Maloti-Drakensberg Park
Country
Lesotho,
South Africa
Inscribed in
2000
Criteria
(i)
(iii)
(vii)
(x)
The conservation outlook for this site has been assessed as "significant concern" in the latest assessment cycle. Explore the Conservation Outlook Assessment for the site below. You have the option to access the summary, or the detailed assessment.
The Maloti-Drakensberg Park is a transboundary site composed of the uKhahlamba Drakensberg National Park in South Africa and the Sehlathebe National Park in Lesotho. The site has exceptional natural beauty in its soaring basaltic buttresses, incisive dramatic cutbacks, and golden sandstone ramparts as well as visually spectacular sculptured arches, caves, cliffs, pillars and rock pools. The site's diversity of habitats protects a high level of endemic and globally important plants. The site harbors endangered species such as the Cape vulture (Gyps coprotheres) and the bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus). Lesotho’s Sehlabathebe National Park also harbors the Maloti minnow (Pseudobarbus quathlambae), a critically endangered fish species only found in this park. This spectacular natural site contains many caves and rock-shelters with the largest and most concentrated group of paintings in Africa south of the Sahara. They represent the spiritual life of the San people, who lived in this area over a period of 4,000 years.
© UNESCO
Summary
2025 Conservation Outlook
Finalised on
11 Oct 2025
Significant concern
Current state and trend of VALUES
High Concern
Overall THREATS
Overall PROTECTION and MANAGEMENT
Full assessment
Description of values
Outstanding scenic value expressed by the topographic variation, geology and vegetation
Criterion
(vii)
The outstanding scenic value is expressed largely by the topographic variation, geology and vegetation. The Drakensberg Mountains have high escarpment walls of dark basalt that lie above a high layer of golden clarens sandstone. Soaring basaltic buttresses, incisive dramatic cutbacks and golden sandstone ramparts all contribute to a spectacular environment. Rolling high altitude grasslands, the pristine steep-sided river valleys and rocky gorges also contribute to the beauty of the site (World Heritage Committee, 2014).
Outstanding plant species richness
Criterion
(x)
The site has outstanding species richness, particularly of plants. It is recognised as a Global Centre of Plant Diversity and endemism, and occurs within its own floristic region – the Drakensberg Alpine Region of South Africa (World Heritage Committee, 2014). At the time of inscription of the South African part of this transboundary site, a total of 2,153 species of plants were described in Drakensberg Park, including a large number of internationally and nationally threatened species. A significant feature is the high level of plant species endemism. (IUCN, 2000). In Lesotho, Sehlabathebe National Park hosts 515 plant species, 59 of which are endemic to the park (IUCN, 2013).
Large number of endemic and globally threatened bird species
Criterion
(x)
The site’s diversity of habitats protects a high level of endemic and globally threatened bird species. It is also within a globally important endemic bird area and is notable for the occurrence of a number of globally threatened species, such as the yellow-breasted pipit (Hemimacronyx chloris), the Cape vulture (Gyps coprotheres) and the bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus) (World Heritage Committee, 2014). The avifauna of the Drakensberg Park included 296 species at the time of its inscription (IUCN, 2000). At the time of the extension of the site to Lesotho, between 106 and 117 bird species, according to different records, were reported in the Sehlabathebe National Park (IUCN, 2013).
Paleo-invertebrate, reptile and mammal species
Little is known about the many endemic paleo-invertebrates, particularly those species that inhabit the high altitude vegetation communities. Reptile fauna is also poorly understood although with relatively high diversity. Large mammals are well known but the diverse small mammal fauna is poorly known.
Assessment information
There are several threats to this World Heritage site which occur across the South African and Lesotho components, while some are specific within each country. The most significant threats to the biodiversity values of the site are from too high burning frequency (particularly at high altitudes), the spread of invasive alien plant species at lower altitudes (particularly wattle spp. and American bramble) and the encroachment and overgrazing by livestock. These pose a serious and increasing threat to the outstanding biodiversity and scenic values. Although other threats are low, threats of increasing developments within the buffer area adjacent to the property (especially within South Africa) are slowly eroding the scenic values of the site, which requires urgent attention.
Utility & Service Lines
(Powerlines being constructed in rural areas east of the property)
Outside site
Collisions between raptors including vulture species and other large birds with powerlines has an adverse impact on the viability of the various species populations. The low breeding success and high mortality rates of the Critically Endangered bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus) for example, has been attributed to human settlements and associated infrastructure (e.g., power lines). The population’s breeding range and density have declined by at least 20%, and it is estimated that there are now less than 400 individuals remaining demonstrating the importance of mitigation measures (Kruerger et al. 2022; Karssing et al., 2012; Short et al., 2003; O’Connor, 2008; Kruger, 2005). The Endangered Wildlife Trust coordinates a strong partnership with Eskom, and the UDP must build mandatory mitigation measures into any development that requires new powerlines within the recognised "buffer" zone.
Fire & Fire Management
(High burning frequency resulting from illegal/ accidental fires)
Inside site
, Widespread(15-50%)
Outside site
The high altitude grasslands are fire-dependent systems and therefore fires are naturally a part of the management system. However, high altitude sub-alpine vegetation is being burnt too frequently with fires originating from Lesotho as well as from individuals illegally grazing livestock within the property and starting fires to stimulate grazing resources. High fire frequency will result in the loss of some plants and animals and may ultimately lead to some extinctions in time. Wild fires are frequent occurrences in these high altitude grasslands in winter and spring (Mander et al., 2008; O’Connor, 2008). Any dynamic which compromises the integrity of the natural vegetation cover, particularly the grasslands, will result in the loss of capacity to deliver key watershed services indicative by reduced rainfall infiltration, increased runoff, increased soil erosion, decreased dry season base flow and increased sediment loads in water courses (SANBI, 2012). Long-term burning trials in the Cathedral Peak area have shown the value of specific management regimes that benefit biodiversity as well as provide good quality water provisioning services to downstream users. Arson fires also impact on the property's ability to maintain tourism, especially where fires may damage tourism infrastructure. A recent fire in July 2024 in the Giants Castle section of the property resulted in damage to the Main Caves, which have a San rock art display. Significant damage was experienced leading to the closure of this as a tourist attraction (destruction of the viewing platform); 30% of the rock art was damaged and 4,000 ha was scorched (State Parties of Lesotho and South Africa, 2024). Limited financial resources may result in long-term closure of this important facility.
Despite the property's (specifically the Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife portion of the UDP) significant resources invested in fire management (Working on Fire teams), this remains a key threat to maintaining the OUV.
Despite the property's (specifically the Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife portion of the UDP) significant resources invested in fire management (Working on Fire teams), this remains a key threat to maintaining the OUV.
Invasive / Other Problematic Species, Genes & Pathogens, Invasive Non-Native/ Alien Species
(Invasive alien plant species)
Invasive/problematic species
Rubus cuneifolius
Acacia mearnsii
Acacia dealbata
Lantana camara
Other invasive species names
gums (Eucalyptus spp.); pines (Pinus spp.)
Inside site
, Widespread(15-50%)
Outside site
Habitat transformer invasive alien species are abundant in both countries and need urgent management intervention. The observed vegetation degradation has been partly attributed to competitive invasive alien herbs as dominant vegetation elements and the woody plant invasions that increased in the past two decades, possibly due to the high land cover disturbance favouring plant invasions success (Mokotjomela et al. 2024). Plant nurseries and home gardens are dominant species dispersal pathways. Several invasive alien plant species threaten the natural vegetation communities and habitats (e.g. pine, wattle, American bramble, etc.). Invasive alien plant species replace and compete with indigenous plants leading to a change in the composition of vegetation communities, loss of species and habitats and a change of sense of place. The proximity of forestry plantations outside the park provides an important seed source (Mander et al., 2008; Forster et al., 2007). Large portions of the montane vegetation are vulnerable to invasion by American bramble (Rubus cuneifolius) (Ndlovu, et al, 2018) and the management authorities' capacity to counteract the spread is compromised due to their reliance on external funding sources for this critically important management action (EKZNW and MTEC, 2016). Related to this is the infestation of some local indigenous plants that are displacing the nature vegetation, specifically Bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum). Large areas are being invaded as it is difficult to control, and the ideal control method is yet to be found.
Residential Areas
(Residential developments in the buffer zone)
Outside site
There are proposals to change the town plan for the Cathkin Park village on the boundary from tourism to residential with the sub-division of agricultural land allowing for residential development. There is an increased number of rural homes in communally owned areas including the western boundary with Lesotho. The developments are outside the core area of the site but within its buffer zone. Aesthetic values are affected mainly locally both in approaching / travelling towards the site and views outwards from the site (Forster et al., 2007).
Marine & Freshwater Aquaculture
(Expansion of trout fish farm)
Outside site
The expansion of the trout fish farm on Bushmans River on the World Heritage site's boundary might have a localised aesthetic impact. Possible escape of trout into the river also represents a minor threat (research has demonstrated adverse impacts of trout, an alien species, on biodiversity).
Mining & Quarrying
(Expansion of Letsing Diamond Mine (near western boundary in Lesotho))
Outside site
Letšeng Diamond Mine (in Lesotho, 13 km from the core area) has expanded. Possibly, two new diamond mines may be developed in future. Blasting operations result in vibrations; the consequences are unknown (e.g. on rock art and nesting raptors). The development is just outside the buffer zone (Mander et al., 2008; Forster et al., 2007; IUCN Consultation, 2017).
Roads, Trails & Railroads
(Road upgrade to Sani Top and proposed cable car development)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Outside site
An upgrade of the Sani Pass road was planned in 3 phases. Both phase 1 and 2 have been completed, with phase 2 having been completed in 2022 (up until the lower SA border post). The upgrade of the road and pass to Sani Top will also increase the number of tourists to this high-altitude sensitive area, requiring an adequate management response to ensure that the "sense of place" value is not degraded. Phase 3 of the road upgrade project is due to commence in 2025 / 2026, which is the 8km section between the lower SA border post and the Lesotho top border post. The proposed development of a cable car and a possible lease of a tourism site to a private developer in the northern Drakensberg will also add to the increase in tourist numbers. This project was initially conceptualised in 2012 by the MEC of EDTEA. Extensive work has been done on the environmental impacts and viability of the proposed project. The site's Management Authority is engaging in the process (Forster et al., 2007; IUCN Consultation, 2017). The feasibility study, particularly the environmental screening, showed that the development and operation of a cable car could impact quite significantly on important bird species, especially the cape vulture (Gyps coprotheres) and the bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus) (KPDH, 2016). A cable car would constitute a high threat to the values of the site. The Department is current exploring service providers to implement a full viability assessment, while an actual private investor is yet to be found. The WH Committee has requested that an EIA be submitted prior to any construction commencing. The State Party has assured no developments have commenced and an impact assessment is yet to be undertaken (State Parties of Lesotho and South Africa, 2024). Until this has been done, it is difficult to predict the potential negative impacts on the site's values and attributes. As with the 2020 threat assessment, this is rated as "low threat" due to the early stages of the decision-making process and a high likelihood that it will not go ahead.
Removing/Reducing Human Management
(Path network not being maintained, causing erosion on steeper slopes)
Inside site
, Widespread(15-50%)
There is an extensive path network throughout the area. In KZN it is relatively well designed for hiking, with anti-erosion drains in many places. Unfortunately due to various reasons (e.g. budget constraints and management staff being aged and therefore less capable of traversing the steep topography), the maintenance of these paths is extremely poor, increasing erosion potential and reducing the tourism enjoyment.
In Lesotho and the Eastern Cape the paths are more associated with livestock movement than hikers. Lack of control, maintenance or initial design results in many braided and sunken paths which channel water and become deeply eroded.
In Lesotho and the Eastern Cape the paths are more associated with livestock movement than hikers. Lack of control, maintenance or initial design results in many braided and sunken paths which channel water and become deeply eroded.
Terrestrial Animal Farming, Ranching & Herding
(Livestock grazing)
Inside site
, Widespread(15-50%)
Large numbers of livestock have been "pushed" into the WH site areas, as the grazing is better than in the surrounding areas. It is estimated that at any time in the UDP there are approximately 500 head of livestock illegally grazing in the property. The management authority is unable to adequately control this activity due to a limited staff compliment (49% staff vacancy rate) and the threat of arson fires. This is despite the deployment of the SANDF in the property. Communally owned areas in Lesotho on the unfenced western boundary are subject to overgrazing with regular incursions into the park, affecting the majority (maybe 100%) of the property.
Uncontrolled grazing has the potential to severely impact on the quality of the natural grasslands, resulting in degradation of the plant communities and one of the key values of the site. Overgrazing of the high altitude grassland would result in a loss of palatable grass species and loss of other plant species due to erosion and trampling (Forster et al., 2007; Arnott, 2004; Brown and Piper, 1987; Brown, 1992; Kruger, 2005). As with the threat of frequent burning, overgrazing would compromise the site's capacity to deliver watershed services (SANBI, 2012). Associated with the livestock incursions into the site is the long-standing issue of stock theft which compromises the security of the site, both from the perspective of management staff and visitors (Green Door Environmental, 2019). This is exacerbated by the change in fire behaviour, as fires are more frequently burnt (as arson fires) to stimulate grazing resources.
This threat has significantly increased over the past 5 years, and is likely to increase further if not adequately managed.
Uncontrolled grazing has the potential to severely impact on the quality of the natural grasslands, resulting in degradation of the plant communities and one of the key values of the site. Overgrazing of the high altitude grassland would result in a loss of palatable grass species and loss of other plant species due to erosion and trampling (Forster et al., 2007; Arnott, 2004; Brown and Piper, 1987; Brown, 1992; Kruger, 2005). As with the threat of frequent burning, overgrazing would compromise the site's capacity to deliver watershed services (SANBI, 2012). Associated with the livestock incursions into the site is the long-standing issue of stock theft which compromises the security of the site, both from the perspective of management staff and visitors (Green Door Environmental, 2019). This is exacerbated by the change in fire behaviour, as fires are more frequently burnt (as arson fires) to stimulate grazing resources.
This threat has significantly increased over the past 5 years, and is likely to increase further if not adequately managed.
Biological System Management
(Changing eland antelope migration patterns due to land use change)
Outside site
Historically the eland population spent the summer months in the high Drakensberg and migrated down to the lower reaches during winter as conditions became too inhospitable. The planting of significant areas of agricultural crops (mainly livestock pastures) has resulted in large numbers of eland moving out of the property onto these pastures and often remaining year-round. This impacts on the visitor experience within the property, as seeing Eland is part of the Drakensberg experience. Furthermore, this brings the eland into conflict with farmers, who see the eland as damaging their pastures / crops. As a result, a process of eland removal (through legal permits) is implemented each year, not based on evidence of damage.
Renewable Energy
(Lesotho Highlands Water Development )
Outside site
Lesotho Highlands Water Development Phase 2 incorporates a large dam where hydro power would also be generated. The developments are outside the core area of the site but within its buffer zone (Forster et al., 2007). It is possible that this threat may be turned into an opportunity if both the Lesotho and South African governments, through their bi-lateral agreement governing the sale of water to South Africa, are able to realise the importance of investing in the catchment area to secure its integrity. However, according to Delves et al. (2021) the Lesotho Highlands Water Project is having considerable negative impacts on biodiversity in the MD. An environmental assessment (African Development Bank Group, 2019) predicts ‘major’ and ‘moderate’ long-term negative impacts to downstream river ecosystems (from the Senqu River to confluence with Malibamatso), as well as ‘critical’ or ‘major’ negative impacts to surrounding wetlands, which are critical for water retention and filtration. It is also predicted that the dam will impact other ecosystem services through the destruction of habitat of local flora and fauna, with particularly negative impacts on cliff nesting birds upstream and fish populations both up- and downstream. Increased pressure on rangelands and wetlands will result from the displacement of communities for the reservoir construction, exacerbating erosion and land degradation.
Possible developments near the site (e.g. wind farms) could have severe impacts on its values. Further development of potential shale gas, gas and oil exploration within the buffer zone of the property also represent high potential threats to the site's values if their potential impact on the OUV is not fully consider prior to any activity. Impacts of climate change on sensitive grassland and wetland species are anticipated.
Oil & Gas exploration/development
(Potential shale gas, gas and oil exploration within the newly delineated buffer zone)
Outside site
The proposed shale gas, gas and oil exploration within the newly-proposed buffer zone has significant potential to affect the OUV of the property (UNESCO, 2019). The State Parties have been requested by the Committee to ensure that any projects are subject to full EIAs which fully consider any impacts of the OUV of the property (World Heritage Committee, 2019). The appeal lodged by the site management authority over the proposed petrol filling station in the buffer zone also raises concern over the compatibility of this project with the conservation and integrity of the property (UNESCO, 2019). The State Parties have assured no developments have begun and EIAs will be undertaken, however no progress has been made thus far (State Parties of Lesotho and South Africa, 2024). Various mitigation measures are to be put in place to avoid negative impacts (especially visual) from operation of the petrol filling station in the buffer zone (State Parties of Lesotho and South Africa, 2024).
Renewable Energy
(Two wind farms being planned near western boundary with Lesotho)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
Two wind farms (with associated infrastructure) are at an advanced stage of planning near the western boundary with Lesotho. No progress on the project has been made since 2014 and little information is available at present (IUCN Consultation, 2017). Vortex modelling indicates that even limited wind farm development will have severe adverse impacts on raptor species, particularly the cape vulture (Gyps coprotheres) and the bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus) and would lead to their extinction within the site and regionally (Forster et al., 2007; Kruger, 2005).
Residential Areas
(Increase and densification of settlements in surrounding areas of communal land)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
Increase and densification of settlements in surrounding areas of communal land cause ever increasing levels of ecological fragmentation and biological isolation of the park. Reduced biological connectivity may result in some species becoming extinct, particularly given predicted increased rates of climate change (Mander et al., 2008; Forster et al., 2007; Kruger, 2005).The poor settlement planning and control exacerbates the related impacts (Zunckel, 2017).
Changes in Temperature Regimes, Changes in Precipitation & Hydrological Regime
(Wetland degradation)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
There is a growing worry that the rate of wetland degradation is increasing (e.g. Chatanga et al. 2020; Chatanga and Seletseng-Kose, 2021). In part due to overgrazing and due to the region experiencing rising temperatures and unpredictable rainfall patterns, adversely impacting water regimes in wetlands (van Tol, 2024). Furthermore, along with the increasing frequency of extreme and severe droughts (Mukwada, 2022), plant communities and species distribution may be impacted (McMillan, 2023).
Involvement of stakeholders and rightsholders, including indigenous peoples and local communities, in decision-making processes
Although several stakeholder engagement forums exist, there are varying levels of implementation. Within the South African component, engagement takes place at the station level (some formal but mostly ad hoc with neighbours and stakeholders), at the cluster level (formal engagement with communities, Farmers Associations and security clusters) and directly by the Park Manager (across provincial and national levels, including with Municipalities). Within Lesotho, Sehlabathebe has an established Community Conservation Forum, which includes representatives of all 16 communities on the boundary of the National Park. This Forum has been formalised through an MoU within the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. Stakeholder engagements both within South Africa and Lesotho are critical, considering the increasing levels of poverty in areas adjacent to the property, increasing the pressure on the site to provide social and economic benefits. Should these social issues not be addressed, there would be a growing risk of the park being invaded by local communities in order to access resources for their survival (Mander et al., 2008; Forster et al., 2007; Kruger, 2005), as is being witnessed by increasing livestock grazing within the property boundaries.
Legal framework
Comprehensive World Heritage, Conservation and Environmental laws and policies are in place and being implemented, including Environment Acts and National Heritage Resources Acts (State Parties of Lesotho and South Africa, 2021; Mander et al., 2008; Forster et al., 2007).
Governance arrangements
This transboundary site links the Sehlabathebe National Park in Lesotho with uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park in South Africa. The government of South Africa and the Lesotho government are the formal partners in this transboundary World Heritage site. Within South Africa the uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park is managed by Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife. Within Lesotho, Sehlabathebe National Park is managed by the Department of Environment, within the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. The government is yet to finalise the approval of the Biodiversity Management Resource Bill as they are awaiting final ministerial concurrent before sending it to Parliament for approval (State Parties of Lesotho and South Africa, 2024). This will provide a stronger mandate for World Heritage site management and transboundary cooperation. The management parties cooperate through a Joint Management Committee. Annual reports on the State of Conservation are submitted annually. Some challenges are being experienced regarding the frequency of JMC meetings, and the overall coordination integration (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
Integration into local, regional and national planning systems (including sea/landscape connectivity)
Both the Lesotho and South African components of the World Heritage site are fully integrated into national and provincial planning mechanisms. The site is fully captured within these planning tools, with appropriate zoning addressing potential impacts. Unfortunately the integration and cooperation at local municipal levels remains poor. The most important development has been the finalisation of the two layers of the buffer zone on the South Africa side of the property. The aim of the buffer zone is to guide developments and control land use changes, to reduce potential threats and risks to the OUVs of the World Heritage site. This final buffer zone was submitted to the World Heritage Committee as a minor boundary modification, which was approved in the 46th Committee meeting in India (State Parties of Lesotho and South Africa, 2024). Specific "Guidelines" have been developed for development purposes, aimed at protecting the OUVs of the site. EKZNW is actively engaging and commenting on all proposed developments within 1km of the boundary, to ensure appropriate development, based on the Guidelines. The Buffer committee is also being resurrected, to improve engagements between stakeholders within the buffer zone.
Boundaries
The international boundary between Lesotho and South Africa is not fully demarcated and has resulted in legal issues and law enforcement challenges (Mander et al., 2008; Forster et al., 2007; IUCN Consultation, 2017). Within South Africa, consolidation of the two component areas of the UDP site has been ongoing through engagements with rights-holders of the land in Upper Tugela, which would link the Cathedral Peak and Royal Natal sections of the Ukhahlamba Drakensberg Park World Heritage site. Challenges exist with several boundary disputes slowing the process. There are several boundaries that still need to be finalised i.e. Kamberg, Lotheni, Vergelegen, Highmoor. Several large conservation NGOs have private sector funding and are driving a process of improved land management and opening discussions regarding formal conservation security for the land (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
Overlapping international designations
The World Heritage site is located within the broader Maloti-Drakensberg Transfrontier Conservation Area, with considerable overlap in governance and management structures, however there is no overlap with other international designations.
Implementation of World Heritage Committee decisions and recommendations
The management entities within the property are addressing the decisions and recommendations of the World Heritage Committee. Recent annual reports reflect updates on progress in addressing the issues. The most important issue still to be addressed is the finalisation of the Joint Management Committee and the development of the Joint Management Plan - this is an urgent action.
Climate action
Little to no activities are performed specifically to address climate change risks. Due to constraints with financial and human resources, the management entities must prioritise and focus on the most pressing issues. Many of the specific management interventions will however address key risks associated with climate change. According to the most recent periodic report, the rehabilitation of wetlands and other degraded areas; control of invasive alien species, protection of cultural and natural heritage sites in the buffer zone are climate action related measures (State Parties of Lesotho and South Africa, 2021).
Management plan and overall management system
This transboundary site links the Sehlabathebe National Park in Lesotho with uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park in South Africa. The States Parties are in the process of revising the Joint Management Committee Agreement to lay the foundation for cooperative management between the governments of South Africa and Lesotho (State Parties of Lesotho and South Africa, 2024). This is delaying the review of the Joint Management Plan which in turn is delaying the implementation of fully effective cooperative management, resulting in poor management integration. Further delays may impact on the OUVs of the site. Despite this, there is an Integrated Fire Management Plan, Joint Cultural Heritage Management Plan and an Alien Plant Control Strategy. The uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park has an updated and approved Integrated Management Plan (State Parties of Lesotho and South Africa, 2024), which is being reviewed by the advisory bodies. In terms of rock art management, each of the rock art sites in the South African component have their own management plan, and are regularly monitored. This is crucial to protect the cultural heritage values of the World Heritage site.
Law enforcement
While there is an active law enforcement effort implemented by the Management Authority, the western border is porous and cross border crime is prevalent, especially associated with the theft of livestock. The movement of narcotics and firearms has also been associated with stock theft. Law enforcement activities in the South African component have been seriously hindered by budget constraints in Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife. There are reports of a 49% staff post vacancy rate. Linked to this is the aging staff, having to take more time-off, with little to no recruitment of new young staff. As a result the law enforcement activities are poor, and illegal activities continue, potentially affecting tourism and recreational use of the World Heritage site (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
Within Lesotho, there is a formal relationship with the Lesotho Defense Force, with a unit of 4 soldiers permanently based in the Sehlabathebe NP, performing patrols. The Ministry of Environment has further developed an MoU with the Lesotho Mounted Police, to assist in specific circumstances. All law enforcement related issues are reported to the local police station in the buffer zone (IUCN Consultation, 2025b).
Within Lesotho, there is a formal relationship with the Lesotho Defense Force, with a unit of 4 soldiers permanently based in the Sehlabathebe NP, performing patrols. The Ministry of Environment has further developed an MoU with the Lesotho Mounted Police, to assist in specific circumstances. All law enforcement related issues are reported to the local police station in the buffer zone (IUCN Consultation, 2025b).
Sustainable finance
Funds for management of the site are allocated as annual budgets. However, these are insufficient to deal with some high priority threats such as invasive alien plant control, path maintenance and cultural heritage management (Mander et al., 2008; Forster et al., 2007), despite the recent development of specific management plans for these issues. Currently there is no CAPEX budget for replacing vehicles, which are in an extremely poor state, while infrastructure (management and tourism) is steadily deteriorating due to insufficient budget. The property relies heavily on external funds for alien plant control (Working for Water) and fire management (Working on Fire). In addition, the SANDF are based within the site to assist with law enforcement.
Reduced annual budgets results in significant staff shortages, with Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife experiencing a 49% staff vacancy rate in the park. This results in many staff be assigned in "acting" position, not being fully training for the position, resulting in poor management performance (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
Within Lesotho, any income generated in the Sehlabathebe NP goes to the government consolidated fund.
Reduced annual budgets results in significant staff shortages, with Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife experiencing a 49% staff vacancy rate in the park. This results in many staff be assigned in "acting" position, not being fully training for the position, resulting in poor management performance (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
Within Lesotho, any income generated in the Sehlabathebe NP goes to the government consolidated fund.
Staff capacity, training and development
On the South African side there are reports of a 49% staff vacancy rate. Many posts are filled by "acting" positions, where staff are not fully trained resulting in poor management performance. Despite cultural heritage being a key OUV of the World Heritage site, there still isn't a Cultural Heritage specialist employed, and little likelihood of this happening. In addition, despite the large amount of research and monitoring being implemented within the South African component, EKZNW's Scientific Services has a 65% post vacancy rate, impacting on some important monitoring activities. Furthermore, no budget is available for training, with a high reliance on external funding for this purpose (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
Within Lesotho, similar experiences are reported. Sehlabathebe NP has insufficient staff to manage the park, with most staff having been on contracts, which were terminated during the process of converting them to permanent posts. Government processes are delaying this process and placing significant pressure on the staff structure (IUCN Consultation, 2025b).
Within Lesotho, similar experiences are reported. Sehlabathebe NP has insufficient staff to manage the park, with most staff having been on contracts, which were terminated during the process of converting them to permanent posts. Government processes are delaying this process and placing significant pressure on the staff structure (IUCN Consultation, 2025b).
Education and interpretation programmes
Within the South African component, existing education and awareness programmes have become defunct as a result of limited budget allocations. Several cultural heritage interpretive displays are present within the site, although most are in a poor condition, with little to no maintenance - the Didima Rock Art centre and the Kamberg Rock Art Centre are closed and in a poor condition. Most awareness material associated with these displays are outdated and in poor condition. Within the hiking area, trail signage also requires updating and renewal (IUCN Consultation, 2025). Within Lesotho, Sehlabathebe has a management plan which covers environmental education and awareness for visitors, although this is limited in implementation. Sehlabathebe NP has developed a COMPACT programme (Community Management for Protected Areas), which focuses on awareness within communities and specifically traditional healers and gatherers (IUCN Consultation, 2025b).
Tourism and visitation management
Facilities have a relatively high level of occupancy by visitors as a result of marketing the park as a prime destination for both local and international tourists (Mander et al., 2008; Forster et al., 2007), which is now specifically addressed in the Sustainable Tourism Management Plan (States Parties for Lesotho and South Africa, 2019). The challenge is in maintaining the condition of the tourism facilities. Reduced budgets have resulted in reduced maintenance and some deterioration of facilities (the UDP has not had a maintenance budget for the past 2 years). Local Honorary Officer groups often provide work parties to assist in general upgrades and facility maintenance (e.g. an upgrade of the Museum at the Loteni section of the UDP by the local Honorary Officer group of Underberg). Within Lesotho, there is infrastructure although insufficient, e.g. access roads in the Sehlabathebe NP need rehabilitation, shortage of signage, communication barriers due to lack of reception, accommodation capacity is low, ablution facility for camping sites need upgrading and shortage of power (IUCN Consultation, 2025b).
Sustainable use
Very limited sustainable use practices are implemented, but include:
- Ncema plant collecting, for weaving baskets.
- Fire wood collection from the clearing of large exotic trees (mainly Pines) at stations
All sustainable resource use activities (and quantities of material) are recorded monthly and submitted as part of the biological returns reporting.
A growing challenge, is the impact of livestock grazing in many sections by neighbouring communities. This is currently an unsustainable practice and has the potential to significantly impact on the World Heritage values if not managed appropriately (IUCN Consultation, 2025; 2025b).
- Ncema plant collecting, for weaving baskets.
- Fire wood collection from the clearing of large exotic trees (mainly Pines) at stations
All sustainable resource use activities (and quantities of material) are recorded monthly and submitted as part of the biological returns reporting.
A growing challenge, is the impact of livestock grazing in many sections by neighbouring communities. This is currently an unsustainable practice and has the potential to significantly impact on the World Heritage values if not managed appropriately (IUCN Consultation, 2025; 2025b).
Monitoring
Extensive biodiversity and biophysical monitoring is taking place within the World Heritage site in the South African component, including:
- Annual eland antelope surveys, both aerial and ground, to determine numbers, sex and age ratios (this is one of the longest monitoring programmes, having been initiated in the 1970's).
- Vulture monitoring, on both cape vultures and bearded vultures. This includes surveys twice a year to determine breeding success. Annual counts are also done at the 4 large Cape Vulture colonies. Monthly monitoring at the Giants Castle vulture hide have also been performed.
- Annual aerial crane counts, including key sites within the Drakensberg.
- Annual oribi antelope counts, in September each year.
- Annual otter counts.
- Game bird monitoring at Highmoor, having been performed for the past 15 years annually.
- Annual mammal surveys (to determine trends) of all antelope, jackal and baboons (carried out over April, May, June).
- Vegetation monitoring - VCAs in the grazing systems at Cathedral Peak and Cobham, impacts of fire at Royal Natal, and the Brotherton trials at Cathedral Peak.
- Annual fire monitoring, mapping of all fires each year, together with extensive information regarding the fires.
- Alien plant mapping, especially at the various stations.
- Ad hoc monitoring of the hiking trails, to determine their impacts and erosion work required.
- Rock art monitoring - monthly monitoring of the 25 sites open to the public as displays, quarterly monitoring of other sites close to main roads, trails, and all other sites at least once per annum. Each rock art site has a management plan which guides the monitoring.
- Water quality - monitor the quality of water for human consumption at tourism facilities.
- Rainfall recorded at all stations monthly, together with 4 SA Weather Stations.
Lesotho component:
- Perform rangeland monitoring.
- Monitoring of fires is included by EKZNW in their remote sensing.
- Rock art sites are annually monitored.
- Annual eland antelope surveys, both aerial and ground, to determine numbers, sex and age ratios (this is one of the longest monitoring programmes, having been initiated in the 1970's).
- Vulture monitoring, on both cape vultures and bearded vultures. This includes surveys twice a year to determine breeding success. Annual counts are also done at the 4 large Cape Vulture colonies. Monthly monitoring at the Giants Castle vulture hide have also been performed.
- Annual aerial crane counts, including key sites within the Drakensberg.
- Annual oribi antelope counts, in September each year.
- Annual otter counts.
- Game bird monitoring at Highmoor, having been performed for the past 15 years annually.
- Annual mammal surveys (to determine trends) of all antelope, jackal and baboons (carried out over April, May, June).
- Vegetation monitoring - VCAs in the grazing systems at Cathedral Peak and Cobham, impacts of fire at Royal Natal, and the Brotherton trials at Cathedral Peak.
- Annual fire monitoring, mapping of all fires each year, together with extensive information regarding the fires.
- Alien plant mapping, especially at the various stations.
- Ad hoc monitoring of the hiking trails, to determine their impacts and erosion work required.
- Rock art monitoring - monthly monitoring of the 25 sites open to the public as displays, quarterly monitoring of other sites close to main roads, trails, and all other sites at least once per annum. Each rock art site has a management plan which guides the monitoring.
- Water quality - monitor the quality of water for human consumption at tourism facilities.
- Rainfall recorded at all stations monthly, together with 4 SA Weather Stations.
Lesotho component:
- Perform rangeland monitoring.
- Monitoring of fires is included by EKZNW in their remote sensing.
- Rock art sites are annually monitored.
Research
South African component: EKZNW have developed a list of applied research projects that are provided to Universities, to encourage research linked directly to adaptive management of the World Heritage site. There are currently approximately 50 active research projects being carried out, with over 200 research projects having been completed across a wide range of themes. A shortage of research is taking place on social issues. EKZNW facilitates the registration of research projects and enables the relevant permits. The implementation of research in the site is highly effective and significantly contributes to the understand of the biodiversity values and the adaptive management of the site. This is further supported by a SAEON node being based at Cathedral Peak and an EFTEON node working in the northern Drakensberg.
Lesotho component: Obtaining permits for research and monitoring in Lesotho has proven challenging, resulting in limited activities. In addition, the Sehlabathebe portion is very remote, not easily accessible and is far from the national Lesotho University (based in Maseru) (IUCN Consultation, 2025b).
Overall, a lack of knowledge and data on invasive alien plant species has been attributed to the lack of effective management in this regard (Mokotjomela et al. 2024).
Lesotho component: Obtaining permits for research and monitoring in Lesotho has proven challenging, resulting in limited activities. In addition, the Sehlabathebe portion is very remote, not easily accessible and is far from the national Lesotho University (based in Maseru) (IUCN Consultation, 2025b).
Overall, a lack of knowledge and data on invasive alien plant species has been attributed to the lack of effective management in this regard (Mokotjomela et al. 2024).
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats outside the site
Due to the extensive nature of the property, the vast majority of threats originate from outside of the boundaries, including illegal access / poaching, livestock grazing, densification of urban and tourism facilities, and light pollution, coupled with limited financial and human resources. This means the management system is currently under severe pressure. The scale of many of these issues requires significant financial resources and extensive collaboration with external partners, which currently is lacking.
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats inside the site
Despite the financial and capacity challenges, site management is generally functioning, and threats are addressed where possible. A significant shortcoming is in the staff capacity and training, especially with regard to law enforcement.
The property is managed according to an Integrated Management Plan between the uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park (UDP) in South Africa and Sehlabathebe National Park (SNP) in Lesotho. The States Parties are in the process of revising the Joint Management Committee Agreement to lay the foundation for cooperative management between the governments of South Africa and Lesotho. This is delaying the review of the Joint Management Plan which in turn is delaying the implementation of fully effective cooperative management. In the 2020 assessment the reducing financial allocations and management capacity were highlighted as a significant challenge. These challenges continue to persist and are becoming progressively more severe and impactful on the management of the property as a whole. The management capacity of both entities is limited (EKZNW has a 49% staff vacancy rate), progressively losing their capacity to manage the site effectively with large recurrent budget reductions leaving significantly reduced allocations for operational expenditure. Key capacity in the conservation staff, who implement a hierarchy of integrated management plans and procedures to safeguard the biodiversity values of the site, is being lost, with budget constraints preventing posts being filled. This means that may staff are in "acting" positions without the necessary training for the position, resulting in a lack of consistent management. Despite this, the management staff continue to be motivated and committed, managing fire and invasive alien species clearing programmes to the best of their ability, negotiating partner support where possible. Management authorities have also continued to implement highly effective monitoring programmes, which has the ability to detect any impacts to biodiversity values. Progress has been made in defining the buffer zone and developing guidelines for appropriate developments. However, progress to have the buffer zone formally recognised have not been completed and the level of threat from negative external dynamics such as encroachment of settlements and livestock grazing are increasing.
Outstanding scenic value expressed by the topographic variation, geology and vegetation
High Concern
Trend
Deteriorating
The large size of the property and its remote nature, means that the vast majority of the area is safeguarded against many of the external threats, and such is able to maintain its scenic values as it relates to topography, geology and vegetation. Despite this, there are increasing pressures and threats eroding the boundary of the site as human population densities increase with a corresponding resource need increase. Inappropriate use of fire and livestock grazing is increasingly affecting the boundaries in both South Africa and Lesotho. This is further being exacerbated by reducing budgets and capacity within the management authorities, reducing their ability to address these threats. A continuous slow creep of these threats into the World Heritage site is likely to impact on these values in the short-term.
Outstanding plant species richness
High Concern
Trend
Deteriorating
The plant species richness of the site faces a number of threats. Of particular concern is the increase in fire frequency and the related livestock grazing. Livestock are increasingly being pushing into the site illegally (in both South Africa and Lesotho), in order to access grazing resources. This results in illegal access by people, increased poaching and significant impacts on tourism, especially vulnerable hiking groups. Several incidents have been reported in the past couple of years of hikers being attacked. The changing fire frequency and uncontrolled grazing is affecting the plant species diversity in the lower lying areas near the boundary within the property. This has the potential to "creep" further into the property as grazing is further affected. This is exacerbated by the infestations of invasive alien plants (both exotic and indigenous) as severe spread of the indigenous Bracken fern is having a large impact on the vegetation within the central Drakensberg region. Significant resources are required to control the invasive alien plant infestations. With continually reducing budgets, the management authorities are struggling to maintain the appropriate levels of clearing interventions, with a potential increase in the spread of invasive alien plants over time.
Large number of endemic and globally threatened bird species
High Concern
Trend
Deteriorating
Globally threatened bird species are experiencing a number of threats in the property. The challenge with vulture conservation is that these birds move over large areas for feeding. The property is critically important for bearded vulture conservation as the entire property constitutes approximately 50% of the home range of the species in the Drakensberg. In Southern Africa, the drastic decline in both population number and range since the 1700s means the current population only occupies c. 20% of its historic range, being restricted to the Maloti mountains in the highlands of Lesotho and immediately adjacent
Drakensberg mountains of South Africa (Krüger and Amar, 2022). Significant interventions by the management authorities to safeguard beard and cape Vulture populations is addressing many of the threats and is contributing to reducing population losses - regular annual monitoring, establishment of safe feeding areas, commenting on renewable energy facility developments and education regarding the use of poisons for problem animals are all activities currently being carried out. A Biodiversity Management Plan for vultures has been finalised, guiding implementation of conservation measures.
Drakensberg mountains of South Africa (Krüger and Amar, 2022). Significant interventions by the management authorities to safeguard beard and cape Vulture populations is addressing many of the threats and is contributing to reducing population losses - regular annual monitoring, establishment of safe feeding areas, commenting on renewable energy facility developments and education regarding the use of poisons for problem animals are all activities currently being carried out. A Biodiversity Management Plan for vultures has been finalised, guiding implementation of conservation measures.
Assessment of the current state and trend of World Heritage values
Deteriorating
The broad integrity of the property is being maintained, with the majority of its values remaining intact, however all key attributes are of high concern. The majority of the threats are being imposed on the boundaries of the site. The changing fire frequency and uncontrolled grazing is affecting the plant species diversity in the lower lying areas near the boundary within the property. This is exacerbated by the infestations of invasive alien plants (both exotic and indigenous) as severe spread of the indigenous bracken fern is having a large impact on the vegetation within the central Drakensberg region. The response to these threats are being eroded by reducing budget allocations (in both South Africa and Lesotho), and the resulting reduction in capacity. Deterioration of the socio-economic conditions of communities on the boundary continually increase these threats, which means conventional conservation responses cannot be the only solution, but must be matched with significant investment in social development and awareness. The significant extent of the World Heritage site makes this extremely difficult. Globally threatened bird species are experiencing a number of threats in the property. The property is critically important for bearded vulture conservation as the entire property constitutes approximately 50% of the home range of the species in the Drakensberg. In Southern Africa, the drastic decline in both population number and range since the 1700s means the current population only occupies c. 20% of its historic range, being restricted to the Maloti mountains in the highlands of Lesotho and immediately adjacent Drakensberg mountains of South Africa. Significant interventions by the management authorities to safeguard beard and cape Vulture populations is addressing many of the threats and is contributing to reducing population losses. Another key concern is the slow deterioration of the cultural heritage resources. Limited budgets, lack of specialist expertise and reduced capacity of provincial heritage agencies is resulting in a significant threat to this value of the site - urgent attention is required. Within South Africa, EKZNW does not have a dedicated cultural heritage specialist, and despite cultural heritage sites all having management plans, limited management interventions are being implemented to safeguard them. Similar issues have been reported in Lesotho. A lack of support from the provincial and national heritage authorities are further hindering the management of cultural heritage resources.
Assessment of the current state and trend of other important biodiversity values
Data Deficient
Data Deficient
Little is known about the many endemic paleo-invertebrates particularly those species that inhabit the high altitude vegetation communities. Reptile fauna is also poorly understood although with relatively high diversity. Large mammals are well known but the diverse small mammal fauna is poorly known.
Additional information
Water provision (importance for water quantity and quality)
The site is the major high quality water producing area in South Africa, and recognised as one of the most important strategic water source areas, supporting over 60% of the country’s GDP and the livelihoods of a large majority of the population (World Heritage Committee, 2014).
Inappropriate fire and grazing management impacts on the vegetation "cover", impacting on water retention, winter base flows and sedimentation - these management regimes need to be seriously managed to ensure this water value is maintained.
Carbon sequestration
Studies have shown that the site is a major / significant contributor for the sequestration of carbon and other benefits. The majority of the carbon stored in this system is in the below-ground vegetation roots and soil.
The ability of the system to sequester carbon is determine by the fire and grazing regime.
History and tradition,
Wilderness and iconic features,
Sacred natural sites or landscapes
The site is the world’s richest for outstanding San rock art (greatest number of sites and highest density of quality images). It is also the country’s largest wilderness area.
Land use change on the boundary of the WHS impacts on the "wilderness" value, especially through light disturbance and human activity.
The cultural heritage assets of the WHS are not being adequately managed and are being continuously damaged.
The cultural heritage assets of the WHS are not being adequately managed and are being continuously damaged.
Outdoor recreation and tourism,
Natural beauty and scenery
The WHS has a significant number and variety of tourism facilities, including high-end facilities, mid-level facilities, hotels, campsites and rustic accommodation. The WHS has an extensive amount of marked hiking trails, many of which are world renown. Outside WHS are many private facilities for tourist accommodation and recreation which depend on their proximity to the WHS for their existence. The WHS is therefore an important destination for the country’s tourism industry (i.e. amongst the top 10 regions), being extremely well known for its cultural heritage / rock art tourism.
The path network is not being maintained and is leading to considerable erosion and reduced visitor experience. A large number of tourism facilities are continually being proposed, leading to increased potential impacts and the need for a well-managed buffer zone policy. Many developments may be inappropriate for the area, such as the proposed cableway in the northern Drakensberg.
Importance for research
Many research projects (natural science, archaeology) have been and are being undertaken that have resulted in numerous publications. The site is also important for conservation and environmental education and is used by many school, university, technikon and adult groups.
Sustainable extraction of materials (e.g. coral, shells, resin, rubber, grass, rattan, etc)
Wild plants are harvested for products which are sold locally, for example brooms made from the riparian grass Merxmuellera macowanii. Interestingly, a species considered invasive and in need of eradication by conservationists (Sweet-Briar, Rosa rubiginosa) is harvested by locals for its oil (which is exported to Europe) and juice. Similarly, Crack Willow (Salix fragilis) (also invasive and which are water-expensive compared to natural riparian vegetation) provides fuelwood (where previously dried cow dung was used in the highlands) and timber for construction (Delves et al. 2021).
Of major significance, the site provides both national and global benefits particularly in terms of environmental services, nature conservation, cultural, and tourism and recreation.
| № | Organization | Brief description of Active Projects | Website |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife | Fire management and monitoring project incorporates a database, implementation of a control burning plan, and management of a long-term experimental grassland fire plots. | |
| 2 | Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife | Alien invasive plant control programme. | |
| 3 | Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife | Anti-poaching law enforcement programme | |
| 4 | EKZNW Honorary Officers | An assessment of the trail network to collect accurate GPS tracklogs and to provide data on the state of the path sections in terms of erosion, user experience, signage, etc. These data can be used to inform management of areas of concern, with enough detail to do accurate work budgetting. | |
| 5 | South African Ecosystem Observation Network (SAEON) | Long term ecological research in established research areas e.g. Cathedral Peak. |
www.saeon.ac.za
|
| 6 | Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife | Ukhahlamba Drakensberg Park World Heritage Site research programme. Research programme aimed at addressing priority research issues, management challenges and done in collaboration with several partners, including many universities inside and out of South Africa |
www.kznwildlife.com
|
| 7 | SAEON, Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife | New EFTEON centre established at Spieonkop Nature Reserve, which aims to provide and operate a network of instrumented landscape-level platforms for the South African environmental research community, focused on socially-relevant terrestrial landscapes and their coupled hydrological systems |
https://efteon.saeon.ac.za/
|
| 8 | Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife, Wildlife ACT | Annual ground and aerial surveys of Cape and Bearded Vulture populations. This involved two surveys per annual to determine breeding success and overall population numbers, which is supplemented by monitoring and counts at feeding sites. |
References
| № | References |
|---|---|
| 1 |
AMAFA (2024). Risk Assessment of Main Caves, Northern Section of the Drakensberg. Report by KwaZulu-Natal Amafa and Research Institute.
|
| 2 |
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| 3 |
Arnott, W.L. (2004). The effect of burning frequency on invertebrate and indigenous forb diversity in a Drakensberg grassland ecosystem. Dissertation. Pietermaritzburg : University of KwaZulu-Natal.
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| 4 |
Brown, C.J. (1992). Distribution and Status of the Bearded Vulture Gypaetus barbatus in Southern Africa. Ostrich, 63(1), pp.1–9.
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| 5 |
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| 8 |
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| 9 |
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| 16 |
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| 17 |
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| 19 |
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| 20 |
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| 21 |
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| 27 |
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| 28 |
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| 29 |
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