Pirin National Park
Country
Bulgaria
Inscribed in
1983
Criteria
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
The conservation outlook for this site has been assessed as "good with some concerns" in the latest assessment cycle. Explore the Conservation Outlook Assessment for the site below. You have the option to access the summary, or the detailed assessment.
Spread over an area of over 27,000 ha, at an altitude between 1008 and 2914 m in the Pirin Mountains, southwest Bulgaria, the site comprises diverse limestone mountain landscapes with glacial lakes, waterfalls, caves and predominantly coniferous forests. It was added to the World Heritage List in 1983. The extension now covers an area of around 40,000 ha in the Pirin Mountains, and overlaps with the Pirin National Park, except for two areas developed for tourism (skiing). The dominant part of the extension is high mountain territory over 2000m in altitude, and covered mostly by alpine meadows, rocky screes and summits. © UNESCO
Summary
2025 Conservation Outlook
Finalised on
11 Oct 2025
Good with some concerns
Current state and trend of VALUES
Low Concern
Overall THREATS
Overall PROTECTION and MANAGEMENT
Full assessment
Description of values
A good example of the continuing evolution of flora and an example of high mountain ecosystems in natural condition
Criterion
(ix)
The site is a good example of the continuing evolution of flora, as evidenced by a number of endemic and relict species, and the property also protects an example of a functioning ecosystem that is representative of the important natural ecosystems of the Balkan uplands. Pirin’s natural coniferous forests include Macedonian Pine and Bosnian Pine, with many old growth trees. Although the forests are affected by some historical use, the natural functioning of the ecosystem ensures the protection of its regionally significant biodiversity values (World Heritage Committee, 2010).
Mountain scenery of exceptional beauty
Criterion
(vii)
The mountain scenery of Pirin National Park is of exceptional beauty. The high mountain peaks and crags contrast with meadows, rivers and waterfalls and provide the opportunity to experience the aesthetics of a Balkan mountain landscape (World Heritage Committee, 2010).
Diverse limestone mountain landscapes
Criterion
(viii)
The principal earth science values of the property relate to its glacial geomorphology, demonstrated through a range of features including cirques, deep valleys and over 70 glacial lakes. The mountains of the property show a variety of forms and have been developed in several different rock types (WHC, 2010). Functioning natural processes allow for study of the continued evolution of the landforms of the property, and help to understand other upland areas in the region (UNEP-WCMC 2012).
Biodiversity of flora and fauna
In total, there are 1,341 species of vascular plants, about one third of Bulgaria’s flora, including 110 Balkan endemics, 36 Bulgarian endemics and 17 local endemics. The fauna of Pirin National Park includes 50 mammal species, including brown bear, wolf and pine marten, and 166 bird species. Pirin is also home to 10 species of amphibians, 10 species of reptiles and 4 fish species (World Heritage Committee, 2010; IUCN Consultation, 2024).
Assessment information
Ski infrastructure in the Bansko area, located in the park's buffer zone, has caused significant and repeated damage to the site’s OUV through habitat destruction and ecosystem fragmentation in the past. However, no new infrastructure developments are planned and recent activities have primarily focused on maintenance. It is critical that any projects with potential impacts on the site's OUV be appropriately assessed prior to implementation. Additionally, the use of ATVs damages ecosystems and landscapes, compounded by limited enforcement authority for park officials to regulate such activities. Grazing and logging can also negatively impact the site if not managed appropriately, while climate change related impacts and water demand are further pressures on the site's attributes and integrity. Nevertheless, due to commitment by the management authority and the current legal framework, the threats to the OUV overall can be considered low.
Logging, Harvesting & Controlling Trees
(Unsustainable forest management)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Outside site
In the past concerns have been expressed about planned logging activities within the World Heritage site (UNESCO, 2014) and isolated cases of illegal logging (UNESCO, 2011; IUCN Consultation, 2020). According to the Protected Areas Act, commercial logging is forbidden in national parks. This includes production activities, including commercial wood harvesting.
Within the property, timber extraction is related to maintenance, restoration and improvement of the condition of forest ecosystems by removing diseased and injured individual and groups of trees. The purpose of the maintenance and restoration activities in the forests is to prevent diseases and calamity attacks by insect pests. Wood can also be harvested from the felling of trees (tilted, fallen or dry), which hinder or threaten the use of hiking and sports infrastructure - hiking trails, buildings, power lines, lifts, etc. Such activities are allowed on an annual basis. All activities in the forests of the National Parks, including Pirin NP are approved by the Ministry of Environment and Water (MOEW) and the control over their implementation is carried out by the respective National Park Directorate – Pirin National Park Directorate.
Following forest ecosystem assessments, in 2023 it was foreseen to remove 5587 m3 of standing mass and in 2024 it was planned to remove 2,671 m3 of standing mass (State Party of Bulgaria, 2024). According to the State party forest inventory, the forest condition has been improving, with a total forest stock increase of 1,440,480 cubic meters (IUCN Consultation, 2024). In February 2025 the Supreme Administrative Court issued a final ruling on a case against a MOEW permit on maintenance and restoration through forest activities in Pirin NP from 2022: the ruling concluded that the permit was not well motivated and public participation was not secured (SAC, 2025). Furthermore, the new draft Management Plan does not envisage expanding the areas in which maintenance and restoration activities in forests are permitted and the management authority envisage to only allow maintenance and restoration activities in the forests related to the removal of single dangerous trees (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
Within the property, timber extraction is related to maintenance, restoration and improvement of the condition of forest ecosystems by removing diseased and injured individual and groups of trees. The purpose of the maintenance and restoration activities in the forests is to prevent diseases and calamity attacks by insect pests. Wood can also be harvested from the felling of trees (tilted, fallen or dry), which hinder or threaten the use of hiking and sports infrastructure - hiking trails, buildings, power lines, lifts, etc. Such activities are allowed on an annual basis. All activities in the forests of the National Parks, including Pirin NP are approved by the Ministry of Environment and Water (MOEW) and the control over their implementation is carried out by the respective National Park Directorate – Pirin National Park Directorate.
Following forest ecosystem assessments, in 2023 it was foreseen to remove 5587 m3 of standing mass and in 2024 it was planned to remove 2,671 m3 of standing mass (State Party of Bulgaria, 2024). According to the State party forest inventory, the forest condition has been improving, with a total forest stock increase of 1,440,480 cubic meters (IUCN Consultation, 2024). In February 2025 the Supreme Administrative Court issued a final ruling on a case against a MOEW permit on maintenance and restoration through forest activities in Pirin NP from 2022: the ruling concluded that the permit was not well motivated and public participation was not secured (SAC, 2025). Furthermore, the new draft Management Plan does not envisage expanding the areas in which maintenance and restoration activities in forests are permitted and the management authority envisage to only allow maintenance and restoration activities in the forests related to the removal of single dangerous trees (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
Recreation & Tourism Areas
(Development of mass tourism infrastructure, in particular for skiing)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Outside site
Development of skiing infrastructure in the Bansko ski area located in the buffer zone of the World Heritage site has been subject to numerous Decisions by the World Heritage Committee and led to modifications of the original boundaries of the property, specifically when the Bansko and Dobrinishte tourism zones were excluded from the boundaries of the property and included in its buffer zone (World Heritage Committee, 2010). The World Heritage Committee in a number of its past Decisions expressed its concern that “the Outstanding Universal Value of the property has been repeatedly and significantly impacted by the development of ski facilities and ski runs” (World Heritage Committee, 2010). The State Party has assured that all investment proposals and activities within the site and its buffer zone are subject to consultation procedures under environmental legislation and that in 2022-2024 no new facilities related to tourism were constructed (State Party of Bulgaria, 2024). However, while development projects and investment proposals continue to be processed and approved according to environmental legislation, it remains unclear how they were assessed with regards to potential impacts on the property’s OUV, in particular in the absence of an SEA to inform decision-making when projects are being considered, as well as to assess the cumulative impacts of multiple projects at a landscape/regional scale.
The process of updating the management plan offers the opportunity to strengthen the protection of the OUV by ensuring that all potential negative impacts from any development are adequately assessed and prevented. In line with this, the World Heritage Committee has requested the new Management Plan to be assessed through the necessary procedures, such as Strategic Environmental Assessment (World Heritage Committee, 2014, 2016, 2018, 2023). According to the State Party, the update of the management plan will be in line with the requirement of the World Heritage Committee to not to allow the development of ski sport or other activities with a similar impact within the World Heritage Property and its buffer zones. Тhe updated management plan would allow the construction of ski runs and lifts only within the boundaries of the part of the Tourism Zone, designated as “Special Buffer Zone” (IUCN Consultation, 2024). The ruling of the Supreme Administrative Court (SAC) on the amendments of the management plan, from 2019 explicitly states that no new construction of sport facilities inside the national park is allowed, only rehabilitation and maintenance (SAC, 2019). Buffer Zones are inside the national park.
To further strengthen protection, the World Heritage Committee has urged the State Party to develop a long-term strategic approach to all plans and programmes for the property, its buffer zone and wider setting, which is agreed among all relevant stakeholders, including municipalities, and which ensures that any potential future development is harmonized, coordinated and consistent with regulations protecting the property’s OUV, including its integrity, and with the Operational Guidelines (World Heritage Committee, 2023).
The process of updating the management plan offers the opportunity to strengthen the protection of the OUV by ensuring that all potential negative impacts from any development are adequately assessed and prevented. In line with this, the World Heritage Committee has requested the new Management Plan to be assessed through the necessary procedures, such as Strategic Environmental Assessment (World Heritage Committee, 2014, 2016, 2018, 2023). According to the State Party, the update of the management plan will be in line with the requirement of the World Heritage Committee to not to allow the development of ski sport or other activities with a similar impact within the World Heritage Property and its buffer zones. Тhe updated management plan would allow the construction of ski runs and lifts only within the boundaries of the part of the Tourism Zone, designated as “Special Buffer Zone” (IUCN Consultation, 2024). The ruling of the Supreme Administrative Court (SAC) on the amendments of the management plan, from 2019 explicitly states that no new construction of sport facilities inside the national park is allowed, only rehabilitation and maintenance (SAC, 2019). Buffer Zones are inside the national park.
To further strengthen protection, the World Heritage Committee has urged the State Party to develop a long-term strategic approach to all plans and programmes for the property, its buffer zone and wider setting, which is agreed among all relevant stakeholders, including municipalities, and which ensures that any potential future development is harmonized, coordinated and consistent with regulations protecting the property’s OUV, including its integrity, and with the Operational Guidelines (World Heritage Committee, 2023).
Recreational Activities
(Unregulated riding of ATVs)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
The use of ATVs poses a threat to the site's natural values, causing damage to its unique ecosystems and landscapes, as well as impacting its natural beauty. Currently, National Park officials lack the authority to require offenders to show identification, and many offenders wear helmets, making them difficult to recognize. These vehicles are also not subject to mandatory registration, further complicating their identification and the enforcement of penalties (IUCN Consultation, 2024). Therefore, legislative changes are needed to address this threat.
Changes in Physical & Chemical Regimes, Changes in Temperature Regimes, Changes in Precipitation & Hydrological Regime
(Climate change related impacts to alpine ecosystems)
Inside site
, Throughout(>50%)
Outside site
Rising temperatures and changing precipitation patterns may lead to the loss of alpine habitats, and shifts in vegetation zones, impacting species dependent on cold and high-altitude environments. Increased frequency of extreme weather events, such as storms and droughts, may also exacerbate soil erosion, disrupt hydrological systems, and heighten the risk of wildfires (IUCN Consultation, 2024). Despite a pronounced climatic warming trend and general shrinkage, the glaciers in the Pirin Mountain have been more stable than elsewhere in the region (Gachev and Mitkov, 2019).
Hunting, Collecting & Controlling Terrestrial Animals
(Illegal poaching)
Other targeted species names
Rupicapra rupicapra, Ursus arctos
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Illegal hunting inside and outside of the World Heritage site has been regularly reported in the past (IUCN Consultation, 2014). However, only a few cases of illegal hunting or carrying of hunting weapons have been detected in the recent years and those detected have been registered and led to relevant proceedings. Regular inspections are being carried out to detect any illegal activities and the National Park Directorate has implemented a system for recording shots in part of the park, specifically at control points in the Vihren Park Section , which has the largest population of chamois in the Balkan Peninsula (IUCN Consultation, 2024).
Terrestrial Animal Farming, Ranching & Herding
(Grazing)
Inside site
, Scattered(5-15%)
Outside site
Overall, grazing is relatively well managed in Pirin National Park, with yearly quotas and permissions being issued by the National Park Directorate and only allowed on meadows and pastures located within the Zone for Sustainable Use of Open Areas and in the Tourism Zone. However, according to the conclusions of the Environmental Assessment Report (EAP) and the Impact Assessment Report (IAP) on the Natura 2000 sites of the Strategic Plan for the Development of Agriculture and Rural Areas for the period 2023-2027, the implementation of the supported measure “Pastoralism” within national park boundaries has significant negative impact on natural habitats and biodiversity in general. The number of animals can lead to overgrazing, erosion, trampling, ruderalization (change in the typical species composition), eutrophication of lakes and pollution of natural water sources. In 2024 a team of scientists from the Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem services – Bulgarian Academy of Sciences prepared an assessment of the status of grassland natural habitats on the territory of the park. The conclusions of this study are that, in general, the natural habitats subject to grazing in the Pirin National Park are in a favorable state according to the parameter “Grazing Intensity”. Intensive zoogenic load has been registered in individual localities, with the disturbed terrains being up to 10% of the total area of the respective habitat in the Park (IUCN Consultation, 2025). As an activity under the Project “Improvement of the conservation status of species and types of natural habitats on the territory of Protected Area BG0000209 “Pirin” electric fences were installed around certain lakes where grazing was carried out. Observations of these lakes shows that no eutrophication is observed after access of domestic animals to them was restricted in 2020 (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
According to the specified parameters within the "National Framework for Priority Actions for Natura 2000, for a multiannual financial framework for the period 2021-2027" and with Order RD-284/31.03.2021 of the Minister of Environment and Water conditions and measures that require the reduction of the load and pressure on high mountain ecosystems as a result of the grazing of domestic animals under the “Pastoralism” supported measure have been introduced. As a result, cattle grazing is not supported, while sheep grazing is subject to permits (IUCN Consultation, 2025). From 2025, the support measure for grazing will be stopped in all territories above 1800 m above sea level in the Park, which is expected to have a beneficial effect on grassland habitats (IUCN Consultation, 2024).
According to the specified parameters within the "National Framework for Priority Actions for Natura 2000, for a multiannual financial framework for the period 2021-2027" and with Order RD-284/31.03.2021 of the Minister of Environment and Water conditions and measures that require the reduction of the load and pressure on high mountain ecosystems as a result of the grazing of domestic animals under the “Pastoralism” supported measure have been introduced. As a result, cattle grazing is not supported, while sheep grazing is subject to permits (IUCN Consultation, 2025). From 2025, the support measure for grazing will be stopped in all territories above 1800 m above sea level in the Park, which is expected to have a beneficial effect on grassland habitats (IUCN Consultation, 2024).
Dams & Water Management/Use
(Water abstraction)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Outside site
Water resource management has been a matter of concern in the past, with indications of national legislation not always being strictly respected. However, according to the State Party no new facilities will be developed and no negative impacts on the site's OUV are expected (State Party of Bulgaria, 2024). According to Bulgarian legislation, water abstraction and use of water bodies is subject to a permit regime in which the competent authorities take into account the potential of water bodies in the territory, including Pirin National Park, determined by the accepted and entered into force River basin management plans. Although the Protected Areas Act only allows for abstraction of drinking water, if not limited to the water resource capacities of the Pirin National Park, abstraction might cause irreversible harm to natural processes, ecological functions, as well as the site's OUV and integrity. A further potential threat is the lack of a common strategic approach, involving neighbouring municipalities and other stakeholders, for socio-economic and spatial planning and development. A clear and comprehensive long-term vision for the World Heritage site and the broader region is necessary to ensure that potential future developments are harmonised and coordinated, and that the goal of long-term protection of the site’s OUV (World Heritage Committee, 2023).
Involvement of stakeholders and rightsholders, including indigenous peoples and local communities, in decision-making processes
Statutory processes are in place to ensure that consultation of relevant stakeholders and rightsholders is undertaken as an integral part of the management planning processes (eg. the development of the management plan for the site) (State Party of Bulgaria, 2024). This consultation process is critical for identifying management goals and objectives that respect and respond to the interests of local communities while safeguarding the Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) of the site. Ensuring transparent and inclusive participation supports the effective and equitable management of the park.
Legal framework
The site benefits from the highest level of protection at both the national level, as a National Park aligned with IUCN Protected Area Management Category II, and the European level, as a Natura 2000 site under the Birds and Habitats Directive. In addition, with Order No. RD 284/31.03.2021 of the Ministry of Environment and Water, the order for declaring Pirin as a Natura 2000 protected site was amended and supplemented, and additional regimes were introduced to guarantee the protection of the property. The Ministry of Environment and Water has assigned the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences to develop specific goals aimed at improving the conservation state of species and habitat in Natura 2000 sites, which will also strengthen the protection of the property.
Governance arrangements
The governance of Pirin National Park is structured around a framework supported by Bulgaria's environmental legislation and international conservation standards. Roles and responsibilities are well-defined, including those of the MOEW and Park directorate. Planning process includes public consultations, ensuring stakeholder and rightsholder involvement, in principle. The update of key management planning documents, for example the management plan, could further enhance the effective governance of the site and provide additional clarity on mechanisms for grievance redress and dispute resolution.
Integration into local, regional and national planning systems (including sea/landscape connectivity)
The park is well integrated into the national protected areas system; and is part of Natura 2000 network. However, there have been concerns over the integration of the conservation of the site's OUV with regards to surrounding land use and development, with the lack of coordination and strategic approach to the conservation of the site being subject to requests by the World Heritage Committee. Whilst the State Party have reported that impacts on protected areas are accounted for in strategic regional planning and the long-term vision for socio-economic development (State Party of Bulgaria, 2023), there is no confirmation that a long-term strategy exists for all plans and programmes specifically related to the site, its buffer zone, adjacent municipalities and the broader region, with the participation of all relevant stakeholders, including municipalities, as requested by the Committee (UNESCO, 2023).
The main document relevant to the National Park and World Heritage Property is its Management Plan. All other strategic documents of neighbouring municipalities, such as development plans and master plans, must be consistent with and not contradict the Park Management Plan, its zoning and regimes. When general development plans and development plans of neighbouring municipalities are adopted, they are subject to Strategic Environmental Assessment and in case they are not in line with the regimes and zoning set out in the Management Plan, they are not approved. The Ministry of Environment and Water, as the competent authority in these cases, has not allowed and in principle does not allow development planning on the territory of the national park, as well as the implementation of activities that are in conflict with the strict regimes of the territory.
All investment intentions affecting the territory of the Pirin National Park and the World Heritage property have been subject to Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) and Appropriate assessment (AA) procedures in accordance with the EPA, the Biodiversity Act and the regulations thereto, before any action is taken to implement them, according to the State Party. The Bulgarian legislation has set out criteria on the basis of which the competent authority will assess whether or not there is a need to carry out the Strategic Environmental assessment and the Appropriate Assessment. One of these criteria is namely to take into account the cumulative effect of the investment proposals made. This is a real guarantee that the cumulative effect is also taken into account when assessing each investment intention. Moreover, these acts, which conclude the procedures under the EPA, the BCA and their regulations, are a legal prerequisite for the issue of the relevant permits for implementation of the investment intentions (e.g. a building permit). This is an additional guarantee that the planned investment activities cannot be fulfilled before the state exerts control over the compliance with environmental regulations (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
The main document relevant to the National Park and World Heritage Property is its Management Plan. All other strategic documents of neighbouring municipalities, such as development plans and master plans, must be consistent with and not contradict the Park Management Plan, its zoning and regimes. When general development plans and development plans of neighbouring municipalities are adopted, they are subject to Strategic Environmental Assessment and in case they are not in line with the regimes and zoning set out in the Management Plan, they are not approved. The Ministry of Environment and Water, as the competent authority in these cases, has not allowed and in principle does not allow development planning on the territory of the national park, as well as the implementation of activities that are in conflict with the strict regimes of the territory.
All investment intentions affecting the territory of the Pirin National Park and the World Heritage property have been subject to Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) and Appropriate assessment (AA) procedures in accordance with the EPA, the Biodiversity Act and the regulations thereto, before any action is taken to implement them, according to the State Party. The Bulgarian legislation has set out criteria on the basis of which the competent authority will assess whether or not there is a need to carry out the Strategic Environmental assessment and the Appropriate Assessment. One of these criteria is namely to take into account the cumulative effect of the investment proposals made. This is a real guarantee that the cumulative effect is also taken into account when assessing each investment intention. Moreover, these acts, which conclude the procedures under the EPA, the BCA and their regulations, are a legal prerequisite for the issue of the relevant permits for implementation of the investment intentions (e.g. a building permit). This is an additional guarantee that the planned investment activities cannot be fulfilled before the state exerts control over the compliance with environmental regulations (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
Boundaries
The boundaries of the site are considered adequate. Upon inscription of the site, the boundaries did not follow an ecological rationale and hence created a fragmented property. In 2010, the World Heritage Committee approved the extension of the property and the establishment of a buffer zone. The same decision, excluded the Bansko and Dobrinishte tourism zones (1,078.23 ha) and included these in a new buffer zone (World Heritage Committee, 2010), over which there have been long standing concerns over it's ability to maintain the site's Outstanding Universal Value (State Party of Bulgaria, 2014). However, it is important to note that although Bansko and Dobrinishte tourism zones are "buffer zones" in terms of the World Heritage Site, both zones are part of Pirin National Park under the Bulgarian Protected Areas Act. Therefore, the MOEW has made and is making efforts to prevent additional damage to these territories, including through active measures for their recultivation and preventing the construction of additional facilities.
Overlapping international designations
NA
Implementation of World Heritage Committee decisions and recommendations
The State Party has made progress in implementing the World Heritage Committee’s decisions and recommendations concerning Pirin National Park. The Committee has consistently called for measures to address the adverse impacts of ski infrastructure development at Bansko, including habitat destruction and deforestation, which threaten the site's Outstanding Universal Value (OUV). Some concerns remain unresolved, particularly regarding the management of these impacts and the lack of enforcement of sustainable tourism practices through the update of the site’s management plan, which has not been revised for several years (UNESCO, 2023; UNESCO, 2021).
Key limitations to fully implementing the Committee’s decisions include competing economic interests tied to tourism development, insufficient enforcement of environmental regulations, and delays in updating and adopting a new management plan. These limitations hinder the ability to establish a coherent and adaptive management strategy that aligns with the Committee’s recommendations and ensures the long-term conservation of the site’s OUV.
Key limitations to fully implementing the Committee’s decisions include competing economic interests tied to tourism development, insufficient enforcement of environmental regulations, and delays in updating and adopting a new management plan. These limitations hinder the ability to establish a coherent and adaptive management strategy that aligns with the Committee’s recommendations and ensures the long-term conservation of the site’s OUV.
Climate action
In line with the Policy document on climate action for World Heritage (UNESCO, 2023b) the Ministry of Environment and Water aims to assign to Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences the development of assessment about the climate change risk for all national World Heritage Properties as well as to elaborate a Plan of measures in order to mitigate the impact of the changes on the ecosystems in Pirin National Park (IUCN Consultation, 2024).
Management plan and overall management system
The ongoing lack of an updated management plan for the site is of some concern. According to Bulgarian legislation the current Management Plan from 2004 is still in force. The Committee has repeatedly requested the State Party to resolve the various issues that have been identified through adequate planning (e.g. water and grazing management; aligning the management of the site with the operation of ski resort infrastructure adjacent to the site). However, these issues have not yet been sufficiently resolved in the drafts presented to date. Whilst the State Party of Bulgaria report that an updated draft will include revised management objectives for land and natural resource use, development of infrastructure and construction, as well as other necessary provisions to ensure the conservation of the property, this plan has yet to be adopted, including the necessary processes such as public consultation (State Party of Bulgaria, 2024).
Law enforcement
Law enforcement officers carry out routine enforcement of activities in the site according to their duties, and in response to the various issues that require regulation (e.g. use of ATVs). However, officers lack legal powers to request identification and to detain offenders, nor the mechanisms for stopping and inspecting vehicles (IUCN Consultation, 2024). In this regard, and with the aim of ensuring more effective control and protection of the protected areas, the MoEW may initiate a change in the Protected Areas Act, in order to address this issue (IUCN Consultation, 2024). In the meantime, the Ministry of Environment and the National Park Directorate are taking all necessary actions to address this problem, each year signing an agreement for joint activities with the Ministry of Interior’s regional authorities in the municipalities adjacent to the park. Further joint inspections and actions are carried out in the most conflict areas with the participation of Ministry of Interior officials in order to assist park security officers in fulfilling their duties under the Protected areas Act. For example, in 2024, the Pirin National Park Directorate carried out 23 targeted inspections for registering of unregulated movement of motorcycles and ATVs, some of which were joint with the Ministry of Interior authorities. Separately, in 2024, the Pirin National Park Service carried out 21 inspections for registering of unregulated riding of snowmobiles (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
Sustainable finance
The management of the site is funded through two main streams— the annual plan funded by the national government, which covers basic management needs and funding from European financial instruments, which is time-limited and does not cover ongoing maintenance activities (IUCN Consultation, 2024). According to the latest periodic report (state Party of Bulgaria, 2024), the available budget is acceptable but could be further improved to fully meet the management needs. For 2024, the maintenance costs of the national park amounted to:1,850,207 BGN (Bulgarian leva), which includes funds for salaries, insurances, energy consumption, fuel, court fees, taxes, capital expenditures, repairs and maintenance, as well as for maintenance and restoration activities. As a beneficiary under the Operational Program Environment, financed with EU funds, the Pirin National Park Directorate participates in projects aimed at restoration and maintenance of priority habitats, building of visitor infrastructure, carrying out of educational activities and interpretation. Within the framework of these projects, the Park Directorate has built two visitor information centers in the town of Sandanski and the town of Bansko and 2 tourist shelters in the Chernata Voda and Kornishki Ezera areas. A large part of the existing roads in the park territory have been rehabilitated, including the repair and reconstruction of bridges and drainage facilities. Within the framework of these projects, firefighting equipment has been provided, consisting of firefighting clothing, gasoline-powered water pumps, 5 off-road UTVs equipped with a firefighting platform and 7 off-road motorcycles for fighting and preventing forest fires (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
Staff capacity, training and development
According to the State Party, human resources at Pirin National Park are below optimum to manage the World Heritage site; availability of qualified staff was considered “fair”, and that of staff training opportunities as medium, in most categories (State Party of Bulgaria, 2014; 2024).
Education and interpretation programmes
Education and interpretation programs at Pirin National Park are extensive and ongoing, although the integration of the World Heritage values and communication about the World Heritage Convention and the site's OUV could be further strengthened in existing programmes.
The Directorate of Pirin National Park is actively engaging children, the public and various stakeholders through a number of educational and information campaigns aimed at local communities and park visitors. In its initiatives, the Park Directorate relies on contacts, joint work and partnership with municipalities, schools, businesses, government agencies and institutions, community centers, public and civic organizations. For example, in 2024, 229 activities were held at the Visitor Information Center in Bansko, in which 8,593 students from kindergartens, primary and secondary schools and universities participated; 2 activities were held at the
The Visitor Information Center in Bansko is included in the National Program "BULGARIA - EDUCATIONAL ROUTES", in the category "Geography" and represents one of the most visited in Blagoevgrad region. In 2024, 15 information campaigns were carried out to raise the environmental awareness and culture of various groups of the public. In 2024, the Pirin National Park Directorate also organized 2 exhibitions, including for "40 Years of Pirin National Park in UNESCO" with photos from the competition "Pirin Through My Lens". Three information meetings were held at the Visitor Centers of Pirin National Park in Bansko and Sandanski with users and representatives of the tourism industry from the municipalities adjacent to the park (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
In addition, the Pirin National Park Directorate informs all interested parties daily, through its website, about the activities carried out in the Protected Area. In 2024, 77 articles and news were published on the page.
A large number of promotional materials was produced and delivered in 2024 including 1000 advertising calendars; desk calendars; tourist information cards-brochures; key chains; wooden notebooks with lines; shirts; hats; buffs (bandanas); badges, etc. (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
The Directorate of Pirin National Park is actively engaging children, the public and various stakeholders through a number of educational and information campaigns aimed at local communities and park visitors. In its initiatives, the Park Directorate relies on contacts, joint work and partnership with municipalities, schools, businesses, government agencies and institutions, community centers, public and civic organizations. For example, in 2024, 229 activities were held at the Visitor Information Center in Bansko, in which 8,593 students from kindergartens, primary and secondary schools and universities participated; 2 activities were held at the
The Visitor Information Center in Bansko is included in the National Program "BULGARIA - EDUCATIONAL ROUTES", in the category "Geography" and represents one of the most visited in Blagoevgrad region. In 2024, 15 information campaigns were carried out to raise the environmental awareness and culture of various groups of the public. In 2024, the Pirin National Park Directorate also organized 2 exhibitions, including for "40 Years of Pirin National Park in UNESCO" with photos from the competition "Pirin Through My Lens". Three information meetings were held at the Visitor Centers of Pirin National Park in Bansko and Sandanski with users and representatives of the tourism industry from the municipalities adjacent to the park (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
In addition, the Pirin National Park Directorate informs all interested parties daily, through its website, about the activities carried out in the Protected Area. In 2024, 77 articles and news were published on the page.
A large number of promotional materials was produced and delivered in 2024 including 1000 advertising calendars; desk calendars; tourist information cards-brochures; key chains; wooden notebooks with lines; shirts; hats; buffs (bandanas); badges, etc. (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
Tourism and visitation management
Tourism and visitation management in Pirin National Park faces challenges, which in part are being addressed. While local and national tourism policies recognize the Park's significance, the integration of its Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) into these policies could be strengthened. Efforts to manage visitor impacts, such as permits and access control, require greater enforcement and alignment with sustainability principles (IUCN Consultation, 2024). To better support conservation, tourism management should further focus on minimizing harm through improved design standards, education, and stricter regulation of activities that threaten the site's values. Some progress has been made in this regard, for example, the concessionaire in the Bansko ski zone is obliged to implement measures for the recultivation of the ski slopes, over which the state, represented by the Ministry of Environment and Water and the National Park Directorate, exercises control. In the rest of the National Park, tourism is consistent with the carrying capacity of the territory and the existing huts and shelters. However, in the area of Vihren hut there is a tendency to increase the tourist flow during the summer months and a concentration of vehicles along the road has been observed that leads to Vihren hut. The road is municipal and in order to deal with this problem, every year during the summer season, the mayor of Bansko Municipality issues an order to stop traffic in the area, establishing a traffic regime regulated by the employees of the Bansko City Police Department, allowing only shuttles transporting tourists, ambulances in case of need, cars of the park administration and cars servicing Vihren Hut. Private cars are not allowed. The Park is well equipped with tourist trails and information boards and signs providing information about its values and the services provided. As mentioned above in recent years several projects aimed at development of tourist infrastructure were carried out successfully. Annually the enterprise for carrying out of environmental activities under the Ministry of environment and waters provides funds for repair and maintenance of the existing tourist infrastructure. In 2022, a web application was created with information about all tourist routes within the park, indicating the rules of conduct, zoning, and providing data about valuable plant and animal species and habitats (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
Sustainable use
With regards to grazing, according to the conclusions of the Environmental Assessment Report (EAP) and the Impact Assessment Report (IAP) on the Natura 2000 sites of the Strategic Plan for the Development of Agriculture and Rural Areas for the period 2023-2027, the implementation of the supported measure “Pastoralism” within national park boundaries has significant negative impact on natural habitats and biodiversity in general. the large number of livestock leads to overgrazing, erosion, trampling, ruderalization (change in the typical species composition), eutrophication of lakes and pollution of natural water sources. The conditions of the EAP Opinion have been taken into account by Pirin National Park Directorate when developing the Annual Grazing Plan for 2024, as the introduced restrictions aim to mitigate the identified negative impacts, respectively to protect the natural habitats, the habitats of protected species and the natural complex in general. In this regard, areas with grass and shrub-grass communities around small water bodies with standing water fed by rainwater and snowmelt, a buffer of 100 m around mountain lakes in national parks are also excluded from grazing alongside in Balkan chamois habitats and near visitor trails.
In 2024, the Park Administration assigned a team of scientists from the Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem services under the Bulgarian Academy of sciences to prepare an Assessment of the Status of Grassland Natural Habitats on the territory of the park. The conclusions of this study are that in general the natural habitats -subject to grazing in Pirin National Park are in a favorable state according to the parameter "Grazing Intensity". Intensive zoogenic load has been registered in individual localities, with the disturbed terrain being up to 10% of the total area of the respective habitat in the Park. Within a Project "Improving the Nature Conservation Status of Species and Types of Natural Habitats on the Territory of Protected Site BG0000209 "Pirin” electric shepherds were installed around certain lakes near which grazing was carried out. Observations of these lakes show that no eutrophication is observed after the access of domestic animals to them was restricted in 2020.
The efforts of the Ministry of Environment and Water are aimed at suspending the measure "Traditional practices for seasonal grazing (pastoralism)" from the Strategic Plan for the Development of Agriculture and Rural Areas 2023-2027 in national parks and suspending subsidies for grazing in these territories provided by the Ministry of Agriculture, which will lead to a decrease in grazing (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
In 2024, the Park Administration assigned a team of scientists from the Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem services under the Bulgarian Academy of sciences to prepare an Assessment of the Status of Grassland Natural Habitats on the territory of the park. The conclusions of this study are that in general the natural habitats -subject to grazing in Pirin National Park are in a favorable state according to the parameter "Grazing Intensity". Intensive zoogenic load has been registered in individual localities, with the disturbed terrain being up to 10% of the total area of the respective habitat in the Park. Within a Project "Improving the Nature Conservation Status of Species and Types of Natural Habitats on the Territory of Protected Site BG0000209 "Pirin” electric shepherds were installed around certain lakes near which grazing was carried out. Observations of these lakes show that no eutrophication is observed after the access of domestic animals to them was restricted in 2020.
The efforts of the Ministry of Environment and Water are aimed at suspending the measure "Traditional practices for seasonal grazing (pastoralism)" from the Strategic Plan for the Development of Agriculture and Rural Areas 2023-2027 in national parks and suspending subsidies for grazing in these territories provided by the Ministry of Agriculture, which will lead to a decrease in grazing (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
Monitoring
Monitoring of the Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) of Pirin National Park by national and local authorities involves assessing the park's ecological integrity, biodiversity, and compliance with conservation objectives, as set out in the current management plan and according to the National Biodiversity Monitoring System in Bulgaria.
Although there are different monitoring activities going on at the property, there is not always good coordination between the main actors involved according to the latest periodic report (State Party of Bulgaria, 2024). For example the exchange of information (data and analyses) between the Executive Environmental Agency (Ministry of Environment and Water) which is the institution in charge of the monitoring that gathers most of the data, and the National Park Directorate could be further improved.
Although there are different monitoring activities going on at the property, there is not always good coordination between the main actors involved according to the latest periodic report (State Party of Bulgaria, 2024). For example the exchange of information (data and analyses) between the Executive Environmental Agency (Ministry of Environment and Water) which is the institution in charge of the monitoring that gathers most of the data, and the National Park Directorate could be further improved.
Research
Data deficient
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats outside the site
The effectiveness of the management system and governance in addressing external threats to Pirin National Park is supported by robust environmental legislative processes and adherence to international conservation standards. According to the latest State of Conservation report submitted by Bulgaria, all investment proposals affecting the park undergo thorough screening procedures, including Environmental Impact Assessments and Appropriate Assessments under national legislation and the Natura 2000 framework. These evaluations ensure compatibility with the conservation objectives of Pirin as a Natura 2000 site and a World Heritage Property. The assessments concluded that the proposed activities would not harm the species and habitats under conservation nor violate the park's protection regimes (State Party of Bulgaria, 2024).
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats inside the site
An update of the current management plan (from 2004) could further improve the effective management and governance of the site. While the decision has been taken to develop an updated draft Management Plan for the property, following concerns that the current draft management plan would set out a management regime that may result in a level of tourism development that could threaten the integrity of the World Heritage site (IUCN, 2018; UNESCO, 2018) an updated draft has yet to be produced (State Party of Bulgaria, 2024). Additionally, the World Heritage Committee has repeatedly requested the State Party to undertake a Strategic Environmental Assessment, in order to inform the management objectives, in particular with regards to tourism infrastructure development and logging as well as request the State Party to expedite the development of the SEA (UNESCO, 2023). According to the State Party, the Pirin National Park is working on correcting the draft of a new Management Plan in accordance with the instructions of the Ministry of Environment and Water. When submitting the draft of a new Management Plan for consideration to the Ministry of Environment and Water, it will be assessed whether it provides a framework for future development and whether it is subject to an SEA procedure (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
Pirin National Park benefits from strong legal protection at national and European levels and improved mechanisms to ensure that investment intentions near the site are subject to adequate impact assessment procedures. Notably, efforts are being made to prevent additional damage e.g. to Bansko and Dobrinishte tourism zones, including through active measures for their recultivation and preventing the construction of additional facilities. The site further benefits from extensive education and awareness raising activities. Nevertheless, there are further opportunities to strengthen overall management effectiveness of the site. A new draft management plan that aligns with the World Heritage Committee's recommendations has yet to be drafted and presented, including a Strategic Environmental Assessment to inform its development. The process is currently ongoing. Insufficient staff capacity, and inadequate enforcement mechanisms, especially due to the limited authority by park management to enforce specific regulations, further limit effectiveness. The proposed updates to management objectives, climate change risk assessments, and grazing restrictions, are steps in the right direction requiring advancement.
A good example of the continuing evolution of flora and an example of high mountain ecosystems in natural condition
Low Concern
Trend
Stable
Overall, the current state of the high altitude ecosystems, including their associated species and habitats is in a good state of conservation, albeit with some concern due to the pressures facing the site. A recent assessment of forest condition (Glushkova et al., 2023) classified 94.80% of forest ecosystems with score 4 –“good” condition and 0.44% are with “very good” condition –
score 5. The majority of forest ecosystems with “very good” ecological condition are Pinus peuce forests, located mainly on the territory of the reserves “Bayuvi Dupki- Dzhindzhiritsa” and “Yulen”. In 2023 and 2024 the Pirin National Park Directorate conducted an assessment of the state of the forest ecosystems in the protected site BG0000209 Pirin, which showed a very good state of the forest ecosystems in the park, as well as that they are sustainable and have good conditions for self-maintenance and self-regulation of the natural processes occurring in them (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
Disturbance and fragmentation of the site associated with the exclusion of the skiing areas (now part of the buffer zone) has been of concern in the past. The draft Management Plan for Pirin National Park states that “after extension of the ski zone above the town of Bansko, the area marks a significant reduction of the numbers of bird species with high conservation status such as three-toed and white-backed woodpecker, capercaillie, Tengmalm's Owl” (IUCN Consultation 2017). Ski infrastructure construction and its associated forest clearing has impacted ecosystems and increased the risk of surface runoff and erosion during heavy rains. Artificial snowmaking – estimated to require up to 2000m3 of water for 30cm snow cover covering 1ha - also puts strain on rivers and lakes and risks pollution of local water resources and altered vegetation communities and associated dynamics (WWF, 2018). Nevertheless, the MOEW has taken to prevent further damage to these territories. In this regard, further development is not allowed not only within the property but also in its buffer zone. In addition, as a result of the recultivation measures, the existing ski zones have been restored to a certain extent (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
score 5. The majority of forest ecosystems with “very good” ecological condition are Pinus peuce forests, located mainly on the territory of the reserves “Bayuvi Dupki- Dzhindzhiritsa” and “Yulen”. In 2023 and 2024 the Pirin National Park Directorate conducted an assessment of the state of the forest ecosystems in the protected site BG0000209 Pirin, which showed a very good state of the forest ecosystems in the park, as well as that they are sustainable and have good conditions for self-maintenance and self-regulation of the natural processes occurring in them (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
Disturbance and fragmentation of the site associated with the exclusion of the skiing areas (now part of the buffer zone) has been of concern in the past. The draft Management Plan for Pirin National Park states that “after extension of the ski zone above the town of Bansko, the area marks a significant reduction of the numbers of bird species with high conservation status such as three-toed and white-backed woodpecker, capercaillie, Tengmalm's Owl” (IUCN Consultation 2017). Ski infrastructure construction and its associated forest clearing has impacted ecosystems and increased the risk of surface runoff and erosion during heavy rains. Artificial snowmaking – estimated to require up to 2000m3 of water for 30cm snow cover covering 1ha - also puts strain on rivers and lakes and risks pollution of local water resources and altered vegetation communities and associated dynamics (WWF, 2018). Nevertheless, the MOEW has taken to prevent further damage to these territories. In this regard, further development is not allowed not only within the property but also in its buffer zone. In addition, as a result of the recultivation measures, the existing ski zones have been restored to a certain extent (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
Mountain scenery of exceptional beauty
High Concern
Trend
Stable
The aesthetic values of some parts of the World Heritage site have been negatively affected by ski infrastructure and these impacts remain (IUCN Consultation 2017). Though these areas have been consequently excluded from the boundaries of the site and included in its buffer zone, the impact on the scenic values is still present.
Diverse limestone mountain landscapes
Low Concern
Trend
Stable
Overall, the geological values of the World Heritage site remain stable. Climate change (particularly changes in snow regime) may affect the glacial landforms, caves and karst system, but its specific impacts are still difficult to judge.
Assessment of the current state and trend of World Heritage values
Stable
Overall, the values of the site appear to be in a relatively good state of conservation with a very good state of the forest ecosystems having been reported. However, ongoing disturbance and fragmentation of the site associated with tourism activities requires ongoing vigilance from the management authority. Furthermore, the scenic values of the site remain impacted by the development of ski infrastructure in the buffer zone, although the prevention of further developments is positive and prevents further deterioration.
Assessment of the current state and trend of other important biodiversity values
Low Concern
Data Deficient
The biodiversity of flora and fauna is in the same current state as that of the ecosystems to which it contributes, however there is a lack of updated population data to assess the overall trends. Existing data shows a mixed picture, for example with Tengmalm’s Owl (-30.4%) and Capercaillie populations decreasing 2001-2019 in the park (Shurulinkov et al., 2021), while the Yellow Gentian (Gentiana lutea L., Gentianaceae) is stable (Savev, 2023). According to State Party reports, annual assessments show that the population of bears, wolves, wild goats is in very good condition with a tendency to increase, however no population trends were available for this assessment.
Additional information
Commercial wells
The Park area provides drinking water for large populations in lowland areas
Several new projects related to water supply infrastructure have been proposed, including reconstruction within the park of existing infrastructure related to water supply (State Party of Bulgaria, 2019).
Outdoor recreation and tourism
Large mountain areas with relatively little disturbance
Cultural identity and sense of belonging
Pirin National Park provides ample cultural services.
Importance for research,
Contribution to education
The park also is a pilot area for research and education (State Party of Bulgaria, 2014).
The landscapes and ecosystems of Pirin National Park provide a wide range of supporting, provisioning, regulating and cultural ecosystem services, which offer ample benefits to local and national inhabitants as well as international visitors, in terms of water, tourism and recreation, the production and dissemination of art and knowledge, as well as the maintenance of a healthy living environment.
References
| № | References |
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Glushkova, M., Zhiyanski, M., & Yaneva, R. (2023). Assessment and cultural ecosystem service mapping in mountain protected areas–“Pirin” National park. Silva Balcanica, 24(2), 45-57.
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