, 2020). The 2023 Elephant Demographic survey revealed an estimated population of 1422 (1283-1715) individuals. The overall status of the Kordofan giraffe in the property is also improving as the annual census of 2024 counts a total of 91 individuals in comparison with the 45 individuals counted in 2017 Concerning the buffalo's population, a total of 8454 individuals were observed in 2021 indicating an annual increase of 5.9% between 2017 and 2021. A total of 2838 hippopotamus were observed in 2021 representing an estimated average annual growth rate of 19.3% between 2017 and 2021. Images of chimpanzees were captured for the first time on the property through a camera-traps monitoring system installed in 2021(State Party of the DRC, 2024).
Assessment of the current state and trend of World Heritage values
Improving
The park's Guinea savannahs remain largely intact, maintaining their potential to support a high biomass of large herbivores, a key value of the site. However, the significant reduction in elephant populations has altered vegetation structure and succession. The mix of habitat types from the Guinean-Congolian and Sudanian centers of endemism is still present, but illegal gold mining and agricultural encroachment in buffer zones threaten critical habitats, particularly gallery forests. The northern white rhino is extinct in the wild, and the Kordofan giraffe population, while improving, remains critically low with 91 individuals counted in 2024. Despite these pressures, recent conservation efforts have led to positive trends in some species, such as elephants, buffalo, and hippopotamus, which have shown annual growth rates due to enhanced anti-poaching measures and improved security. The trend for Garamba's World Heritage values is cautiously improving, thanks to significant conservation actions by African Parks and ICCN. Anti-poaching efforts, including increased aerial surveillance and strengthened ranger patrols, have resulted in a notable decline in elephant poaching incidents. The Kordofan giraffe population has also shown growth, increasing from 45 individuals in 2017 to 91 in 2024. However, the overall conservation status of many species remains precarious, and the park's biodiversity continues to face threats from illegal activities and habitat degradation.
Additional information
Water provision (importance for water quantity and quality)
The abundance of permanent water sources is a unique feature of the site and is one of the key contributing factors for the park’s capacity to support a very high biomass of large herbivores.
Outdoor recreation and tourism
The park has very significant tourist potential, but is prevented from maximizing this potential because of the security situation and isolation/ remoteness. Key tourist attractions are: a vast undulating, grassland-dominated landscape; a variety of large herbivore species, including spectacularly large herds of elephants at certain times of the year; large communal nesting sites of carmine bee-eaters; hippos and crocodiles in the rivers. This is one of very few sites in central Africa where this kind of tourist potential exists.
The national and global benefits in terms of nature conservation (unique mixture of savannah and forest species), and the potential benefits in terms of recreation (tourism) are of high importance. However these benefits are at risk because of the inability to resolve the problem of armed militia and relations with local populations.
| № | Organization | Brief description of Active Projects | Website |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | African Parks | African Parks has managed Garamba National Park since 2005 in partnership with the Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature (ICCN). Their efforts focus on anti-poaching measures, wildlife monitoring, and community engagement. Notably, they have implemented aerial surveillance and intelligence-driven patrols to combat poaching, leading to a significant decline in illegal activities since 2017. These actions directly protect the park's World Heritage values by preserving its diverse wildlife populations. |
https://www.africanparks.org/the-parks/garamba
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| 2 | Conservation Solutions | In a collaborative effort, Conservation Solutions, African Parks, &Beyond, Phinda Private Game Reserve, ICCN, and Barrick Gold undertook a project to translocate 16 southern white rhinos from South Africa to Garamba in 2023. This initiative aims to re-establish the white rhino population in the park, enhancing its biodiversity and restoring ecological balance. |
https://www.conservationsolutions.co.za/project-pages/garamba-rhino
|
| 3 | Mathias D'haen funded by Rufford Foundation | Supported by the Rufford Foundation, a project was initiated to monitor and conserve the critically endangered Kordofan giraffe in Garamba. With fewer than 40 individuals remaining, the project focuses on detailed monitoring and the development of conservation management strategies to prevent local extinction. This includes habitat use studies and anti-poaching initiatives, directly addressing threats to this species and supporting the park's ecological integrity. |
https://www.rufford.org/projects/mathias-dhaen/long-term-conservation-and-monitoring-actions-of-the-last-kordofan-giraffe-in-garamba-national-park-drc/
|
| 4 | African Parks Network – European Union | This energy access improvement program aims to develop the solar energy market in selected areas of the park for the benefit of local communities. The expected results are: Installation of at least two photovoltaic mini-grids in the urban centers of Dungu and Faradje (20 to 40 kW); Deployment of individual solar systems (Solar Home System – SHS) for at least 10,000 households in particular thanks to PAYGO’s pay-as-you-go payment model; Distribution of at least 1,500 subsidized solar lanterns for the poorest households. |
https://www.marge.eu/en/projets/technical-support-to-the-solar-energy-program-of-garamba-national-park/
|
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