Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System
Country
Belize
Inscribed in
1996
Criteria
(vii)
(ix)
(x)
The conservation outlook for this site has been assessed as "significant concern" in the latest assessment cycle. Explore the Conservation Outlook Assessment for the site below. You have the option to access the summary, or the detailed assessment.
The coastal area of Belize is an outstanding natural system consisting of the largest barrier reef in the northern hemisphere, offshore atolls, several hundred sand cays, mangrove forests, coastal lagoons and estuaries. The system’s seven sites illustrate the evolutionary history of reef development and are a significant habitat for threatened species, including marine turtles, manatees and the American marine crocodile. © UNESCO
Summary
2020 Conservation Outlook
Finalised on
27 Jan 2021
Significant concern
Current state and trend of VALUES
High Concern
Overall THREATS
Overall PROTECTION and MANAGEMENT
Full assessment
Description of values
Intact ecosystem gradient providing for ongoing ecological processes
Criterion
(ix)
Illustrating a classic example of reef types, including fringing, barrier and atoll reef types, the site contains an intact ecosystem gradient ranging from the terrestrial to the deep ocean. Including littoral, wetland, and mangrove ecosystems, to seagrass beds interspersed with lagoonal reefs, to the outer barrier reef platform and oceanic atolls, this ecological gradient provides for a full complement of life-cycle needs, supporting critical spawning, nesting, foraging, and nursery ecosystem functions. Maintaining these ecological and biological processes ensures robust and resilient reefs (World Heritage Committee, 2014).
One of the most pristine reef ecosystems in the Western Hemisphere
Criterion
(vii)
The site was considered one of the most pristine reef ecosystems in the Western Hemisphere (IUCN Evaluation Report, 1996). As the longest barrier reef in the Northern and Western Hemispheres and distinctive on account of its size, array of reef types and the luxuriance of corals, it provides a classic example of the evolutionary history of reefs and reef systems. The rise and fall of sea level over the millennia, coupled with natural karst topography and clear waters, results in a diverse submarine seascape of patch reefs, fringing reefs, faros, pinnacle reefs, barrier reefs as well as off-shelf atolls, rare deep water coral reefs and other unique geological features such as the Blue Hole and Rocky Point where the barrier reef touches the shore. The spectacular picturesque natural setting of brilliant white sandy cayes and verdant green mangrove cayes is in dramatic contrast to the surrounding azure waters (World Heritage Committee, 2014).
Diverse marine and littoral habitats
Criterion
(x)
The Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System (BBRRS) is unique in the world for its array of reef types, making it an area with one of the highest levels of marine biodiversity in the Atlantic. (World Heritage Committee, 2014). The site provides an important habitat for a number of internationally threatened marine species. Remaining pristine areas of cayes (aka islands), with remnant stands of littoral and mangrove forest, also provide critical habitat for several endemic and migratory bird species (IUCN, 1996).
Marine species
Criterion
(x)
Numerous endangered species are protected within the boundaries of the BBRRS including the West Indian manatee, the American crocodile, three species of sea turtle and the great hammerheads of the Blue Hole Natural Monument. The property also provides valuable habitat for three species of groupers. A total of 246 taxa of marine flora have been described from the area as well as records of over 500 species of fish, 65 scleractinian corals, 45 hydroids, 350 molluscs, and tunicates and sponges (World Heritage Committee, 2014).
Terrestrial flora and fauna
Criterion
(x)
The site is home to a diverse array of top predators, on land and in the air; the jaguars of Bacalar Chico Forest and Marine Reserve and the ospreys of Glovers Reef Marine Reserve are a testament to the property’s importance and its ecological integrity. The property is also home to a total of 178 terrestrial plants, as well as endemic species including several Yucatan birds and island lizards (World Heritage Committee, 2014).
Assessment information
Coastal development, tourism growth, overfishing, invasive species and the multiple impacts of climate change (coral reef bleaching events, increased frequency and severity of storms; and sea level rise) are all very serious factors that negatively affect the overall integrity of the site.
Invasive Non-Native/ Alien Species
(Invasive Lionfish)
Other invasive species names
Pterois volitans, Pterois miles
Inside site
, Widespread(15-50%)
Outside site
The invasion of Indo-Pacific lionfish would appear to be the most exigent threat posed by an invasive species to the Outstanding Universal Value of the property (UNESCO and IUCN, 2013). The State Party has been actively addressing the issue; however, the level of this threat remains very high. In 2016, a national initiative for the long-term control of the lionfish population commenced and the National Lionfish Management Strategy (2016-2021) was prepared (State Party of Belize, 2017). The Strategy has been revised for 2019-2023 (Belize Fisheries Department, 2018).
Temperature extremes, Storms/Flooding
(Sea level rise)
Inside site
, Throughout(>50%)
Outside site
Sea level rise is already occurring gradually as a result of climate change. The rising sea levels and the potential increase in significant hurricane events associated with the expected change in climate will severely impact the future of Belize. It is likely that all seven component sites that comprise the World Heritage site are facing a significant threat in the medium term (UNESCO and IUCN, 2009; 2013).
Ocean acidification, Temperature extremes
(Acidification of the marine environment and increases in water temperatures resulting in coral reef bleaching events )
Inside site
, Throughout(>50%)
Outside site
Large-scale mortality of coral cover occurs periodically, caused by rising sea temperatures and acidification of the marine environment, both of which are attributed to climate change (UNESCO and IUCN, 2009). No comprehensive recent information for the entire property is available. However, monitoring of coral bleaching has been undertaken in several locations. Some data indicate that in 2015 bleaching was limited to a small group of species which had been bleached in previous events and are species known for slow recovery (Belize Audubon Society, 2015). A recent study found that some coral species lack vertical connectivity, and that Belize’s deeper reefs may be serving as refuges, but for distant shallow reefs rather than local shallow reefs (Eckert, et al., 2019). Nearshore coral growth is declining on the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System, driven primarily by the combined effects of long-term ocean warming and increasing exposure to higher levels of land-based anthropogenic stressors (Baumann, et al. 2019). Stony coral tissue loss disease (SCTLD) was first reported in Belize in 2019 (Healthy Reefs for Healthy People, 2020).
Water-borne & other effluent Pollution
(Pollution of near shore environments )
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Outside site
Near-shore environments are being polluted by runoff from construction sites, residential areas and tourism infrastructure, with inappropriate disposal of wastes. Improper handling of fuels and other toxic substances adds to the pollution (UNESCO and IUCN, 2009). National Mangrove Regulations were updated in 2018 (Government of Belize, 2018). Phase shifts are occurring on some reefs from a domination by coral to fleshy macroalgae (seaweed) (Healthy Reefs for Healthy People, 2015).
Recreational Activities
(Sale and lease of lands for private developments)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Coastal development has been an ongoing issue for this property. Lands on islands and cayes within the property have been sold off and leased by government for the development of private homes and tourism infrastructure (UNESCO and IUCN, 2009; State Party of Belize, 2012; UNESCO and IUCN, 2013). The cartographic information on land tenure within the property recently compiled by the State Party shows a high proportion of private land or areas with unknown land tenure within the property. Only 28.2% or lands in the marine reserves is public (WWF, 2018). Therefore it will be crucial that strict and clear restrictions and regulations on development are established in order to ensure that no development can be allowed, which would result in negative impacts on the property. Approximately 1/3 non-compliance with coastal zone development guidelines has been reported (WWF, 2018). A permanent legal moratorium on the sale of the remaining nationally held lands, requested by the World Heritage Committee, remains to be established (UNESCO, 2017).
A recent assessment found that 89 ha of mangroves have been cleared in the BBRRS since inscription, entirely within the South Water Cay Marine Reserve. Overall mangrove cover in Belize declined 5.4% in 36 years to 2017 (Cherrington, et al., in press). Regulations prohibiting the alteration of mangroves without a permit became law in 2018 (Government of Belize, 2018).
A recent assessment found that 89 ha of mangroves have been cleared in the BBRRS since inscription, entirely within the South Water Cay Marine Reserve. Overall mangrove cover in Belize declined 5.4% in 36 years to 2017 (Cherrington, et al., in press). Regulations prohibiting the alteration of mangroves without a permit became law in 2018 (Government of Belize, 2018).
Fishing, Harvesting & Controlling Aquatic Species
(Illegal fishing and overfishing)
Inside site
, Widespread(15-50%)
Illegal fishing by vessels from neighbouring countries, and overfishing of finfish, conch and lobster is prevalent and has resulted in the loss of fishing aggregations, low populations of key species and the proliferation of macroalgae covering the reefs (UNESCO and IUCN, 2009; State Party of Belize, 2012). The State Party has developed a number of measures to address the issue, including a newly established Managed Access programme, seasonal closures for primary species such as conch and lobster, protection for spawning aggregation sites, elimination of destructive fishing gear eg bottom trawling and the development of several legislative instruments (UNESCO and IUCN, 2013). The Managed Access programme is a rights-based approach to managing fisheries in Belize focused on ending open access fishing in Belizean waters and on empowering fishers (State Party of Belize, 2017). While a new Fisheries Resources Act of 2020 shifts the focus from fish stocks and harvests to ecosystem-based management (Government of Belize, 2020), the effectiveness of the measures with regards to reducing threats to the values of the World Heritage site specifically needs to be monitored and evaluated.
The most serious potential threat to the values of the site is oil exploration and drilling. A moratorium on petroleum operations within the limits of the marine zone of Belize was enacted (State Party of Belize, 2018).
Oil & Gas exploration/development
(Potential for off-shore oil exploration and drilling )
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
A number of Petroleum Sharing Agreements (PSA) in the marine areas used to overlap or be adjacent to the property (UNESCO and IUCN, 2013). An indefinite moratorium on petroleum operations within the limits of the marine zone of Belize was enacted (State Party of Belize, 2018).
This is a serial World Heritage site composed of several protected areas. On the level of these component protected areas the existing management structures can considered be effective. There is no single management system or management plan to guide management of the site as a whole. However, the formation of the Ministry of Fisheries, Forestry and Sustainable Development has brought together Departments responsible for various aspects of protected areas management in Belize (UNESCO and IUCN, 2013), and the The Coastal Zone Management Authority and Institute (CZMAI) has continued to implmement the Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan (ICZMP), including through the reactivation of Coastal Advisory Committees (CACs), which should serve to enhance the integrated management of the component protected areas, including defining appropriate types of development (State Party of Belize 2017; UNESCO, 2018).
Management of the individual component protected areas of the site may be assessed as mostly effective, even if sometimes constrained by low human and financial resources. However, certain issues, particularly land development, require cooperation across the whole site. While the main management agencies (Fisheries and Forestry Departments, Coastal Zone Management Authority, NGOs involved in co-management) are cooperative, permitting agencies do not always issue permits in accordance with the management plans of the component protected areas. It is, therefore, essential that the recently adopted Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan as well as other relevant regulations are effectively implemented, and sufficiently financed, in order to provide clear guidance for any kind of development activities within the World Heritage site and its buffer zone (UNESCO, 2018).
The boundaries of the seven components comprising the World Heritage site are well defined. The State Party has also provided more precise descriptions and calculations of the area of each component through the process of boundaries clarification (World Heritage Committee, 2016).
A number of legislative instruments are currently being developed or have been developed recently including, for example, the Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan (ICZMP), the Land Use Policy Implementation Plan, the National Protected Areas Bill, the Fisheries Resources Bill (UNESCO and IUCN, 2013) and the Forests (Protection of Mangroves) Regulations (State Party of Belize, 2017), and their adoption and effective implementation are essential to ensure the long-term conservation of the property. Particularly, the finalisation and adoption of the ICZM Plan represents an important step in ensuring effective integration of the property into coastal zone management. It will be important that resources are available for its effective implementation in the long term (UNESCO, 2018; World Heritage Committee, 2017; 2018). Furthermore, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Checklist regulations now include specific provisions for consideration of the site's OUV, representing a significant step forward in planning systems (World Heritage Committee, 2019). A National Replenishment Zone Expansion initiative seeks to increase no-take areas from the current 3.15% to 10% of the territorial seas of Belize (State Party of Belize, 2019).
There has been little recognition and understanding of the World Heritage status of the site among local communities in the past (UNESCO and IUCN, 2009). However, relationships between the managers of individual component protected areas and local communities appear to be good, with a number of successful rights-based programmes developed for managing fisheries (State Party of Belize, 2017).
There is no legal framework to the World Heritage status of the site. Rather, enforcement is based on the varying legal designations attached to each component of the site, and the governance arrangement in place for that component (UNESCO and IUCN, 2009). However, updated EIA regulations now include specific provisions for the OUV of the site in planning systems and national legislation such as the National Protected Areas Bill (UNESCO and IUCN, 2013), the Forests (Protection of Mangroves) Regulations 2018 (State Party of Belize, 2017), and the 2020 Fisheries Resources Act mitigate, to some extent, the lack of legal framework specifically relating to the site's World Heritage status.
Significant efforts have been undertaken over a number of years to improve fisheries management and address the issue of illegal fishing. The 2020 Fisheries Resources Act provides an ecosystem based approach to fisheries management, the enforcement of which is likely to be augmented through rights-based approaches to fisheries management as reported by the State Party of Belize (2017).
The State Party has made significant progress in addressing a number of the Committee’s requests and recommendations, and the site was removed from the List of World Heritage in Danger in 2018 (World Heritage Committee, 2017, 2018). The requested land tenure verification was reported in late 2018 to be due for completion in April 2019, allowing for a future designation of remaining public lands within the site as strict mangrove reserves (World Heritage Committee, 2019). EIA regulations have now been amended to incorporate provisions for the conservation of the site's OUV, and should be confirmed by the State Party (World Heritage Committee, 2019). Bilateral and multilateral programmes and funding initiatives towards the implementation of the Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan will need to continue (World Heritage Committee, 2019).
Habitat modification on different cayes and islands for vacation homes and tourism infrastructure is clearly incompatible with the conservation of the values of the site and has been of concern for a long time. Recreational uses such as sailing and diving could potentially be carried out in sustainable ways, but would require rigorous management to define capacities, appropriate management and regular monitoring to detect impacts. Updated legislation, most notably the Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan, in tandem with the updated EIA procedures, which now include specific elements relating to the site's OUV in the 'checklist', define appropriate types of development and ensure associated use of resources do not negatively impact the site's values (State Party of Belize, 2017; 2018). Adequate financing and enforcement of these legislative tools is essential in order to ensure the use of resources in the site is sustainable in the long term (UNESCO, 2018; 2019; World Heritage Committee, 2018; 2019).
A protected areas fund, the Protected Areas Conservation Trust, has helped to increase the levels of funding available for protected areas. However, given low levels of government funding, the overall availability of finance for the management of the property is insufficient (UNESCO and IUCN, 2009; Belize Reef Scorecard, 2017). It will be important to secure sufficient resources for the implementation of the Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan in the longer term (UNESCO, 2018).
No recent data available
Some education and awareness raising activities have been undertaken recently within the framework of the "Highlighting 20 years of World Heritage Designation, BBRRS: Working Toward Better Monitoring, Management, Awareness" project, funded by the GEF and implemented by Belize Audubon Society and Belize Tourism Industry Association (Project Evaluation Report, 2019).
The National Sustainable Tourism Master Plan for Belize 2030 recognises the importance of the World Heritage site and outlines a vision for future tourism development, which includes programs in governance, sustainability and quality assurance, infrastructure, marketing and product development (Belize Tourism Board, 2011).
Monitoring is undertaken on the level of component protected areas by the respective management organisations, but also across the whole reef when it comes to broader issues, such as, the invasion of lionfish (UNESCO and IUCN, 2013) and every two years via Healthy Reefs Initiative which publishes a civil society prepared regional report card (eg. McField et al., 2020).
Various research programmes have been carried out by the management authorities and a number of NGOs and by independent researchers. There are four main research stations: University of Belize's station on Glovers Reef, Smithsonian Institute station on Carrie Bow Caye, Tobacco Caye Marine Station and Wildlife Conservation Society's station on Glover’s reef (IUCN Consultation, 2020).
Assessment of the effectiveness of protection and management in addressing threats outside the site
Highly Effective
The most significant threat originating from outside the site is potential off-shore oil exploration and development. However, Belize instituted a moratorium on petroleum operations in its maritime zone in 2018.
Assessment of the current state and trend of World Heritage values
Stable
Additional information
Outdoor recreation and tourism
The site has become a major draw internationally because of the beauty of the islands, cayes, and reefs.
Food,
Fishing areas and conservation of fish stocks
Provided that an effective no-take zones network is in place and is effectively enforced, the site would have a major impact on restoring fisheries in the whole area of the Barrier Reef.
Importance for research
The site could be used as a global center for reef research and education.
The site seeks to protect and manage some of the most extraordinary areas of the Mesoamerican Reef for conservation, tourism, fisheries, and research and education.
| № | Organization | Brief description of Active Projects | Website |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Oceana, WCS and other NGO partners | Fish Right, Eat Right initiative targeting fishers and restaurants to help with reduction in harvesting of vulnerable finfish species. |
References
| № | References |
|---|---|
| 1 |
Baumann, J., Ries, J., Rippe, J., Courtney, T., Aichelman, H., Westfield, I., and Castillo, K. (2019). Nearshore coral growth declining on the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System. Glob. Change Biol. DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14784
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| 2 |
Belize Audubon Society. (2015). Annual Report 2015, [online] Belize City. Available at: http://www.belizeaudubon.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/BAS… (Accessed 08 July 2019).
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| 3 |
Belize Fisheries Department. (2018). National Lionfish Management Strategy (2016-2021). Belmopan, Belize
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| 4 |
Belize Reef Scorecard. (2017). How is Belize protecting Our Heritage? [online] Available at: http://d2ouvy59p0dg6k.cloudfront.net/downloads/belize_reef_… (Accessed 5 March 2019).
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| 5 |
Cherrington, E., Griffin, Anderson, E., Hernandez Andoval, B., Flores Cordova, A., Muench, R., and Markert, K. (in press). An assessment of changes in mangrove cover across the Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System World Heritage Site: 1996-2017. Remote Sensing of Environment.
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| 6 |
Eckert, R., Studivan, M., and Voss, J. (2019). Population of the coral species Montastraea cevernosa on the Belize Barrier Reef lack vertical connectivity. Scientific Reports 9:7200.
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| 7 |
Government of Belize. (2018). Forests (Protection of Mangroves) Regulations, 2018. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, Forestry, the Environment, Sustainable Development and Immigration. Belmopan, Belize.
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| 8 |
Government of Belize. (2020). Fisheries Resources Act, 2020. Belmopan, Belize.
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| 9 |
Healthy Reefs for Healthy People. (2012). Report Card for the Mesoamerican Reef. [online] Available at: http://www.healthyreefs.org/cms/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/… (Accessed 5 March 2019).
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| 10 |
Healthy Reefs for Healthy People. (2015). Mesoamerican Reef. An evaluation of ecosystem health. 2015 Report Card. [online] Available at: http://www.healthyreefs.org/cms/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/… (Accessed 5 March 2019).
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| 11 |
IUCN. (1996). World Heritage Nomination - IUCN Evaluation Summary, Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System (Belize) [online] Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/document/154209 (Accessed: 5 March 2019).
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| 12 |
McField, M., Kramer, P., Petersen, A.G., Soto, M., Drysdale, I., Craig, N. and Rueda Flores, M. (2020). 2020 Mesoamerican Reef Report Card. [online] Healthy Reefs for Healthy People Initiative. Available at: https://www.healthyreefs.org/cms/wp-content/uploads/2020/02… (Accessed 21 January 2021).
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| 13 |
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| 14 |
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| 15 |
State Party of Belize. (2012). Report of the State Party to the World Heritage Committee on the state of conservation of the Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System (Belize).
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| 16 |
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| 17 |
State Party of Belize. (2018) Report of the State Party to the World Heritage Committee on the state of conservation of the Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System (Belize). [online] Government of Belize. Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/764/documents/ [Accessed 21 January 2021].
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| 18 |
Sweetman, B. M., Cissell, J. R., Rhine, S., & Steinberg, M. K. (2019). Land Cover Changes on Ambergris Caye, Belize: A Case Study of Unregulated Tourism Development. The Professional Geographer, 71(1), pp.123-134.
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| 19 |
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| 20 |
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| 21 |
UNESCO and IUCN. (2013). Reactive Monitoring Mission Report Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System (Belize). [online] Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, 44pp. Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/document/123329 [Accessed 5 March 2019].
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| 22 |
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| 23 |
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| 24 |
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| 25 |
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| 26 |
World Heritage Committee. (2015). Decision 39 COM 7A.18. Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System (Belize). In: Report of decisions of the 39th session of the World Heritage Committee (Bonn, 2015). [online] Paris, France: UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/document/135821 (Accessed 5 March 2019).
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| 27 |
World Heritage Committee. (2016). Decision 40 COM 8D. Clarifications of property boundaries and areas by States Parties (Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System). In: Report of decisions of the 40th session of the World Heritage Committee (Istanbul, 2016). [online] Paris, France: UNESCO World Heritage Centre, p.249-205. Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/en/decisions/6840 (Accessed 6 March 2019).
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| 28 |
World Heritage Committee. (2017). Decision 41 COM 7A.2. Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System (Belize). In: Report of decisions of the 41st session of the World Heritage Committee (Krakow, 2017). [online] Paris, France: UNESCO World Heritage Centre, p.14. Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/en/decisions/6948 (Accessed 6 March 2019).
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| 29 |
World Heritage Committee. (2018). Decision : 42 COM 7A.43 Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System (Belize) (N 764). In: Report of decisions of the 42nd session of the World Heritage Committee (Manama, 2018). [online] Paris, France: UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/en/decisions/7216 (Accessed 21 January 2021).
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| 30 |
World Heritage Committee. (2019). Decision 43 COM 7B.21 Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System (Belize) (N 764). In: Report of decisions of the 43rd session of the World Heritage Committee (Baku, 2019). [online] Paris, France: UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/en/decisions/7485 (Accessed 21 January 2021).
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