Ischigualasto / Talampaya Natural Parks
Country
Argentina
Inscribed in
2000
Criterion
(viii)
The conservation outlook for this site has been assessed as "good" in the latest assessment cycle. Explore the Conservation Outlook Assessment for the site below. You have the option to access the summary, or the detailed assessment.
These two contiguous parks, extending over 275,300 ha in the desert region on the western border of the Sierra Pampeanas of central Argentina, contain the most complete continental fossil record known from the Triassic Period (245-208 million years ago). Six geological formations in the parks contain fossils of a wide range of ancestors of mammals, dinosaurs and plants revealing the evolution of vertebrates and the nature of palaeo-environments in the Triassic Period. © UNESCO
Summary
2020 Conservation Outlook
Finalised on
02 Dec 2020
Good
Current state and trend of VALUES
Good
Overall THREATS
Overall PROTECTION and MANAGEMENT
Full assessment
Description of values
A complete sequence of fossiliferous continental sediments representing the entire Triassic Period
Criterion
(viii)
This site is one of the rare natural World Heritage sites inscribed exclusively according to criterion (viii). The two contiguous protected areas jointly comprising it contain a complete sequence of fossiliferous continental sediments representing the entire 45 million years of geological history of the Triassic Period. No other known place in the world has a comparable fossil record revealing the evolution of vertebrate life and the nature of palaeoenvironments in the Triassic Period (World Heritage Committee, 2014). Thereby, the site is of extraordinary scientific importance (IUCN, 2000).
Rare and endemic species
The area was nominated according to additional natural and cultural criteria (State Party of Argentina, 1999). The applicability of natural criteria other than what is today criterion (viii) was not supported in the technical evaluation though (IUCN, 2000) and the World Heritage Committee (2000) inscribed the site under criterion (viii) only. Nevertheless, this large World Heritage site with a total surface area of some 275,000 hectares does boast important biodiversity values, which is fully acknowledged in the IUCN evaluation (IUCN, 2000). Specifically, the site is home to a relatively intact desert and scrubland environment in the Sierras Pampeanas mountains, the habitat of several endemic, near threatened or culturally valuable species of flora and fauna, including mammals, birds and reptiles (World Heritage Committee, 2014; UNEP-WCMC, 2011; IUCN, 2000). The Ischigualasto / Talampaya System have a small guanaco population that has been categorized as endangered in the last national categorization (SAREM, 2019).
Scenic values
The Ischigualasto / Talampaya Natural Parks contain "scenic landscapes and features of great aesthetic and cultural value" (IUCN, 2000). Striking landscape features include the red sandstone cliffs in Talampaya National Parkt and, in Ischigualasto Provincial Park, white and multi-coloured sediments creating a stark landscape named “Valle de la Luna" or "Valley of the Moon” (World Heritage Committee, 2014).
Assessment information
There are no significant threats to the exceptional geological values of the site besides illegal collection of fossils, which is hard to prevent, especially in light of limited staffing and enforcement capacity. There are various other threats, which are clearly identified in the management plans for both the national and the provincial protected area. They include feral and domestic livestock, the impacts of roads, poaching and firewood collection. All require management responses. From an admittedly narrow perspective of the specific justification for the World Heritage inscription of the site, the threats to the Outstanding Universal Value of the site are considered low.
Livestock Farming / Grazing
(Occasional livestock grazing)
Inside site
, Widespread(15-50%)
Outside site
Cattle, horses, and donkeys from neighboring lands freely enter the site for grazing, thereby altering the composition of the native vegetation, soil integrity and competing with native herbivores (UNEP-WCMC, 2011; State Party of Argentina, 1999; Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019). Neighbors´ non-authorized domestic cattle graze in around 40% of the National Park. Negative effects of trampling by livestock include surface materials fragmentation, landslides and/or marks on sites of archeological importance (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019). Reus et al. (2017) did not find important overlaps in food resource use between native hervibores (Octomys mimax, Dolichotis patagonum and Lama guanicoe) and exotic hervibores (Bos taurus, Equus asinus and Lepus europaeus) at the Ischigualasto Provincial Park, because of the low densities of exotic species currently present in that area. It was found that the presence of cattle causes changes in the activity patterns of guanacos. The native ungulates generally present a unimodal pattern with a midday peak, but in the areas where cattle are present, the guanaco switch to a bimodal activity pattern (Cappa et al., 2020).
Recreational Activities
(Illegal collection of fossils by visitors)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Due to the high tourism affluence, park rangers or professional tour guides cannot keep all the tourists accompanied, and some can wander about unsupervised. Consequently, rocks with fossils are collected illegally by visitors in some occasions (Cortez, 2005; IUCN, 2000; Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019). Increased recreational and touristic demand is not being sufficiently addressed (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019).
Recreational Activities
(Waste from visitors and erosion from vehicle and motorcycle traffic)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Outside site
Most visitation occurs in a few selected parts of the World Heritage site, in particular Valle de la Luna and Cañón de Talampaya (the Valley of the Moon and the Talampaya Gorge) (World Heritage Committee, 2014). Occasionally, access by off-road motorcycles has been reported (UNEP-WCMC, 2011). The impacts include littering and localized erosion from vehicle traffic in addition to some vandalism of rock art predating the establishment of the protected areas (UNEP-WCMC, 2011). The State Party of Argentina (1999) referred to waste as a "significant environmental pressure" at a time when visitor numbers were well below current numbers.
Roads, Trails & Railroads
(Direct and indirect impacts of roads)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Two main roads (National Roads Nº150 and 76) run through the site, the latter being where most road kills of wildlife have been registered. Other risks associated with roads presence include disturbance, alien species invasions and increased access of illegal hunters (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019). A small population of guanacos (Lama guanicoe) within the Provincial Park (Cappa et al., 2017; Cappa et al., 2019) and a species of lizzard (Liolaemus riojanus) (Kass, 2019) are potentially affected by the roads. Additionally, the presence of roads and vehicle circulation have facilitated introduction of Salsola kali, an invasive species of plant (unpublished data). As the Outstanding Universal Value of this site focuses on its geological values, the threat is ranked as low.
Invasive Non-Native/ Alien Species
(Introduced wild and feral domestic mammal species)
Other invasive species names
European hare (Lepus europaeus); feral donkey (Equus asinus)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
European hare (Lepus europaeus) is widespread and so are feral donkeys (Equus asinus) and cattle (Bos taurus), the latter being two remnants of the former use of the site for livestock grazing (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019). Feral pigs (Sus scrofa) have been recorded in the Provincial Park and near the National Park, although their complete distribution remains unclear (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019).
Hunting and trapping, Logging, Harvesting & Controlling Trees
(Poaching and illegal collection of firewood)
Other targeted species names
Lama guanicoe, Dolichotis patagonum, Geoffroy's Cat, Chelonoidis chilensis, Puma concolor.
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
Illegal subsistence and recreational hunting is an occasional threat (UNEP-WCMC, 2011; Cortez, 2005; Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2001; IUCN, 2000). Poaching of wildlife occurs within and near the site targeting guanacos (Lama guanicoe), maras (Dolichotis patagonum) and Geoffroy's Cat (Leopardus geoffroyi) (APN, 2019). Illegal extraction of Chaco tortoise (Chelonoidis chilensis) has also been recorded. Puma (Puma concolor) is hunted by ranchers in response to livestock predation (hunters access the site through Road Nº 76). Illegal logging of native trees for various uses (firewood, handicrafts, medicinal use) is a deeply rooted cultural practice that have increased due the accessibility provided by the National Road Nº 76 (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019).
Invasive Non-Native/ Alien Species
( Alien invasive plant species)
Other invasive species names
Tamarix ramosissima; Salsoa kali
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Within the protected area, there are two highly invasive species. The tamarind (Tamarix ramosissima), associated with the channels of the temporary channels, and which is increasing its distribution in the protected area. An incipient invasion of Tamarix ramossisima has been detected next to riparian areas and roads. Dense tamarisk forests and thickets modify water courses, reduce availability of ground and superficial water, increase soil salinity and affect the frequency and intensity of fire events, all of these undesirable effects especially in desert areas (Gobierno de la Provincia de San Juan 2015; Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019). The other invasive species present is the Russian thistle (Salsola kali), which has entered the Ischigualasto Provincial Park with the construction of a sector of National Route 150, but has not yet entered the Talampaya NP.
Mining has been reported to pose a potential threat (WWF, 2016; Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019). Given that no impacts of mining on the specific World Heritage values of the site are expected within the foreseeable future, the threat is ranked as low.
Mining & Quarrying
(Mining in the surroundings of the site)
Outside site
While there was small-scale coal extraction in Ischigualasto before the establishment of the protected area and mining continues to play a role in adjacent communities (UNEP-WCMC, 2011), currently mining would not pose a major threat to the World Heritage site. WWF (2016) concludes that this site would be affected by oil exploitation in Talampaya river basin headwaters and by uranium mining in the areas of influence. The Provincial Park management plan refers to the important mining development in the region (Gobierno de la Provincia de San Juan, 2015). Accidents while transporting dangerous substances throughout the roads that run across the site also pose potential risks. In the future, if the "Famatina" and "Vicuñita" mining projects materialized, this could adversely affect the area (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019).
Management of the site is guided by management and public use plans. Argentine World Heritage Committee conducts Seminars for Administrators of World Heritage Sites in Argentina, aimed at assessing the properties´ management effectiveness, exchanging information and strengthening cooperation between administrators and the Committee (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019). An integrated management system for ensuring a closer coordination of both protected areas, comprising this World Heritage site, is lacking.
Management effectiveness with respect to the protection of geological features is relatively good, but human resources are insufficient to protect the site’s biodiversity from poaching, grazing by exotic and feral animals and firewood extraction. A management effectiveness assessment of Ischigualasto Provincial Park (Gobierno de la Provincia de San Juan, 2015) evaluated 5 main topics, none of which rated "very satisfactory". Only one topic rated "satisfactory" (political and institutional framework); the remainder were rated either "medium" (financing, infrastructure and equipment) or "not very satisfactory" (staff, planning). On the other hand, Talampaya National Park current management plan reports adequate levels of funding, operative planning, infrastructure and equipment, while suggesting the need to increase staff, improve local participation, build capacities among tourism guides and promote management-focused research (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019).
Talampaya National Park´s boundaries demarcation was carried out in 2016 (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019). The demarcation had been finalized and the domain was rightfully inscribed in the correspondent cadaster (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019). Although there is no legal evidence of overlap with private properties, inhabitants from Loma Negra and Aicuña ranch claim to be possessors of sectors of the national park. This in turn affects the enforcement of the protected area in regards to its management category and the human uses admitted in the conservation unit.
Besides integration into regional and national tourism planning (UNEP-WCMC, 2011), attempts are being made to integrate the World Heritage site with other protected areas within La Rioja Province and into local tourism strategies (IUCN Consultation, 2020). Since the former Talampaya Provincial Park became a national park in 1997, it has been an integral element of Argentina's federal protected area system.
There are tensions with Loma Negra and Aicuña Ranch inhabitants that claim domain of some sectors of the Talampaya National Park, although there is no legal evidence of overlap with private lands. The constitution of an advisory committee to engage local people in National Park´s decision making is pending. On the other hand, the World Heritage site generates direct employment and income by attracting conventional and scientific tourism to the region (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019). The dialogue between the local population and the Talampaya National Park has improved notably in seeking solutions to conflicts (IUCN Consutlation, 2020a).
Los Baldecitos and Baldes del Rosario are the nearest settlements of World Heritage site in the San Juan Province and they have no apparent conflicts with the protected areas. The presence of livestock in both protected areas might constitute a potential conflict, but this problem is being addressed (IUCN Consultation, 2020b).
Los Baldecitos and Baldes del Rosario are the nearest settlements of World Heritage site in the San Juan Province and they have no apparent conflicts with the protected areas. The presence of livestock in both protected areas might constitute a potential conflict, but this problem is being addressed (IUCN Consultation, 2020b).
Both protected areas comprising the World Heritage site are on public lands and have strong legal protection. While both areas were first established at the provincial level, Talampaya became a national park under federal responsibility in 1997. Medina et al. (2016) point out that legal conservation frameworks in Argentina tend to ignore or neglect geological aspects even though quite a few protected areas have primarily been established because of their geological values, as is the case in this site.
Law enforcement is consistently described as very limited (Gobierno de la Provincia de San Juan, 2015; UNEP-WCMC, 2011; Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2001; IUCN, 1999). This can be linked to limited staffing levels and eventually funding constraints relative to the large size of the site. There are some concerns about the legal, governance and management coherence of the two protected areas jointly comprising the World Heritage site. Given the modest human and financial resources in relation to the size of the site, overall effective compliance and enforcement remains challenging.
The technical evaluation of the World Heritage nomination reported that the national and provincial authorities were establishing "a single cooperative management regime for the site" (IUCN, 2000). The evaluation further notes that "joint management will be provided by a standing Coordinating Committee, assisted by a single Technical Advisory Group representative of key local scientific institutions, provincial agencies and non-governmental conservation organisations" to "ensure the application of uniform management policies, programmes and standards across the entire site." The World Heritage Committee (2000) made reference to this, noting that "positive response was received from the State Party concerning a cooperative management plan". While not constituting a request or recommendation this can be interpreted as an expectation of follow-up in this regard. However, a lack of harmonizing management across the two distinct legal, governance and management set-ups continues to be a reason for concern.
Tourism and scientific research are the only legally permitted direct uses and both are carried out adequately overall despite localized concerns about tourism impacts (UNEP-WCMC, 2011). In San Juan Province, the Ischigualasto Provincial Park area has been designated as Category I under the Native Forest Law (Provincial Laws No 8174; 1439-L, National Law No 26331), which means that only tourism, research, management and protection activities are permitted there.
Several references highlight the insufficient financial resources available for managing such a large World Heritage site (Gobierno de la Provincia de San Juan, 2015; Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2001; IUCN, 1999). However, the Talampaya National Park management plan reported that budget is sufficient to address the operative plans (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019).
The few park rangers at Talampaya National park are well trained, Argentina being the one country in the region with systematic, professional ranger training. The challenge is primarily the very limited staff numbers. Ischigualasto Provincial Park does not have park rangers, only tour guides, who do not fulfill the same function (IUCN Consultation, 2020b).
Both areas have the explicit objective to promote environmental education among its visitors. The Provincial Park management plan indicates the existence of an Environmental Education Plan, which is not being implemented (Gobierno de la Provincia de San Juan, 2015). Based on the 2001 Management Plan and the 2003 Public Use Plan of the National Park, environmental education activities were planned as cross-cutting actions of conservation projects. Since 2013 the National Park has an environmental education and interpretation program (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019).
At the time of inscription, visitor infrastructure was evaluated as modest (IUCN, 2000), as acknowledged by the State Party at the time (State Party of Argentina 1999). For the Talampaya National Park, infrastructure for tourism is reported to be adequate, with some areas requiring maintainance. The Public Use Plan for the Talampaya National Park has not yet been updated, so there is no systematic and permanent record of the quality of the visit or visitors satisfaction. The new National Park Management Plan proposes its update (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019).
The management effectiveness assessment documented in the management plan for the provincial protected area suggests that some monitoring instruments are being applied (Gobierno de la Provincia de San Juan, 2015). This wording implies that there would be room for developing a systematic and comprehensive monitoring system. Monitoring of natural resources in Talampaya National Park is mostly restricted to recording special value vertebrate species during control patrols. Illegal hunting events are systematically recorded since 2010. Although cultural resources findings are recorded, a systematic monitoring of the conservation status and threats to these resources is lacking (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019).
Research is one explicit objective and among the very limited legal use options of the World Heritage site (Gobierno de la Provincia de San Juan, 2015; Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019). There is a long tradition of geological and paleontological research in the area, which has generated considerable information. To a lesser extent, there is research on the ecology and biology of the scrubland desert. More recently, there have been strong efforts to understand the impacts of existing and planned road infrastructure, which can and should be linked to political decision-making. Within the Talampaya National Park, important support is given to the development of research, facilitating the logistics of researchers in the field. In the National Park, 85 research projects were authorized, including 26 linked to vegetation and fungi, 29 to fauna (vertebrates and invertebrates), 16 to paleontology, 11 to geology and 3 to cultural resources (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019). 12 research papers have been published in international journals on Ischigualasto since the last assessment in 2017: 3 linked to vegetation, 8 to fauna and 1 to animal-plant relationship (IUCN Consutlation, 2020b).
Assessment of the effectiveness of protection and management in addressing threats outside the site
Data Deficient
There are no direct indications of major pressures stemming from outside the site. Although previous management plans payed very limited attention to external challenges (Gobierno de la Provincia de San Juan, 2015; Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2001), the recently updated management plan of the Talampaya National Park highlights several strategies that would address threats from outside the site (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019). There is insufficient information to permit a conclusive assessment of the effectiveness of those measures within the scope of this effort.
Good practice examples
Regardless of the effectiveness of harmonizing the governance and management of the overall area, it is an encouraging example that the national and a sub-national level of a State Party government have joined forces to successfully nominate two contiguous protected areas under their corresponding jurisdictions.
Assessment of the current state and trend of World Heritage values
Stable
Assessment of the current state and trend of other important biodiversity values
High Concern
Deteriorating
As acknowledged in the management plans for both protected areas (Gobierno de la Provincia de San Juan, 2015; Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2001; Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019), there is some degradation of the natural vegetation stemming from livestock grazing and fuelwood collection. It can be argued that degradation of the natural vegetation from this activities, as well as the road infrastructure, negatively affect the landscape beauty. A detailed assessment is beyond the scope of this exercise due to the World Heritage focus on fossils. There are credible evidence at a deteriorating trend of some rare and endemic species (UNEP-WCMC, 2011; IUCN, 2000). The guanaco population present in both protected areas was categorized as endangered by the 2019 National mammals categorization (http://cma.sarem.org.ar/es/especie-nativa/lama-guanicoe) due to low density and possible isolation of this population.
Additional information
Importance for research,
Contribution to education
The site is a major, globally significant scientific treasure, invaluable for research in palaeontology and evolutionary biology (IUCN, 2000). The spectacular fossils create major opportunities for visitor education.
Outdoor recreation and tourism,
Natural beauty and scenery
Domestic and international visitation attracted by the scenic beauty and the spectacular fossils is relatively modest but growing. The tourists also value the occasional viewing of wild animals.
The occasional viewing of wild animals is negative affected by the presence of excessive number of tourist (Malo et al., 2011) and the presence of domestic animals (i.e cattle; Cappa et al., 2020).
Scientific and conventional tourism, as well as to a lesser degree park management, provide local employment and income opportunities.
The most striking benefit is the extraordinary scientific significance of the site, which comes with major opportunities in terms of scientific research and visitor education. Economically, both park management requirements and tourism offer local income and employment opportunities.
| № | Organization | Brief description of Active Projects | Website |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Tourism Corridors Development Programme (Programa de Desarrollo de Corredores Turísticos), IADB/BID | Facilitated by an IADB/BID loan (Préstamo BID 2606/OC-AR), the program´s goal is to promote the sustainable growth of income and tourism jobs, by improving touristic development of protected areas and other strategic touristic corridors. The property is located within one of several tourism corridors in Argentina (Valle Fértil–Villa Unión - Corredor Ischigualasto - Agua Negra). Activities include developing touristic products, strengthening institutions and improving environmental management. |
https://www.iadb.org/es/project/AR-L1071
http://www.turismo.gov.ar/uepi/2606
|
| 2 | Administración de Parques Nacionales - Universidad Federal de Piauí | The goal of the project DRC 319/16 is to contribute to the conservation of Talampaya National Park´s rock art by applying a series of experimental treatments. Results will be compared to those of Parque Nacional Serra da Capivara (Brazil) (IUCN Consultation, 2020b). |
https://www.argentina.gob.ar/parquesnacionales
|
References
| № | References |
|---|---|
| 1 |
Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2001. Plan de Manejo, Fase II. Parque Nacional Talampaya. . Accessed 2 February 2017.
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| 2 |
Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019. Plan de Gestión. Parque Nacional Talampaya. [online]. Available at: <https://sib.gob.ar/archivos/Plan_de_Gestion_2019.pdf>;. [Accessed 10 May 2020].
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| 3 |
Campos, C. M., Borghi, C.E., Campos, V.E., Cappa, F., Fernández, V., Beninato, V., Giannoni, S.M. 2014. La Conservación de los Bosques Nativos y su Biodiversidad Asociada: El Caso del Parque Provincial Ischigualasto (San Juan, Argentina). Revista Forestal Baracoa 33 (Número Especial): 431- 440.
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| 4 |
Cappa, F. M., Borghi, Carlos E. and Giannoni, S. M. 2019. How Roads Affect the Spatial Use of the Guanaco in a South American Protected Area: Human Connectivity vs Animal Welfare. Diversity, 11(7), 110. Available at:<https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334429328_How_Road…;. [Accessed 10 May 2020].
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| 5 |
Cappa, F.M, Giannoni, S.M. and Borghi C.E. (2017). Effects of roads on the behaviour of the largest South American artiodactyl (Lama guanicoe) in an Argentine reserve. Animal Behaviour 30 August 2017, pp. 131-136. Available at: < https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319429924_Effects_… 10 May 2020].
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| 6 |
Cappa, F.M., Giannoni, S.M., Ontiveros, Y., Borghi, CE. 2020. Direct and indirect effects of roads on activity patterns of the largest South American artiodactyl (Lama guanicoe) in a hyper-arid landscape. Mamm Biol (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42991-020-00035-9
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| 7 |
Gobierno de la Provincia de San Juan. 2001. Zonificación del Parque Provincial Ischigualasto. Dirección de Política Ambiental. Secretaria de Obras Publicas y Medio Ambiente. Ministerio de Obras y Servicios Públicos y Medio Ambiente. San Juan, Argentina. Accessed 2 February 2017.
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| 8 |
Gobierno de la Provincia de San Juan. 2015. Plan de Manejo del Parque Natural Provincial Ischigualasto. Patrimonio Natural de la Humanidad. Tomo I. Caracterización y Diagnóstico. Tomo II. Zonificación, Estatuto Jurídico y Programas de Manejo. Actualización 2015 – 2025.
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| 9 |
IUCN Consultation (2020). IUCN World Heritage Confidential Consultation form: Respondent 1. Ischigualasto -Talampaya Natural Parks, Argentina.
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| 10 |
IUCN Consultation (2020b). IUCN World Heritage Confidential Consultation form: Respondent 2. Ischigualasto -Talampaya Natural Parks, Argentina.
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| 11 |
IUCN. 2000. World Heritage Nomination – IUCN Technical Evaluation, Ischigualasto Provincial Park-Talampaya National Park (Argentina). In: IUCN World Heritage Evaluations 2016, IUCN Evaluations of nominations of natural and mixed properties to the World Heritage List. WHC-00/CONF.204/INF.05. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Accessed 2 February 2017.
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| 12 |
Kass, C.A. (2019). Aspectos de la ecología del ensamble de lagartijas psamófilas del Parque Nacional Talampaya, provincia de La Rioja. [online]. Tesis Doctoral. La Plata: Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Available at: <http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/bitstream/handle/10915/93712/Docu…; . [Accessed 10 May 2020].
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| 13 |
Malo, J.E., Acebes, P., and Traba, J. 2011. Measuring ungulate tolerance to human with flight distance: a reliable visitor management tool?. Biodiversity Conservation. DOI 10.1007/s10531-011-0136-7
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| 14 |
Medina, W., Vejsbjerg, L., Aceñolaza, G. 2016. Marco legal de la geoconservación. Presencia de la geología en las leyes de áreas protegidas de la República Argentina. Rev. Mus. Argentino Cienc. Nat.18(1): 53-64.
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| 15 |
Peco, B., Borghi, C.E., Malo, J.E., Acbes, P., Almirón, M., and Campos C.M. 2011. Effects of bark damage by feral herbivores on columnar cactus Echinopsis (=Trichocereus) terscheckii reproductive output. Journal of Arid Environments 75: 981-985. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.05.001
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| 16 |
Reus, M.L., de los Ríos, C., Peco, B., Giannoni, S.M. and Campos, C.M. (2017). Relaciones tróficas entre mamíferos herbívoros nativos y exóticos del Parque Provincial Ischigualasto (San Juan, Argentina). Ecología Austral, 27, pp. 392-403. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12110/ecologiaaustral_v027_n03… [Accessed 10 May 2020].
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| 17 |
State Party of Argentina. 1999. World Heritage nomination: Natural – Cultural Parks Ischigualasto-Talampaya. . Accessed 2 February 2017.
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| 18 |
UNEP-WCMC. 2011. Ischigualasto / Talampaya Natural Parks, Argentina. UNEP-WCMC World Heritage Information Sheets. Cambridge, UK.
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| 19 |
WWF. 2016. Protecting People through Nature. Natural World Heritage Sites as Drivers of Sustainable Development. Dalberg Global Development Advisors.
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| 20 |
World Heritage Committee. 2014. Decision 38 COM 8E Statement of Outstanding Universal Value Ischigualasto / Talampaya Natural Parks (Argentina). Doha, Qatar. . Accessed 2 February 2017.
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