Manas Wildlife Sanctuary
Country
India
Inscribed in
1985
Criteria
(vii)
(ix)
(x)
The conservation outlook for this site has been assessed as "significant concern" in the latest assessment cycle. Explore the Conservation Outlook Assessment for the site below. You have the option to access the summary, or the detailed assessment.
On a gentle slope in the foothills of the Himalayas, where wooded hills give way to alluvial grasslands and tropical forests, the Manas sanctuary is home to a great variety of wildlife, including many endangered species, such as the tiger, pygmy hog, Indian rhinoceros and Indian elephant. © UNESCO
Summary
2025 Conservation Outlook
Finalised on
11 Oct 2025
Significant concern
Current state and trend of VALUES
Low Concern
Overall THREATS
Overall PROTECTION and MANAGEMENT
Full assessment
Description of values
Wilderness area of exceptional natural beauty
Criterion
(vii)
Manas Wildlife Sanctuary is recognized for its spectacular scenery and natural landscape. It is located at the foothills of the Eastern Himalayas and the northern boundary of the site is contiguous to the international border of Bhutan where the Bhutan Hills provide an imposing scenic backdrop. The tumultuous river swirling down the rugged mountains against the backdrop of forested hills coupled with the serenity of the alluvial grasslands and tropical evergreen forests offers a unique wilderness experience (World Heritage Committee, 2011).
Dynamic ecological processes supporting a rich diversity of ecosystems
Criterion
(ix)
The Manas-Beki system is the major river system flowing through the site and joins the Brahmaputra River further downstream. Heavy rainfall, the fragility of the rocks and the steep gradients of the catchments are responsible for an enormous amount of silt and rock being deposited to form alluvial terraces. The monsoon and river system at the site form four principal geological habitats: Bhabar savannah, Terai tract, marshlands and riverine tracts. Manas has exceptional importance within the Indian sub-continent’s protected areas, as one of the most significant remaining natural areas in the region, where sizeable populations of a large number of threatened species continue to survive. The three types of vegetation dominant at the site are semi-evergreen forests, mixed moist deciduous forests and alluvial grasslands. The vegetation of Manas has tremendous regenerating and self-sustaining capabilities due to its high fertility and response to natural grazing by herbivorous animals (World Heritage Committee, 2011).
High plant and animal diversity
Criterion
(x)
The range of habitats and vegetation within the site supports impressive levels of high plant diversity that includes 89 tree species, 49 shrubs, 37 undershrubs, 172 herbs and 36 climbers. There are also fifteen species of orchids, 18 species of fern and 43 species of grasses that provide vital forage to a range of ungulate species. Manas also provides habitat for 42 reptile species, 17 amphibians and 500 species of birds, a number of which are globally threatened including the critically endangered Bengal florican (Houbaropsis bengalensis) (World Heritage Committee, 2011; Das et al., 2014).
Threatened species of mammals
Criterion
(x)
The Manas Wildlife Sanctuary provides habitat for 23 of India’s most threatened species of mammals. There are 60 mammal species recorded at the site. These include the elephant (Elephas maximus), tiger (Panthera tigris), greater one-horned rhino (Rhinoceros unicornis), clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa), hog deer (Axis porcinus) and sloth bear (Melursus ursiuns). The wild buffalo (Bubalus arnee) population is possibly the only pure strain of this species still found in India and over 500 now ( Choudhury 2022). The site also has endemic species like pygmy hog (Porcula salvania), hispid hare (Caprolagus hispidus) and golden langur (Trachypithecus geei) (World Heritage Committee, 2011).
Assessment information
Manas Wildlife Sanctuary is facing several persistent environmental challenges, despite significant conservation efforts. The ongoing ethnic strife and insurgency have seen a reduction in militant activities, with no poaching incidents since 2016. However, ethnic tensions and hunting, particularly in the Kokilabari area, remain concerning (IUCN Consultation, 2020). Invasive species, especially Chromolaena odorata and Mikania micrantha, continue to invade grassland habitats, threatening biodiversity. While some management techniques, like manual uprooting, have shown promise, scaling up efforts is necessary for long-term success (Sinha et al., 2022). Illegal cultivation and logging in the Bhuyanpara and Panbari Ranges have also led to habitat degradation, with encroachments rising by over 600 hectares from 2016 to 2019 (UNESCO, 2019). Despite strengthened anti-poaching initiatives, these issues persist, exacerbated by insufficient staff and political will (State Party of India, 2018). Hydropower projects have already resulted in unregulated water releases, leading to recurrent floods that threaten vital habitats. The Manas-Beki river system, an integral part of the Manas Biosphere Reserve, has been severely impacted by recurrent floods caused by excess water release from the Kurichu Dam, part of the Kurichu hydroelectric project in Bhutan.
Conflict, Civil Unrest & Security Activities, Other Human Disturbances
(Ethnic strife and insurgency)
Inside site
, Scattered(5-15%)
Outside site
Over the past few years, threats from insurgent groups in the site have steadily declined, with no rhino poaching incidents recorded since 2016 (State Party of India, 2018; Govt. of Assam, 2019). The 2020 peace accord with Bodo insurgent groups resulted in the surrender of over 1,500 militants, though its long-term impact on ethnic tensions remains uncertain. Strengthened protection measures have stabilized the rhino population, with estimates of 38 (2020-21), 40 (2021-22), and 47 (2022-23) individuals recorded. The 2023 Status of Tigers, Co-predators, and Prey in India report recorded 57 individual tigers, showing a positive population trend since 2006. Other key species, including wild water buffalo, swamp deer, gaur, and bears, continue to thrive in the Manas landscape (State Party of India, 2024). The ungulate density in the Bansbari-Bhuyanpara ranges of MNP has been estimated at 42.66 individuals/km² (34.16–51.16) (Lahkar et al. 2020). In Manas, the wild water buffalo population has continued to increase, now exceeding 500, up from 230 in 2008 (Choudhury, 2022). The population status of predator and prey species in the First Addition to Manas NP has also shown significant improvement (Islam et al. 2024).
Conservation efforts have been further strengthened through anti-poaching initiatives, including the construction of new camps and increased patrolling. The Pygmy Hog Conservation Programme successfully released 18 captive-bred pygmy hogs in September 2023, bringing the total reintroduced in Manas to 54 (Mathur & Deka, 2022; SOC report, 2024). Additionally, 48 Eco-Development Committees have been formed to promote alternative livelihoods and mitigate human-wildlife conflicts (State Party of India, 2024). The rejuvenation of Manas was actively carried out through community participation and livelihood generation by the fringe villagers for the region's sustainable well-being (Sarma et al. 2023).
Despite these improvements, agricultural encroachments persist in the Bhuyanpara Range, often supported by former militants or political groups. Hunting of deer and smaller wildlife remains an issue in many parts of the sanctuary (IUCN Consultation, 2020). However, no new encroachments have been reported, and ongoing dialogues between local communities and park authorities aim to maintain stability. Eco-tourism initiatives, including a centralized online booking system, further support conservation and community engagement (State Party of India, 2024).
Conservation efforts have been further strengthened through anti-poaching initiatives, including the construction of new camps and increased patrolling. The Pygmy Hog Conservation Programme successfully released 18 captive-bred pygmy hogs in September 2023, bringing the total reintroduced in Manas to 54 (Mathur & Deka, 2022; SOC report, 2024). Additionally, 48 Eco-Development Committees have been formed to promote alternative livelihoods and mitigate human-wildlife conflicts (State Party of India, 2024). The rejuvenation of Manas was actively carried out through community participation and livelihood generation by the fringe villagers for the region's sustainable well-being (Sarma et al. 2023).
Despite these improvements, agricultural encroachments persist in the Bhuyanpara Range, often supported by former militants or political groups. Hunting of deer and smaller wildlife remains an issue in many parts of the sanctuary (IUCN Consultation, 2020). However, no new encroachments have been reported, and ongoing dialogues between local communities and park authorities aim to maintain stability. Eco-tourism initiatives, including a centralized online booking system, further support conservation and community engagement (State Party of India, 2024).
Invasive Non-Native/ Alien Species
(Invasive species)
Invasive/problematic species
Chromolaena odorata
Mikania micrantha
Bombax ceiba
Other invasive species names
Leea asiatica
Inside site
, Widespread(15-50%)
Outside site
Grassland invasion by weed species has been a persistent issue in within the property since 2000. Chromolaena odorata and Mikania micrantha are the most prominent invasive plants, occupying approximately 75 km² and 82 km², respectively, of the national park’s 391 km² area (Nath et al., 2019). The spread of these invasive species is exacerbated by livestock grazing, human movement, and indiscriminate grass burning (Das et al., 2019). These invasive also spread by natural causes by rain or flood water into the core areas. The spread of Lantana camara is also facilitated by open country birds like Bulbuls. A 2015 survey report on endangered grassland fauna provided by the State Party noted that the spread of invasive tree species like Bombax ceiba may be facilitated by regular grassland fires. The World Heritage Committee (2017) had asked the State Party to conduct a detailed study on the use of fire in grassland management and its impact on the proliferation or control of invasive species. The State Party of India (2018) reported that two Habitat Management Workshops, involving scientific NGOs, were held in 2017 and 2018, leading to the development of a Standard Operating Protocol for managing the park's grassland habitat. A third workshop was held in January 2020 to assess management interventions and adjust strategies, but it remains unclear whether these efforts have had a significant positive impact on the deteriorating habitat, particularly in the grasslands of the Bansbari Range.
Habitat management in Manas follows the prescriptions in the Manas Tiger Conservation Plan, including a regulated fire regime, weed eradication, woody species management, grazing control, and water development. Interventions such as biomass cutting and uprooting of Chromolaena are being piloted, requiring scaling up for long-term effectiveness. Additionally, the girdling technique is being tested to control Bombax ceiba spread (Stte Party of India, 2024).
Recent experiments in Manas tested three management methods for C. odorata: manual uprooting, cutting, and cutting with burning. By the third year, species richness and native grass cover improved significantly in manually uprooted plots. This method reduced invasion by approximately 95% over 5 km² in the central and eastern ranges (Sinha et al., 2022). The uneven distribution of fires near roads versus the interior, along with the repeated burning of certain grassland patches, needs to be addressed in fire management (Banerjee et al. 2021). Effective, long-term monitoring and resource investment are crucial for sustaining grassland restoration.
Habitat management in Manas follows the prescriptions in the Manas Tiger Conservation Plan, including a regulated fire regime, weed eradication, woody species management, grazing control, and water development. Interventions such as biomass cutting and uprooting of Chromolaena are being piloted, requiring scaling up for long-term effectiveness. Additionally, the girdling technique is being tested to control Bombax ceiba spread (Stte Party of India, 2024).
Recent experiments in Manas tested three management methods for C. odorata: manual uprooting, cutting, and cutting with burning. By the third year, species richness and native grass cover improved significantly in manually uprooted plots. This method reduced invasion by approximately 95% over 5 km² in the central and eastern ranges (Sinha et al., 2022). The uneven distribution of fires near roads versus the interior, along with the repeated burning of certain grassland patches, needs to be addressed in fire management (Banerjee et al. 2021). Effective, long-term monitoring and resource investment are crucial for sustaining grassland restoration.
Gathering, Harvesting & Controlling Terrestrial Plants & Fungi, Logging, Harvesting & Controlling Trees
(Illegal cultivation, encroachment and logging)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Outside site
In 1984, the buffer zone of Manas Wildlife Sanctuary was managed under a ‘multiple use’ system, permitting selective forestry and firewood collection. This led to unsustainable over-logging (IUCN Evaluation, 1984). Illegal logging inside the park remains a concern, particularly along the Indo-Bhutan border in Panbari Range, where reports indicate increasing activity (IUCN Consultation, 2020). In Bhuyanpara Range, illegal cultivation has expanded, with encroached land rising from 1,600 hectares in 2016 to approximately 2,200 hectares by 2019. Encroachers, reportedly supported by local influential groups, have engaged in cultivation and construction activities (UNESCO, 2017, 2019). The lack of adequate protection staff, planning, and political will has hindered effective eviction efforts (State Party of India, 2018; Govt. of Assam, 2019). The State Party did not respond to the World Heritage Committee's request for clarification on encroachments, prompting the Committee in 2019 to express concern and urge the State Party to address the issue and prevent further encroachment (World Heritage Committee, 2019). Encroachments have been reported in areas ranging from south and southwest of the Kokilabari Seed Farm to Digjari, Agrang, Khoirabari, Betbari, and Panda Camp in the Bhuyanpara Range (IUCN Consultation, 2020).
Despite these challenges, conservation efforts have intensified. Anti-poaching measures, including new patrolling camps, have strengthened protection, and no new encroachments have been reported. Ongoing dialogue between local communities and park authorities aims to maintain stability (State Party of India, 2024). Cattle grazing remains a significant disturbance, contributing to habitat degradation, particularly in the grasslands that support key species such as the Pygmy hog and Bengal Florican (Thakur et al. 2024; Meijaard et al. 2019). Additionally, non-timber forest products like Premna herbacea, a medicinal herb collected by local communities, contribute to human presence in sensitive areas (Thakur et al., 2024). Ongoing community dialogues aim to mitigate these pressures and maintain stability in the park.
Despite these challenges, conservation efforts have intensified. Anti-poaching measures, including new patrolling camps, have strengthened protection, and no new encroachments have been reported. Ongoing dialogue between local communities and park authorities aims to maintain stability (State Party of India, 2024). Cattle grazing remains a significant disturbance, contributing to habitat degradation, particularly in the grasslands that support key species such as the Pygmy hog and Bengal Florican (Thakur et al. 2024; Meijaard et al. 2019). Additionally, non-timber forest products like Premna herbacea, a medicinal herb collected by local communities, contribute to human presence in sensitive areas (Thakur et al., 2024). Ongoing community dialogues aim to mitigate these pressures and maintain stability in the park.
Dams & Water Management/Use
(Hydro-electric power projects)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
The Manas-Beki river system, an integral part of the Manas Biosphere Reserve, has been severely impacted by recurrent floods caused by excess water release from the Kurichu Dam, part of the Kurichu hydroelectric project in Bhutan. In 2004, an unprecedented flood due to dam discharge washed away significant portions of the site, leading to the loss of a large number of wild animals. Subsequent releases over the past decade have continued to trigger flash floods in the region, causing habitat degradation and threatening biodiversity (IUCN Consultation, 2016; World Heritage Committee, 2012).
The rapid onset of these floods, particularly in the Manas-Beki basin, necessitates urgent scientific investigation and continuous monitoring to assess their ecological impacts (The Third Pole, 2016). Unregulated and sudden water releases have led to increased flood intensity, negatively affecting key wildlife habitats and species conservation efforts in the Manas Wildlife Sanctuary.
Given the transboundary nature of the issue, cooperation between the State Parties of India and Bhutan is crucial. The need for structured discussions and mitigation strategies to regulate water release and manage downstream impacts must be prioritized (State Party of India, 2024). Implementing early warning systems, adaptive management plans, and joint hydrological studies will be essential to mitigate future threats and ensure the long-term ecological integrity of the site.
The rapid onset of these floods, particularly in the Manas-Beki basin, necessitates urgent scientific investigation and continuous monitoring to assess their ecological impacts (The Third Pole, 2016). Unregulated and sudden water releases have led to increased flood intensity, negatively affecting key wildlife habitats and species conservation efforts in the Manas Wildlife Sanctuary.
Given the transboundary nature of the issue, cooperation between the State Parties of India and Bhutan is crucial. The need for structured discussions and mitigation strategies to regulate water release and manage downstream impacts must be prioritized (State Party of India, 2024). Implementing early warning systems, adaptive management plans, and joint hydrological studies will be essential to mitigate future threats and ensure the long-term ecological integrity of the site.
The hydroelectric power projects along the Manas-Beki river system, particularly the Kurichu and Mangdechhu dams, present substantial risks to the park’s hydrology and biodiversity. These projects have already resulted in unregulated water releases, leading to recurrent floods that threaten vital habitats, with the Mangdechhu dam potentially exacerbating these impacts (World Heritage Committee, 2019). The hydrology of the Manas River has been severely disrupted, with a notable decline in rainfall over the past century, averaging a reduction of approximately 5 mm per decade. The declining trend in both annual and monsoonal rainfall has contributed to habitat degradation (Bora, 2018). These hydrological changes, alongside the additional cumulative impacts from climate change are placing high pressure on the site. To mitigate these potential threats, comprehensive assessments and coordinated conservation strategies are essential to safeguard the ecological integrity of Manas Wildlife Sanctuary.
Dams & Water Management/Use
(Hydro-electric projects)
Outside site
The commissioning of the 720 MW Mangdechhu dam in January 2019 has raised serious concerns regarding its environmental impact on the Manas Wildlife Sanctuary, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Despite repeated requests from the World Heritage Committee since 2012, the State Party of Bhutan has not provided the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for this large-scale hydroelectric project (UNESCO, 2019). The devastating effects of water releases from the smaller 60 MW Kurichu hydroelectric project since 2004 serve as a precedent, highlighting the potential ecological consequences of the Mangdechhu dam, which is twelve times larger (World Heritage Committee, 2019). The increased water discharge, habitat fragmentation, and altered river dynamics pose significant threats to the sanctuary’s forests, aquatic ecosystems, and the wildlife they support.
Given these concerns, the World Heritage Committee has reiterated its urgent request for the EIA and updated information on the project’s ecological impacts (World Heritage Committee, 2019, 2021, 2023, 2024). Furthermore, the recent State of Conservation (SOC) report on Manas Wildlife Sanctuary (State Party of India, 2024) emphasizes the need for coordinated discussions between the State Parties of India and Bhutan to address the transboundary ecological risks associated with hydropower projects in the region.
Given these concerns, the World Heritage Committee has reiterated its urgent request for the EIA and updated information on the project’s ecological impacts (World Heritage Committee, 2019, 2021, 2023, 2024). Furthermore, the recent State of Conservation (SOC) report on Manas Wildlife Sanctuary (State Party of India, 2024) emphasizes the need for coordinated discussions between the State Parties of India and Bhutan to address the transboundary ecological risks associated with hydropower projects in the region.
Recreational Activities
(Tourism development)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Outside site
The State Party has advised that a tourism strategy was developed as part of the 2014-2024 Tiger Conservation Plan for Manas Tiger Reserve, which includes the property’s core zone (Govt. of Assam, 2019). This strategy outlines the maximum allowable number of visitors and permitted activities (State Party of India, 2014). While visitor numbers have increased significantly—rising from 10,261 in 2014-15 to over 41,000 in 2022 (State Party of India, 2023)—concerns remain regarding the site’s capacity to accommodate large crowds without negatively impacting its fragile and recovering Outstanding Universal Value (UNESCO, 2012). Tourism revenue reached INR 7.37 million in 2015-16 (State Party of India, 2016).
To enhance sustainable tourism, eco-tourism initiatives have been strengthened, including responsible vehicle safaris, sightseeing, and interpretation facilities. A centralized online ticket booking system has also been introduced (State Party of India, 2024). Additionally, the development of a separate tourism promotion plan with linkages to other cultural and natural heritage sites is recommended, along with an international tourism circuit between India and Bhutan to attract global visitors (IUCN, 2017). These measures are crucial for balancing conservation priorities with tourism-driven community engagement, economic growth, and the potential for significant economic development, employment generation, and foreign exchange earnings (Basak and Barman, 2023; Choudhury et al. 2023).
To enhance sustainable tourism, eco-tourism initiatives have been strengthened, including responsible vehicle safaris, sightseeing, and interpretation facilities. A centralized online ticket booking system has also been introduced (State Party of India, 2024). Additionally, the development of a separate tourism promotion plan with linkages to other cultural and natural heritage sites is recommended, along with an international tourism circuit between India and Bhutan to attract global visitors (IUCN, 2017). These measures are crucial for balancing conservation priorities with tourism-driven community engagement, economic growth, and the potential for significant economic development, employment generation, and foreign exchange earnings (Basak and Barman, 2023; Choudhury et al. 2023).
Fire & Fire Management, Dams & Water Management/Use, Earth & Sediment Management, Weather & Climate Management
(Drying up of wet alluvial grassland)
Inside site
, Throughout(>50%)
The emergence of problematic native species, such as deciduous Bombax ceiba and Dillenia pentagyna, alongside invasive species, indicates a drying trend in ecosystems, particularly affecting hydrological regimes (Banerjee et al. 2021; Bora, 2018). This shift is leading to a decline in grassland species across various sites. Swampy grasslands play a crucial role in maintaining biodiversity, and their desiccation may be a consequence of hydrological changes within the park, potentially exacerbated by climate change.
Changes in Physical & Chemical Regimes, Changes in Temperature Regimes, Changes in Precipitation & Hydrological Regime
(Climate change )
Inside site
, Widespread(15-50%)
Outside site
Climate change poses a significant challenge to Manas National Park, affecting its hydrology, biodiversity, and ecosystem stability. The hydrology of the Manas River has been severely impacted, with a significant decline in rainfall over the past century at a rate of approximately 5 mm per decade. The decreasing trend in both annual and monsoonal rainfall between 1982 and 2006 has contributed to habitat degradation, with the lowest recorded annual rainfall of 1,662.03 mm in 2002 (Bora, 2018).
These climatic changes have resulted in the transformation of wetland and grassland ecosystems, particularly along the Manas River, altering temperature, soil moisture, and humidity. Reduced forest and grassland cover has negatively impacted biodiversity, leading to species loss due to drying habitats (Bora, 2018; Baruah & Das, 2021; Banerjee et al. 2022). Mathanguri, a crucial ecological zone at the Indo-Bhutan border, faces increasing threats due to changing precipitation patterns and rising temperatures.
These climatic changes have resulted in the transformation of wetland and grassland ecosystems, particularly along the Manas River, altering temperature, soil moisture, and humidity. Reduced forest and grassland cover has negatively impacted biodiversity, leading to species loss due to drying habitats (Bora, 2018; Baruah & Das, 2021; Banerjee et al. 2022). Mathanguri, a crucial ecological zone at the Indo-Bhutan border, faces increasing threats due to changing precipitation patterns and rising temperatures.
Roads, Trails & Railroads
(Railway track connecting Assam (India) to Gelephu (Bhutan))
Outside site
A railway project connecting Assam's Kokrajhar and Bhutan's Gelephu has been announced by the Indian Railways (The Hindu, 2025; The Times of India, 2025). Although not in the immediate proximity to the World Heritage Site, the proposed railway track is located in the larger Manas Indo-Bhutan transboundary landscape which is known to be used by large, free-ranging wildlife such as elephant and tiger among others. This linear infrastructure could potentially impact the movement of wildlife with long-term adverse consequences for natural gene-flow between animal species including those found in the Manas Wildlife Sanctuary.
Involvement of stakeholders and rightsholders, including indigenous peoples and local communities, in decision-making processes
Manas is governed under the Indian Wildlife Protection Act of 1972, with its management regularly consulting Indigenous Bodo communities, local villagers, and conservation organizations. Consultations are ongoing with village representatives around the reserve to activate Eco-Development Committees related to alternative livelihoods and human-wildlife conflict mitigation. 48 Eco Development Committees were constituted under Manas Tiger Reserve (State Party of India, 2024).
While stakeholders' needs are addressed through these eco-development initiatives, challenges remain in ensuring equitable benefit-sharing.
While stakeholders' needs are addressed through these eco-development initiatives, challenges remain in ensuring equitable benefit-sharing.
Legal framework
The legal framework for Manas is integrated into its governance and management through the provisions of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. The legal framework of Manas National Park is generally effective in conserving its values, but challenges persist in enforcement and addressing conflict with local community for encroachment issues.
Governance arrangements
Manas has a governance framework guided by national wildlife laws, with defined roles for forest officials, local bodies, and conservation groups. Stakeholders and rightsholders have opportunities for involvement in planning, but engagement mechanisms require strengthening. Responsibilities for implementation are outlined, though inter-agency coordination remains a challenge. Management has access to relevant data on natural values, threats, and community concerns, but real-time updates could improve.
Integration into local, regional and national planning systems (including sea/landscape connectivity)
Manas is integrated into national and regional planning frameworks, though enforcement remains inconsistent. Its management aligns with broader conservation and sustainable development goals for the Greater Manas landscape, which includes the Manas Tiger Reserve of which the Manas National Park is the core. Its shared boundary with Bhutan has enabled circumstances for transboundary collaboration, that has evolved further since the formalization of the Transboundary Manas Conservation Area (TraMCA), which is perceived to be a crucial initiative to address a number of conservation challenges (State Party of India, 2014; Wangdi, 2016). Field-level cooperation and park to park interaction between India and Bhutan is ongoing and the potential transboundary extension of the property is being discussed, although a revised proposal for the extension of the property is currently not planned (State Party of India, 2024). Additionally, local-level planning remains inconsistent, highlighting the need for more inclusive and decentralized conservation strategies. Efforts are ongoing to develop better synergy between the Forest Department, Civil administration and Police authorities for dealing with law and order matters and with the local Government line departments for socio-economic schemes (State Party of India, 2023).
Boundaries
The boundaries of the World Heritage site need to be updated within the broader landscape of the Manas National Park landscape. A holistic approach is essential to ensure ecological integrity is maintained. The state party should take the initiative to incorporate these updates for better conservation and management. A recent step was that the National Park was extended in the west to include another Reserved Forest under common management with the property. An integrated Tiger Conservation Plan now governs the larger Tiger Reserve area which includes the property (State Party of India, 2023). There is some confusion over the boundaries of the site, which is often referred to as ‘Manas National Park’. The area that was inscribed on the list of World Heritage in 1985 was the 39,100 ha Manas Wildlife Sanctuary. The Wildlife Sanctuary was expanded to 50,000 ha and designated a National Park in 1990. As this extension was never submitted to the World Heritage Committee for consideration the boundaries and the name of the property remain unchanged. The site is completely included in the National Park and the distinction between the property and the National Park is known among the park management and others working in the area. However, both are treated as one entity thus making the distinction in management difficult (UNESCO/IUCN, 2011). In 2016, the State Party presented the extension of the site by adding around 35,000 hectares to the World Heritage Committee, which would increase the total area of the National Park to 850 sq. km. (State Party of India, 2016). However, as per the decisions adopted during the 41st session of the World Heritage Committee in July 2017, the State Party is to complete and submit a revised proposal for extending the boundaries of the Property, taking into account the evaluation of IUCN (World Heritage Committee, 2017). A gazette notification from the state government was passed in 2016 on the addition of the above mentioned area to the National Park area. The civil society along with local partners had assisted the Forest Department in lobbying with the National Board for Wildlife in order to get the extension of the Park boundary cleared. Currently no revised proposal is being considered by the Government (State Party of India, 2024).
Overlapping international designations
Manas, designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a Biosphere Reserve, operates under a legal framework aligning conservation mandates, though coordination across authorities could improve. Competition for funding among international designations poses challenges for resource allocation. Generally a more in-depth assessment of the effectiveness of management coordination across the overlapping designations was not possible.
Implementation of World Heritage Committee decisions and recommendations
In regards to implementation of recommendations from the World Heritage Committee, protection level of the site has been increased with new anti-poaching camps and mobile patrolling team. This has resulted into no rhino poaching since 2016. A proposal has been submitted to the BTC, Govt of Assam for eviction of illegal encroachment in Betbari area of the site. Grassland and habitat management programmes have been started in various parts of the site including under state CAMPA,CSS PT 2020-21. Site level transboundary meeting and agreements have been formulated. In addition to that translocation programmes, Eco Development committees, local community initiatives have contributed to maintaining the OUV (State Party of India, 2023; 2024).
The site has substantially implemented recommendations of the World Heritage Committee. An analysis of SOC reports over 29 years has shown the successful removal of the property from the List of World Heritage in Danger and the efforts to address critical conservation issues (Nath et al, 2022). However, key concerns that need to be addressed include more formal transboundary collaboration mechanisms, ecological impact of upstream dam construction, encroachment along the southern boundary, and resource constraints.
The site has substantially implemented recommendations of the World Heritage Committee. An analysis of SOC reports over 29 years has shown the successful removal of the property from the List of World Heritage in Danger and the efforts to address critical conservation issues (Nath et al, 2022). However, key concerns that need to be addressed include more formal transboundary collaboration mechanisms, ecological impact of upstream dam construction, encroachment along the southern boundary, and resource constraints.
Climate action
The current management plan lacks detailed provisions for safeguarding its OUV amidst climate change. A monitoring system exists but needs expansion for comprehensive climate impact assessment. Management efforts contribute to climate action through habitat restoration and adaptation strategies, but stronger mitigation and innovation measures are required. In the most recent periodic report, the State Party assures that the Document on the Impacts of Climate Change on World Heritage Properties will be utilised through workshops over the next 2 years to strengthen the property's climate action. Further guidance is currently provided by the State of Assam's Action Plan on Climate Change (State Party of India, 2023).
Management plan and overall management system
As a National Park, Manas is granted high levels of national protection and is owned and managed by the State of Assam. Manas is located in the autonomous Bodoland territory and under the 2003 agreement which created it, the Bodoland Territorail Council (BTC) has executive, administrative and financial powers for the management of forests, and has been an important provider of funds and resources for the management of Manas National Park (UNESCO/IUCN, 2011). The site has suffered in the past from a lack of management planning (UNESCO/IUCN, 2008). Since 2008, the management planning process has improved. The site is subject to a range of management planning instruments due to overlapping jurisdictions, however the Management Plan of Manas National Park 2008-09 to 2015-2016 was the most relevant for the World Heritage site (UNESCO/IUCN, 2011). A detailed Tiger Conservation Plan 2014-2024 exists for the park (Govt. of Assam, 2019). A comprehensive protection, habitat management and tourism strategies have also been developed as part of this plan. The site is currently managed based on its Tiger Conservation Plan and Eco-Sensitive Plan, which guide conservation actions. However, gaps remain in implementation, and adaptive management is essential to address ongoing challenges. Resource constraints continue to be a major issue for authorities, particularly in maintaining conservation efforts. Timely release of funds is crucial for addressing pressing issues effectively. The Management Plan requires more specific focus on the Outstanding Universal Values of the site and the associated measures to address its preservation and protection.
Law enforcement
Law enforcement in Manas includes regular patrols and anti-poaching measures, but resource and capacity constraints limit effectiveness. Prosecution systems exist but face delays and inconsistent enforcement. Patrolling activities using M STrIPES patrolling, smart patrolling, boat and vehicular patrolling, research activities has helped in regular ground level monitoring of the heritage site (State Party of India, 2023). Additionally, new anti-poaching camps have been constructed within the site to strengthen response (State Party of India, 2024).
Sustainable finance
Manas has evaluated its financial requirements, but resource allocation remains inadequate for comprehensive management. Funding is primarily sourced from State and Central government grants, multilateral funding, tourism-related income and support from NGOs. However, a significant funding gap persists, highlighting the need for diversified revenue streams and stronger financial sustainability measures. There are efforts to mobilize additional funding including through REDD+ carbon financing. The initiative for Manas Tiger Reserve is in the planning stage as per an MoU between the Manas Tiger Conservation Foundations with the National Tiger Conservation Authority and The Energy Research Institute (State Party of India, 2024).
Staff capacity, training and development
Overall, there is a shortage of frontline personnel, and while recent recruitments have been made, gaps remain in training and skill development. Addressing these training needs is essential for improving overall management effectiveness.
Manas has 382 sanctioned permanent posts, but about 30% of these are lying vacant either due to unfilled positions or transfer of staff. Of particular concern is the lack of mid level officers is a concern, for example the lack of forest Range officer in both Bansbari and Bhuyanpara Range (IUCN Consultation, 2020). To support and supplement the permanent staff, the park employs about 140 full-time casual labourers (supported by NTCA) and 135 field staff (supported by BTC). In addition, 140 Armed Home Guards (supported by NTCA), 15 Home Guards (supported the IRV 2020), and 51 Assam Forest Protection Force personnel are stationed at the Park to bolster the protection machinery (Govt. of Assam, 2019). The staff levels for conservation, administration and law enforcement are reported by the State Party as good. However, the reported inadequate training and motivation of frontline staff, and lack of equipment and staff facilities in the field, are major cause for concern (IUCN Consultation, 2014), along with an aging workforce (State Party of India, 2023). There has been a dependence on technical work being carried out by external experts (World Heritage Committee, 2011), and it is unclear whether capacity has since been enhanced in this regard. Over the next 5 years a proposal is envisaged for new recruitment of frontline forest personnel to replace ageing and retired staff. Supplementary patrolling staff are also engaged from the Assam Forest Protection Force (State Party of India, 2023).
In January 2023 a review of security assessment in Manas NP under Indian Rhino Vision 2020 revealed shortage of about 62% frontline staffs in Manas NP. Although during 2022-23, the Assam government recruited 1226 Forest Guards against vacancies, as announced by the State Level Police Recruitment Board (SLPRB), since Manas NP falls under Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC) from administrative point of view, these new recruits could not be posted in Manas NP. The BTC government informed Assam Forest Department that council shall recruit their own forest guards and once the forest guards under BTC government is recruited, then staff position in Manas NP are likely to be increased. So far nothing progressed much on recruitment of forest guards by BTC government and posting those in Manas NP to reduce the current vacancies in manas NP (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
Manas has 382 sanctioned permanent posts, but about 30% of these are lying vacant either due to unfilled positions or transfer of staff. Of particular concern is the lack of mid level officers is a concern, for example the lack of forest Range officer in both Bansbari and Bhuyanpara Range (IUCN Consultation, 2020). To support and supplement the permanent staff, the park employs about 140 full-time casual labourers (supported by NTCA) and 135 field staff (supported by BTC). In addition, 140 Armed Home Guards (supported by NTCA), 15 Home Guards (supported the IRV 2020), and 51 Assam Forest Protection Force personnel are stationed at the Park to bolster the protection machinery (Govt. of Assam, 2019). The staff levels for conservation, administration and law enforcement are reported by the State Party as good. However, the reported inadequate training and motivation of frontline staff, and lack of equipment and staff facilities in the field, are major cause for concern (IUCN Consultation, 2014), along with an aging workforce (State Party of India, 2023). There has been a dependence on technical work being carried out by external experts (World Heritage Committee, 2011), and it is unclear whether capacity has since been enhanced in this regard. Over the next 5 years a proposal is envisaged for new recruitment of frontline forest personnel to replace ageing and retired staff. Supplementary patrolling staff are also engaged from the Assam Forest Protection Force (State Party of India, 2023).
In January 2023 a review of security assessment in Manas NP under Indian Rhino Vision 2020 revealed shortage of about 62% frontline staffs in Manas NP. Although during 2022-23, the Assam government recruited 1226 Forest Guards against vacancies, as announced by the State Level Police Recruitment Board (SLPRB), since Manas NP falls under Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC) from administrative point of view, these new recruits could not be posted in Manas NP. The BTC government informed Assam Forest Department that council shall recruit their own forest guards and once the forest guards under BTC government is recruited, then staff position in Manas NP are likely to be increased. So far nothing progressed much on recruitment of forest guards by BTC government and posting those in Manas NP to reduce the current vacancies in manas NP (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
Education and interpretation programmes
A new interpretation centre museum has been established in Mathanguri, but there is a need for larger interpretation centres in all park ranges to enhance outreach and education efforts. Regular educational and awareness building community outreach programs are carried out at the heritage site. With the help of NGOs like WWF, WTI, Aaranyak etc. capacity building and information sharing workshops are carried out for the frontline staff of the heritage site and Initiatives have been taken for Teacher Training Programmes and awareness schemes for children of local schools in proximity to the property (State Party of India, 2023).
Tourism and visitation management
Manas is acknowledged in tourism policies, but its values need stronger promotion. While a visitation plan is in place, its implementation has been inconsistent. Visitor facilities require upgrades to meet sustainability and safety standards, and the park must be designated as a plastic-free zone to enhance conservation. Tourism is promoted through eco-tourism and cooperation of local people through
Eco-Development Committees. Apart from this other privately owned resorts, jeep safari and other tourist activities take place under the supervision of the site authorities (State Party of India, 2024). Visitor numbers are slightly increasing each year, but the State Party reports that there is inadequate understanding of the site’s OUV and as a result little or no promotion of it to visitors through the tourism industry. Very little revenue collected by the operators is channelled back into the site’s resources (State Party of India, 2011a). Although the Manas Tiger Conservation Foundation (MTCF) also channels tourism revenue directly into park management (State Party of India, 2014), it is not clear how much funding this involves. The tourism strategy within the 2014-2024 Tiger Conservation Plan for Manas Tiger Reserve, which includes guidelines for visitor numbers based on an analysis of carrying capacity (Govt. of Assam 2019), is a positive development.
Eco-Development Committees. Apart from this other privately owned resorts, jeep safari and other tourist activities take place under the supervision of the site authorities (State Party of India, 2024). Visitor numbers are slightly increasing each year, but the State Party reports that there is inadequate understanding of the site’s OUV and as a result little or no promotion of it to visitors through the tourism industry. Very little revenue collected by the operators is channelled back into the site’s resources (State Party of India, 2011a). Although the Manas Tiger Conservation Foundation (MTCF) also channels tourism revenue directly into park management (State Party of India, 2014), it is not clear how much funding this involves. The tourism strategy within the 2014-2024 Tiger Conservation Plan for Manas Tiger Reserve, which includes guidelines for visitor numbers based on an analysis of carrying capacity (Govt. of Assam 2019), is a positive development.
Sustainable use
Manas is governed under the Indian Wildlife Protection Act of 1972, which prohibits resource use by local communities. While some resource extraction, particularly Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs), presents conservation risks, addressing these challenges requires not only enforcement but also active community engagement to ensure that Indigenous communities are invested in equitable management. Non-sustainable and illegal use of resources in form of cultivation in encroached areas of Bhuyanpara Range, livestock grazing in all three ranges, and extraction of timber and firewood, particularly from the Panbari Range of the park, continue to pose significant threat to the property (UNESCO, 2019; IUCN Consultation, 2020).
Monitoring
Monitoring in the site includes key wildlife assessments such as the National Tiger Census and the state elephant census, but there is a need for more systematic monitoring of habitats and ecosystem attributes. Collaboration with conservation organizations could improve data collection and analysis. While management plans are adjusted based on monitoring results, there is a need to further strengthen adaptive management practices.
Research
The site hosts ongoing research initiatives from various institutions. Collaboration with research organizations and local knowledge holders can strengthen these efforts. While up-to-date data from diverse sources informs planning and management, continuous research is vital for ensuring long-term conservation success.
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats outside the site
The site's management system and governance engage with external stakeholders, including the local Indigenous Bodo governance and the state of Assam. Since Manas's water sources are transboundary, regular communication mechanisms should be established in a decentralized manner. Cross-sector collaboration with civil authorities and central enforcement agencies is essential to address habitat fragmentation, human-wildlife conflict mitigation, and encroachment. Sustained efforts are required to effectively counter external pressures.The joint initiatives of the States Parties of India and Bhutan for transboundary cooperation, and the inclusion of the Royal Manas National Park on the Tentative List of the State Party of Bhutan is a positive step in improving the protection of the site as the boundaries of the site are contiguous with Bhutan. The greatest potential threat to the site from factors outside is the recently commissioned Mangdechhu hydro-electric project. To assess the impact of the project on the site the State Party of Bhutan has been repeatedly requested by the World Heritage Committee to provide the environmental impact assessment report for the Mangdechhu project, including an assessment of potential impacts on the site’s OUV and potential cumulative impacts in relation to the existing Kurichu dam (World Heritage Committee, 2012, 2017, 2019). Agricultural encroachments by settlers, in the areas technically outside the World Heritage Site, but within the contiguous protected area of Manas National Park or Tiger Reserve, too pose a serious threat as they often expand into the site as has been seen in Panbari and Bhuyanpara Ranges of the park (UNESCO, 2011, 2017, 2019).
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats inside the site
The site's management system actively tackles threats through patrolling, habitat restoration, and community engagement. Governance ensures the enforcement of protection laws, but challenges such as agricultural encroachment and habitat change require adaptive strategies. Collaboration with stakeholders aids in threat mitigation, though ongoing monitoring, resource allocation, and data-driven conservation actions are essential for continued success. The Manas World Heritage Site has been awarded Conservation Excellence Award 2020 by the Global Tiger Forum
recognizing its excellent conservation efforts (State Party of India, 2023).
recognizing its excellent conservation efforts (State Party of India, 2023).
Manas has made significant progress in conservation, leading to its removal from the Danger List in 2011. Protection measures have helped stabilize rhino and tiger populations, while previous reintroduction programs for species such as the Greater One-horned Rhino and Eastern Swamp Deer, along with ongoing Pygmy Hog reintroductions and improved infrastructure, have supported biodiversity recovery. Anti-poaching efforts have been strengthened with the establishment of new camps and increased patrolling. Conservation funding has also improved since the Manas Tiger Conservation Foundation (MTCF) began receiving support from ecotourism activities. However, the site continues to face challenges due to a shortage of qualified staff, with existing human resources insufficient for comprehensive patrolling and monitoring. Effective management of Manas requires boundary rationalization to align with protected areas and incorporate all key habitats within the inscribed property. Strengthening transboundary cooperation with Bhutan remains crucial for ensuring effective protection and management. Additionally, enhanced enforcement, habitat restoration, and better resource allocation will be essential to sustain long-term conservation efforts.
Good practice examples
The inscription of the site on the List of World Heritage in Danger from 1992 to 2011 led to significant conservation efforts that helped protect its Outstanding Universal Value (OUV), though its status remains fragile. The commendable efforts of the State Party and management authorities along with the local communities in safeguarding and restoring the site must be sustained to ensure its long-term conservation. Additionally, the continuous support of civil society has been recognized at the international level. The conservation success of Manas stands as a unique model where all stakeholders collaborate effectively, with strong cooperation between local government and civil societies. This partnership can serve as an exemplary model for the conservation of other World Heritage sites.
Wilderness area of exceptional natural beauty
Low Concern
Trend
Stable
The World Heritage Committee has repeatedly emphasized the urgent need for an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and updated ecological impact reports on hydropower projects affecting Manas Wildlife Sanctuary (World Heritage Committee, 2019). The 2024 State of Conservation (SOC) report highlights the necessity of coordinated discussions between India and Bhutan to mitigate transboundary ecological risks. Given Manas' status as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and its crucial role in biodiversity conservation, unregulated infrastructure development could significantly threaten its Outstanding Universal Value (OUV). Key concerns include habitat fragmentation, altered hydrological regimes, and potential disruptions to species such as the Bengal tiger and Pygmy hog (Thakur et al. 2024, Bora, 2018). The change in the river course of Beki–Manas has resulted in erosion and siltation, particularly in its southern bank (Nath et al, 2022). Addressing these risks requires immediate policy intervention, strengthened transboundary cooperation, and adherence to conservation guidelines to safeguard the site’s ecological integrity (World Heritage Committee, 2019; State Party of India, 2024).
Dynamic ecological processes supporting a rich diversity of ecosystems
High Concern
Trend
Stable
The ecological stability of the site remains intact for now, despite ongoing threats from upstream river action. However, no comprehensive hydrological study has been conducted to assess the impact of the Manas River system on its Outstanding Universal Values. While habitat management aligns with the Manas Tiger Conservation Plan—incorporating fire regulation, weed eradication, grazing control, and water management—key pilot interventions, such as biomass cutting, Chromolaena uprooting, and Bombax ceiba girdling, need to be scaled up for long-term effectiveness (State Party of India, 2024). There is a marked change in the vegetation dynamics with the increasing spread of woodland and invasive species in the grassland areas (Nath et al, 2022).The increasing unpredictability of the system due to climate extremes poses a significant threat to the park’s habitat, as evidenced by the rapid changes currently observed. In this context, expanding the property would further enhance its ecological resilience.
High plant and animal diversity
Low Concern
Trend
Improving
In 2011, a draft framework for ecosystem-based monitoring was initiated at the site, focusing on the conservation status of recovering endangered species and key ecological components. Strengthened protection measures have led to a stable and growing rhino population, with 38 individuals recorded in 2020-21, 40 in 2021-22, and 47 in 2022-23. The 2023 Status of Tigers, Co-predators, and Prey in India report recorded 57 tigers, indicating a positive trend. Habitat management, guided by the Manas Tiger Conservation Plan, includes regulated fire regimes, weed eradication, and water development, with pilot interventions requiring scaling up (State Party of India, 2024; Govt. of Assam, 2019). The Bansbari-Bhuyanpara ranges of MNP support an estimated ungulate density of 42.66 individuals/km² (34.16–51.16) (Lahkar et al., 2020). In Manas, the wild water buffalo population has risen steadily, surpassing 500 from 230 in 2008 (Choudhury, 2022). Additionally, the population status of predator and prey species in the First Addition to Manas NP has shown notable improvement (Islam et al., 2024).
Threatened species of mammals
Low Concern
Trend
Improving
The conservation significance of Manas National Park is reinforced by its role in protecting flagship species and maintaining critical habitat values. The park suffered severe degradation during the late 1980s due to ethnic conflict, insurgency, and encroachment, leading to the local extinction of rhinos and a sharp decline in tiger, water buffalo, and hog deer populations. Additionally, grassland degradation from overgrazing, indiscriminate burning, invasive species, and wetland desiccation negatively impacted pygmy hog and eastern swamp deer populations (UNESCO/IUCN, 2011).
Since the reintroduction of the Greater One-horned Rhino in 2006 and the establishment of the Manas Tiger Conservation Foundation in 2011, biodiversity recovery has been progressing. The rhino population has stabilized, increasing from 38 (2020-21) to 47 (2022-23) (State Party of India, 2024). Pygmy Hog Conservation Programme efforts led to the release of 18 captive-bred pygmy hogs in September 2023, bringing the total reintroduced to 54 (SOC report, 2024; Mathur & Deka, 2022).
Nine more pygmy hogs were released in Manas National Park of Assam on 1st October 2024 (ANI, 2024). Swamp deer translocation has shown success, with 36 individuals relocated to Manas. In Manas, the wild water buffalo population has risen steadily, surpassing 500 from 230 in 2008 (Choudhury, 2022).
Tiger populations have also increased, with 57 individuals recorded in 2023 (State Party of India, 2024). Recent surveys documented 50 male and 17 female Bengal floricans, indicating population recovery (Thakur et al., 2024). Strengthened protection measures and community engagement through 48 Eco-Development Committees have further improved conservation outcomes.
Since the reintroduction of the Greater One-horned Rhino in 2006 and the establishment of the Manas Tiger Conservation Foundation in 2011, biodiversity recovery has been progressing. The rhino population has stabilized, increasing from 38 (2020-21) to 47 (2022-23) (State Party of India, 2024). Pygmy Hog Conservation Programme efforts led to the release of 18 captive-bred pygmy hogs in September 2023, bringing the total reintroduced to 54 (SOC report, 2024; Mathur & Deka, 2022).
Nine more pygmy hogs were released in Manas National Park of Assam on 1st October 2024 (ANI, 2024). Swamp deer translocation has shown success, with 36 individuals relocated to Manas. In Manas, the wild water buffalo population has risen steadily, surpassing 500 from 230 in 2008 (Choudhury, 2022).
Tiger populations have also increased, with 57 individuals recorded in 2023 (State Party of India, 2024). Recent surveys documented 50 male and 17 female Bengal floricans, indicating population recovery (Thakur et al., 2024). Strengthened protection measures and community engagement through 48 Eco-Development Committees have further improved conservation outcomes.
Assessment of the current state and trend of World Heritage values
Improving
The operations of the Manas Tiger Conservation Foundation (MTCF), the reintroduction of the Greater One-horned Rhino, and the continued success of the Pygmy Hog Conservation Programme, including the recent release of 18 captive-bred hogs in 2023, are key efforts ensuring the retention of the property’s Outstanding Universal Value (OUV). The Eastern Swamp Deer Translocation Protocol and the introduction of ecosystem-based monitoring have further supported biodiversity recovery in the park. Notably, the expansion of the park, in collaboration with Bhutan, holds promise for enhancing the ecological integrity and resilience of the site, potentially safeguarding its World Heritage values. Despite the site’s past degradation due to ethnic conflict and insurgency, it is steadily recovering, with the stable rhino population and increasing tiger numbers. However, rapid habitat change, particularly the shift from grassland to increasing woody vegetation, poses challenges not only for ecological integrity but also for biodiversity conservation. Moreover, species dependent on grassland ecosystems pose a challenge to the fragile OUV of the site. Additionally, the Mangdechhu hydroelectric project in Bhutan remains a significant concern. The lack of an Ecological Impact Assessment for this project raises doubts about its potential cumulative effects on the park's OUV, particularly regarding habitat fragmentation and hydrological impacts. These issues must be addressed promptly to prevent long-term damage to the park’s ecological values.
Additional information
Outdoor recreation and tourism
Manas Wildlife Sanctuary has significant potential for ecotourism development, with a steady increase in visitors over the past decade. The completion of a comprehensive tourism strategy aims to regulate visitor numbers and activities to minimize ecological impacts while ensuring benefits are equitably distributed (SOC Report, 2024). Ecotourism revenue has already contributed to conservation funding, notably through the Manas Tiger Conservation Foundation (MTCF), which channels funds into habitat protection, anti-poaching efforts, and community engagement initiatives. Sustainable tourism offers an opportunity to create livelihoods for local communities by involving them in site management, guiding, hospitality, and conservation programs. Strengthening education and interpretation programs will further enhance visitor awareness, promoting responsible tourism while reinforcing the Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) of the site. However, effective implementation and monitoring of tourism regulations will be essential to balance conservation priorities with economic opportunities. Properly managed, ecotourism could serve as a long-term funding mechanism for conservation while fostering community stewardship of the park (Basak and Barman, 2023; Choudhury et al. 2023).
Carbon sequestration,
Soil stabilisation,
Flood prevention
Manas Wildlife Sanctuary plays an important role in provision of various environmental services based on its natural attributes and geographical location.
Provision of jobs,
Tourism-related income
The World Heritage Site of Manas Wildlife Sanctuary is a crucial source of employment and tourism-related income for the local community and indigenous Bodo population of the region.
Manas Wildlife Sanctuary is a significant source of health and recreation, environmental services and facilitator of the local economy for visitors and residents of the region alike. The site is a globally renowned example of conservation recovery linked to iconic species. Whilst ecological recovery is paramount there are opportunities to promote this conservation success story and ensure that benefits flow to local people and peace is sustained. In so doing, a sense of stewardship can be engendered among stakeholders.
| № | Organization | Brief description of Active Projects | Website |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Indian Rhino Vision 2020 (IRV 2020) - a collaboration of Assam Forest Dept., International Rhino Foundation, WWF-India, US Fish & Wildlife Service, and Bodoland Territorial Council | Among other objectives, the reintroduction of Greater One-horned Rhinoceros into various protected areas in Assam was the main aim of IRV 2020 and Manas was the first site selected for reintroduction. Between 2006 and 2020, twenty wild rhinos were translocated successfully to Manas from Kaziranga and Pobitora, after supporting the rebuilding of the park for security of the rhinos. In addition, seventeen rescued and rehabilitated rhinos from the Centre for Wildlife Rehabilitation and Conservation (CWRC), Kaziranga, were also released here between 2006 and 2019. While 21 rhino calves were born at the site between 2012 and 2019, 10 rhinos were lost to poaching between 2011 and 2016, and another 6 died due to natural causes of infighting. Currently there are 40 rhinos in Manas. As of 2024, 47 rhinos inhabit the park, reflecting progress in reintroduction efforts despite ongoing threats (SOC Report, 2024). |
https://rhinos.org/where-we-work/indian-rhino-vision-2020/
|
| 2 | Pygmy Hog Conservation Programme (PHCP) - a collaboration of Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, IUCN/SSC Wild Pig Specialist Group, Assam Forest Dept., MoEFCC Govt. of India, EcoSystems-India and Aaranyak | PHCP has reintroduced 63 Pygmy Hogs in the Bhuyanpara Range of Manas so far. The only remaining wild population, found in the Panbari Range. The original wild population of pygmy hogs has declined to an estimated 100–150 individuals due to habitat-related challenges. To address this, PHCP collaborates with authorities to enhance and implement scientific management of wet alluvial grasslands, benefiting not only the Pygmy Hog but also other highly endangered species reliant on this habitat. Additionally, PHCP conducts monitoring of the Bengal Florican population in Manas National Park, including the Kokilabari Agricultural Farm area. |
https://www.durrell.org/conservation/species/mammals/pygmy-hog/
|
| 3 | Rhino, Elephant and Swamp Deer Rehabilitation Projects - a collaboration of Wildlife Trust of India (WTI), International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW), and Assam Forest Dept. | Rhino rehabilitation, Elephant rehabilitation, Eastern Swamp deer Translocation from Kaziranga, Human-Wildlife Conflict mitigation and rescue and release of stranded wildlife |
https://www.wti.org.in/projects/greater-manas-recovery-project/
|
| 4 | North Bank Landscape Interventions - WWF-India | WWF-India's North Bank Landscape Interventions involves Rhino Conservation, Tiger Conservation and Human-Elephant Conflict Mitigation. |
https://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/critical_regions/north_bank/interventions/
|
| 5 | Monitoring and control of invasive species in the grassland - Aaranyak | Monitoring and control of invasive species in the grassland ecosystem of Manas National Park. |
http://www.aaranyak.org
|
| 6 | Monitoring and mitigation of Human-elephant conflict - Aaranyak | Monitoring and mitigation of Human-elephant conflict around Manas National Park. Includes empowering women self-help groups (SHG) in the fringe villages of Manas National Park through diversified livelihood options like fishery, food processing, weaving etc. |
http://www.aaranyak.org
|
| 7 | Wildlife Institute of India | Researchers from the Wildlife Institute of India are conducting studies on the Clouded Leopard, Bengal Florican, and Hispid Hare. |
https://wii.gov.in/
|
| 8 | Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata | Scientists from the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, are working on the management of invasive alien plant species. |
https://www.iiserkol.ac.in/web/en/people/faculty/dbs/pbhadury/#gsc.tab=0
|
| 9 | The involvement of NTCA and TERI ensures scientific rigor in measuring carbon stock and developing appropriate mitigation strategies | The Carbon Finance Initiative for Manas Tiger Reserve is currently in the planning and study phase as part of a collaborative effort to explore sustainable financing mechanisms for conservation. This initiative is being developed under a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between the Manas Tiger Conservation Foundation (MTCF), the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA), and The Energy Research Institute (TERI). |
https://ntca.gov.in/
https://www.teriin.org/
|
| 10 | Brahmaputra Landscape - WWF-India | Strengthen agro-based livelihood activities in the fringe villages of Manas; Strengthen women-based enterprises in the fringe villages of Manas |
References
| № | References |
|---|---|
| 1 |
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| 2 |
ANI (2024). 9 pygmy hogs released in Manas National Park of Assam. ANI. Published online 1 October 2024. Available at: https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/9-pygmy-h…
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| 3 |
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| 4 |
Banerjee, S., Das, A., Rahman, M., Bhowal, S., Das, D., & John, R. (2023). Grass fires and road structure influence plant invasions in a critical wildlife habitat in north-eastern India. Environmental Conservation, 50(2), 99-107.
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| 7 |
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| 11 |
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| 13 |
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| 14 |
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| 15 |
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| 16 |
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| 17 |
Mathur, V. C. and Deka, P. J. (2022). Return of Pygmy Hogs to their home in Manas National Park, Assam / India. IUCN / SSC Wild Pig, Peccary and Hippo Specialist Groups. ISSN: 1446-991-X
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Meijaard, E., Narayan, G. & Deka, P. (2019). Porcula salvania. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T21172A44139115. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019- 3.RLTS.T21172A44139115.en
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| 19 |
Nath, A., Chakraborty, P., Sarkar, V., Joshi, C., Bhadouria, B.S., Kakati, N., Ghosh, S. and Talukdar, G. 2022. Monitoring Outstanding Universal Value: An Analysis of the Status of Natural World Heritage Sites in India. Journal of Heritage Management, 7(1) 37-62, 2022. The Centre for Heritage Management, Ahmedabad University and Sage Publications, 2022.
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| 20 |
Sarma, P. K., Bhattacharyya, R., Deka, S., Sarma, A., & Prasad, S. (2023). Rejuvenating Geographies of Manas Through People’s Participation: A Success Story of Community Conservation. In Sustainable Development Goals in Northeast India: Challenges and Achievements (pp. 413-429). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.
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| 21 |
Sinha, A., Nath, A., Lahkar, B. P., Brahma, N., Sarma, H. K., & Swargowari, A. (2022). Understanding the efficacy of different techniques to manage Chromolaena odorata L., an Invasive Alien Plant in the sub-Himalayan tall grasslands: Toward grassland recovery. Ecological Engineering, 179, 106618.
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| 22 |
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| 23 |
State Party of India (2016). Report of the State Party to the World Heritage Committee on the state of conservation of Manas Wildlife Sanctuary (India). [online] Available at: http://whc.unesco.org/document/155242>;.
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| 24 |
State Party of India (2018). Report of the State Party to the World Heritage Committee on the state of conservation of Manas Wildlife Sanctuary (India). [online] Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/document/171482
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| 25 |
State Party of India (2023). Periodic Reporting Cycle 3, Section II: Manas Wildlife Sanctuary. Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/338/documents/
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| 26 |
State Party of India (2024). Report of the State Party to the World Heritage Committee on the state of conservation of Manas Wildlife Sanctuary (India). Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/338/documents/
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| 27 |
Thakur, M., Kalita, J., Brahma, N., Rajbongshi, K., Bhattacharyya, K., Sarmah, A.C., Sinha, A., Dutta, D.K., Das, D. and Lahkar, B.P., (2024). Current conservation status of Bengal Florican Houbaropsis bengalensis in Manas National Park, Assam, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 16(7), pp.25507-25515.
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Thakuria, A. (2023). Manas National Park loses one-horned rhino to poacher. The Statesman 10 July. Available at https://www.magzter.com/stories/newspaper/The-Statesman/MAN…
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