Central Amazon Conservation Complex

Although there is no exclusive decision-making body for the Central Amazon Conservation Complex (CACC), two regional forums include its protected areas either fully or partially. One of these is the State Council of the Central Amazon Biosphere Reserve (CERBAC) and its regional committees, which function as an autonomous and proactive body, ensuring decision-making aligns with the socio-territorial realities of the Reserve. Additionally, the 2020-2024 Action Plan for the Biosphere Reserve includes several initiatives aimed at enhancing the participation of Indigenous peoples in various communication, visibility, implementation, and decision-making spaces (Sociedade Civil Mamirauá and SEMA Amazonas, 2020).
The other is the advisory council of the Lower Rio Negro Mosaic, which serves as a platform for social participation, bringing together representatives from civil society and various governmental levels. This council acts as a democratic, political, and representative forum for dialogue and coordination (MBRN, n.d.). In March 2023, young representatives were elected to the Council, and a charter of principles for the RBAC youth network was drafted to guide efforts in securing support and partnerships (FVA, 2023a). The 30th Meeting of the Advisory Council took place in March 2024, bringing together council members, community associations, social and environmental organizations, the tourism sector, researchers, government institutions, NGOs, and residents of conservation units within the territory (Prefeitura de Novo Airão, 2024).
Individually, each of the protected areas that make up the CACC has its own advisory councils, according to the 2023 management effectiveness assessment (ICMBIO, 2023b,c,d,e). These are forum for discussion, negotiation, and management of the Conservation Unit and its area of influence, addressing environmental, social, economic, cultural, and political issues. It is formally established and linked to the management structure of the Conservation Unit.

Jaú National Park was established by Federal Decree in 1980 (Fundação Vitória Amazônica, 1998). The Anavilhanas conservation unit was declared an Ecological Station by Federal Decree in 2001, and later re-categorized as a National Park in 2008 (MMA, et al., 2017). The Amanã Sustainable Development Reserve was created in 1998 by Decree 19.021 and the Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve in 1990 by Decree 12.836, both areas are managed by the State governmental level (Instituto Socioambiental, n.d). Anavilhanas NP recognizes the absence of a legal management tool in relation to subsistence fishing (MMA et al., 2017). Also, in Jaú NP and Anavilhanas NP, prospective tourism development recognized, according to the legal framework, the suitability with the Management Plans and the Public Use Plans of the current and proposed activities, and the conditions that should apply for some of the cases (Detzel Consultores Asociados, 2018).

At the individual level, each protected area within the Cental Amazon Conservation Complex operates under its own advisory council. These councils serve as formal platforms for discussion, negotiation, and management, addressing environmental, social, economic, cultural, and political issues. They are institutionally linked to the management structure of each conservation unit, ensuring participatory governance and localized decision-making (ICMBIO, n.d.).
At the complex level, the State Council of the Central Amazon Biosphere Reserve (CERBAC) and the Advisory Council of the Lower Rio Negro Mosaic serve as regional platforms for decision-making and stakeholder engagement. These councils bring together representatives from community associations, environmental organizations, the tourism sector, researchers, government institutions, NGOs, and residents of conservation units, fostering collaborative governance and informed decision-making across the region.

The national parks and sustainable development reserves, which comprise this World Heritage site, are well integrated into the national (SNUC) and state systems (SEUC) of protected areas and through them to the wider planning systems. The Lower Rio Negro Mosaic including Jaú NP, Anavilhanas NP and Amanã SDR also facilitates the integration of areas into the broader landscape scale to manage limits, which is undertaken through a committee and a joint plan, allowing park managers to share expertise, infrastructure and equipment and better engage with communities residing in border areas (OECD, 2015). Also, the Amazon Region Protected Areas program (ARPA) launched in 2002 and one of the main funding programs for the conservation areas in Brazil, included specific actions for the Jaú NP (Silva et al., 2017) and supported the delivery of the Management Plan for the Amanã Reserve (Amazonas Governo do Estado et al., 2019). The Global Environment Facility (GEF), approved the Amazon Sustainable Landscapes Program (ASL) to bring together three countries—Brazil, Colombia, and Peru— aimed at strengthening biodiversity conservation, reducing deforestation, improving living conditions of local communities, and maintaining the integrity of local, regional, and global ecosystem services in the Amazon Biome; which involves protected and productive landscapes in nine Brazilian Amazonian States, including the conservation units of the Central Amazon Conservation Complex (GEF, 2019).
The Central Amazon Conservation Complex components are also included in the Central Amazon Biosphere Reserve
and its 2020-2024 Action Plan. It includes 118 actions duly linked to the Sub-areas of the Strategic Action Areas - AAE of the Lima Action Plan (Sociedade Civil Mamirauá and SEMA Amazonas, 2020).

The configuration of the Amazon Complex Nature Reserve allows the connectivity of Jaú NP, Amanã SDR and Mamirauá SDR, while Anavilhanas NP is separated by a forested corridor consisting of state extractive reserves and an indigenous reserve (IUCN, 2003). The management plans recognize limits and inclusion of natural areas within other designations. The last Management Plan of Anavilhanas NP recognized the absence of planning in all marginal areas and in 2015 an adjustment of the boundaries was undertaken using satellite imagery. The current surface of the Park is 350,469.79 ha (MMA et al., 2017). The Management Plan of Amanã recommended expanding the conservation unit boundaries to include the entire current buffer zone until integrating the current extreme southern limit of the conservation unit in order to guarantee the appropriate use of the area's resources (Amazonas Governo do Estado et al., 2019).

The Territorial Consolidation Working Group, formed within the advisory and deliberative councils of Jaú National Park and the Rio Unini Extractive Reserve (Resex), has put forward a proposal to modify the boundaries of these protected areas. The plan seeks to remove the territories of communities residing within the Park along the Unini River, as well as the Vila Nova community, from the Resex’s limits. In return, the Park’s borders would be extended to encompass the streams on the right bank of the Carabinani River and the headwaters of the Pauini River. However, any partial reclassification of the Park to benefit the Resex would require a formal legislative process, including the passage of a dedicated bill (ICMBIO, 2023a).

The World Heritage site encompasses 31.94% of the Central Amazon Biosphere Reserve (Sociedade Civil Mamirauá and SEMA Amazonas, 2020) and the components are also included in the Central Amazon Biosphere Reserve 2020-2024 Action Plan. It includes 118 actions duly linked to the Sub-areas of the Strategic Action Areas - AAE of the Lima Action Plan (Sociedade Civil Mamirauá and SEMA Amazonas, 2020). Additionally, Anavilhanas National Park and Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve have been designated as Ramsar Sites since 2017 and 1993, respectively. Jaú National Park and Amanã Sustainable Development Reserve are also part of the Rio Negro Ramsar Site, which spans over 12 million hectares. As part of the largest tributary on the northern side of the Amazon Basin, this Ramsar Site includes more than 20 conservation units and Indigenous lands (Ramsar, n.d.), underscoring the biological, socio-environmental, and strategic significance of these protected areas within the Complex.

The 2003 World Heritage Committee decision approving the extension of the World Heritage site encouraged the State Party to "re-nominate the subsidiary area of Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve once it fully meets the conditions of integrity." No follow-up is known as of today.

The Lower Rio Negro Mosaic region faces multiple challenges at different scales due to the effects of climate change and human activities. These changes directly influence the intensity of extreme events, reducing the quality of life for local communities and threatening vital natural habitats. Recent occurrences in the region include major floods and droughts, wildfires, rising temperatures, and water pollution (FVA, 2023e).
However, the management plans of the four protected areas do not include specific measures to protect their outstanding values from the negative impacts of climate change.

The 2023 management effectiveness evaluation indicates that Anavilhanas National Park is considered effectively managed, with an overall score of 60.9%. The highest-rated categories were “Products and Services” (76.1%) and “Results” (75.6%), reflecting a strong level of conservation for the park’s resources and values. However, the lowest-rated category was “Context” (40.6%), highlighting challenges in preventing and mitigating prohibited activities within the park (ICMBIO, 2023b).
Jaú National Park is also classified as effectively managed, achieving an overall score of 62.8%. The strongest performance was in the categories of “Results” (83.1%) and “Products and Services” (78.5%), indicating a high level of conservation for the park’s resources and values. However, the “Context” category received the lowest score (40.6%), underscoring difficulties in controlling and mitigating unauthorized activities within the park (ICMBIO, 2023c).
Amanã Sustainable Development Reserve is considered moderate effectively managed, with an overall score of 60.9%. The highest-rated categories were “Products and Services” (100%) and “Results” (68.8%), suggesting that the permitted uses occurring within the site does not impact negatively its values and the resources and values are in good level of conservation. In contrast, the lowest-rated category was “Inputs” (17.2%), highlighting challenges in availability of necessary resources for management actions. It considers the availability of personnel, technical capacity, equipment, and financial resources (ICMBIO, 2023d).
Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve is also classified as moderately effectively managed, with an overall score of 53.9%. The highest-rated categories, “Products and Services” (90%) and “Results” (74.7%), indicate that the permitted activities within the site do not negatively impact its values, and its resources remain well conserved. On the other hand, the lowest-rated category, “Inputs” (17.2%), underscores significant challenges in securing the necessary resources for effective management actions (ICMBIO, 2023e).
This suggests that while the overall management system is functional, conservation outcomes and service provision is demonstrated, resource constraints and enforcement limitations hinder its full effectiveness, especially in both Sustainable Development Reserves.

According to the management effectiveness evaluations of last years for Jaú NP and Anavilhanas NP (ICMBio, 2020), control of illegal use of resources requires more inspection. Use of amazon river dolphins for fishing piracatinga was a practice threatening this species; as a result the Brazilian Government placed a 5-year moratorium on fishing for piracatinga in 2014, but the practice still continues illegally (Asher, 2018). In some portions of the Mamirauá Reserve, the piracatinga fishing activity has declined in the past two years, probably related to law enforcement, awareness and environmental education activities (Botero et al., 2014).
Regarding surveillance, which was one of the management actions assessed in the 2023 management effectiveness evaluation, Anavilhanas and Jaú National Parks were found to implement this action only partially. This suggests insufficient human resources and limited financial resources for monitoring activities, public use, and socio-environmental management (ICMBIO, 2023a).

As of 2023, the management effectiveness assessment indicates that all components of the Central Amazon Conservation Complex are part of the ARPA Program, ensuring significant support for their management (ICMBIO, 2023b,c,d,e). In 2023 ICMBIO received its highest budget since its establishment in 2007, amounting to R$ 407 million—22.3% more than the previous year. According to the Directorate of Planning, Administration, and Logistics (Diplan), a substantial share of these resources will be allocated to prevention initiatives, such as prescribed burns (ICMBIO, 2023f). On the other hand, securing funding for Central Amazon Biosphere Reserve management has been a persistent challenge for public environmental authorities in the State of Amazonas due to several factors: (a) the absence of a dedicated budget line to allocate state treasury funds for essential goods and services; (b) the lack of a permanent multidisciplinary team exclusively focused on the Reserve management; (c) insufficient project management strategies to attract national and international funding; (d) budget constraints and the short-term nature of external financing from institutional partnerships; and (e) governance issues within environmental management policies, particularly regarding leadership changes and continuity (Sociedade Civil Mamirauá and SEMA Amazonas, 2020).

According to the 2023 management effectiveness assessment, Anavilhanas National Park has 18 management actions, of which 16 are classified as having “very low” and “low” staffing levels, while only two are rated as “moderate”. Regarding technical capacity, 12 actions are rated as "very low" or "low," while only 6 are classified as "moderate” (ICMBIO, 2023b).
Even more concerning is the situation at Jaú National Park, which has 30 management actions, all of which are classified as having “very low,” “low,” or even “inexistent” staffing levels. In terms of technical capacity, only 7 actions are rated as “moderate,” while the remaining 23 fall into the categories of “very low”, “low” or “inexistent” (ICMBIO, 2023c).
The situation in the Sustainable Development Reserves is equally concerning. In Amanã, no staff was available to implement the four designated management actions, and technical capacity was rated as “very low,” “low,” or “inexistent” (ICMBIO, 2023d). Similarly, in Mamirauá Reserve, there was no staff to carry out the three assigned management actions, and technical capacity was also classified as “very low” (ICMBIO, 2023d).
This suggests a severe shortage of human resources, which could impact the protected area’s ability to effectively implement conservation, monitoring, and enforcement measures.

Educational programs are developed in different conservation units, comprising this World Heritage site, with multiactoral support, and focused on strengthening of community skills for the management and conservation of natural areas. The ARPA developed the Young Protagonists of Unini Project, which trained 567 young people at Jaú NP and achieved the increasing of the participation of young people in the council meetings from 3 people in 2012 to 24 in 2015 (Silva et al., 2017). Also, training actions at Novo Airão for transportation drivers in environmental interpretation have been carried out in order to bring the local community and UC management together (Detzel Consultores Asociados, 2018). Moreover, in the Lower Rio Negro Mosaic, turtle protection program included strategies for environmental education, which by 2016, have been implemented in nine communities; further requests for these courses and increasing understanding of the ecological importance of turtle species in local communities were positive outcomes (WCS, 2017). Other programmes with international partnerships have resulted in the elaboration of materials for environmental interpretation in the Anavilhanas National Park and educational training for the pirarucu sustainable management with the Mamirauá SDR (USAID, 2017). The Centro Vocacional Tecnológico (CVT) of the Mamirauá Institute focuses on the training and technical improvement of young rural producers who work in the management of natural resources in the Amazon. CVT trains leaders capable of facing difficulties imposed on communities far from large centers. To date, 80 students have been trained (IUCN Consultation, 2020).

Jaú NP and Anavilhanas NP do not have available food and beverage facilities, with restricted options in the region near the headquarters of Novo Airão, and mainly taken in the boats. Accommodation is usually offered on boats or in wild campsites, which can be set up by the drivers of the groups with local wood and tarpaulins for setting up the nets. Both parks have offered courses for drivers in Novo Airão aiming to qualify them in environmental interpretation and driving visitors in general (Detzel Consultores Asociados, 2018). Evaluation of tourist attractions at Anavilhanas NP showed that walking trails, aquatic trails and the River Dolphins tourism are priority attractions, however the area has practically no tourism infrastructure (Silva, 2019). In the Mamirauá and Amanã Reserve, the Uakari Lodge has been built using sustainable approaches, such as use of solar energy and rainwater. Presently this lodge is managed by the local community and the Mamirauá Institute (Uakari Lodge, 2020). The proposal of the Amanã Management Plan includes a sub-program for tourism and recreation (Amazonas Governo do Estado, 2019). Jaú NP and Anavilhanas NP face a challenge to manage impacts due to low present capacity and increasing of visitation, recognizing impacts like pollution from vessels, impacts on trails and animal contact activities (Azevedo, 2019; Vidal, 2018; D´Cruze et al., 2017). The community based ecotourism in Mamirauá and Amanã Reserves have been proposed since the beginning with a conservation approach and as a low intensity activity, defining measures to control number of visitors, establishing some restrictions for boats, offering information to visitors about the rules, offering the service of visitation with local and trained guides, and recognizing tourism as complementary to subsistence and productive practices to avoid displacement of these activities (Peralta et al., 2019). A national guide to manage tourism in a sustainable way in national parks was released recently (Leung at al., 2019).

The LIRA Project, implemented by IPÊ, Fundo Amazônia, and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, conducted two workshops between 2021 and 2022, bringing together tourism operators, state and municipal government representatives, and sustainability stakeholders. These workshops aimed to map resources, attractions, and tourism services in conservation units (UCs) within the Lower Rio Negro Mosaic. Additionally, two field expeditions were carried out in 2021, during both the flood and dry seasons, to assess tourism infrastructure and initiatives in sustainable development reserves, national parks, and indigenous communities within the region (FVA, 2022c). However, despite these efforts, the 2023 management effectiveness evaluation underscores significant limitations in staffing, technical capacity, and financial resources in Anavilhanas and Jaú National Parks, highlighting the ongoing need for external support (ICMBIO, 2023b,c).

The twin objectives of conservation and sustainable resource use are the focus of management for the Sustainable Development Reserves. Sustainable production in the conservation units include the use of fishery resources, timber, non-timber forest resources, agroforestry systems, and ecotourism. Projects and control over the use of resources are integrating local communities and bringing benefits for both natural conservation and local benefits. The construction of the Agroextractive Plant of the Union of Residents of Rio Unini for the production of dehydrated chestnuts is the pilot project in the Negro River basin, which brings inland opportunities for non-timber forest products to riverside dwellers (ICMBio, 2017). Quotas for pirarucu fishing and programs are demonstrating positive results for both, recovery of the specie and incomes for local fishermen. Since 1999, pirarucu population increased from 2,500 to more than 190,500 in 2018 thanks to the introduction of fishing quotas. Also, recovery of the alligator population as a result of the prohibition of hunting and the creation of the reserves, are outcomes of community and institutional collaborative monitoring and conservation efforts (Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, 2020a; Science X Network, 2019). However, fishing practices still require major control, as some studies demonstrates the accidental mortality of tucuxis and botos in nets (da Silva et al., 2018).

In the Middle Solimões region, the Mamirauá Institute for Sustainable Development (IDSM) has been a pioneer in participatory pirarucu management since 1999, under the supervision of Brazil’s Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation (MCTI). The institute supports fishing communities in the Mamirauá and Amanã reserves and surrounding municipalities, promoting responsible fishing and species conservation. Its current strategy focuses on training local leaders to apply sustainable fishing practices in their communities. In April 2023 students from northern institutions participated in an 11-day course on shared fishery management, emphasizing pirarucu conservation in floodplain environments. These initiatives strengthen community organization and prepare local advisors to support sustainable fishing practices (InfoAmazonia, 2023). Additionally, in 2024, the Fundação Amazônia Sustentável (FAS) provided training courses to over 100 people involved in the pirarucu production chain in the Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve (RDS), Amazonas. The initiative, funded by Positivo Tecnologia through the Bioeconomy Priority Program (PPbio), aims to improve product traceability using technological innovations. Benefiting 56 fishery managers and 45 families across three communities—Mangueira, Catite, and Jussara—the project focuses on strengthening infrastructure, advancing technology, boosting the local economy, and improving commercial intelligence. The training covers best practices in handling, monitoring, and processing the fish, contributing to the development of a digital traceability system via blockchain. This system will enhance transparency, food safety, and market credibility while ensuring fair pricing for local fishers. Future plans for 2025 include a technology workshop, an e-commerce platform for pirarucu sales, the construction of a floating facility, and the renovation of a fish processing unit in Fonte Boa to obtain the State Inspection Seal (SIE), allowing legal commercial distribution (FAS, 2025).
In the Jaú National Park, there is small-scale wood extraction for the construction of structures such as houses and boats, regulated by Commitment Agreements in the Unini and Jaú rivers, where the areas used by riverside and quilombola communities are located. Additionally, vines and Brazil nuts are harvested for commercial and domestic use within the communities (ICMBIO, 2023).

Monitoring in federal conservation units is coordinated by the ICMBio through the “Monitora Program - National Biodiversity Monitoring Program” - and one of its objectives is to generate qualified information for the ongoing assessment of the effectiveness of federal UCs and the National System of Conservation Units in meeting their biodiversity conservation objectives (ICMBio, 2018). The information of the conservation units is available through the Biodiversity Portal managed by ICMBio and the Ministry of the Environment (MMA), which contains fauna and flora registers for each conservation unit (ICMBio, n.d). As for fire monitoring, the portal Queimadas is continuously monitoring outbreaks of wildfires and forest fires detected by satellites, calculating and predicting vegetation fire risk, and registering updated information per biome and state, even with the chance to focus on protected areas (INPE, 2020). Other monitoring system is the SIMUR, managed by the Fundação Vitória Amazonica (FVA), and operating since 2008 for aquatic chelonians, game, fisheries, collection of non-timber forest products, crop production, and deforestation monitoring with coverage including the National Park of Jaú and the Sustainable Development Reserve of Amanã.
Some of the longest and most recognized community based monitoring initiatives in the Amazonas is the one developed in the Sustainable Development Reserve Mamirauá, including the monitoring of the Pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) fishery and community forest management. Generally, monitoring programs develop databases with information partially available and not easily accessible to external users (Costa et al., 2018). For the Lower Rio Negro Mosaic a proposal for a monitoring system including different fauna and flora resources was established (Didier et al., 2017). Financial support, data quality, and data generation and retrieval require improvement to ensure the accuracy of data and more open data access policies to have a bigger impact on the management of the areas (Costa et al., 2018).
In November 2024, the Monitora Program celebrated 10 years of generating data to assess the effectiveness of the National System of Conservation Units (SNUC), support climate change adaptation, and guide biodiversity use and management (ICMBIO, 2024). The two national parks within the Central Amazon Conservation Complex remain part of the program (Programa MONITORA, 2024).
The Fundação Vitória Amazônica with the Lower Rio Negro Mosaic conducted geospatial analyses to provide information on environmental variables by comparing data from 2015—a year heavily impacted by environmental degradation—with observations from 2021 and 2022. The analysis focused on anthropogenic impacts, such as deforestation, degradation, and heat hotspots. Monitoring results indicated that conservation units, including the Tupé Sustainable Development Reserve, Rio Negro State Park (North and South Sectors), Anavilhanas National Park, and the Rio Branco – Jauaperi Extractive Reserve, do not appear to be significantly affected on a large scale (FVA, 2024).
The Mamirauá Institute for Sustainable Development and the Bioacoustics Applications Laboratory (LAB) of UPC have completed the deployment of a network of 22 sensors in the Mamirauá Reserve, in central Amazonas, Brazil, as part of the Providence project. This technology, which incorporates advanced artificial intelligence techniques applied to sound and image analysis, enables the identification and continuous monitoring of the rainforest’s biodiversity in this 1.12-million-hectare protected reserve—the first in the world to be monitored in real time. “Providence has made it possible, for the first time, to implement a precise system for recording and assessing the state of biodiversity in this region of the Amazon, providing an alert system that notifies us of any changes that could threaten the astonishing wildlife that inhabits it" (Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2025).

Anavilhanas and Jaú NPs have operational bases for surveillance (Detzel Consultores Asociados, 2018), while Mamirauá Sustainable Development Institute has laboratories and floating field bases and Headquarters with facilities for research and collections (Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, 2020b). Vitória Amazônica Foundation (FVA) undertakes research for different conservation units including Jaú and Anavilhanas NPs and Amanã SDR, with headquarters in Manaus and a Geoprocessing Laboratory (Fundacao Vitoria Amazonica, 2020). Mamirauá Sustainable Development Institute consists of research groups in different topics including primates, fish, aquatic mammals, and forest ecology, among others (Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, 2020a). The Amazonian Biodiversity Studies Centre (CENBAM) was created in 2009 and has been undertaking a Research Program on Biodiversity (PPBio) created in 2004 including several regional centers, including in Jaú and Anavilhanas NP and Mamirauá SDR (PPBIO/CENBAM, 2012).

In December 2022, the Fundação Vitória Amazônica (FVA) conducted its final field expedition of the year along the Unini River in Barcelos, Amazonas, which passes through three conservation units in the Lower Rio Negro Mosaic. The expedition included drone surveys to capture high-resolution images of ten communities, supporting the creation of detailed maps to be shared with residents in the coming year. Additionally, FVA tested new aerial image analysis methodologies, including mapping Brazil nut trees and piloting a system for counting pirarucu fish in nearby lakes. These efforts align with FVA’s broader initiatives, such as environmental education workshops aimed at reducing forest fires (FVA, 2022a).

Despite persistent challenges related to human, technical, and financial resources to manage protected areas, regional initiatives such as the Lower Rio Negro Mosaic and the Central Amazon Biosphere Reserve play a crucial role in enhancing the effectiveness of management and governance in addressing external threats to the Central Amazon Conservation Complex. These initiatives, which involve protected areas either fully or partially, contribute to coordinated management strategies that mitigate pressures outside the site. Additionally, they support adaptive responses to the growing impacts of climate change, including altered hydrological cycles and rising temperatures. By fostering collaboration among stakeholders and implementing integrated conservation approaches, these governance mechanisms strengthen the resilience of the protected areas and help address both current and emerging threats.

The management system within the Central Amazon Conservation Complex demonstrates overall effectiveness, particularly in ensuring conservation outcomes and providing essential services. Jaú and Anavilhanas National Parks are classified as effectively managed, with high scores in conservation performance and service provision. However, both face challenges in addressing unauthorized activities. Amanã and Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserves are rated as moderately effectively managed, showing strong conservation results but struggling with significant resource constraints, highlighting limited availability of personnel, technical capacity, equipment, and financial resources. These limitations hinder enforcement efforts and management actions, suggesting that while conservation objectives are being met, strengthening resource allocation and governance capacity is essential for improving overall management effectiveness.