Kahuzi-Biéga National Park
Country
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Inscribed in
1980
Criterion
(x)
The conservation outlook for this site has been assessed as "critical" in the latest assessment cycle. Explore the Conservation Outlook Assessment for the site below. You have the option to access the summary, or the detailed assessment.
A vast area of primary tropical forest dominated by two spectacular extinct volcanoes, Kahuzi and Biega, the park has a diverse and abundant fauna. One of the last groups of eastern lowland (graueri) gorillas (consisting of only some 250 individuals) lives at between 2,100 and 2,400 m above sea-level. © UNESCO
Summary
2025 Conservation Outlook
Finalised on
11 Oct 2025
Critical
Current state and trend of VALUES
High Concern
Overall THREATS
Overall PROTECTION and MANAGEMENT
Full assessment
Description of values
Mid altitude and montane tropical forests representative of the Albertine Rift, a zone of exceptional biodiversity and endemism.
Criterion
(x)
Kahuzi-Biega National Park is the second most important site (after the Virunga National Park) on the Albertine Rift in terms of biodiversity, endemism, and presence of threatened species. Of note are 14 species of primate, including the endemic subspecies Grauer’s gorilla (Gorilla gorilla graueri), the red-faced chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurtii), and 2 extremely rare species of genets: the aquatic genet Osbornictis piscivora and the giant genet Genetta victoriae. The park lies within an important Endemic Bird Area, with 349 species, including 42 endemics. It also lies within a centre of endemism for plants, with 1.178 species recorded from the park (only the Virunga National Park and Bwindi Impenetrable Forest have more plant species) (UNESCO, 2012). The park is also one of the rare sites in sub-Saharan Africa that features a continuum of different vegetation types within an altitudinal range of 600m to 3,308m, including rare habitats such as high-altitude peat bogs and Afro-alpine formations (ICCN, 2012). Currently, 51 species are reported in the park, including six new species for science that await formal description (Kisekelwa et al., 2020).
Presence of emblematic and endangered mammal species.
Criterion
(x)
The park’s most important emblematic species is Grauer’s gorilla. High levels of poaching of gorillas for the bushmeat trade occurred during the wars, including several of the habituated gorilla families used for tourism in the high altitude sector. Following an estimated 77% decline in the population since the mid-1990s (Hall et al., 1999), the species is now considered to be critically endangered on the IUCN Redlist of Threatened Species (Plumptre et al., 2016; 2019), and the KBNP-OCR region is the last stronghold for the species, containing an estimated 84% of the remaining global population. Forest elephants Loxodonta africana cyclotis occur, but have been highly threatened by the ivory trade (ICCN, 2009), especially in the low altitude sector (WCS, 2016). Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) remain at a level similar to the mid-1990s.
Endemic flora
Impatiens erecticornis, irangiensis, iteberoensis, paucidentata, masisiensis, warburgiana, spp, Dicranolepis incisa, Momanthotaxis sp, Peddiea kivuensis, Phyllobotryum lebruni, Polyscias kivuensis, Poalystachya babyloni, Rinorea spp, Schefflera kivuensis, Selaginella auquieri, Senecio johnstoni spp. Kajuzicus, Swertia macrosepala, from the Kahuzi-Biega National Park or surrounding area.
Assessment information
Kahuzi-Biega National Park (KBNP) faces multiple severe and ongoing threats that continue to undermine its ecological integrity and conservation efforts. Armed militia groups remain the most pressing challenge, as they operate within the park and engage in illegal activities such as poaching, illegal mining, and deforestation. These groups have made large portions of the park unsafe for conservation personnel, hindering effective law enforcement and wildlife monitoring. Illegal mining for minerals such as coltan and cassiterite has caused significant habitat destruction, polluting water sources and fragmenting key wildlife corridors. Additionally, poaching remains a critical concern, with Grauer’s gorillas and forest elephants particularly vulnerable to hunting for bushmeat and ivory.
Beyond security concerns, illegal agricultural expansion and deforestation continue to degrade key ecological zones within the park, especially in the lowland sector. While efforts have been made to remove illegal farms from the ecological corridor, large-scale deforestation and habitat loss persist, threatening species that rely on these areas for migration and breeding. Commercial hunting and the poisoning of aquatic resources further exacerbate biodiversity loss, disrupting the park's delicate ecosystems. The lack of an updated management plan since 2019 has also weakened conservation efforts, limiting the park’s ability to respond effectively to these escalating threats. Without urgent intervention, including reinforced security measures and sustainable conservation financing, KBNP’s biodiversity will remain at extreme risk
Beyond security concerns, illegal agricultural expansion and deforestation continue to degrade key ecological zones within the park, especially in the lowland sector. While efforts have been made to remove illegal farms from the ecological corridor, large-scale deforestation and habitat loss persist, threatening species that rely on these areas for migration and breeding. Commercial hunting and the poisoning of aquatic resources further exacerbate biodiversity loss, disrupting the park's delicate ecosystems. The lack of an updated management plan since 2019 has also weakened conservation efforts, limiting the park’s ability to respond effectively to these escalating threats. Without urgent intervention, including reinforced security measures and sustainable conservation financing, KBNP’s biodiversity will remain at extreme risk
Conflict, Civil Unrest & Security Activities
(Presence of armed militia)
Inside site
, Throughout(>50%)
Outside site
The park has a long history of armed conflict. Armed militia have been involved in hunting, mining, and farming inside the park. All sectors were affected, but evacuation performed by the Congolese army (FARDC) from 2015, and as a result, Kasese and Nzovu-East sectors have been freed of rebel groups (State Party of the DRC, 2017). Their activities have affected and still affect locally the animal biodiversity and endemism values. Habitats are also negatively impacted by mining activities and the cultivation that occurs around the mining camps and occupied former villages. Miners also practice hunting. The insecurity created by their presence has made large areas of the park no-go areas for ICCN.
The 2017 Reactive Monitoring mission noted that ICCN had very limited access to an important part of the property, and the World Heritage Committee expressed its deepest concerns regarding the persistent insecurity in a large part of the property due to the presence of rebel groups carrying out illegal activities, such as artisanal mining exploitation and poaching (UNESCO, 2018). In 2018, a team of 27 ICCN and WCS staff was kidnapped by militia while they were carrying out biological inventories in the Lulingu sector. Fortunately, the intervention of ICCN and the provincial government ensured that all were freed (UNESCO, 2018); however, this underpins the ongoing threat of insecurity to the safety and lives of conservation staff and their ability to effectively manage the property. Despite the relative improvement in security reported in 2018, the property remains infiltrated by armed rebel groups who carry out illegal mining activities and continue to hamper the surveillance work of the property (UNESCO, 2019). In 2020, the government reported an improved security situation, which allowed patrol access to all seven sectors of the Park (Tshivanga, Kasese, Lulingu, Itebero, Nzovu, Mumbil, and Nkuku) and a significant increase in overall surveillance coverage (69.2%). The armed forces (FARDC) in collaboration with the park, local leaders, and other state services, continue to track armed groups observed in the villages around, and those who take refuge inside the Park. This led to the neutralization of several warlords of the Mai-Mai, FDLR, and Nyatura groups (State Party of the DRC, 2020). In 2024, insecurity remains a significant threat to the property and will require ongoing strengthened efforts to ensure the safety of staff and communities on the ground, and the effective management of the property in the future.
The 2017 Reactive Monitoring mission noted that ICCN had very limited access to an important part of the property, and the World Heritage Committee expressed its deepest concerns regarding the persistent insecurity in a large part of the property due to the presence of rebel groups carrying out illegal activities, such as artisanal mining exploitation and poaching (UNESCO, 2018). In 2018, a team of 27 ICCN and WCS staff was kidnapped by militia while they were carrying out biological inventories in the Lulingu sector. Fortunately, the intervention of ICCN and the provincial government ensured that all were freed (UNESCO, 2018); however, this underpins the ongoing threat of insecurity to the safety and lives of conservation staff and their ability to effectively manage the property. Despite the relative improvement in security reported in 2018, the property remains infiltrated by armed rebel groups who carry out illegal mining activities and continue to hamper the surveillance work of the property (UNESCO, 2019). In 2020, the government reported an improved security situation, which allowed patrol access to all seven sectors of the Park (Tshivanga, Kasese, Lulingu, Itebero, Nzovu, Mumbil, and Nkuku) and a significant increase in overall surveillance coverage (69.2%). The armed forces (FARDC) in collaboration with the park, local leaders, and other state services, continue to track armed groups observed in the villages around, and those who take refuge inside the Park. This led to the neutralization of several warlords of the Mai-Mai, FDLR, and Nyatura groups (State Party of the DRC, 2020). In 2024, insecurity remains a significant threat to the property and will require ongoing strengthened efforts to ensure the safety of staff and communities on the ground, and the effective management of the property in the future.
Mining & Quarrying
(Mining (coltan, cassiterite))
Inside site
, Widespread(15-50%)
Outside site
The site has experienced a history of mining pressure. In 2011, it was estimated that there were 918 mining sites, of which 405 had armed groups present (Hollestelle, 2012). Artisanal miners frequently encroach on the park, leading to habitat destruction, pollution of waterways, and increased human-wildlife conflict. For example, mining activities in the Nzovu and Cikenzi areas have disrupted gorilla habitats and caused soil erosion, which affects the park's ecosystems (UNESCO, 2023). The influence of armed groups in mining activities is considerable - charging taxes, providing “security” for the miners, and even digging for gold themselves. Since an operation led by FARDC, most rebel groups have been removed, and since 2017, it is reported that no legal mining concessions are active in the property (State Party of the DRC, 2017; UNESCO, 2017). However, illegal mining persists, and patrols continue to locate and shut down active artisanal camps: 14 in 2016; 2 in 2017; 20 in 2018.
In 2024, certain mining sites were closed due to various patrol actions carried out by eco-guards (Cikenzi, Mugezi, and Nyaweza). However, the lack of ordnance equipment and the security situation in the area hinder the effective management of this threat (State Party of DRC, 2024).
In 2024, certain mining sites were closed due to various patrol actions carried out by eco-guards (Cikenzi, Mugezi, and Nyaweza). However, the lack of ordnance equipment and the security situation in the area hinder the effective management of this threat (State Party of DRC, 2024).
Logging, Harvesting & Controlling Trees
(Forest clearance for agriculture)
Inside site
, Throughout(>50%)
Outside site
Agricultural expansion and illegal logging by local communities seeking farmland and timber have led to deforestation in the park's buffer zones. This encroachment reduces wildlife habitats and fragments ecosystems, making species like gorillas more vulnerable. In 2009, 10% of the low altitude sector and 24% of the corridor and high altitude sectors were affected by deforestation (UNESCO, 2009). The illegal creation of farms (cattle, crops) by wealthy/influential “landowners” in the Nindja ecological corridor constitutes a very serious threat to mid-altitude and montane tropical forests since the continuum of primary habitat types from low altitude to high altitude has been completely severed (UNESCO, 2009). The resolution of this issue has been a high concern for many years, due to the impacts on the ecological connection between the two sectors, and hence the integrity of the site, and the extensive transformation of land (secondary vegetation instead of primary vegetation) in this area. As long as the issue of farms in the ecological corridor was not resolved, it would also not be possible to deal with the issue of the many occupied villages in the low altitude sector that existed before the creation of the park, and which have always remained occupied. A socio-economic study is ongoing to specify the current situation of these villages.
The "National Forum on Governance and Enhancement of the Property" was launched in April 2015 with a special commission that oversees the follow-up of activities. In 2018, the occupation of the ecological corridor was raised as one of the major obstacles for the removal of the PNKB from the List of World Heritage in Danger and the Committee requested that the cancellation of land titles and evacuation of the illegal occupants to be accelerated as a crucial part of guaranteeing ecological continuity between the lowland and highland sectors of the property (UNESCO, 2018). In 2019, the government also reported the evacuation of approximately 90% of livestock farmers from the park's ecological corridor (State Party of the DRC, 2020) and that ICCN-PNKB has strengthened its presence within the limits of the ecological corridor through the organization of surveillance patrols and by the peaceful resolution of the existing conflict between the PNKB and the neighboring communities / Batwa for peaceful coexistence, as well as to limit the impact of encroachment through awareness-raising sessions and a commitment to strengthening the Park-resident population collaboration through a high level dialogue on the process of sustainable protection of the PNKB and of the peaceful coexistence between the park, the Batwa indigenous peoples and the other riparian communities (State Party of the DRC, 2020).
The "National Forum on Governance and Enhancement of the Property" was launched in April 2015 with a special commission that oversees the follow-up of activities. In 2018, the occupation of the ecological corridor was raised as one of the major obstacles for the removal of the PNKB from the List of World Heritage in Danger and the Committee requested that the cancellation of land titles and evacuation of the illegal occupants to be accelerated as a crucial part of guaranteeing ecological continuity between the lowland and highland sectors of the property (UNESCO, 2018). In 2019, the government also reported the evacuation of approximately 90% of livestock farmers from the park's ecological corridor (State Party of the DRC, 2020) and that ICCN-PNKB has strengthened its presence within the limits of the ecological corridor through the organization of surveillance patrols and by the peaceful resolution of the existing conflict between the PNKB and the neighboring communities / Batwa for peaceful coexistence, as well as to limit the impact of encroachment through awareness-raising sessions and a commitment to strengthening the Park-resident population collaboration through a high level dialogue on the process of sustainable protection of the PNKB and of the peaceful coexistence between the park, the Batwa indigenous peoples and the other riparian communities (State Party of the DRC, 2020).
Water-borne & other effluent Pollution
(Fish Poisoning)
Inside site
, Throughout(>50%)
Outside site
Fish poisoning is another threat affecting the fish diversity in the PNKB. At low altitudes, the river systems inside the park are rich in fish species, and some species are abundant. The fishing practice is frequent in the low altitude of the park. So far, local populations no longer use local ichthyotoxin, extracted from local species such as Tephrosia spp., but rather an acute insecticide Andrine, which may have devastating, widespread impacts on living beings for a long distance, even in a river large than 30 m width. Some species that remain undescribed will likely vanish before becoming known. As mentioned previously, the lack of coverage of surveillance across the park, mostly in the lowland, facilitates the proponents of these activities to operate in the park, noting that this fishing is prohibited in general under Congolese policies (IUCN Consultation, 2020).
Hunting, Collecting & Controlling Terrestrial Animals
(Commercial hunting)
Other targeted species names
Elephants, gorillas
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
Bushmeat commerce, involving almost all vertebrate species, is very intense and thus affects the biodiversity values of the park. Forest elephants are under intense pressure from ivory poachers, with probably only a few individuals left in high altitude. Many players are involved, including rebel militia (FDLR, Raya Mutomboki, Maï-maï). Elephants are now extremely rare in the low-altitude sector. In 1994, the population was estimated at 3.720, but in surveys between 2000 and 2008, no traces were found in low altitude (Amsini, 2008), while in 2015 traces were seen in the extreme North-western part only (WCS, 2015). Eastern lowland gorillas were heavily poached during the wars (mainly for bushmeat) and probably continue to be hunted in the low-altitude sector. The population in the low altitude sector was estimated to be less than 1000 in 2015 (Plumptre, 2015), a decrease by over 90% since 1994 (Plumptre, 2015). Snares and traps set for other animals often injure or kill gorillas, further endangering their populations (ICCN, 2020). They are also victims of metallic cable traps (used for antelope hunting) at high altitude. The high altitude population was halved during the wars. In 2023, park rangers dismantled over 1,300 snares and arrested numerous poachers, highlighting the ongoing nature of this threat (UNESCO, 2023).
Kahuzi-Biega National Park (KBNP) faces several potential threats that could significantly impact its ecological integrity and conservation efforts. One of the most concerning threats is the potential rehabilitation of the RN3 highway, which passes through the high-altitude sector of the park. If this road is asphalted and opened to heavy traffic, it could lead to increased human activity, habitat fragmentation, and roadkill incidents, disrupting key wildlife populations. While funding for an alternative route north of the park has not yet been secured, the risk remains significant, especially given that traffic along the existing road is already increasing. Another major potential threat is the outbreak of infectious diseases, particularly those affecting endangered species such as the Grauer’s gorilla. The risk of disease transmission between humans and wildlife, including Ebola and respiratory infections, remains a serious concern. Given the park's role as a stronghold for the Grauer’s gorilla population, a disease outbreak could have devastating consequences. Additionally, climate change may exacerbate existing threats by altering rainfall patterns, affecting vegetation, and increasing the vulnerability of wildlife to disease and habitat degradation.
Roads, Trails & Railroads
(Rehabilitation of the RN3 through the high altitude sector of park.)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Outside site
For the past 20 years or more the RN3 highway from Kisangani to Bukavu, which passes through the high altitude sector of the park has been virtually impassable and so there has been very little traffic on it. During 2016, ICCN controlled on the road 15700 cars/trucks/motorbikes showing that traffic is already significant. This will worsen if the section through the high altitude sector will become a major asphalted highway with thousands of vehicles passing through the park every week. However, since 2017, no new information regarding the highway has been reported (UNESCO 2017; 2018; 2019).
Pathogens
(Disease Outbreaks:)
Other invasive species names
Gorillas
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
The potential for disease transmission between humans and wildlife, particularly gorillas, is a significant concern. Diseases such as Ebola and respiratory infections could devastate gorilla populations, as seen in other parts of Central Africa (UNESCO, 2023).
Involvement of stakeholders and rightsholders, including indigenous peoples and local communities, in decision-making processes
Recent developments at Kahuzi-Biega National Park (KBNP) in the DRC have highlighted ongoing challenges and emerging opportunities concerning the involvement of Indigenous Peoples and local communities in decision-making processes. In July 2024, the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights issued a landmark ruling recognizing the Batwa community's rights to their ancestral lands within KBNP. The Commission called on the Congolese government to return these lands, provide compensation, and ensure the Batwa's full protection (African Arguments, 2024). This decision underscores the historical grievances stemming from displacement and exclusion faced by the Batwa and emphasizes the necessity for their meaningful inclusion in park governance. However, despite this progress, reports indicate that the Batwa community continues to face exclusion and criminalization when attempting to reclaim access to their ancestral lands (MRG, 2024).
In 2022, a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) agreement was established between the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and the Congolese Institute for the Conservation of Nature (ICCN) to manage KBNP. This partnership aims to create a transparent and accountable conservation model that respects and protects the rights of Indigenous Peoples and local communities. The initiative seeks to integrate a human rights-based approach into conservation efforts, recognizing that the long-term preservation of KBNP's unique biodiversity is intertwined with the well-being and rights of its Indigenous inhabitants (WCS, 2022). However, despite these efforts, key stakeholders such as the Batwa have criticized the agreement for not adequately addressing their historical grievances and failing to establish a clear framework for Indigenous participation in decision-making. Although local community engagement programs have been introduced, they often lack meaningful representation from Indigenous leaders (MRG, 2024).
Governance structures at KBNP formally recognize the rights of Indigenous Peoples, but in practice, these rights are not fully upheld. The park’s management has yet to integrate traditional governance systems and resource management practices of the Batwa into conservation strategies. Conservation restrictions continue to limit Indigenous Peoples’ access to natural resources, further exacerbating tensions between the park authorities and local communities (African Arguments, 2024). While international conservation bodies and human rights organizations have called for inclusive governance mechanisms, the lack of structured engagement in decision-making remains a critical gap. Addressing these challenges requires a commitment to co-management approaches, where Indigenous knowledge is valued alongside scientific conservation methods (WCS, 2022).
Although the park provides benefits such as employment opportunities and eco-tourism revenue, equitable benefit-sharing remains a pressing issue. Many local communities, particularly the Batwa, argue that conservation efforts disproportionately restrict their livelihoods without offering viable alternatives (IP Rights, 2024). Additionally, gender equity within park governance remains an area of concern, as Indigenous women face additional barriers in participating in decision-making and accessing economic opportunities (African Arguments, 2024).
In 2022, a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) agreement was established between the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and the Congolese Institute for the Conservation of Nature (ICCN) to manage KBNP. This partnership aims to create a transparent and accountable conservation model that respects and protects the rights of Indigenous Peoples and local communities. The initiative seeks to integrate a human rights-based approach into conservation efforts, recognizing that the long-term preservation of KBNP's unique biodiversity is intertwined with the well-being and rights of its Indigenous inhabitants (WCS, 2022). However, despite these efforts, key stakeholders such as the Batwa have criticized the agreement for not adequately addressing their historical grievances and failing to establish a clear framework for Indigenous participation in decision-making. Although local community engagement programs have been introduced, they often lack meaningful representation from Indigenous leaders (MRG, 2024).
Governance structures at KBNP formally recognize the rights of Indigenous Peoples, but in practice, these rights are not fully upheld. The park’s management has yet to integrate traditional governance systems and resource management practices of the Batwa into conservation strategies. Conservation restrictions continue to limit Indigenous Peoples’ access to natural resources, further exacerbating tensions between the park authorities and local communities (African Arguments, 2024). While international conservation bodies and human rights organizations have called for inclusive governance mechanisms, the lack of structured engagement in decision-making remains a critical gap. Addressing these challenges requires a commitment to co-management approaches, where Indigenous knowledge is valued alongside scientific conservation methods (WCS, 2022).
Although the park provides benefits such as employment opportunities and eco-tourism revenue, equitable benefit-sharing remains a pressing issue. Many local communities, particularly the Batwa, argue that conservation efforts disproportionately restrict their livelihoods without offering viable alternatives (IP Rights, 2024). Additionally, gender equity within park governance remains an area of concern, as Indigenous women face additional barriers in participating in decision-making and accessing economic opportunities (African Arguments, 2024).
Legal framework
The legal framework governing Kahuzi-Biega National Park (KBNP) has undergone significant developments aimed at enhancing its governance structure and management system. In 2022, a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) was established between the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and the Congolese Institute for the Conservation of Nature (ICCN), the DRC's national protected area agency. This partnership seeks to create a transparent and accountable conservation model that respects and protects the rights of Indigenous Peoples and local communities. By integrating a human rights-based approach, the PPP aims to ensure that conservation efforts are aligned with the well-being of local populations, thereby strengthening the park's governance framework (WCS, 2022). However, the effectiveness of this governance model remains uncertain, as there are ongoing disputes regarding the inclusion of Indigenous communities in decision-making processes.
Despite these advancements, challenges persist in effectively maintaining the park’s values. The legal framework, while robust on paper, faces implementation hurdles, particularly concerning the rights of Indigenous communities. In July 2024, the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights issued a landmark ruling recognizing the Batwa community’s rights to their ancestral lands within KBNP. The Commission called on the Congolese government to return these lands, provide compensation, and ensure the Batwa’s full protection (African Arguments, 2024). This decision underscores the necessity for the legal framework to not only exist but also to be effectively enforced to uphold the park’s ecological and cultural integrity. Reports indicate that despite this ruling, Batwa community members continue to face criminalization when attempting to reclaim access to their ancestral lands, highlighting gaps in the practical application of legal protections (Forest Peoples Programme, 2024).
Land tenure issues remain a significant impediment to effective management and the respect of Indigenous rights. The Batwa were expelled from their ancestral lands in the 1970s during the park’s establishment, leading to longstanding disputes over land rights. The 2024 ruling by the African Commission highlights the unresolved nature of these issues, emphasizing that the forcible eviction of the Batwa was a violation of their rights (MRG, 2024). Additionally, while conservation policies prohibit unsustainable resource use, they often fail to incorporate traditional resource management practices that Indigenous communities have used for generations. A lack of formal mechanisms for Indigenous land tenure security continues to fuel tensions between conservation authorities and local communities, creating obstacles to the park’s long-term sustainability.
Despite these advancements, challenges persist in effectively maintaining the park’s values. The legal framework, while robust on paper, faces implementation hurdles, particularly concerning the rights of Indigenous communities. In July 2024, the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights issued a landmark ruling recognizing the Batwa community’s rights to their ancestral lands within KBNP. The Commission called on the Congolese government to return these lands, provide compensation, and ensure the Batwa’s full protection (African Arguments, 2024). This decision underscores the necessity for the legal framework to not only exist but also to be effectively enforced to uphold the park’s ecological and cultural integrity. Reports indicate that despite this ruling, Batwa community members continue to face criminalization when attempting to reclaim access to their ancestral lands, highlighting gaps in the practical application of legal protections (Forest Peoples Programme, 2024).
Land tenure issues remain a significant impediment to effective management and the respect of Indigenous rights. The Batwa were expelled from their ancestral lands in the 1970s during the park’s establishment, leading to longstanding disputes over land rights. The 2024 ruling by the African Commission highlights the unresolved nature of these issues, emphasizing that the forcible eviction of the Batwa was a violation of their rights (MRG, 2024). Additionally, while conservation policies prohibit unsustainable resource use, they often fail to incorporate traditional resource management practices that Indigenous communities have used for generations. A lack of formal mechanisms for Indigenous land tenure security continues to fuel tensions between conservation authorities and local communities, creating obstacles to the park’s long-term sustainability.
Governance arrangements
Kahuzi-Biega National Park (KBNP) in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has undergone significant changes in its governance arrangements to enhance conservation efforts and community involvement. In 2022, a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) was established between the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and the Congolese Institute for the Conservation of Nature (ICCN), aiming to create a transparent and accountable management model that respects the rights of Indigenous Peoples and local communities (WCS, 2022). This partnership seeks to integrate a human rights-based approach into the park's governance framework, ensuring that conservation objectives align with the well-being of surrounding communities. However, while this model theoretically promotes equitable governance, its implementation has been criticized for not fully addressing long-standing grievances related to Indigenous land rights and access to resources (WCS, 2022).
Despite these advancements, challenges persist in ensuring equitable and functional governance. The planning processes have historically lacked sufficient opportunities for meaningful stakeholder and rightsholder involvement, particularly concerning the Batwa Indigenous community. While the PPP framework emphasizes community engagement, reports indicate that the Batwa continue to face exclusion from decision-making processes and access to their ancestral lands (Forest Peoples Programme, 2024). The roles and responsibilities within the park's management are delineated between WCS and ICCN; however, the effective implementation of these roles requires consistent collaboration and genuine inclusion of local communities. A study published in 2024 highlights that despite formal agreements, Indigenous Peoples and local communities often struggle to influence policies that directly impact their livelihoods (Lenssens, 2024).
Transparency and communication remain critical areas for improvement. Although efforts have been made to collect and disseminate information about the park's natural values and threats, accessibility of this information to local communities is limited. The governance structure lacks robust mechanisms for open scrutiny by stakeholders and rightsholders, and there is an absence of effective outreach programs tailored to the needs of Indigenous populations. Establishing accessible processes for resolving complaints and disputes is essential to enhancing governance and ensuring that decision-making is both inclusive and transparent. The absence of a structured grievance resolution mechanism continues to fuel distrust between park authorities and local communities, undermining conservation efforts and social stability (Lenssens, 2024). Addressing these gaps through inclusive governance mechanisms and greater transparency will be essential in ensuring that KBNP’s conservation efforts do not come at the expense of Indigenous rights and local community well-being.
Despite these advancements, challenges persist in ensuring equitable and functional governance. The planning processes have historically lacked sufficient opportunities for meaningful stakeholder and rightsholder involvement, particularly concerning the Batwa Indigenous community. While the PPP framework emphasizes community engagement, reports indicate that the Batwa continue to face exclusion from decision-making processes and access to their ancestral lands (Forest Peoples Programme, 2024). The roles and responsibilities within the park's management are delineated between WCS and ICCN; however, the effective implementation of these roles requires consistent collaboration and genuine inclusion of local communities. A study published in 2024 highlights that despite formal agreements, Indigenous Peoples and local communities often struggle to influence policies that directly impact their livelihoods (Lenssens, 2024).
Transparency and communication remain critical areas for improvement. Although efforts have been made to collect and disseminate information about the park's natural values and threats, accessibility of this information to local communities is limited. The governance structure lacks robust mechanisms for open scrutiny by stakeholders and rightsholders, and there is an absence of effective outreach programs tailored to the needs of Indigenous populations. Establishing accessible processes for resolving complaints and disputes is essential to enhancing governance and ensuring that decision-making is both inclusive and transparent. The absence of a structured grievance resolution mechanism continues to fuel distrust between park authorities and local communities, undermining conservation efforts and social stability (Lenssens, 2024). Addressing these gaps through inclusive governance mechanisms and greater transparency will be essential in ensuring that KBNP’s conservation efforts do not come at the expense of Indigenous rights and local community well-being.
Integration into local, regional and national planning systems (including sea/landscape connectivity)
Kahuzi-Biega National Park (KBNP) in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) faces significant challenges in integrating its management within local, national, and regional planning systems. The park is part of the Maiko-Tayna-Kahuzi-Biega (MTKB) landscape, for which a management plan was developed to address conservation and community needs. However, the effectiveness of this integration is hindered by ongoing threats such as the presence of armed militias, illegal mining, and deforestation for agriculture, which undermine the park's values and complicate its alignment with broader planning frameworks. Furthermore, environmental impact assessments (EIAs) for development projects in and around the park are not always rigorously enforced, leading to concerns over the potential degradation of its outstanding universal value.
Efforts have been made to incorporate KBNP's management into broader landscape initiatives, such as the development of wildlife corridors connecting the park to adjacent protected areas like the Itombwe Natural Reserve. These initiatives aim to enhance landscape connectivity and support sustainable development while respecting local customs and livelihoods. The African Conservation Foundation has been involved in the creation of the Kahuzi-Biega-Itombwe wildlife corridor, which seeks to maintain ecological linkages and mitigate habitat fragmentation (African Conservation Foundation, 2024). However, despite these efforts, the park's management continues to face challenges in fully integrating with regional conservation strategies, partly due to socio-economic pressures and limited resources. The lack of adequate funding and institutional capacity remains a barrier to effective cross-border collaboration with other conservation areas.
The social and economic context surrounding KBNP is considered in its management objectives, acknowledging the impact of conservation policies on local communities. Studies have highlighted that while the park's World Heritage status brings international attention, it also imposes restrictions that can affect local livelihoods, particularly when access to traditional resources is limited. Research from Ghent University emphasizes that Indigenous communities, particularly the Batwa, have been disproportionately affected by exclusionary conservation policies that fail to consider their traditional land-use rights (Lenssens, 2024). Balancing conservation goals with the socio-economic needs of surrounding communities remains a complex issue, requiring continuous dialogue and adaptive management strategies to ensure that both environmental and human well-being are addressed. Improved stakeholder engagement and the incorporation of traditional ecological knowledge into decision-making could enhance the park’s integration into national and regional planning while fostering long-term sustainability.
Efforts have been made to incorporate KBNP's management into broader landscape initiatives, such as the development of wildlife corridors connecting the park to adjacent protected areas like the Itombwe Natural Reserve. These initiatives aim to enhance landscape connectivity and support sustainable development while respecting local customs and livelihoods. The African Conservation Foundation has been involved in the creation of the Kahuzi-Biega-Itombwe wildlife corridor, which seeks to maintain ecological linkages and mitigate habitat fragmentation (African Conservation Foundation, 2024). However, despite these efforts, the park's management continues to face challenges in fully integrating with regional conservation strategies, partly due to socio-economic pressures and limited resources. The lack of adequate funding and institutional capacity remains a barrier to effective cross-border collaboration with other conservation areas.
The social and economic context surrounding KBNP is considered in its management objectives, acknowledging the impact of conservation policies on local communities. Studies have highlighted that while the park's World Heritage status brings international attention, it also imposes restrictions that can affect local livelihoods, particularly when access to traditional resources is limited. Research from Ghent University emphasizes that Indigenous communities, particularly the Batwa, have been disproportionately affected by exclusionary conservation policies that fail to consider their traditional land-use rights (Lenssens, 2024). Balancing conservation goals with the socio-economic needs of surrounding communities remains a complex issue, requiring continuous dialogue and adaptive management strategies to ensure that both environmental and human well-being are addressed. Improved stakeholder engagement and the incorporation of traditional ecological knowledge into decision-making could enhance the park’s integration into national and regional planning while fostering long-term sustainability.
Boundaries
Kahuzi-Biega National Park (KBNP) boundaries, including the buffer zone, are integral to the management and protection of its values. However, these boundaries have historically been problematic. In the past, the park’s boundary was not clearly marked, and local communities were not consulted when these boundaries were established. As a result, encroachment into the park’s territory by local communities for activities like agriculture, poaching, and mining has been a significant challenge to the conservation efforts within the park. In 2023, the boundaries were only successfully demarcated in two sectors, including Tsivanga and Itebero. These demarcations were conducted in consultation with local communities (State Party of DRC, 2024).
The lack of clear boundary demarcation has allowed illegal activities such as hunting and logging to persist, which has threatened the park's ecological integrity and endangered species like the Grauer's gorilla. These encroachments have also posed safety risks to both wildlife and conservation staff working within the park. To address these issues, KBNP has partnered with conservation organizations like the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), which has developed a vision for the future of KBNP that includes engaging local communities in land tenure and governance programs. These initiatives are designed to better define the boundaries, prevent encroachment, and protect the park's biodiversity (IUCN, 2017).
While the park's boundaries are still not completely fenced, efforts are being made to clearly demarcate them. Furthermore, the park has a buffer zone that is intended to reduce the pressure from surrounding communities and mitigate encroachment. The management of this buffer zone is governed by regulations that aim to enhance site protection by involving local communities in sustainable land management practices. These efforts are designed to balance conservation goals with the livelihoods of the local population. Engaging local communities in these efforts ensures that the buffer zone is managed sustainably, which is essential for the long-term protection of KBNP’s biodiversity. The establishment of this buffer zone, combined with community involvement in management, has been shown to improve the protection of KBNP’s natural values and will be crucial in securing the site’s future (WCS, 2022).
These efforts are part of a broader strategy to ensure the continued protection of KBNP’s values while addressing the needs of local populations. Although the park’s boundaries have yet to be fully secured, the ongoing initiatives demonstrate progress toward more effective governance and management. The buffer zone plays a critical role in managing the park's spatial attributes, reducing human-wildlife conflicts, and ensuring that conservation efforts are not compromised by surrounding land use. However, continuous efforts to strengthen boundary enforcement and ensure that the buffer zone is effectively integrated into the park’s overall management strategy are necessary to protect the park’s World Heritage values in the long term (UNESCO, 2021).
The lack of clear boundary demarcation has allowed illegal activities such as hunting and logging to persist, which has threatened the park's ecological integrity and endangered species like the Grauer's gorilla. These encroachments have also posed safety risks to both wildlife and conservation staff working within the park. To address these issues, KBNP has partnered with conservation organizations like the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), which has developed a vision for the future of KBNP that includes engaging local communities in land tenure and governance programs. These initiatives are designed to better define the boundaries, prevent encroachment, and protect the park's biodiversity (IUCN, 2017).
While the park's boundaries are still not completely fenced, efforts are being made to clearly demarcate them. Furthermore, the park has a buffer zone that is intended to reduce the pressure from surrounding communities and mitigate encroachment. The management of this buffer zone is governed by regulations that aim to enhance site protection by involving local communities in sustainable land management practices. These efforts are designed to balance conservation goals with the livelihoods of the local population. Engaging local communities in these efforts ensures that the buffer zone is managed sustainably, which is essential for the long-term protection of KBNP’s biodiversity. The establishment of this buffer zone, combined with community involvement in management, has been shown to improve the protection of KBNP’s natural values and will be crucial in securing the site’s future (WCS, 2022).
These efforts are part of a broader strategy to ensure the continued protection of KBNP’s values while addressing the needs of local populations. Although the park’s boundaries have yet to be fully secured, the ongoing initiatives demonstrate progress toward more effective governance and management. The buffer zone plays a critical role in managing the park's spatial attributes, reducing human-wildlife conflicts, and ensuring that conservation efforts are not compromised by surrounding land use. However, continuous efforts to strengthen boundary enforcement and ensure that the buffer zone is effectively integrated into the park’s overall management strategy are necessary to protect the park’s World Heritage values in the long term (UNESCO, 2021).
Overlapping international designations
KBNP does not overlap with Ramsar sites or other UNESCO designations such as, Biosphere Reserves, or UNESCO Global Geoparks
Implementation of World Heritage Committee decisions and recommendations
Various Committee decisions and recommendations are being addressed, although certain with limited success given the current social, political and security context. Most concerning is that the State Party did not provide a report on the state of conservation of the four properties in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) included on the List of World Heritage in Danger by the previous deadline. The absence of such a report makes it difficult for the World Heritage Centre and IUCN to monitor the state of conservation of these properties and transmit in-depth analysis to the Committee. This is particularly the case for the Kahuzi-Biega National Park, which is increasingly threatened by the impacts of illegal exploitation of natural resources and armed conflicts in the region, as reported by the State Party in its latest report on the state of conservation of the property, while also noting that the State Party has previously reported positive progress in some aspects (UNESCO, 2024).
Climate action
Kahuzi-Biega National Park (KBNP) management plan emphasizes conservation, but specific provisions addressing the impacts of climate change on its Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) are not prominently detailed. The park faces significant threats from armed militias, illegal mining, and deforestation for agriculture, which undermine its ecological integrity and complicate its alignment with broader planning frameworks.
Monitoring the effects of climate change on KBNP's OUV is challenging due to limited resources and infrastructure. A study analyzing forest dynamics in the park from 1990 to 2022 highlights escalating rates of deforestation and degradation, often poorly understood at the local level. This underscores the need for enhanced monitoring systems to assess climate change impacts effectively. According to research published by MDPI, deforestation, coupled with illegal activities, leads to a loss of biodiversity and a reduction in carbon sequestration capacity, which contributes to climate change (MDPI, 2022). Without a comprehensive system in place, it is difficult to evaluate the long-term effects of climate change on the park’s unique ecosystem (MDPI, 2022).
While KBNP's management does not explicitly focus on global climate action, conservation efforts contribute to climate change mitigation by preserving carbon-rich forests. Collaborations with organizations like the WCS aim to integrate community involvement in conservation strategies, indirectly supporting climate adaptation and mitigation. As per a 2023 news release from WCS, the park’s management has focused on sustainable development initiatives and community-based conservation that can have positive impacts on climate resilience. However, a more explicit integration of climate action into the park's management plan is necessary to maximize its contribution to global climate goals.
Monitoring the effects of climate change on KBNP's OUV is challenging due to limited resources and infrastructure. A study analyzing forest dynamics in the park from 1990 to 2022 highlights escalating rates of deforestation and degradation, often poorly understood at the local level. This underscores the need for enhanced monitoring systems to assess climate change impacts effectively. According to research published by MDPI, deforestation, coupled with illegal activities, leads to a loss of biodiversity and a reduction in carbon sequestration capacity, which contributes to climate change (MDPI, 2022). Without a comprehensive system in place, it is difficult to evaluate the long-term effects of climate change on the park’s unique ecosystem (MDPI, 2022).
While KBNP's management does not explicitly focus on global climate action, conservation efforts contribute to climate change mitigation by preserving carbon-rich forests. Collaborations with organizations like the WCS aim to integrate community involvement in conservation strategies, indirectly supporting climate adaptation and mitigation. As per a 2023 news release from WCS, the park’s management has focused on sustainable development initiatives and community-based conservation that can have positive impacts on climate resilience. However, a more explicit integration of climate action into the park's management plan is necessary to maximize its contribution to global climate goals.
Management plan and overall management system
Kahuzi-Biega National Park (KBNP) operates under a structured management plan designed to guide conservation efforts and address key challenges. The most recent management plan covers a 10-year period (2009–2019) and outlines strategic objectives for the park’s governance, conservation, and community engagement (IUCN, 2014). This long-term framework was developed to ensure sustainable management and aligns with UNESCO and IUCN conservation guidelines. However, as the plan expired in 2019, an updated version is required to integrate emerging threats such as illegal mining, deforestation, and increasing security risks posed by armed groups (UNESCO, 2021).
Throughout its implementation, the 2009–2019 management plan identified the park’s outstanding universal value (OUV), key conservation objectives, and the necessary actions to minimize threats (IUCN, 2017). The plan emphasized adaptive management, which allowed adjustments based on real-time monitoring and feedback from conservation efforts. For instance, increased law enforcement patrols were introduced to address intensified poaching and deforestation within the park’s boundaries (UNESCO, 2017). Moreover, the plan prioritized the involvement of local communities through employment programs and sustainable resource use initiatives to foster long-term stewardship and support conservation goals (UNESCO, 2021).
As the park transitions to a new planning period, it is crucial that the updated management plan incorporates lessons learned from the previous decade. This includes strengthening law enforcement mechanisms, enhancing sustainable financing, and integrating climate resilience strategies. The new plan should also emphasize cross-sector collaboration with local, national, and international stakeholders to ensure continued protection of KBNP’s biodiversity while addressing socio-economic challenges faced by surrounding communities (IUCN, 2021). Developing a new management framework will be essential for ensuring the park's conservation and its contribution to sustainable development in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Throughout its implementation, the 2009–2019 management plan identified the park’s outstanding universal value (OUV), key conservation objectives, and the necessary actions to minimize threats (IUCN, 2017). The plan emphasized adaptive management, which allowed adjustments based on real-time monitoring and feedback from conservation efforts. For instance, increased law enforcement patrols were introduced to address intensified poaching and deforestation within the park’s boundaries (UNESCO, 2017). Moreover, the plan prioritized the involvement of local communities through employment programs and sustainable resource use initiatives to foster long-term stewardship and support conservation goals (UNESCO, 2021).
As the park transitions to a new planning period, it is crucial that the updated management plan incorporates lessons learned from the previous decade. This includes strengthening law enforcement mechanisms, enhancing sustainable financing, and integrating climate resilience strategies. The new plan should also emphasize cross-sector collaboration with local, national, and international stakeholders to ensure continued protection of KBNP’s biodiversity while addressing socio-economic challenges faced by surrounding communities (IUCN, 2021). Developing a new management framework will be essential for ensuring the park's conservation and its contribution to sustainable development in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Law enforcement
ICCN manages the site with technical and financial support from three longstanding partners (GIZ, since 1984 and from 2012 KfW succeeding GIZ, WWF and WCS). Kahuzi Biega National Park, faces significant challenges in law enforcement, particularly in ensuring that the legal framework is adequately enforced. While the legal framework for protecting the park’s biodiversity and natural resources is in place, enforcement has struggled due to insufficient capacity to monitor the vast and often remote park areas. In 2024, patrolling efforts only cover 30% of the total surface of the park (State Party of DRC, 2024). In 2024, the park's eco-guards conducted a total of 4,437 patrols, including 432 tent-based patrols lasting between 5 and 10 days. These efforts led to the dismantling of 1,377 snares and traps, the destruction of 127 poachers' camps, and the arrest of 230 individuals. Additionally, the park's Legal Unit handled 31 court cases related to conservation crimes, including illegal logging, poaching, mining, and ivory trafficking. Twelve of these cases were concluded in 2024, while 19 remain ongoing. Some of these cases involved eco-guards who were found guilty of crimes (State Party of DRC, 2024). Efforts to patrol and detect infringements have been complicated by limited human and technical resources. However, there have been ongoing initiatives to improve the enforcement system, including collaborations with local law enforcement and wildlife protection groups. Despite this, challenges persist in maintaining a consistent and effective system for prosecution and monitoring, particularly in remote areas of the park where illegal activities like poaching are rampant (UNESCO, 2020).
Importantly, law enforcement in the park is aimed at balancing the conservation of its natural values with the rights of local communities and Indigenous peoples. While there are legal frameworks in place to monitor compliance and issue permits, there is also the recognition that enforcement mechanisms must not infringe upon local rights to access resources. Safeguarding human rights, including land tenure rights, is essential for maintaining community trust and ensuring long-term cooperation in conservation efforts. To address this, the park management has taken steps to create a transparent system that ensures the rights of local people are respected while still implementing necessary conservation measures (IUCN, 2021).
Importantly, law enforcement in the park is aimed at balancing the conservation of its natural values with the rights of local communities and Indigenous peoples. While there are legal frameworks in place to monitor compliance and issue permits, there is also the recognition that enforcement mechanisms must not infringe upon local rights to access resources. Safeguarding human rights, including land tenure rights, is essential for maintaining community trust and ensuring long-term cooperation in conservation efforts. To address this, the park management has taken steps to create a transparent system that ensures the rights of local people are respected while still implementing necessary conservation measures (IUCN, 2021).
Sustainable finance
Effective management of the KBNP requires substantial financial resources to support conservation activities, community engagement, and infrastructure development. Assessing the financial needs of the park is crucial for ensuring its long-term sustainability. In 2013, a study highlighted a significant fiscal gap in the park's funding, with a shortfall of 5.5% compared to annual planning, indicating that financial resources were inadequate to fully implement the required management measures (Baruka, 2013).
To guarantee the longevity of conservation initiatives, several diversified funding sources have been identified and are currently being utilized.
The financing of the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) between the PNKB and the ICCN has been strengthened through the support of KfW and USAID-CARPE. The PNKB also benefits from the support of the UNCDF (United Nations Capital Development Fund), which actively participates in funding conservation activities and supporting sustainable financial initiatives, particularly in engaging the private sector in green enterprises, climate adaptation, and natural resource management.
Additionally, funding from the USFWS (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service) supports initiatives related to community forest management and the monitoring of great ape populations. This support contributes to the sustainability of forest management and wildlife conservation practices, while promoting responsible interactions between humans and wildlife. Beyond funding from the Congolese government, the PNKB also receives private funds from donors such as the Bezos Earth Fund and the Ballmer Group. These contributions help strengthen the management of protected areas, providing the necessary flexibility to address the ever-evolving challenges of conservation.
Another crucial aspect of sustainable financing lies in the promotion of tourism and the establishment of a fair mechanism for the distribution of benefits generated by the park, particularly those derived from tourism. Initiatives such as intact forests, the 30x30 approach, and climate initiatives (carbon markets) are currently being explored. These initiatives are significant not only for the PNKB but also for local communities and indigenous peoples, who will benefit from a share of these revenues. As part of the implementation of the Peace Park Project, funded by the Office of the United Nations Secretary-General, a strategy for mobilizing sustainable funds will be developed to involve economic operators, the PNKB, and the government in joint projects. These projects will not only ensure sustainable funding for the PNKB but also create jobs for communities and support the local economy through assistance to microenterprise (State party of DRC, 2024).
To guarantee the longevity of conservation initiatives, several diversified funding sources have been identified and are currently being utilized.
The financing of the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) between the PNKB and the ICCN has been strengthened through the support of KfW and USAID-CARPE. The PNKB also benefits from the support of the UNCDF (United Nations Capital Development Fund), which actively participates in funding conservation activities and supporting sustainable financial initiatives, particularly in engaging the private sector in green enterprises, climate adaptation, and natural resource management.
Additionally, funding from the USFWS (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service) supports initiatives related to community forest management and the monitoring of great ape populations. This support contributes to the sustainability of forest management and wildlife conservation practices, while promoting responsible interactions between humans and wildlife. Beyond funding from the Congolese government, the PNKB also receives private funds from donors such as the Bezos Earth Fund and the Ballmer Group. These contributions help strengthen the management of protected areas, providing the necessary flexibility to address the ever-evolving challenges of conservation.
Another crucial aspect of sustainable financing lies in the promotion of tourism and the establishment of a fair mechanism for the distribution of benefits generated by the park, particularly those derived from tourism. Initiatives such as intact forests, the 30x30 approach, and climate initiatives (carbon markets) are currently being explored. These initiatives are significant not only for the PNKB but also for local communities and indigenous peoples, who will benefit from a share of these revenues. As part of the implementation of the Peace Park Project, funded by the Office of the United Nations Secretary-General, a strategy for mobilizing sustainable funds will be developed to involve economic operators, the PNKB, and the government in joint projects. These projects will not only ensure sustainable funding for the PNKB but also create jobs for communities and support the local economy through assistance to microenterprise (State party of DRC, 2024).
Staff capacity, training and development
Effective management of the KBNP necessitates a well-trained and adequately staffed team. Historically, the park has faced challenges in staffing levels and capacity, impacting its ability to conduct essential management activities. However, recent initiatives have focused on enhancing staff numbers and capabilities. Notably, investments in staff training and development have been ongoing, with support from the park’s partners. A significant achievement includes the recruitment and training of 120 new staff members, aimed at bolstering the park's management capacity (IUCN, 2022). As part of its commitment to strengthening park management and combating poaching, the PNKB continued its recruitment and training process for qualified and motivated personnel in 2023-2024. As a result, 118 new eco-guards were recruited to support park management and security. This recruitment is part of a long-term initiative aimed at enhancing coverage in low-altitude areas, with a target of recruiting an additional 100 eco-guards in 2025 and 2026 (State party of DRC, 2024).
In terms of staff capabilities, there has been a concerted effort to provide training in essential management activities, including community relations and biodiversity conservation. For instance, the WCS has been involved in developing and delivering law enforcement training materials to enhance the skills of park staff in managing the park effectively (WCS, 2024). Essential purchases are underway, including tents, uniforms, and other materials necessary for the eco-guards' missions. Additionally, the U.S. Forest Service International Programs, in partnership with WCS and supported by USAID’s Central Africa Program for the Environment, has worked with KBNP to improve and expand tourist hiking trails, providing training to staff and local communities to maintain these trails (USAID, 2018). Furthermore, the park has received support for infrastructure development, including the rehabilitation of trails and bridges, which not only enhances visitor experience but also improves staff working conditions (USAID, 2018).
Regarding staff well-being, the management authority has prioritized health, safety, and overall well-being. The establishment of a Human Rights Officer position within the park underscores the commitment to staff welfare and the protection of human rights (Impactpool, 2024). Simultaneously, the eco-guards' bonuses have been increased to better reward their dedication and fieldwork.
These efforts reflect a holistic approach to staff capacity building, encompassing training, well-being, and infrastructure development to ensure effective park management.
In terms of staff capabilities, there has been a concerted effort to provide training in essential management activities, including community relations and biodiversity conservation. For instance, the WCS has been involved in developing and delivering law enforcement training materials to enhance the skills of park staff in managing the park effectively (WCS, 2024). Essential purchases are underway, including tents, uniforms, and other materials necessary for the eco-guards' missions. Additionally, the U.S. Forest Service International Programs, in partnership with WCS and supported by USAID’s Central Africa Program for the Environment, has worked with KBNP to improve and expand tourist hiking trails, providing training to staff and local communities to maintain these trails (USAID, 2018). Furthermore, the park has received support for infrastructure development, including the rehabilitation of trails and bridges, which not only enhances visitor experience but also improves staff working conditions (USAID, 2018).
Regarding staff well-being, the management authority has prioritized health, safety, and overall well-being. The establishment of a Human Rights Officer position within the park underscores the commitment to staff welfare and the protection of human rights (Impactpool, 2024). Simultaneously, the eco-guards' bonuses have been increased to better reward their dedication and fieldwork.
These efforts reflect a holistic approach to staff capacity building, encompassing training, well-being, and infrastructure development to ensure effective park management.
Education and interpretation programmes
Education, interpretation, and awareness programs in the KBNP have been instrumental in enhancing stakeholders' understanding of the park's values. The WCS has led several initiatives, including the development of a comprehensive conservation vision for the park. This vision incorporates sustainable tourism practices, community engagement, and capacity-building for local civil society. The programs developed by WCS aim to deepen local and international understanding of KBNP’s ecological and cultural significance, especially concerning the park's gorilla population and its biodiversity. These efforts also provide operational support, such as training for rangers on human rights and de-escalation tactics. These initiatives significantly contribute to the education of stakeholders about the park’s values and sustainable conservation methods (WCS, 2022).
Additionally, the Pole Pole Foundation has been a long-term partner in community outreach around KBNP. Since 1993, the foundation has engaged local communities through a tree-planting project aimed at rehabilitating deforested areas of the park. This project has involved local people directly in conservation efforts, ensuring the sustainable management of natural resources. As part of this initiative, participants learn about sustainable land use practices and the importance of preserving KBNP’s rich biodiversity. The foundation’s hands-on approach not only educates the community about resource conservation but also provides direct benefits through restored lands and resources. This type of engagement ensures long-term sustainability and fosters a deeper connection to the park's natural values (Pole Pole Foundation, 2022).
In terms of sustainable use of resources, USAID has supported local initiatives designed to reduce the community’s impact on KBNP. Through its CAFEC (Central Africa Forest Ecosystems Conservation) program, USAID has financed over 1,400 projects aimed at reducing deforestation and promoting sustainable livelihoods in the region. These initiatives include providing micro-credit loans and training for over 290 women in sustainable practices in 2017 alone. USAID’s efforts are focused on educating local communities on the importance of sustainable resource management and reducing their reliance on park resources for survival. By creating alternative livelihoods, such as improved livestock practices, these programs play a critical role in safeguarding the park’s long-term ecological integrity while supporting local economic development (USAID, 2022).
Additionally, the Pole Pole Foundation has been a long-term partner in community outreach around KBNP. Since 1993, the foundation has engaged local communities through a tree-planting project aimed at rehabilitating deforested areas of the park. This project has involved local people directly in conservation efforts, ensuring the sustainable management of natural resources. As part of this initiative, participants learn about sustainable land use practices and the importance of preserving KBNP’s rich biodiversity. The foundation’s hands-on approach not only educates the community about resource conservation but also provides direct benefits through restored lands and resources. This type of engagement ensures long-term sustainability and fosters a deeper connection to the park's natural values (Pole Pole Foundation, 2022).
In terms of sustainable use of resources, USAID has supported local initiatives designed to reduce the community’s impact on KBNP. Through its CAFEC (Central Africa Forest Ecosystems Conservation) program, USAID has financed over 1,400 projects aimed at reducing deforestation and promoting sustainable livelihoods in the region. These initiatives include providing micro-credit loans and training for over 290 women in sustainable practices in 2017 alone. USAID’s efforts are focused on educating local communities on the importance of sustainable resource management and reducing their reliance on park resources for survival. By creating alternative livelihoods, such as improved livestock practices, these programs play a critical role in safeguarding the park’s long-term ecological integrity while supporting local economic development (USAID, 2022).
Tourism and visitation management
KBNP values are recognized in both local and national tourism policies, emphasizing its significance as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The park's proximity to Bukavu and the Rwandan border enhances its appeal, offering visitors a blend of natural, cultural, and historical attractions. The park was among the first to offer gorilla trekking in the 1970s, highlighting its longstanding commitment to eco-tourism (kahuzibiega.org, 2025).
KBNP has developed a tourism and visitation plan aimed at promoting sustainable tourism while conserving its unique biodiversity. The park's management has implemented measures to facilitate visitor access, including visa arrangements and travel requirements. Visitors are encouraged to book their tourist visas directly through the park or through trusted tour operators, ensuring a streamlined entry process (kahuzibiega.org, 2025). Additionally, the park offers well-established trails that introduce visitors to distinct habitats, flora, and fauna, enhancing the overall visitor experience (kahuzibiega.org, 2025).
Visitor services and facilities in KBNP are designed to meet standards of environmental sustainability and safety, aligning with the park's character and values. The park provides various accommodation options ranging from budget to luxury, catering to diverse visitor preferences. These facilities are strategically located to minimize environmental impact and enhance the visitor experience. The park's management has prioritized security as an integral part of its operations, ensuring visitors can explore its unique environment with minimized risks. Additionally, the park offers well-established trails that introduce visitors to distinct habitats, flora, and fauna, enhancing the overall visitor experience (kahuzibiega.org, 2025).
The tourism industry within KBNP is managed to support the conservation of the park's values. The park's management has implemented measures to facilitate visitor access, including visa arrangements and travel requirements. Visitors are encouraged to book their tourist visas directly through the park or through trusted tour operators, ensuring a streamlined entry process. Additionally, the park offers well-established trails that introduce visitors to distinct habitats, flora, and fauna, enhancing the overall visitor experience (kahuzibiega.org, 2025). Visitor impacts are managed to minimize harm to the natural and cultural values of KBNP. The park has implemented measures such as permits, access control, and educational programs to ensure sustainable tourism practices.
KBNP has developed a tourism and visitation plan aimed at promoting sustainable tourism while conserving its unique biodiversity. The park's management has implemented measures to facilitate visitor access, including visa arrangements and travel requirements. Visitors are encouraged to book their tourist visas directly through the park or through trusted tour operators, ensuring a streamlined entry process (kahuzibiega.org, 2025). Additionally, the park offers well-established trails that introduce visitors to distinct habitats, flora, and fauna, enhancing the overall visitor experience (kahuzibiega.org, 2025).
Visitor services and facilities in KBNP are designed to meet standards of environmental sustainability and safety, aligning with the park's character and values. The park provides various accommodation options ranging from budget to luxury, catering to diverse visitor preferences. These facilities are strategically located to minimize environmental impact and enhance the visitor experience. The park's management has prioritized security as an integral part of its operations, ensuring visitors can explore its unique environment with minimized risks. Additionally, the park offers well-established trails that introduce visitors to distinct habitats, flora, and fauna, enhancing the overall visitor experience (kahuzibiega.org, 2025).
The tourism industry within KBNP is managed to support the conservation of the park's values. The park's management has implemented measures to facilitate visitor access, including visa arrangements and travel requirements. Visitors are encouraged to book their tourist visas directly through the park or through trusted tour operators, ensuring a streamlined entry process. Additionally, the park offers well-established trails that introduce visitors to distinct habitats, flora, and fauna, enhancing the overall visitor experience (kahuzibiega.org, 2025). Visitor impacts are managed to minimize harm to the natural and cultural values of KBNP. The park has implemented measures such as permits, access control, and educational programs to ensure sustainable tourism practices.
Sustainable use
Assessing the type and level of resource use within the Kahuzi-Biega National Park (KBNP) is crucial to ensure that such activities do not compromise its conservation objectives. However, comprehensive assessments are limited due to challenges such as resource constraints and security issues. Studies have highlighted the need for more systematic evaluations to understand the impact of resource extraction on the park's ecological integrity. These assessments would ideally address illegal activities and resource extraction pressures on the park’s biodiversity, as well as help guide sustainable practices (Ugent Library, 2024).
Effective mechanisms to ensure sustainable resource use in and around KBNP are currently insufficient. Illegal activities, including poaching and mining, persist, posing significant threats to the park's values. For instance, in the Bugobe area, illegal resource extraction by local communities has been identified as a key issue. Education outreach programs have been implemented to raise awareness about legal constraints and consequences, and some individuals have started to self-identify as illegal resource users. While these initiatives represent progress, a more comprehensive and enforceable regulatory framework is needed to effectively manage resource use without compromising the site’s values (Panorama Solutions, 2020).
USAID has supported local initiatives designed to reduce the community’s impact on KBNP. Through its CAFEC (Central Africa Forest Ecosystems Conservation) program, USAID has financed over 1,400 projects aimed at reducing deforestation and promoting sustainable livelihoods in the region. These initiatives include providing micro-credit loans and training for over 290 women in sustainable practices in 2017 alone. USAID’s efforts are focused on educating local communities on the importance of sustainable resource management and reducing their reliance on park resources for survival. By creating alternative livelihoods, such as improved livestock practices, these programs play a critical role in safeguarding the park’s long-term ecological integrity while supporting local economic development (USAID, 2022).
Resource use currently represents a significant threat to the conservation of KBNP. Illegal mining and poaching activities continue to degrade the park's ecosystems and threaten its biodiversity.
Effective mechanisms to ensure sustainable resource use in and around KBNP are currently insufficient. Illegal activities, including poaching and mining, persist, posing significant threats to the park's values. For instance, in the Bugobe area, illegal resource extraction by local communities has been identified as a key issue. Education outreach programs have been implemented to raise awareness about legal constraints and consequences, and some individuals have started to self-identify as illegal resource users. While these initiatives represent progress, a more comprehensive and enforceable regulatory framework is needed to effectively manage resource use without compromising the site’s values (Panorama Solutions, 2020).
USAID has supported local initiatives designed to reduce the community’s impact on KBNP. Through its CAFEC (Central Africa Forest Ecosystems Conservation) program, USAID has financed over 1,400 projects aimed at reducing deforestation and promoting sustainable livelihoods in the region. These initiatives include providing micro-credit loans and training for over 290 women in sustainable practices in 2017 alone. USAID’s efforts are focused on educating local communities on the importance of sustainable resource management and reducing their reliance on park resources for survival. By creating alternative livelihoods, such as improved livestock practices, these programs play a critical role in safeguarding the park’s long-term ecological integrity while supporting local economic development (USAID, 2022).
Resource use currently represents a significant threat to the conservation of KBNP. Illegal mining and poaching activities continue to degrade the park's ecosystems and threaten its biodiversity.
Monitoring
Kahuzi-Biega National Park (KBNP), has made some strides in monitoring the values for which it was inscribed, particularly the biodiversity that underpins its Outstanding Universal Value (OUV), such as the critically endangered Grauer's gorilla. To systematically monitor these values, Primate Expertise (PEx), a Congolese non-governmental organization, initiated a biomonitoring program in collaboration with park authorities in 2017. This program utilizes camera traps to monitor great ape populations and their habitats, providing valuable data that informs conservation strategies (Berggorilla.org).
Despite the efforts to monitor some of the key species in the park, there are challenges in ensuring that the entire range of values for which the site was inscribed is consistently and systematically monitored. Security concerns, limited resources, and the remoteness of some parts of the park have hindered the establishment of a comprehensive monitoring system. As a result, not all values are adequately tracked on a regular basis. Collaborations with academic institutions and research organizations could provide essential support for monitoring efforts. For example, partnerships with universities and conservation groups could help develop monitoring protocols, improve data collection methods, and analyze trends in both biodiversity and threats to the park. Such collaborations have been successful in other protected areas, where joint research and monitoring have led to better conservation outcomes (Berggorilla.org).
The integration of monitoring data into management planning and decision-making processes is crucial for ensuring the site’s long-term conservation. Although some monitoring data have been used to inform management decisions, the overall system for integrating findings into adaptive management is underdeveloped. For example, despite the valuable information provided by PEx's biomonitoring program, there remains a need for a formalized monitoring framework that encompasses all values of the park.
Despite the efforts to monitor some of the key species in the park, there are challenges in ensuring that the entire range of values for which the site was inscribed is consistently and systematically monitored. Security concerns, limited resources, and the remoteness of some parts of the park have hindered the establishment of a comprehensive monitoring system. As a result, not all values are adequately tracked on a regular basis. Collaborations with academic institutions and research organizations could provide essential support for monitoring efforts. For example, partnerships with universities and conservation groups could help develop monitoring protocols, improve data collection methods, and analyze trends in both biodiversity and threats to the park. Such collaborations have been successful in other protected areas, where joint research and monitoring have led to better conservation outcomes (Berggorilla.org).
The integration of monitoring data into management planning and decision-making processes is crucial for ensuring the site’s long-term conservation. Although some monitoring data have been used to inform management decisions, the overall system for integrating findings into adaptive management is underdeveloped. For example, despite the valuable information provided by PEx's biomonitoring program, there remains a need for a formalized monitoring framework that encompasses all values of the park.
Research
KBNP is renowned for its biodiversity, particularly the endangered Grauer's gorilla. However, despite its significance, the park does not have a targeted research program embedded as part of its adaptive management system. The park’s management plan, "Plan Général de Gestion (2009-2019)," outlines conservation priorities but lacks specific mechanisms to incorporate scientific research into the adaptive management process. This absence of a research-focused framework undermines the ability of park authorities to respond effectively to emerging threats, changes in species populations, and ecosystem health.
Collaborative research initiatives could greatly enhance KBNP's conservation efforts. Notably, WCS and the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund have been instrumental in advancing research on gorilla populations in the park. For instance, WCS has focused on developing more sustainable management practices by combining ecological research with community-based conservation programs. Additionally, the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund runs long-term studies on the behavior and health of Grauer’s gorillas, which provide valuable data on their interactions with the environment and threats to their survival. One of the Fund's programs, “Mountain Gorilla Research,” monitors gorilla groups in high-altitude regions of the park, studying their movement patterns, diet, and social behavior. These insights contribute significantly to the adaptive management of the park, helping to mitigate the impacts of threats like poaching and habitat destruction (gorillafund.org, newsroom.wcs.org).
Currently, the availability of up-to-date and comprehensive data on KBNP’s ecosystem is insufficient, and this limits the park's ability to make informed management decisions. While the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund and other organizations are conducting important research, there is no overarching research framework that consolidates these findings into the park’s management processes. This lack of data hampers the park’s ability to address emerging threats such as illegal mining, deforestation, and climate change. For example, recent reports highlight that illegal mining activities in the park continue to threaten its biodiversity, but there is limited data available on the full scope of this issue. Establishing a dedicated research program, integrating both scientific research and local knowledge, would ensure that management decisions are based on the most current and relevant data, enabling the park to adapt to changing conditions and maintain its Outstanding Universal Value (MDPI, 2022).
Collaborative research initiatives could greatly enhance KBNP's conservation efforts. Notably, WCS and the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund have been instrumental in advancing research on gorilla populations in the park. For instance, WCS has focused on developing more sustainable management practices by combining ecological research with community-based conservation programs. Additionally, the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund runs long-term studies on the behavior and health of Grauer’s gorillas, which provide valuable data on their interactions with the environment and threats to their survival. One of the Fund's programs, “Mountain Gorilla Research,” monitors gorilla groups in high-altitude regions of the park, studying their movement patterns, diet, and social behavior. These insights contribute significantly to the adaptive management of the park, helping to mitigate the impacts of threats like poaching and habitat destruction (gorillafund.org, newsroom.wcs.org).
Currently, the availability of up-to-date and comprehensive data on KBNP’s ecosystem is insufficient, and this limits the park's ability to make informed management decisions. While the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund and other organizations are conducting important research, there is no overarching research framework that consolidates these findings into the park’s management processes. This lack of data hampers the park’s ability to address emerging threats such as illegal mining, deforestation, and climate change. For example, recent reports highlight that illegal mining activities in the park continue to threaten its biodiversity, but there is limited data available on the full scope of this issue. Establishing a dedicated research program, integrating both scientific research and local knowledge, would ensure that management decisions are based on the most current and relevant data, enabling the park to adapt to changing conditions and maintain its Outstanding Universal Value (MDPI, 2022).
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats outside the site
The effectiveness of the management system and governance in addressing threats outside Kahuzi-Biega National Park (KBNP) remains a serious concern, primarily due to persistent insecurity and limited governmental control over external pressures. The presence of armed groups in surrounding areas continues to fuel illegal activities such as mining, logging, and poaching, which directly impact the park. Although interventions by the Congolese military (FARDC) in 2015 enabled park rangers to patrol two-thirds of the park, threats originating outside the park, including illegal land concessions and encroachment, remain largely unmitigated. Efforts have been made to remove 90% of illegal farms from the ecological corridor, a significant step in restoring habitat connectivity. However, governance challenges persist in preventing further illegal land allocations, and the enforcement of land-use regulations outside the park is weak.
The lack of effective governance beyond park boundaries also complicates community relations and resource management. Efforts have been made to engage local communities, particularly the Batwa, in conservation dialogues, but historical grievances and land tenure disputes remain unresolved. While some progress has been noted in participatory boundary demarcation efforts, completion is still pending. Additionally, insecurity has significantly hampered wildlife monitoring outside the park, making it difficult to assess species populations and their movement patterns beyond protected zones. Despite financial and technical support from partners like KfW, the ability to manage external threats effectively is constrained by ongoing security concerns and governance limitations.
The lack of effective governance beyond park boundaries also complicates community relations and resource management. Efforts have been made to engage local communities, particularly the Batwa, in conservation dialogues, but historical grievances and land tenure disputes remain unresolved. While some progress has been noted in participatory boundary demarcation efforts, completion is still pending. Additionally, insecurity has significantly hampered wildlife monitoring outside the park, making it difficult to assess species populations and their movement patterns beyond protected zones. Despite financial and technical support from partners like KfW, the ability to manage external threats effectively is constrained by ongoing security concerns and governance limitations.
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats inside the site
The management system and governance framework for KBNP face critical shortcomings in addressing external threats. While the park authorities, supported by partners such as the ICCN, have made progress in removing 90% of illegal farms from the ecological corridor, threats such as armed militia activity, poaching, and illegal mining continue to pose severe challenges. Despite military interventions from the FARDC that improved security in two-thirds of the park since 2015, armed groups remain present in key areas, making surveillance and law enforcement difficult. Illegal mining, particularly for coltan and gold, is still prevalent and has led to extensive habitat destruction, further endangering species like the Grauer’s gorilla and forest elephant.
Another critical weakness in the park’s governance is the non-renewal of the management plan, which expired in 2019. Without an updated plan, conservation strategies lack a structured framework, limiting the park’s ability to respond effectively to emerging threats such as habitat fragmentation and human-wildlife conflict. Additionally, wildlife monitoring efforts have been severely constrained due to ongoing insecurity, leading to limited data on population trends and habitat conditions. Efforts to engage local communities, including the Batwa, in conservation activities remain insufficient, with unresolved land tenure disputes further straining relations between indigenous groups and park authorities.
Another critical weakness in the park’s governance is the non-renewal of the management plan, which expired in 2019. Without an updated plan, conservation strategies lack a structured framework, limiting the park’s ability to respond effectively to emerging threats such as habitat fragmentation and human-wildlife conflict. Additionally, wildlife monitoring efforts have been severely constrained due to ongoing insecurity, leading to limited data on population trends and habitat conditions. Efforts to engage local communities, including the Batwa, in conservation activities remain insufficient, with unresolved land tenure disputes further straining relations between indigenous groups and park authorities.
KBNP faces some concerns regarding its overall state of protection and management. The management system has struggled to effectively address the park’s most pressing threats, including armed militia activity, illegal mining, and poaching. The persistence of these threats has significantly impacted the park’s biodiversity, particularly the critically endangered Grauer’s gorilla and forest elephant populations. Additionally, the park's management plan, which expired in 2019, has not been renewed, limiting the ability of conservation authorities to respond to emerging challenges in a structured and adaptive manner. External threats beyond the control of park management, such as ongoing insecurity in the region and illegal resource exploitation, continue to undermine conservation efforts. The park remains severely affected by conflict, which limits ranger patrol coverage and law enforcement effectiveness. Despite military operations by the Congolese army (FARDC) that have reclaimed some areas from armed groups, large portions of the park remain inaccessible, creating "no-go" zones for conservation staff. Furthermore, governance issues and community tensions, particularly concerning the Batwa Indigenous people, have led to conflicts over land rights and access to resources. While some efforts have been made to integrate conservation with local livelihoods, the lack of clear stakeholder engagement frameworks has resulted in ongoing disputes. The management authority's ability to address threats outside the park, such as habitat destruction and human-wildlife conflict, remains limited due to weak law enforcement and governance structures. Without urgent action, including strengthened security measures, sustainable financing, and improved governance mechanisms, the long-term conservation outlook for KBNP remains critical.
Mid altitude and montane tropical forests representative of the Albertine Rift, a zone of exceptional biodiversity and endemism.
High Concern
Trend
Improving
An estimated 10% of the low altitude sector and 24% of the ecological corridor are affected by forest clearance as a result of villages, mining camps and illegal farms. Given the size of the low altitude sector significant areas of intact mid-altitude forest therefore remain essentially intact. The situation is much more serious in the ecological corridor since forest clearance for illegal farms has virtually severed the habitat continuum between the low altitude sector and the high altitude sector. Furthermore this is a poorly represented altitudinal range outside protected areas in the rest of central Africa as it has mostly been cleared for agriculture. Recent actions to address encroachment of illegal farming communities in the ecological corridor between the high altitude and low altitude sectors is being addressed through the evacuation of 90% of farmers, however an assessment of the impacts of this threat and rehabilitation of the area remain to be clarified. Furthermore, the issue of the villages in the low altitude sector of the park which existed before the creation of the park and which have remained occupied, remain.
Presence of emblematic and endangered mammal species.
Critical
Trend
Stable
Wildlife monitoring has been very limited due to issues of insecurity in the region. Following a survey of chimpanzees and gorillas in the mid-1990s, census surveys were carried out in 2016 (Plumptre et al. 2016) and 2019 (Plumptre et al. 2019). There has been a dramatic decline in populations of Grauer’s gorilla (Gorilla beringei graueri) and forest elephant as a result of poaching (Plumptre, 2015). Gorilla populations in the low altitude sector are thought to have declined by over 94% and by 37% in the high altitude sector (ICCN Management Plan, 2012). Chimpanzee levels are thought to have declined by about 60-70%.
In 2016, the population of Grauer’s gorilla was estimated to have declined by 77% since the mid 1990s, upgrading its status on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species to critically endangered (Plumptre et al. 2016). The analysis also identified KBNP and particularly the region to the west of the park as the last major stronghold for Grauer’s gorilla. In 2019, the population was estimated at a level similar to 2016, with 1,223 individuals in KBNP (a total of 3,474 in the wider area including 1,967 in OCR and 284 outside the two protected areas). Importantly, the KBNP-OCR region was estimated to contain between 84-91% of the remaining global population (Plumptre et al. 2019).
The 2019 surveys estimated chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) at 2,664 individuals in KBNP (of a 4,474 total, including 1,170 in the OCR and 640 outside the protected areas), which is similar to mid-1990s levels and monkeys appear to have declined significantly between 1994-96 and 2013-3017. For elephants, the only place where signs of elephants were seen was in the Kasese sector of KBNP and the far eastern section of OCR where it borders the Kasese sector, noting this as the last place elephant can be found in the region. The report states that KBNP and OCR are both important sites and contribute to the conservation of large mammal fauna (Plumptre et al. 2019).
Overall, although it is encouraging that there appears to have been no further decline in Grauer's gorilla and chimpanzee populations from the 2016 surveys, the overall state of conservation of mammal species remains highly concerning. Specifically, the lack of elephant sightings, significant decline in monkeys and the drastic decline in Grauer's gorilla from the mid-1990s to mid-2000s (i.e. noting the 2013-16 figures estimated the population at only 16% of 1994-6 estimates (Plumptre et al. 2019)), continue to raise significant concern for the conservation status and recovery of threatened and critically endangered mammal species and underpins the importance of ensuring their effective conservation in KBNP and surrounds.
In 2016, the population of Grauer’s gorilla was estimated to have declined by 77% since the mid 1990s, upgrading its status on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species to critically endangered (Plumptre et al. 2016). The analysis also identified KBNP and particularly the region to the west of the park as the last major stronghold for Grauer’s gorilla. In 2019, the population was estimated at a level similar to 2016, with 1,223 individuals in KBNP (a total of 3,474 in the wider area including 1,967 in OCR and 284 outside the two protected areas). Importantly, the KBNP-OCR region was estimated to contain between 84-91% of the remaining global population (Plumptre et al. 2019).
The 2019 surveys estimated chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) at 2,664 individuals in KBNP (of a 4,474 total, including 1,170 in the OCR and 640 outside the protected areas), which is similar to mid-1990s levels and monkeys appear to have declined significantly between 1994-96 and 2013-3017. For elephants, the only place where signs of elephants were seen was in the Kasese sector of KBNP and the far eastern section of OCR where it borders the Kasese sector, noting this as the last place elephant can be found in the region. The report states that KBNP and OCR are both important sites and contribute to the conservation of large mammal fauna (Plumptre et al. 2019).
Overall, although it is encouraging that there appears to have been no further decline in Grauer's gorilla and chimpanzee populations from the 2016 surveys, the overall state of conservation of mammal species remains highly concerning. Specifically, the lack of elephant sightings, significant decline in monkeys and the drastic decline in Grauer's gorilla from the mid-1990s to mid-2000s (i.e. noting the 2013-16 figures estimated the population at only 16% of 1994-6 estimates (Plumptre et al. 2019)), continue to raise significant concern for the conservation status and recovery of threatened and critically endangered mammal species and underpins the importance of ensuring their effective conservation in KBNP and surrounds.
Assessment of the current state and trend of World Heritage values
Stable
The main forest types and biotopes of the low altitude sector of PNKB are mainly intact despite some habitat destruction due to mining and subsistence farming in occupied villages. However, the habitat continuum between the low altitude sector and the high altitude sector has been significantly impacted by illegal farms. The recent evacuation of almost 90% of illegal farmers will likely address this threat going forward; however, until an assessment of the impacts and rehabilitation of this area is undertaken, the impact of this farming to date and its current overall state remains of concern. All large mammal species have been seriously affected by poaching for bushmeat and ivory. The emblematic Grauer’s gorilla populations have been seriously reduced in the lower altitude but could recover if protection levels can be increased in the low altitude sector. The gorilla population is stable in the high altitude sector and will remain so if current levels of protection are maintained. The same applies to elephants and chimpanzees. However, this can only happen if the armed groups are totally removed from the park. The Grauer’s gorilla is estimated to have declined by 77% between the mid-1990s and 2016, upgrading its status on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species to critically endangered. Although it is encouraging that there appears to have been no significant further decline since 2016, the overall state of conservation of mammal species remains highly concerning, and, since the KBNP-OCR region is estimated to contain between 84-91% of the global Grauer's gorilla population, conservation efforts should ensure the recovery of threatened and critically endangered mammal species in KBNP.
Assessment of the current state and trend of other important biodiversity values
High Concern
Stable
Overall, ongoing insecurity, threats and management constraints continue to impact the natural biodiversity values of the KBNP.
Additional information
Carbon sequestration,
Soil stabilisation,
Flood prevention,
Water provision (importance for water quantity and quality)
Several large rivers start in the park. The vast area of forest through which they flow ensures regulation of downstream flows. The high altitude sector is an essential water reserve for the farming land around. This is a very mountainous area so the forest covered slopes in the park help reduce erosion of the surrounding agricultural land.
Outdoor recreation and tourism
The park generates annually > USD 150.000 (KBNP data, 2012) with 1551 visitors during 2014 (OFAC, 2015).
Due to the security situation in Eastern DRC and the global lock-down of tourism, the limited benefit from tourism to KBNP will be significantly reduced.
Due to the security situation in Eastern DRC and the global lock-down of tourism, the limited benefit from tourism to KBNP will be significantly reduced.
Importance for research,
Contribution to education,
Collection of genetic material
The park has been used as a laboratory of PhD and masters candidates. About three PhD theses orientated in the field of plant ecology and one in the field of ichthyology have been carried out in the region of the PNKB. The practical works of some lectures such as Biogeography, ecology, or plant ecology, systematic and profesionnal trainings are executed into the park.
I have alone sampled considerable samples of genetic materials for fish.
I have alone sampled considerable samples of genetic materials for fish.
The use of ichthyotoxin may collapse some species and will reduce the availability of genetic materials.
The national and global benefits in terms of nature conservation (central African humid forest biodiversity and endemism) and environmental services (water, carbon) are exceptionally important. However these benefits are all at risk because of the inability to resolve the crisis that has a direct influence on the level of all the threats (mining, poaching, agriculture).
References
| № | References |
|---|---|
| 1 |
Baruka, G. (2013). Assessment of Financial Resources for Kahuzi-Biega National Park. Retrieved from https://memoires.usenghor-francophonie.org/memoires/env/131…
|
| 2 |
African Arguments (2024). Making a mockery”: Ending Fortress Conservation in DRC and beyond [online]. Available at https://africanarguments.org/2024/09/ending-fortress-conser… (Accessed 10 April 2025).
|
| 3 |
Amsini, F., Ilambu, O., Liengola, I., Kujirakwinja, D., Hart, J., Grossman, F., Plumptre, A.J. (2008). The impact of civil war on the Kahuzi-Biega National Park : Results of surveys between 2000 – 2008. Report published by ICCN and Wildlife Conservation Society.
|
| 4 |
Forest Peoples Programme (2024). Le peuple Batwa de Kahuzi-Biega célèbre une victoire historique pour la réalisation de leurs droits en RDC. [online] https://www.forestpeoples.org/fr/publications-resources/new… (Accessed 10 February 2025).
|
| 5 |
Hall, J.S., White, L.J.T., Inogwabini, B.I., Omari, I., Morland, H.S., Williamson, E.A., Saltonstall, K., Walsh, P.,Sikubwabo, C., Bonny, D., Kiswele, K.P., Vedder, A., Freeman, K. (1999). Survey of Grauer’s gorillas (Gorilla gorilla graueri) and eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthi ) in the Kahuzi-Biega National Park lowland sector and adjacent forest in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. International Journal of Primatology 19 (2): 207–235.
|
| 6 |
Hollestelle, M., Smith, A., Hund, K. (2012). When elephants fight it is the grass that suffers; Artisanal Mining & Conservation in the DRC DRAFT ABCG Discussion Paper WWF, July 2012.
|
| 7 |
ICCN (2009). Plan Général de Gestion du Parc National de Kahuzi-Biega.
|
| 8 |
ICCN (2012). Rapports intermédiaire et final d’activités de la phase III du projet « Protéger la biodiversité en zone de conflits armés » de l’UNESCO.
|
| 9 |
IUCN (2014). Plan de gestion du Parc National de Kahuzi-Biega. Retrieved from https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/resrec…
|
| 10 |
KBNP (2025). Explore Kahuzi-Biega National Park. [online] Available at: https://www.kahuzibieganationalparkcongo.org/. [Accessed 5 April 2025].
|
| 11 |
Kisekelwa T., J. Snoeks, & E. Vreven (2020). An annotated checklist of the fish fauna of the river systems draining the Kahuzi-Biega National Park (Eastern DR Congo). Journal of Fish Biology 96(3): 700–721. doi.org/10.1111/jfb.14264
|
| 12 |
Lenssens, H. (2024). The Kahuzi-Biega National Park in the eastern DRC: between nature and community conservation. Exploring the impact of the park's conservation policies on local livelihoods and resource access. Master's dissertation C&D. Ghent: Ghent University.
|
| 13 |
Minority Rights Group (2024). Justice rendue : Les Batwa de Kahuzi-Biega et l’échec de la conservation forteresse. [online]. Available at https://minorityrights.org/fr/resources/justice-rendue/ (Accessed 10 February 2025).
|
| 14 |
Panorama Solutions. (2020). "Conflict Resolution Strategy at Kahuzi-Biega National Park." Retrieved from https://panorama.solutions/en/solution/conflict-resolution-…
|
| 15 |
Plumptre, A.J., Ayebare, S. and Kujirakwinja, D. (2015). Priority Areas for Conservation in the Maiko, Tayna, Kahuzi Biega Landscape. Unpublished Report for USAID and USFWS.
|
| 16 |
Plumptre, A.J., Nixon, S., Critchlow, R., Vieilledent, G., Nishuli, R., Kirkby, A., Williamson, E.A., Hall, J.S. and Kujirakwinja, D. (2015). Status of Grauer’s gorilla and chimpanzees in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo: Historical and current distribution and abundance. Unpublished report to Arcus Foundation, USAID and US Fish and Wildlife Service.
|
| 17 |
Plumptre, A.J., Nixon, S., Kujirakwinja, D.K., Vieilledent, G., Critchlow, R., Williamson, E.A., Nishuli, R., Kirkby, E.A. & Hall, J.S. (2016). Catastrophic Decline of World’s Largest Primate: 80% Loss of Grauer’s Gorilla (Gorilla beringei graueri) Population Justifies Critically Endangered Status. PLoS One 11(10): e0162697. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0162697
|
| 18 |
Pole Pole Foundation. (2022). Projects in Kahuzi-Biega. https://www.polepolefoundation.org/projects (Accessed February 2025).
|
| 19 |
State Party of the Democratic Republic of Congo (2017). Report of the State Party to the World Heritage Committee on the state of conservation Kahuzi-Biega National Park (Democratic Republic of Congo). [online] Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature (ICCN). Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/document/156367 [Accessed 10 September 2019].
|
| 20 |
State Party of the Democratic Republic of Congo (2020). Report of the State Party to the World Heritage Committee on the state of conservation Kahuzi-Biega National Park (Democratic Republic of Congo). [online] Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature (ICCN). Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/137/documents/ [Accessed 10 September 2019].
|
| 21 |
State Party of the Democratic Republic of Congo (2023). Report of the State Party to the World Heritage Committee on the state of conservation Kahuzi-Biega National Park (Democratic Republic of Congo). [online] Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature (ICCN). Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/137/documents/ (Accessed 10 July 2019).
|
| 22 |
State Party of the Democratic Republic of Congo (2024). Report of the State Party to the World Heritage Committee on the state of conservation Kahuzi-Biega National Park (Democratic Republic of Congo). [online] Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature (ICCN). Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/137/documents/ (Accessed 10 July 2025).
|
| 23 |
The Forest Peoples Programme (2020). Update: Batwa communities and Kahuzi-Biega National Park. Avaiable at: https://www.forestpeoples.org/en/lands-forests-territories-…. [Accessed June 2020].
|
| 24 |
UNESCO (2009). Report on the State of Conservation of Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo. State of Conservation Information System of the World Heritage Centre. [online] Paris, France: UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/137/documents/.
|
| 25 |
UNESCO (2012). Decision 36COM 8E - Kahuzi-Biega National Park retrospective Statements of Outstanding Universal Value (Democratic Republic of Congo). In Decision Adopted by the World Heritage Committee at its 36th Session (Saint-Pétersbourg, Russia, 2012). [online] Paris, France: UNESCO World Heritage Centre, pp.156-159.Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/fr/soc/75. [Accessed 8 April 2015].
|
| 26 |
UNESCO (2017). Report on the State of Conservation of Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo. State of Conservation Information System of the World Heritage Centre. [online] Paris, France: UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/en/soc/3812 [Accessed 10 September 2019].
|
| 27 |
UNESCO (2018). Decision WHC/18/42.COM/7A.52. General Decision on the properties of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). [online] Manama, Bahrain: World Heritage Committee. Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/archive/2018/whc18-42com-18-en.pdf (Accessed 27 September 2019).
|
| 28 |
UNESCO (2018). Report on the State of Conservation of Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo. State of Conservation Information System of the World Heritage Centre. [online] Paris, France: UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/en/soc/3812 (Accessed 10 September 2019).
|
| 29 |
UNESCO (2019). Report on the State of Conservation of Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo. State of Conservation Information System of the World Heritage Centre. [online] Paris, France: UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/en/soc/3844 (Accessed 10 September 2019).
|
| 30 |
UNESCO (2024). Report on the State of Conservation of Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo. State of Conservation Information System of the World Heritage Centre. [online] Paris, France: UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/en/soc/3812 (Accessed 10 July 2025).
|
| 31 |
USAID (2018). Rehabilitating Trails in Kahuzi Biega National Park. Retrieved from https://www.climatelinks.org/photo-gallery/rehabilitating-t…
|
| 32 |
USAID (2022). CAFEC Maiko-Tayna Kahuzi-Biega Fact Sheet. https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/2022-05/CAFEC_Mai… (Accessed February 2025).
|
| 33 |
Ugent Library (2024). "Kahuzi-Biega National Park: Assessment of Resource Use and Impact on Biodiversity." Retrieved from https://libstore.ugent.be/fulltxt/RUG01/003/213/955/RUG01-0…
|
| 34 |
WCS (2021). "Kahuzi-Biega National Park - Conservation Efforts and Challenges." Wildlife Conservation Society. Retrieved from https://www.wcs.org/our-work/regions/central-africa-gulf-of…
|
| 35 |
WCS (2022). New Management Agreement Signed for Kahuzi-Biega National Park in the DRC. Retrieved from https://newsroom.wcs.org/News-Releases/articleType/ArticleV…
|
| 36 |
WCS (2022). Vision for Kahuzi-Biega National Park. https://cdn.wcs.org/2022/02/10/7i78anfy3c_Vision_for_Kahuzi… (Accessed February 2025).
|
| 37 |
WCS (2024). Terms of Reference- Consultancy for the Development and Delivery of LE Training Materials. Retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/job/4117850/terms-reference-consultan…
|