Putorana Plateau
Country
Russian Federation
Inscribed in
2010
Criteria
(vii)
(ix)
The conservation outlook for this site has been assessed as "good" in the latest assessment cycle. Explore the Conservation Outlook Assessment for the site below. You have the option to access the summary, or the detailed assessment.
This site coincides with the area of the Putoransky State Nature Reserve, and is located in the central part of the Putorana Plateau in northern Central Siberia. It is situated about 100 km north of the Arctic Circle. The part of the plateau inscribed on the World Heritage List harbours a complete set of subarctic and arctic ecosystems in an isolated mountain range, including pristine taiga, forest tundra, tundra and arctic desert systems, as well as untouched cold-water lake and river systems. A major reindeer migration route crosses the property, which represents an exceptional, large-scale and increasingly rare natural phenomenon. © UNESCO
Summary
2025 Conservation Outlook
Finalised on
11 Oct 2025
Good
Current state and trend of VALUES
Low Concern
Overall THREATS
Overall PROTECTION and MANAGEMENT
Full assessment
Description of values
A vast and diverse landscape of striking natural beauty
Criterion
(vii)
The property hosts a vast and diverse landscape of striking natural beauty, the Putorana Plateau is pristine and not affected by human infrastructure. Its superlative
natural features include an extensive area of layered basalt traps that has been dissected by dozens of deep canyons; countless cold water rivers and creeks with
thousands of waterfalls; more than 25,000 lakes characterized by a fjord-like formation that is associated with a large variation in the relief. The immense arctic and
boreal landscapes remain intact with carpets of lichens and forest that are unusual at such northern latitudes (SoOUV, 2010).
natural features include an extensive area of layered basalt traps that has been dissected by dozens of deep canyons; countless cold water rivers and creeks with
thousands of waterfalls; more than 25,000 lakes characterized by a fjord-like formation that is associated with a large variation in the relief. The immense arctic and
boreal landscapes remain intact with carpets of lichens and forest that are unusual at such northern latitudes (SoOUV, 2010).
Key part of continental migration routes of birds and mammals
Criterion
(ix)
Twice a year between 150,000 and 250,000 wild reindeers from Taymir Peninsula migrate along the valleys of the plateau to their winter habitats in the south (IUCN, 2010). This reindeer migration represents an exceptional, large-scale and increasingly rare natural phenomenon (SoOUV, 2010).The site is also a key summering, resting and staging area for bird migration between the Arctic and wintering areas, including many numerous species of shorebirds and waterbirds (UNEP-WCMC, 2011).
Complete spectrum of Arctic wildlife
Criterion
(ix)
The ecosystems of the site comprise rich arctic/subarctic fauna (38 mammal, 140 bird 36 fish and 1 amphibian species), including the endemic subspecies of Bighorn Sheep Ovis nivicola borealis, the largest seasonal population of reindeer Rangifer tarandus, as well as endemic and globally threatened avifauna including Red-breasted Goose Branta ruficollis (EN), Lesser White-fronted Goose Anser erythropus (VU), and potentially Hooded Crane Grus monacha (VU). There is also a rich ichthyofauna, including endemic and globally threatened species such as Lake Yesei Char Salvelinus tolmachoffi (EN), and the Humpback Whitefish Coregonus lavaretus pidschian (VU) (IUCN, 2012, UNEP-WCMC, 2011).
Rich mosaic of arctic ecosystems
Criterion
(ix)
The property hosts a comprehensive set of ecological and biological processes associated with a dense mosaic of diverse arctic and subarctic ecosystems, including tundra, taiga and freshwater ecosystems. The bio-geographical location of the site on the border of the tundra and taiga biomes and at the transition between Western and Eastern Siberian floras, makes it one of only a few centres of plant species richness in the Arctic (World Heritage Committee, 2010). The plant communities that make up the property’s ecosystems count 569 species of vascular plants, plus many species of fungi, lichens, and mosses (UNEP-WCMC, 2011).
Assessment information
The remoteness, difficult accessibility, lack of infrastructure and effective protection regime combine to effectively protect the values of the property against most of the current threats. Climate change will continue to influence ecosystems functioning, but is not expected to lead to dramatic impacts in the short or medium terms.
Recreational Activities
(Impacts of tourism outside the site )
Outside site
The negative impacts of tourism activities have slightly increased since the last outlook assessment (State Party of the Russian Federation, 2023), but visitation to the core zone of the property remains very limited, strictly controlled and insignificant, while the buffer zone is visited by only a few thousand tourists annually. Recent and reliable data are unavailable; tourist numbers were growing rapidly at the time of inscription in 2010 (IUCN, 2010), then has subsequently remained relatively stable and at a low level over the years. Uncontrolled and unplanned development of tourism infrastructure has occurred in the buffer zone however currently seems stable. Impacts inside the property are likely to be minimal while tourism development outside is likely to indirectly affect its values, such as the reindeer migratory population (IUCN, 2010) and, in general, and may create disturbance of wildlife; tourist activities are also considered a potential factor in increasing the risk of fire events and waste inside the property.
Fishing, Harvesting & Controlling Aquatic Species
(Recreational and subsistence fishing )
Other targeted species names
Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus)
Outside site
Based on the information available, the context has not changed since the last outlook assessment. Extensive recreational and subsistence fishing for Arctic grayling and other species occur in the lakes and streams of the buffer zone, some fishing also occurs within the Putorana State Nature Reserve. However, due to the remoteness of the site, lack of transport infrastructure and protection regime, these activities pose a low threat to the values of the site (IUCN, 2010).
Changes in Temperature Regimes
(Temperature extremes)
Inside site
, Throughout(>50%)
Outside site
Climate change has already affected the ecosystems of the World Heritage site, with the larch tree-line ascending ca. 30-50 m over the last century, and changes in forest stand structure and productivity (Kirdyanov et al., 2012). While some studies have looked at already occurring and potential changes in forest-tundra vegetation composition associated with climate change, including tree-line advances (Kirdaynov et al., 2011), the extent and impact of climate change on the site’s values overall need to be further studied. Recent analysis of the age structure of Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii Rupr.) forests in the western part of the Putorana Plateau (Sukhie Gory Range) show changes in the structure and phytomass of tree stands in the upper timberline over the past centuries and forest expansion facilitated by the general change in climate conditions (Grigor'ev et al., 2019).
Mass tourism and mining activities mostly in the periphery of the property are still among the potential threats to the preservation of the OUV of the property, but not in the short and medium terms, no developments currently being planned according to information available. Proposals to allow commercial hunting of the Putorana snow sheep in the property have raised concerns in the past (see previous outlook assessment), however it does not seem that such proposal was accepted, according to the most recent information
Mining & Quarrying
(Mining )
Inside site
, Not applicable
Outside site
According to the most recent information available (State Party of the Russian Federation, 2023), mining remains a potential threat for the OUV of the property, although mining exploration and exploitation are prohibited in its whole territory. The area is rich in nickel and potentially rare-earth elements (Nesterenko et al., 1988). No prospecting or exploitation for minerals is currently allowed or planned within the World Heritage site (IUCN, 2010), but future mining outside the property that may have negative effects on its OUV cannot be completely ruled out.
Recreation & Tourism Areas
(Large-scale tourism development )
Outside site
The recent adaptation in 2023 of the legal framework on tourism and recreational activities in protected areas allows for the development of large scale tourism facilities in the Putorana area though no developments are currently being planned according to available information. The remoteness of the property and the difficulties of accessing it are all constraints on such development in its territory, and to a lesser extent on its periphery. This risk remains relatively low in the short and medium term.
Involvement of stakeholders and rightsholders, including indigenous peoples and local communities, in decision-making processes
The management system of the property is based on a set of strategic and other documents that seems to have improved since the last outlook assessment. However, it has not been possible to concretely verify the relevance of this management, which still appears to be based today on a framework document dating from 2010 and whose adequacy with the maintenance of the OUV of the property seems to be questionable in the absence of direct participation of communities and other local stakeholders. Most of the Indigenous Evenk and Dolgan people had left the area by 1982 (Montaigne, 2000). The only remaining village on the plateau - Khantaisky - is located outside the site’s boundaries and has 500 inhabitants who practice reindeer herding and other traditional natural resource use (IUCN, 2010). The management plan does not indicate how their interests are considered in the management of the Putorana State Nature Reserve (Natural Heritage Protection Fund et al., 2008).
The implementation of this management, which is highly centralized, also seems to be problematic and lacking inclusiveness; its coordination could also be improved (State party of the Russian Federation, 2023).
The implementation of this management, which is highly centralized, also seems to be problematic and lacking inclusiveness; its coordination could also be improved (State party of the Russian Federation, 2023).
Legal framework
The legal context has not changed since the last assessment. The property is a strict nature reserve and no land uses and activities are allowed that may not be fully compatible with the site' values and sensitivity, only research and monitoring activities can be undertaken, and a number of federal and regional laws and regulations on nature conservation, land use planning, environmental education and tourism development apply to the property. This legal framework meets the WH requirements and it is seen as adequate to maintain the OUV of the property and preserve its integrity.
Governance arrangements
The overall property’s protection and management are governed at federal level by the MNRE; the governance framework has not changed since the last outlook assessment.
No more specific information was made available to the assessors which would allow them to have a more precise vision of the system in place, nor of the role of the different actors in the general functioning of the reserve.
No more specific information was made available to the assessors which would allow them to have a more precise vision of the system in place, nor of the role of the different actors in the general functioning of the reserve.
Integration into local, regional and national planning systems (including sea/landscape connectivity)
The regional government appears to support the preservation of the values of the site (Natural Heritage Protection Fund et al., 2008), but no detailed information about its integration into regional and national planning systems is available. Management of the site is integrated into the integrated management of strict nature reserves of Taymyr.
Boundaries
The site is a strictly protected State Nature Reserve, or “Zapovednik”, and its boundaries coincide with those of the Putoransky State Nature Reserve, established in 1987, and is surrounded by an extensive buffer zone of 1,773,300 ha (World heritage Committee, 2010). The boundaries of the site and its buffer zone are considered adequate although there are high-value natural areas currently outside the Putorana State Nature Reserve. Inclusion of these areas would considerably upgrade the values contained within the site (IUCN, 2010).
Overlapping international designations
N/A
Implementation of World Heritage Committee decisions and recommendations
No decision or recommendation has been taken to date by the Committee since the property was inscribed in 2010.
Climate action
The property is directly subject to the effects of climate change; this has resulted in recent years in a decrease in snow cover as well as in unusual and sudden weather events (e.g. rain) which appear to have effects in particular on the behaviour of large herbivores and reduce the trophic capacities of their habitats. These trends could also increase the risk of fires in the future to the detriment of the values of the property. As the management plan has not been updated since the impacts from climate change have become more pronounced, it is questionable to what extent the current management measures prioritize climate mitigation and adaptation.
Management plan and overall management system
The property is managed on the basis of old documents (2010) which do not adequately respond to the current context, particularly from the point of view of climate change, nor are they based on an inclusive approach which allows all stakeholders to be directly involved in this management.
The implementation of these planning documents would also be problematic. The lack of available data does not, however, allow for a more precise vision of the strengths and weaknesses of the system in place.
The implementation of these planning documents would also be problematic. The lack of available data does not, however, allow for a more precise vision of the strengths and weaknesses of the system in place.
Law enforcement
Based on the information available, law enforcement does not appear to be a major concern, and illegal activities remain relatively rare (State Party of the Russian Federation, 2023).
Sustainable finance
The property's budget is almost entirely covered by federal funds (97%) and, for a small part, by income from entrance fees (3%). This budget is secured in the medium term and considered acceptable, although it would be desirable to increase it in the future to better meet the property's management needs (State Party of the Russian Federation, 2023).
Staff capacity, training and development
Human resources only partially meet management needs, particularly those dedicated to protection (police), conservation as well as risk and visitor management; these weaknesses are found in the training of personnel assigned to these tasks and in the transfer of knowledge, despite the efforts made in this area (State Party of the Russian Federation, 2023).
Education and interpretation programmes
The level of information on the property is generally satisfactory regardless of the type of stakeholders, e.g. local communities and authorities, civil society, visitors, socio-economic stakeholders, NGOs and other groups (State Party of the Russian Federation, 2023).
An education and awareness programme is specifically dedicated to children and young people in general; however, this programme only meets part of the needs in this area.
An education and awareness programme is specifically dedicated to children and young people in general; however, this programme only meets part of the needs in this area.
Tourism and visitation management
Tourism activities in the property are relatively stable and not highly developed, due in particular to the difficulties of accessing the property and its distance from major urban centres. A few hundred visitors visit the property annually, generally for short periods of a few days.
Visitor management is based on a strategic approach, the implementation of which is nevertheless delicate; thus, this management could be improved in cooperation with local stakeholders who already contribute to this effort.
Visitor management is based on a strategic approach, the implementation of which is nevertheless delicate; thus, this management could be improved in cooperation with local stakeholders who already contribute to this effort.
Sustainable use
The property is a strict nature reserve where uses of natural resources are prohibited or strictly regulated; this sustainable use is therefore not a management issue as such, in the absence of hunting and fishing activities in particular which are not authorized on its territory, nor forestry exploitation.
Monitoring
The property traditionally hosts a strong monitoring activity, mainly scientific, but which is not however specifically oriented towards improving knowledge relating to the OUV of the property and the elements which led to its inscription.
The lake waters are monitored biennially, vegetation communities and animal populations annually, and meteorological and hydrological conditions daily at two scientific stations inside the reserve (UNEP-WCMC, 2011). Regular monitoring has been carried out since 1997 (MoNRE of RF, 2012c). There is scope for extended monitoring, particularly regarding climate change impacts (IUCN, 2010), where studies have indicated ecological effects of climate change in the site (Grigor’ev et al., 2019).
Thus, the monitoring indicators currently used could be better adapted according to the criteria and assets of the property with a view to maintaining its OUV. Furthermore, local stakeholders are little involved in this monitoring, which is currently mainly carried out by the scientific community.
The lake waters are monitored biennially, vegetation communities and animal populations annually, and meteorological and hydrological conditions daily at two scientific stations inside the reserve (UNEP-WCMC, 2011). Regular monitoring has been carried out since 1997 (MoNRE of RF, 2012c). There is scope for extended monitoring, particularly regarding climate change impacts (IUCN, 2010), where studies have indicated ecological effects of climate change in the site (Grigor’ev et al., 2019).
Thus, the monitoring indicators currently used could be better adapted according to the criteria and assets of the property with a view to maintaining its OUV. Furthermore, local stakeholders are little involved in this monitoring, which is currently mainly carried out by the scientific community.
Research
Putorana State Nature Reserve conducts a wide range of research activities on snow sheep, limnology, meteorology, and botany, partly in cooperation with the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow State University and the Technical University of Dresden (Germany) (UNEP-WCMC, 2011) as well as organisations such as the Russian Society for the Conservation and Study of Birds (ROSIP) (Romanov, 2018). The research results have been published in a number of monographs and scientific articles (State Party of the Russian Federation, 2012d). The site continues to present opportunities for researchers to develop understanding of Arctic ecosystems given the intactness of the site. Recently, isolated breeding populations of plain-tundra (long-tailed skuas, red-necked sandpipes) and arctoalpine (snow buntings) species were found far outside their previously understood zonal range on the Taimyr Peninsula (Romanov, 2018), and floral inventories have furthered understanding of the sites botanic values (Pospelova & Pospelov, 2018).
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats outside the site
The property management system has been elaborated and is implemented exclusively on its territory; it is not designed to address socio-economic development outside its territory and take into account external risks and threats that could affect the OUV of the property in the future (e.g. mining) (State Party of the Russian Federation, 2023). In light of the legal framework that could allow for tourist infrastructure development in the vicinity of the site, it will be important to ensure the OUV is adequately considered prior to any developments.
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats inside the site
The protection and management of the site is mostly effective overall, though it could be improved with greater financial and human capacities and engagement of local stakeholders.
The protection and management of the property is mostly effective overall, owing largely to the large size and difficult access of the site, which are essential attributes in ensuring the protection of the full range of largely undisturbed landscapes and processes that are the basis of its OUV. Although there are some weak points such as human capacities, as well as potential issues in relation to the involvement of local people in the management and use of the area, overall the protection and management of the property appears effective and has been further improving the recent years.
A vast and diverse landscape of striking natural beauty
Good
Trend
Stable
The context has not changed significantly since the last outlook assessment
The immense arctic and boreal landscapes of the site can still be considered intact as it was when the property was inscribed (World Heritage Committee, 2010).
The landscapes of the site can also be still considered to be in a pristine or near-pristine state (IUCN, 2010).
The immense arctic and boreal landscapes of the site can still be considered intact as it was when the property was inscribed (World Heritage Committee, 2010).
The landscapes of the site can also be still considered to be in a pristine or near-pristine state (IUCN, 2010).
Key part of continental migration routes of birds and mammals
Low Concern
Trend
Data Deficient
The context has not changed significantly since the last outlook assessment. Migratory reindeer and birds are still subject to threats elsewhere and need to be conserved at the scale of the entire migratory route or flyway. This applies particularly to the large migrating population of reindeer, the migration routes of which have been obstructed by infrastructure in the past.
This still requires careful consideration, particularly in relation to further tourism development in the buffer zone of the site, but also to climate change that may have effects on the trophic capacities of the property in the future.
This still requires careful consideration, particularly in relation to further tourism development in the buffer zone of the site, but also to climate change that may have effects on the trophic capacities of the property in the future.
Complete spectrum of Arctic wildlife
Data Deficient
Trend
Data Deficient
The context has not changed significantly since the last outlook assessment. The conservation status of the fauna of the reserve may still be considered excellent (though no recent data has been made available), and stable populations of other animals. Hunting and fishing outside and in the vicinity of the property may have a negative impact on some species and still needs to be controlled.
The climate change potential effects on them need also to be monitored.
The climate change potential effects on them need also to be monitored.
Rich mosaic of arctic ecosystems
Low Concern
Trend
Data Deficient
The context has not changed significantly since the last outlook assessment. The ecosystems of the property can still be considered to be in a pristine or near-pristine state as they were when the property was inscribed. Studies have indicated shifting alpine vegetation patterns as a result of climate change (Grigor’ev et al., 2019), which may therefore represent an increasing threat to the ongoing processes of these ecosystems. However, more detailed understanding of the precise effects of climate change on the values of the property is still required. The climate change potential effects on them need also to be monitored.
Assessment of the current state and trend of World Heritage values
Data Deficient
With the limited information available, the arctic ecosystems and boreal landscapes of outstanding natural beauty are still in an exceptionally intact and stable state. The conservation status of the site’s fauna may also still be considered good and stable. However, hunting and fishing outside the territory of the property but in its vicinity, may have a negative impact on some species and needs to be controlled. As for the important migration routes, in spite of effective conservation inside the site, migratory reindeer and birds are subject to additional threats elsewhere and need to be conserved at the scale of the entire migratory route or flyway. This requires careful consideration, particularly in relation to further tourism development in the buffer zone of the site. Although the effects of climate change on the property are still not sufficiently studied and understood, a number of recent studies suggest that changing climate in the property is impacting the arctic ecosystems and spectrum of wildlife that comprise a significant portion of its OUV.
Additional information
Importance for research
Offering a near-pristine ecological context, the property would still be an excellent laboratory for studying climate change impacts on ecosystems in this biogeographical region, as a reference for other more impacted areas (IUCN, 2010).
Wilderness and iconic features
As concluded in the previous outlook assessment, the landscapes of the Putorana Plateau are still currently among the most unusual, remote and pristine wilderness areas in Eurasia
Sacred natural sites or landscapes
The region of Putorana Plateau has high cultural, spiritual and livelihood importance to the Evenk and Dolgan indigenous peoples, and could be managed more effectively for the enhancement of these assets, as pointed out in the comments of ICOMOS on the nomination (IUCN, 2010).
Collection of wild plants and mushrooms
A large variety of wild plant and animal resources had been used in the Putorana plateau region by the indigenous Evenk and Dolgan peoples until the 1980s (Montaigne, 2000). If managed in a sustainable and equitable way, those resources around the property could contribute to the local economy, improve livelihoods of local people and contribute in strengthening support of the site from those communities.
The property provides significant conservation and scientific benefits to the national and international conservation and scientific communities. The region of Putorana Plateau also has high cultural, spiritual and livelihood importance to the Evenk and Dolgan indigenous peoples, and could be managed more effectively as a reservoir for the enhancement of these assets and benefits.
References
| № | References |
|---|---|
| 1 |
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| 2 |
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| 3 |
Grigor’ev, A. A., Devi, N. M., Kukarskikh, V. V., V’yukhin, S. O., Galimova, A. A., Moiseev, P. A., & Fomin, V. V. (2019). Structure and Dynamics of Tree Stands at the Upper Timberline in the Western Part of the Putorana Plateau. Russian Journal of Ecology, 50(4), pp.311-322
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| 4 |
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| 14 |
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| 15 |
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| 16 |
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| 17 |
Romanov, A.A. Ecological and Geographical Structure and Dynamics of Spring Migration of Water and Semiaquatic Birds on the Putorana Plateau. Contemp. Probl. Ecol. 17, 1–14 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1995425524010116
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| 18 |
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| 19 |
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| 20 |
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| 21 |
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| 22 |
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| 23 |
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| 24 |
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| 25 |
Поспелова, Е. Б., & Поспелов, И. Н. (Pospelova, E.B. & Pospelov, I.N. ) (2018). Флора сосудистых растений севера среднесибирского плоскогорья. Растительный мир Азиатской России, 2(30), с. 21–28.
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