Okapi Wildlife Reserve
Country
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Inscribed in
1996
Criterion
(x)
The conservation outlook for this site has been assessed as "critical" in the latest assessment cycle. Explore the Conservation Outlook Assessment for the site below. You have the option to access the summary, or the detailed assessment.
The Okapi Wildlife Reserve occupies about one-fifth of the Ituri forest in the north-east of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The Congo river basin, of which the reserve and forest are a part, is one of the largest drainage systems in Africa. The reserve contains threatened species of primates and birds and about 5,000 of the estimated 30,000 okapi surviving in the wild. It also has some dramatic scenery, including waterfalls on the Ituri and Epulu rivers. The reserve is inhabited by traditional nomadic pygmy Mbuti and Efe hunters. © UNESCO
Résumé
2025 Conservation Outlook
Finalised on
11 Oct 2025
Critiques
Current state and trend of VALUES
High Concern
Overall THREATS
Overall PROTECTION and MANAGEMENT
Full assessment
Description of values
Presence of emblematic and endangered mammal species.
Criterion
(x)
The Okapi Wildlife Reserve (OWR)’s most important emblematic species is the okapi, which is endemic to the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and is the national symbol. At the time of inscription as a World Heritage site, the okapi population was considered the largest in the DRC, estimated at 5,000 in 1994, although a survey in 2006 suggests that the population probably halved between 1995 and 2006 as a result of the wars (Beyers, 2008; UNESCO, 2009; UNESCO, 2010). The OWR probably also contains the largest population of forest elephant in the DRC (estimated at 4,000 in 1995 but significantly reduced by poaching since then (Beyers, 2008; UNESCO, 2009; UNESCO, 2010)). There is also a large chimpanzee population (estimated at 7,500 in 1994) (ICCN, 2010). Both okapi and forest elephant populations appear to have increased due to increased patrols by ICCN ecoguards. More recent population estimates: okapis 3,400, chimpanzee 46,707, and elephants 3,588 (WCS, 2010-2011) (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
Pleistocene refuge of central African tropical rainforest flora and fauna with several endemic species and high biodiversity.
Criterion
(x)
The Ituri forest, where the OWR is located, served as a refuge for tropical rainforest species when dry periods in the Pleistocene caused major retractions of the Congo basin rainforests. As a result, the forest contains several endemic species of large vertebrates, the most notable being the okapi Okapia johnstoni (a forest giraffe), the aquatic genet Osbornictis piscivora, and the giant genet Genetta victoriae. In the north of the OWR, an area of spectacular granitic inselbergs provides a unique microclimate for specially adapted plant species, including the endemic giant cycad Encepholarcus ituriensis. Biodiversity in the OWR is high as a result of a variety of intact habitat types in the altitudinal range of 600m to 1,200m, including swamp forest, mixed evergreen forest, mono-dominant Gilbertiodendron deweveri forests, forest clearings (locally known as edos), and inselbergs. The OWR contains 101 mammal species, including 17 primate species (including chimpanzees) and 14 ungulate species (including okapi, bongo, and six duiker species). 376 species of birds have been recorded in the OWR, including 2 endemic weaver birds (Ploceus flavipes and P. aureonucha) (ICCN, 2010).
Assessment information
The Okapi Wildlife Reserve (OWR) is currently facing severe and escalating threats that jeopardize its ecological integrity and biodiversity. The most pressing threats include illegal mining, poaching, deforestation, and armed conflict. Illegal mining, particularly for gold and coltan, has expanded within the reserve, with at least 18 mining sites identified, many operated by foreign companies such as the Chinese-owned Kimia Mining.
Armed militias have intensified illegal resource exploitation, including gold mining and poaching, further exacerbating the reserve's vulnerability. Illegal hunting, facilitated by the mining activities, and driven by the demand for bushmeat and traditional practices, continues to impact key species, including okapi and forest elephants. Deforestation is another critical threat, driven by illegal logging, agricultural expansion, and the rehabilitation of the RN4 road, which has increased access to previously remote areas. Satellite imagery shows significant forest loss, particularly along the Ituri River and Route Nationale 4, with over 1,920 hectares lost in 2022 alone. The encroachment of agricultural activities, including cocoa production, further compounds habitat destruction.
Compounding these threats is the ongoing insecurity caused by armed conflict, which not only hampers conservation efforts but also puts eco-guards and local communities at risk. The presence of armed groups has led to violent incidents, including attacks on rangers and conservation facilities, further complicating enforcement measures. Illegal logging of valuable hardwood species, such as afrormosia and wenge, has accelerated, with deforestation rates showing a steady increase over the past decade. Additionally, ritual killings of okapi for traditional beliefs have emerged as a new and concerning threat. Despite some progress in anti-poaching patrols and conservation interventions, enforcement remains insufficient due to limited resources and political instability. The combined impact of these threats has led to a steady decline in key wildlife populations, further threatening the reserve's Outstanding Universal Value (OUV). Addressing these challenges requires stronger governance, enhanced law enforcement, and increased community engagement to promote sustainable conservation practices.
Armed militias have intensified illegal resource exploitation, including gold mining and poaching, further exacerbating the reserve's vulnerability. Illegal hunting, facilitated by the mining activities, and driven by the demand for bushmeat and traditional practices, continues to impact key species, including okapi and forest elephants. Deforestation is another critical threat, driven by illegal logging, agricultural expansion, and the rehabilitation of the RN4 road, which has increased access to previously remote areas. Satellite imagery shows significant forest loss, particularly along the Ituri River and Route Nationale 4, with over 1,920 hectares lost in 2022 alone. The encroachment of agricultural activities, including cocoa production, further compounds habitat destruction.
Compounding these threats is the ongoing insecurity caused by armed conflict, which not only hampers conservation efforts but also puts eco-guards and local communities at risk. The presence of armed groups has led to violent incidents, including attacks on rangers and conservation facilities, further complicating enforcement measures. Illegal logging of valuable hardwood species, such as afrormosia and wenge, has accelerated, with deforestation rates showing a steady increase over the past decade. Additionally, ritual killings of okapi for traditional beliefs have emerged as a new and concerning threat. Despite some progress in anti-poaching patrols and conservation interventions, enforcement remains insufficient due to limited resources and political instability. The combined impact of these threats has led to a steady decline in key wildlife populations, further threatening the reserve's Outstanding Universal Value (OUV). Addressing these challenges requires stronger governance, enhanced law enforcement, and increased community engagement to promote sustainable conservation practices.
Other Human Disturbances
(Migration to villages inside the Reserve)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
The overpopulation of the fertile highlands east of the OWR (along the Albertine Rift), combined with easier access provided by the rehabilitated RN4 and the insecurity in the town of Beni (ADF-NALU massacre), caused the pressure of immigrants seeking new land to settle in and on the outskirts of the OWR to have increased sharply. This contributes to the intensification of deforestation for subsistence agriculture and hunting, as well as the bushmeat trade. As these resources become scarce in the outlying areas, activities will increasingly move within the OWR. The State Party reported in 2024 that the Chief of Walese-Karo has distinguished himself by mobilising the population to establish a new village on the Bapela site (State Party of the DRC, 2024).
Mining & Quarrying
(Illegal artisanal mining (diamonds, coltan))
Inside site
, Scattered(5-15%)
Outside site
Illegal artisanal mining of diamonds and coltan occurs in the eastern and western sections of the OWR and in the peripheral zones of the Reserve. Over the years, ICCN has managed to mobilise local authorities and the army to evacuate the mines (UNESCO, 2009) periodically, but the problem continues to return. The militia and uncontrolled elements of the army are involved, in collusion with certain traditional chiefs. Since February 2012, the southern sector of the OWR has been occupied by militia. In addition to the damage caused to the water courses and the felling of trees, subsidiary activities of subsistence agriculture and hunting are also associated with the mining camps. Forest loss due to mining outside the OWR is significant. While some efforts have been undertaken to address the issue of artisanal mining, the majority of gold and diamond mines within the property have resumed their activities (UNESCO, 2017). These mines use mercury in their operations to separate gold from ore. Mercury is considered one of the top ten chemicals of major public health concern by the U.N. and can have toxic effects on the nervous and immune systems (Associated Press, 2024). As of 2019, illegal artisanal mining remains a serious concern, and the number of illegal artisanal mines is increasing (UNESCO, 2019). In 2019, 57 mines were observed during surveillance field missions, of which 30 were active mines that had been closed by ecoguards. Illegal mines are correlated to the increasing sale of bush-meat, including a certain percentage of Okapi meat, in the village markets (UNESCO, 2019). In 2024, semi-industrial mining operated by foreigners is expanding in the south-western part of the Reserve. 19 dredgers, 17 motorized and 12 unmotorized canoes were documented during aerial patrols (State Party of the DRC, 2020-2024). Artisanal mining (IUCN Threat Code 3.2: Mining & Quarrying) is the primary driver of okapi population decline, accounting for 98% of the observed decrease since 2009 (Tatoutchoup, 2025).
Conflict, Civil Unrest & Security Activities
(Presence of armed militia)
Inside site
, Widespread(15-50%)
Outside site
The Okapi Wildlife Reserve (OWR) remains besieged by several armed groups exploiting its resources and biodiversity. In June 2012, the Simba attacked the Reserve headquarters, killing seven people (including two guards and the wife of a guard) and destroying buildings and equipment. This was in retaliation for increased anti-poaching efforts by ICCN, carried out with the help of the FARDC, over the previous six months. 14 of the station’s captive okapi were also killed as retaliation (Mushenzi and Balole, 2012). Ill-disciplined elements of the Congolese army continued the looting of the station and village for several days afterwards. This attack constitutes a considerable setback after nearly 30 years of continued investment by the international community for the protection and management of the OWR. Since 2019, factions like the ISIS-linked Allied Democratic Forces (ADF), CODECO (an ethnic Lendu militia), and FRPI have intensified illegal gold mining, logging, and poaching within the reserve. These groups fund operations through the trafficking of okapi skins, ivory, and conflict minerals like gold, which are smuggled to Uganda and Rwanda. Deforestation has surged, with the DRC losing 1.2 million hectares of forest in 2022 alone, while the OWR’s okapi population has halved since the 1990s. Indigenous Mbuti and local communities face brutal violence: CODECO killed over 60 civilians near the OWR in 2023, and UNOCHA reports 1.7 million displaced in Ituri by 2023. Conservation efforts, led by ICCN rangers and NGOs like the Okapi Conservation Project, struggle amid underfunding and attacks—200+ rangers have been killed nationally since 1996. In 2020, two eco-guards were killed and two others wounded in a clash with armed men at Adusa, a post located 70 km from the Okapis wildlife reserve (Desk nature, 2020). In addition, in 2023, a ranger was killed near ‘Mondial’, an illegal mining site in the central sector of the Reserve (Swiss info, 2023).
Despite challenges, responses since 2020 show cautious progress. In 2024, the Asombaliwa armed group was dislodged from its stronghold at Mondial, and the strength of its elements was considerably reduced with the surrender of some of them. The Mangaribi group also surrendered 8 members, 4 AK-47 weapons, and 1 60 mm mortar to the FARDC (State Party of DRC, 2024). MONUSCO and Congolese forces conducted joint operations against ADF strongholds in 2023, while UNESCO and WWF deployed drones and community patrols to curb poaching. However, several armed militia controlling important mining sites within the Reserve could not be removed and remain active (State Party of the DRC, 2024).
Despite challenges, responses since 2020 show cautious progress. In 2024, the Asombaliwa armed group was dislodged from its stronghold at Mondial, and the strength of its elements was considerably reduced with the surrender of some of them. The Mangaribi group also surrendered 8 members, 4 AK-47 weapons, and 1 60 mm mortar to the FARDC (State Party of DRC, 2024). MONUSCO and Congolese forces conducted joint operations against ADF strongholds in 2023, while UNESCO and WWF deployed drones and community patrols to curb poaching. However, several armed militia controlling important mining sites within the Reserve could not be removed and remain active (State Party of the DRC, 2024).
Hunting, Collecting & Controlling Terrestrial Animals
(Illegal hunting)
Other targeted species names
Okapi, Chimpanzes, elephants
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
The Okapi Wildlife Reserve (OWR), a refuge for iconic species such as the okapi (Okapia johnstoni), continues to face persistent illegal hunting. Historically, illegal hunting in the reserve has been fueled by armed conflicts, poverty among local communities, and the growing demand for bushmeat. The rehabilitation of the RN4 road has facilitated entry into previously remote areas, leading to a surge in poaching activities. Between 2019 and 2022, the presence of armed groups, such as the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR), exacerbated poaching, with reports of okapis, elephants, and other species being killed for their meat, skin, or tusks. In 2020, a study conducted by the Congolese Institute for Nature Conservation (ICCN) revealed that illegal hunting was one of the main threats to the reserve's biodiversity, with an increase in poaching activities in remote areas (ICCN, 2020). Wildlife surveys in 1995, 2006, and 2011 have clearly demonstrated a progressive reduction in all wildlife abundance indices, particularly along either side of the RN4 through the Reserve (WCS, 2008). Illegal mines are correlated to the increasing sale of bush-meat, including a certain percentage of Okapi meat, in the village markets (UNESCO, 2019).
However, conservation efforts have been deployed to combat this scourge. Between 2021 and 2024, enhanced anti-poaching patrols, supported by international organizations such as the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), helped reduce illegal hunting activities in certain areas. In 2023, an ICCN report indicated a slight improvement in the situation, with a decrease in poaching indicators in monitored zones (ICCN, 2023). Nevertheless, the persistence of armed conflicts and weak law enforcement continues to pose major challenges. In 2024, several activities were implemented to halt the illegal trafficking of wildlife, including sensitization, patrols, an intelligence network, and the operationalization of 10 checkpoints on the RN4 to control the vehicles and road users. Community initiatives, such as awareness programs and economic alternatives, were implemented to reduce dependence on bushmeat (State Party of the DRC, 2024). Despite these advances, illegal hunting remains a critical threat to the okapi and other species, requiring increased collaboration between local authorities, conservation organizations, and communities to ensure the long-term protection of the reserve (WCS, 2024).
However, conservation efforts have been deployed to combat this scourge. Between 2021 and 2024, enhanced anti-poaching patrols, supported by international organizations such as the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), helped reduce illegal hunting activities in certain areas. In 2023, an ICCN report indicated a slight improvement in the situation, with a decrease in poaching indicators in monitored zones (ICCN, 2023). Nevertheless, the persistence of armed conflicts and weak law enforcement continues to pose major challenges. In 2024, several activities were implemented to halt the illegal trafficking of wildlife, including sensitization, patrols, an intelligence network, and the operationalization of 10 checkpoints on the RN4 to control the vehicles and road users. Community initiatives, such as awareness programs and economic alternatives, were implemented to reduce dependence on bushmeat (State Party of the DRC, 2024). Despite these advances, illegal hunting remains a critical threat to the okapi and other species, requiring increased collaboration between local authorities, conservation organizations, and communities to ensure the long-term protection of the reserve (WCS, 2024).
Hunting, Collecting & Controlling Terrestrial Animals
(Ritual killings of okapi and leopard)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
The Okapi Wildlife Reserve (OWR), in the past, faced a concerning practice of ritual killings of okapis, which threatened the survival of this iconic species. Historically, okapis have been hunted for their meat and skin, but since 2019, reports have highlighted an increase in ritual killings, where okapis were killed for body parts used in traditional practices or local beliefs. These practices are often linked to rituals believed to bring protection, wealth, or success, and are exacerbated by poverty and lack of education in local communities. In 2020, the Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature (ICCN) called on the customary authorities to put an end to customary power enthronement rites that encourage the slaughter of Okapi on the occasion of World Okapi Day, celebrated on 18 October each year (Desk nature, 2020). Ritual killings of okapis are no longer a critical threat (IUCN Consultation, 2025). However, leopard killing still occurs to provide trophies used for Kings and Chiefs ornaments (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
Annual & Perennial Non-Timber Crops
(Forest clearance for agriculture)
Outside site
The OWR management plan provides for 27 agricultural zones around the villages that exist within the
boundaries of the Reserve at the time of the creation of the OWR. In some agricultural areas, particularly in Epulu, where the head office is located, immigration to the area has resulted in unsustainably high forest clearance rates for agriculture, and the risk that the area set aside in the agricultural zone is not sufficiently large to accommodate the number of families living in the area. In some cases, the boundaries of agricultural areas may have already been exceeded, and there is a very high risk of this continuing. Cocoa production in DRC, particularly in the troubled north-eastern regions of Ituri, North Kivu, and South Kivu, has been growing rapidly, with exports tripling between 2016 and 2020. This has provided a welcome boost to the local economy of the region but is also driving the loss of the country’s forests, globally important for their biodiversity and their role in mitigating climate change (WCS, 2022). Some traditional chiefs, including that of Bombo, are campaigning for the establishment of cocoa plantations in the Reserve by granting concessions to non-native farmers (State Party of the DRC, 2024).
boundaries of the Reserve at the time of the creation of the OWR. In some agricultural areas, particularly in Epulu, where the head office is located, immigration to the area has resulted in unsustainably high forest clearance rates for agriculture, and the risk that the area set aside in the agricultural zone is not sufficiently large to accommodate the number of families living in the area. In some cases, the boundaries of agricultural areas may have already been exceeded, and there is a very high risk of this continuing. Cocoa production in DRC, particularly in the troubled north-eastern regions of Ituri, North Kivu, and South Kivu, has been growing rapidly, with exports tripling between 2016 and 2020. This has provided a welcome boost to the local economy of the region but is also driving the loss of the country’s forests, globally important for their biodiversity and their role in mitigating climate change (WCS, 2022). Some traditional chiefs, including that of Bombo, are campaigning for the establishment of cocoa plantations in the Reserve by granting concessions to non-native farmers (State Party of the DRC, 2024).
Logging, Harvesting & Controlling Trees
(Logging/ Wood Harvesting)
Other targeted species names
afrormosia (Pericopsis elata) and wenge (Millettia laurentii)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
Illegal logging in the Okapi Wildlife Reserve has been facilitated by political instability, corruption, and weak enforcement of environmental laws. Between 2019 and 2021, reports from the Congolese Institute for Nature Conservation (ICCN) highlighted the increase in illegal activities, including the felling of precious trees such as afrormosia (Pericopsis elata) and wenge (Millettia laurentii). These activities were often linked to organized criminal networks and armed groups operating in the region, who used the profits from illegal timber to fund their operations (ICCN, 2021). Deforestation has increased steadily over the past ten years, with as much as 1,920 hectares of forest lost in 2022, according to Global Forest Watch (GFW). A further 1,890 hectares were lost in 2023, around three-quarters of which were primary forest. Deforestation is concentrated along the Ituri River and Route Nationale 4, in the southern part of the reserve. Satellite images clearly show deforestation in the forest and along the river, which has been widened and diverted from its natural course. New incursions along the western boundary of the reserve began in the middle of 2023. In 2024, the GFW platform showed near-real-time alerts of deforestation progressing from existing mining areas north of the main road (Mongabay, 2024).
Mining & Quarrying
(Semi-industrial mining)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
In 2024, artisanal and semi-industrial mining are expanding in the south-western part of the Reserve. There are at least 18 mining sites in the reserve, according to a 2022 University of Antwerp briefing, with 15,000 to 25,000 independent miners, as well as semi-industrial operations where dredging is in continuous operation. Among the most active are those at Muchacha, operated by the Chinese company Kimia Mining (Mongabay, 2024). For eight years, the Kimia mining has been vastly expanding inside the property, owing largely to the Cadastre Minier using an altered map of RFO boundaries when doling out mining concessions. Since at least 2011, the DRC's Mining Cadastre (CAMI), responsible for allocating mineral prospection licenses, has been using a significantly reduced version of the Reserve's boundaries. This version shrinks the actual size by roughly one-third, moving the western boundary eastwards by over 22 kilometers (14 miles), the northern boundary southwards by over 25 kilometers (16 miles), and the southern boundary northwards by over 12 kilometers (8 miles) (Masselink, 2024). The original boundaries of the reserve were established three decades ago by Congo’s government and encompassed the area where the Kimia company now mines. But over the years, under opaque circumstances, the boundaries shrunk, allowing the company to operate inside the plush forest. The rapid expansion of the Kimia mines threatens to further degrade the forest and the communities living within. According to government records, the mining company recently renewed its permits until 2048 (Associated Press, 2024).
Congo’s mining registry said the map they’re using came from files from the ICCN, and it’s currently working with the ICCN on updating the boundaries and protecting the park. In 2024, 19 dredgers, 17 motorized, and 12 unmotorized canoes were documented during aerial patrols (State Party of the DRC, 2020-2024).
Congo’s mining registry said the map they’re using came from files from the ICCN, and it’s currently working with the ICCN on updating the boundaries and protecting the park. In 2024, 19 dredgers, 17 motorized, and 12 unmotorized canoes were documented during aerial patrols (State Party of the DRC, 2020-2024).
A critical concern is the continued expansion of illegal logging driven by improved infrastructure, particularly the rehabilitated RN4 road, which facilitates access to previously remote areas of the reserve. The road’s rehabilitation has already accelerated the transport of illegally logged timber from adjacent areas, creating a "logging front" that risks encroaching deeper into the reserve. Satellite data and near-real-time deforestation alerts highlight that logging activities are advancing toward the reserve’s boundaries, threatening its intact forests. Additionally, the absence of a regulated buffer zone leaves the reserve vulnerable to spillover effects from adjacent land-use changes, such as agricultural expansion and artisanal mining, which could destabilize critical habitats and wildlife corridors.
Another looming threat is the potential legalization of destructive activities through boundary manipulation. For example, the DRC’s Mining Cadastre (CAMI) has historically used a reduced map of the reserve to grant mining permits, effectively shrinking its protected area by a third. If unresolved, this practice could legitimize further industrial mining incursions, such as those by the Chinese-owned Kimia Mining, which operates under permits valid until 2048. Additionally, proposals to establish cocoa plantations within the reserve, supported by some traditional chiefs, risk converting biodiverse forests into monocultures.
Another looming threat is the potential legalization of destructive activities through boundary manipulation. For example, the DRC’s Mining Cadastre (CAMI) has historically used a reduced map of the reserve to grant mining permits, effectively shrinking its protected area by a third. If unresolved, this practice could legitimize further industrial mining incursions, such as those by the Chinese-owned Kimia Mining, which operates under permits valid until 2048. Additionally, proposals to establish cocoa plantations within the reserve, supported by some traditional chiefs, risk converting biodiverse forests into monocultures.
Logging, Harvesting & Controlling Trees
(Front of illegal artisanal logging moving closer to the site boundaries)
Outside site
The rehabilitation of the RN4 route has had a direct and immediate impact on the level of uptake of forest resources, particularly bushmeat and timber, in the Oriental Province (Nkoy Elela, 2007). The rapid movement of the front of illegal logging towards the OWR is a particular concern and constitutes a very high risk to the Reserve itself. There has been a large increase in the volumes of illegally logged hardwoods being transported along this road eastwards. Most of this timber is destined for neighbouring countries (Uganda, Rwanda, Kenya). Although most of this timber is currently logged outside the Reserve, the effect of the road rehabilitation has been to rapidly accelerate the rate at which the front of logging approaches the Reserve boundaries. Cases of illegal logging were reported in the Western part of the reserve (IUCN Consultation, 2017). The current and potential impacts of the significant increase in inhabitants in the villages along the RN4 road are of concern and need to be evaluated (UNESCO, 2017).
Involvement of stakeholders and rightsholders, including indigenous peoples and local communities, in decision-making processes
The Okapi Wildlife Reserve (OWR) has made significant strides in identifying and consulting key stakeholders and rights-holders. The legal status of the protected area recognizes the legitimate presence of the semi-nomadic Mbuti and Efe pygmies and the Bantu populations who lived in the area before the creation of the reserve. The reserve’s governance structures, led by the Congolese Institute for Nature Conservation (ICCN) and supported by NGOs like the Okapi Conservation Project (OCP), recognize the legitimate rights of Indigenous Peoples and local communities. For example, the OCP’s community engagement programs, such as agroforestry initiatives and education campaigns, involve local stakeholders in decision-making processes (Okapi Conservation Project, 2023). However, challenges persist in fully respecting these rights, particularly in areas affected by illegal mining and poaching, where enforcement often prioritizes conservation over community livelihoods.
Traditional customs and governance arrangements of Indigenous Peoples are increasingly integrated into the reserve’s management system. The Mbuti and Efe, who have historically relied on the forest for subsistence, are involved in co-management initiatives, such as participatory mapping and resource monitoring (African Conservation Foundation, 2022). These efforts aim to balance conservation goals with traditional practices, such as sustainable hunting and gathering. However, the integration of Indigenous knowledge into formal management plans remains incomplete, with limited representation in higher-level decision-making bodies (UNESCO World Heritage Centre, 2021–2025). Additionally, conflicts arise when conservation policies restrict access to forest resources, undermining traditional livelihoods and creating tensions between stakeholders (Natural World Heritage Sites, 2023).
Relationships with stakeholders and rights-holders are critical to the effective conservation of the OWR’s values. Programs like the OCP’s community development initiatives, which provide alternative livelihoods through agriculture and ecotourism, have improved local support for conservation (Okapi Conservation Project, 2023). However, the equitable sharing of benefits remains a challenge, as economic opportunities are often concentrated in specific communities, leaving others marginalized. Gender equity is also a growing focus, with initiatives like women’s cooperatives and education programs aiming to empower women in resource management and decision-making. Despite these efforts, deeper engagement with marginalized groups, including women and Indigenous Peoples, is needed to ensure inclusive and equitable governance.
Traditional customs and governance arrangements of Indigenous Peoples are increasingly integrated into the reserve’s management system. The Mbuti and Efe, who have historically relied on the forest for subsistence, are involved in co-management initiatives, such as participatory mapping and resource monitoring (African Conservation Foundation, 2022). These efforts aim to balance conservation goals with traditional practices, such as sustainable hunting and gathering. However, the integration of Indigenous knowledge into formal management plans remains incomplete, with limited representation in higher-level decision-making bodies (UNESCO World Heritage Centre, 2021–2025). Additionally, conflicts arise when conservation policies restrict access to forest resources, undermining traditional livelihoods and creating tensions between stakeholders (Natural World Heritage Sites, 2023).
Relationships with stakeholders and rights-holders are critical to the effective conservation of the OWR’s values. Programs like the OCP’s community development initiatives, which provide alternative livelihoods through agriculture and ecotourism, have improved local support for conservation (Okapi Conservation Project, 2023). However, the equitable sharing of benefits remains a challenge, as economic opportunities are often concentrated in specific communities, leaving others marginalized. Gender equity is also a growing focus, with initiatives like women’s cooperatives and education programs aiming to empower women in resource management and decision-making. Despite these efforts, deeper engagement with marginalized groups, including women and Indigenous Peoples, is needed to ensure inclusive and equitable governance.
Legal framework
ICCN manages the site with technical and financial support from two longstanding partners (GIC and WCS) and a more recent partner, the German Development Bank KfW.
The legal framework is theoretically robust but struggles to protect the reserve’s biodiversity in practice. The 2014 Conservation Law criminalizes poaching and unauthorized mining, yet illegal activities persist due to limited enforcement resources and political instability. For example, armed groups exploit legal gaps to control mining zones within the reserve, threatening endemic species like the okapi (African Conservation Foundation, 2022).
Land tenure conflicts remain unresolved, impeding conservation and community relations. The reserve overlaps with the traditional territories of the Indigenous Mbuti and Efe peoples, whose customary rights are formally recognized but inconsistently upheld. Legally, the DRC’s 2022 Community Forestry Decree permits Indigenous communities to manage forest resources, yet restrictive conservation policies often limit access to non-timber forest products, exacerbating poverty (Natural World Heritage Sites, 2023). For instance, the OCP’s agroforestry programs aim to balance livelihoods and conservation but face resistance where communities perceive exclusion from decision-making. Recent efforts to codify Indigenous land rights through participatory mapping (supported by NGOs in 2021–2023) have improved dialogue, but full resolution of tenure disputes remains elusive, particularly in mining hotspots (Okapi Conservation Project, 2023).
The legal framework is theoretically robust but struggles to protect the reserve’s biodiversity in practice. The 2014 Conservation Law criminalizes poaching and unauthorized mining, yet illegal activities persist due to limited enforcement resources and political instability. For example, armed groups exploit legal gaps to control mining zones within the reserve, threatening endemic species like the okapi (African Conservation Foundation, 2022).
Land tenure conflicts remain unresolved, impeding conservation and community relations. The reserve overlaps with the traditional territories of the Indigenous Mbuti and Efe peoples, whose customary rights are formally recognized but inconsistently upheld. Legally, the DRC’s 2022 Community Forestry Decree permits Indigenous communities to manage forest resources, yet restrictive conservation policies often limit access to non-timber forest products, exacerbating poverty (Natural World Heritage Sites, 2023). For instance, the OCP’s agroforestry programs aim to balance livelihoods and conservation but face resistance where communities perceive exclusion from decision-making. Recent efforts to codify Indigenous land rights through participatory mapping (supported by NGOs in 2021–2023) have improved dialogue, but full resolution of tenure disputes remains elusive, particularly in mining hotspots (Okapi Conservation Project, 2023).
Governance arrangements
The governance structure of the OWR has undergone significant improvements to enhance conservation efforts. A notable development is the 10-year Co-management Partnership Agreement between the Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature (ICCN) and the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), which delegates management responsibilities to WCS through the appointment of the Director of the Reserve Management Unit (Wildlife Conservation Society, 2019). This collaboration aims to establish the OWR as a model for good governance in the Ituri province, promoting transparency and accountability in decision-making processes (Hempel Foundation, n.d.).
Stakeholder and rightsholder engagement is integral to the reserve's planning processes. The Okapi Conservation Project (OCP) has been instrumental in fostering community involvement by supporting ICCN rangers and facilitating conservation education programs (OCP, 2023). These initiatives ensure that local communities are informed and actively participate in conservation efforts. Additionally, the Environmental Education Program, in collaboration with bio-monitoring and eco-guard teams, conducts fieldwork to monitor wildlife populations, thereby involving stakeholders in data collection and analysis (OCP, 2023).
To adapt to emerging challenges, the governance system incorporates a cycle of planning, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation. This adaptive management approach is informed by diverse knowledge sources, including scientific research and traditional ecological knowledge. The co-management framework between ICCN and WCS exemplifies this strategy, aiming to restore security and protect biodiversity within the reserve (Hempel Foundation, n.d.). Through these collaborative efforts, the OWR strives to maintain its ecological integrity while addressing the needs and rights of local communities.
Stakeholder and rightsholder engagement is integral to the reserve's planning processes. The Okapi Conservation Project (OCP) has been instrumental in fostering community involvement by supporting ICCN rangers and facilitating conservation education programs (OCP, 2023). These initiatives ensure that local communities are informed and actively participate in conservation efforts. Additionally, the Environmental Education Program, in collaboration with bio-monitoring and eco-guard teams, conducts fieldwork to monitor wildlife populations, thereby involving stakeholders in data collection and analysis (OCP, 2023).
To adapt to emerging challenges, the governance system incorporates a cycle of planning, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation. This adaptive management approach is informed by diverse knowledge sources, including scientific research and traditional ecological knowledge. The co-management framework between ICCN and WCS exemplifies this strategy, aiming to restore security and protect biodiversity within the reserve (Hempel Foundation, n.d.). Through these collaborative efforts, the OWR strives to maintain its ecological integrity while addressing the needs and rights of local communities.
Integration into local, regional and national planning systems (including sea/landscape connectivity)
The OWR faces significant challenges in integration, primarily due to political instability, weak governance structures, and insufficient resources. National laws, such as those governed by the Congolese Ministry of Environment, require environmental impact assessments (EIAs) for development projects that may harm the Reserve's values, but enforcement remains a concern. Local and regional authorities, though engaged, lack the capacity to effectively monitor or implement such procedures. As a result, illegal logging, mining, and poaching continue to threaten the site’s biodiversity. Development projects are often inadequately assessed for their potential negative impacts on the site’s ecological values, undermining the effectiveness of the integration process (Fischer, 2020).
The management of the Reserve has increasingly aligned with broader landscape management frameworks, focusing on connectivity between protected areas. The Reserve is a crucial part of the larger Ituri Forest, a biodiversity hotspot, and its protection is tied to sustainable development goals for the region. It is also part of the Congo Basin, a globally significant biodiversity hotspot, and its conservation contributes to regional ecological connectivity. However, transboundary cooperation with neighboring countries, such as Uganda and South Sudan, is limited, hindering efforts to address cross-border threats like poaching and illegal logging.
The region surrounding the Reserve is home to the Mbuti and other indigenous communities whose livelihoods depend heavily on the forest and its resources. While the World Heritage listing has brought international attention and funding to the area, it has also created tensions related to land use and access to resources. The management objectives, while addressing biodiversity conservation, have been criticized for not sufficiently balancing the needs of local populations, especially in terms of sustainable livelihoods and poverty alleviation (Fischer, 2020).
The management of the Reserve has increasingly aligned with broader landscape management frameworks, focusing on connectivity between protected areas. The Reserve is a crucial part of the larger Ituri Forest, a biodiversity hotspot, and its protection is tied to sustainable development goals for the region. It is also part of the Congo Basin, a globally significant biodiversity hotspot, and its conservation contributes to regional ecological connectivity. However, transboundary cooperation with neighboring countries, such as Uganda and South Sudan, is limited, hindering efforts to address cross-border threats like poaching and illegal logging.
The region surrounding the Reserve is home to the Mbuti and other indigenous communities whose livelihoods depend heavily on the forest and its resources. While the World Heritage listing has brought international attention and funding to the area, it has also created tensions related to land use and access to resources. The management objectives, while addressing biodiversity conservation, have been criticized for not sufficiently balancing the needs of local populations, especially in terms of sustainable livelihoods and poverty alleviation (Fischer, 2020).
Boundaries
The reserve's boundaries were established in 1992 to protect the unique way of life of indigenous peoples, wildlife, and the Ituri forest ecosystem. While the Ministerial Decree creating the Reserve describes its boundaries in detail, portions of the boundaries follow artificial lines, such as the western boundary following 28 degrees East longitude, an imaginary line through the forest. Most boundaries follow natural features, such as the Nepoko River in the north, or visible, man-made boundaries such as the Mambasa-Andudu road in the east (Masselink, 2024). A process of participatory demarcation of the property's boundaries is under way, with awareness-raising sessions, physical identification of markers and demarcation, and will continue until 2025 (State Party of the DRC, 2024). However, recent reports indicate that these boundaries have been altered under unclear circumstances, permitting activities like mining that threaten the reserve's ecological integrity (Larson, 2023).
Since at least 2011, the DRC's Mining Cadastre (CAMI), responsible for allocating mineral prospection licenses, has been using a significantly reduced version of the Reserve's boundaries. This version shrinks the actual size by roughly one-third, moving the western boundary eastwards by over 22 kilometers (14 miles), the northern boundary southwards by over 25 kilometers (16 miles), and the southern boundary northwards by over 12 kilometers (8 miles) (Masselink, 2024).
The OWR does not have a formally established buffer zone. The absence of a regulated buffer zone may limit the effectiveness of the reserve's protection measures, as activities in adjacent areas can directly impact its ecological health. To enhance conservation efforts, it is crucial to address issues related to boundary demarcation, control unauthorized land use, and consider establishing a regulated buffer zone that aligns with the reserve's conservation objectives.
Since at least 2011, the DRC's Mining Cadastre (CAMI), responsible for allocating mineral prospection licenses, has been using a significantly reduced version of the Reserve's boundaries. This version shrinks the actual size by roughly one-third, moving the western boundary eastwards by over 22 kilometers (14 miles), the northern boundary southwards by over 25 kilometers (16 miles), and the southern boundary northwards by over 12 kilometers (8 miles) (Masselink, 2024).
The OWR does not have a formally established buffer zone. The absence of a regulated buffer zone may limit the effectiveness of the reserve's protection measures, as activities in adjacent areas can directly impact its ecological health. To enhance conservation efforts, it is crucial to address issues related to boundary demarcation, control unauthorized land use, and consider establishing a regulated buffer zone that aligns with the reserve's conservation objectives.
Overlapping international designations
There is no overlap between the World Heritage site and other International Designations.
Implementation of World Heritage Committee decisions and recommendations
Most of the Committee decisions that require action from the OWR management structure are being addressed, but with varying degrees of success given the current financial, social, political and security context.
Climate action
Regarding the monitoring of climate change effects, there is no evidence of a dedicated system in place within the OWR. Existing monitoring efforts concentrate on wildlife populations and illegal activities, such as poaching and mining, without integrating climate variables. This gap hinders the ability to detect and respond to climate-induced changes in species distribution, ecosystem dynamics, or the frequency of climate-related disturbances.
In terms of supporting global climate action, the OWR's management practices do not currently emphasize climate mitigation, adaptation, or innovation. The absence of targeted climate strategies suggests that the reserve's potential contribution to broader climate goals, such as carbon sequestration or climate resilience, remains underutilized. Addressing these shortcomings is crucial for enhancing the reserve's role in combating climate change and preserving its OUV.
In terms of supporting global climate action, the OWR's management practices do not currently emphasize climate mitigation, adaptation, or innovation. The absence of targeted climate strategies suggests that the reserve's potential contribution to broader climate goals, such as carbon sequestration or climate resilience, remains underutilized. Addressing these shortcomings is crucial for enhancing the reserve's role in combating climate change and preserving its OUV.
Management plan and overall management system
A draft management plan was submitted to ICCN headquarters in September 2011 and is still awaiting official approval. In the meantime, some of the elements of the plan are being implemented. In the absence of an adequate Management Plan, a business plan was drawn up on the basis of a 5-year Operational Plan. The Business Plan and the Management Plan, although obsolete, constituted a good basis to guide management operations within the property (State Party of the DRC, 2017). Since 2019, the World Heritage Committee has highlighted the delays in updating the Integrated Management Plan (PAG) for the property and validating the Central Integral Conservation Zone. The Committee has emphasized the need to accelerate the PAG update, ensuring it includes provisions for the various zones of the site, such as the subsistence zones, the Central Integral Conservation Zone, and forestry concessions for local communities, and to ensure its prompt implementation (UNESCO, 2019-2024).
Law enforcement
The OWR has implemented a legal framework aimed at preserving its biodiversity, with enforcement primarily conducted by eco-guards. These personnel undertake various responsibilities, including the removal of snares, eviction of illegal miners, apprehension of poachers, and monitoring of both agricultural expansion and biodiversity within the reserve. Their efforts are crucial in safeguarding the reserve for future generations. To enhance law enforcement capabilities, the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) has been actively involved in the OWR for over three decades, supporting the ICCN in management and enforcement activities (Wildlife Conservation Society, 2023). Overall, 216 patrols were carried out in 2024 throughout the Reserve, covering a total distance of 14,779 kilometres, including 197 tent patrols, 74 return trips, and 12 overflights. Eight patrol posts, 3 rotary positions, and 8 checkpoints remained operational throughout the Reserve. Collaboration was strengthened by the effective involvement of the FARDC's Corps pour la Protection des Parcs Nationaux et Réserves Naturelles apparentées (CorPPN), seconded to the Reserve to support the training of eco-guards and help improve security in the Reserve. In 2024, 118 suspects were apprehended during law enforcement operations carried out in the Reserve (State Party of the DRC, 2024). However, limited resources, inadequate training, and the vast, remote terrain hinder the effectiveness of these efforts. For instance, ranger patrols cover only a fraction of the reserve’s 13,700 km², allowing illegal activities to persist in unmonitored areas. Additional challenges include the presence of over 120 armed groups in the eastern regions of the country, which complicates enforcement efforts and poses significant risks to both wildlife and enforcement personnel (United States Institute of Peace, 2022).
In terms of respecting human rights, including land tenure and resource access, the OWR's enforcement strategies have faced criticism. Indigenous Mbuti and Efe communities have customary rights to access forest resources, but restrictive conservation policies often limit their ability to practice traditional livelihoods, leading to grievances (Natural World Heritage Sites, 2023). While mechanisms exist to address complaints, such as community liaison officers and grievance redress systems, they are not always accessible or effective. For example, disputes over land tenure and resource access are frequently unresolved due to bureaucratic delays and a lack of transparency (Okapi Conservation Project, 2023). Recommendations have been made to adopt enforcement methods that engage local communities, emphasizing conservation education and the development of alternative livelihoods to reduce reliance on activities harmful to the reserve (United States Institute of Peace, 2022). This approach aims to foster collaboration between enforcement agencies and local populations, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of conservation efforts while safeguarding human rights.
To address grievances and ensure accountability, the OWR has been working towards establishing mechanisms that allow local communities to voice concerns related to enforcement activities. The co-management agreement between ICCN and WCS, initiated in December 2018, includes provisions for community engagement and the development of sustainable livelihood programs. These initiatives are designed to align conservation efforts with the socio-economic needs of local populations, thereby reducing conflicts and promoting a more inclusive approach to reserve management (Wildlife Conservation Society, 2023). Such measures are essential in creating a balance between effective law enforcement and the respect for human rights within the reserve.
In terms of respecting human rights, including land tenure and resource access, the OWR's enforcement strategies have faced criticism. Indigenous Mbuti and Efe communities have customary rights to access forest resources, but restrictive conservation policies often limit their ability to practice traditional livelihoods, leading to grievances (Natural World Heritage Sites, 2023). While mechanisms exist to address complaints, such as community liaison officers and grievance redress systems, they are not always accessible or effective. For example, disputes over land tenure and resource access are frequently unresolved due to bureaucratic delays and a lack of transparency (Okapi Conservation Project, 2023). Recommendations have been made to adopt enforcement methods that engage local communities, emphasizing conservation education and the development of alternative livelihoods to reduce reliance on activities harmful to the reserve (United States Institute of Peace, 2022). This approach aims to foster collaboration between enforcement agencies and local populations, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of conservation efforts while safeguarding human rights.
To address grievances and ensure accountability, the OWR has been working towards establishing mechanisms that allow local communities to voice concerns related to enforcement activities. The co-management agreement between ICCN and WCS, initiated in December 2018, includes provisions for community engagement and the development of sustainable livelihood programs. These initiatives are designed to align conservation efforts with the socio-economic needs of local populations, thereby reducing conflicts and promoting a more inclusive approach to reserve management (Wildlife Conservation Society, 2023). Such measures are essential in creating a balance between effective law enforcement and the respect for human rights within the reserve.
Sustainable finance
The OWR has recognized the necessity of assessing and securing financial resources to ensure effective management and conservation of its unique biodiversity. In 2019, a co-management partnership was established between the Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature (ICCN) and the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), aiming to enhance operational efficiency and attract financial support (Dasgupta, 2019). This collaboration underscores the importance of evaluating and addressing the financial requirements essential for the reserve's sustainability.
Despite these efforts, challenges persist in meeting the financial demands necessary to maintain the site's ecological values. The reserve's management has been affected by regional instability, leading to increased threats such as poaching and illegal mining, which strain the available resources. While the exact funding gap is not publicly detailed, the ongoing recruitment for a Head of Finance indicates a proactive approach to strengthening financial oversight and addressing potential shortfalls (Wildlife Conservation Society, 2025).
The OWR's funding sources include contributions from international donors, governmental bodies, and non-governmental organizations. The co-management agreement with WCS is expected to bolster financial stability by leveraging WCS's expertise in securing and managing funds (Dasgupta, 2019). Coordination for the capture of Okapi in enclosures will be put in place in early 2025, to explore the potential for boosting tourism in the property (State Party of the DRC, 2024). However, the sustainability of these funding sources is contingent upon continuous political support and global economic conditions. To mitigate potential financial uncertainties, the reserve's management is actively seeking to diversify funding streams and enhance financial planning capabilities, as evidenced by the recent recruitment efforts for financial leadership positions (Wildlife Conservation Society, 2025).
Despite these efforts, challenges persist in meeting the financial demands necessary to maintain the site's ecological values. The reserve's management has been affected by regional instability, leading to increased threats such as poaching and illegal mining, which strain the available resources. While the exact funding gap is not publicly detailed, the ongoing recruitment for a Head of Finance indicates a proactive approach to strengthening financial oversight and addressing potential shortfalls (Wildlife Conservation Society, 2025).
The OWR's funding sources include contributions from international donors, governmental bodies, and non-governmental organizations. The co-management agreement with WCS is expected to bolster financial stability by leveraging WCS's expertise in securing and managing funds (Dasgupta, 2019). Coordination for the capture of Okapi in enclosures will be put in place in early 2025, to explore the potential for boosting tourism in the property (State Party of the DRC, 2024). However, the sustainability of these funding sources is contingent upon continuous political support and global economic conditions. To mitigate potential financial uncertainties, the reserve's management is actively seeking to diversify funding streams and enhance financial planning capabilities, as evidenced by the recent recruitment efforts for financial leadership positions (Wildlife Conservation Society, 2025).
Staff capacity, training and development
OWR faces significant challenges in maintaining adequate staff capacity to manage its vast 13,700 km² area. ICCN operates with limited personnel, often relying on partnerships with NGOs to supplement its workforce. While ranger numbers have increased in recent years, with an additional 124 new rangers in 2024, this remains insufficient to effectively patrol the reserve and combat threats like poaching and illegal mining (State Party of the DRC, 2024). Support staff, such as community liaisons and researchers, are also under-resourced, limiting the reserve’s ability to engage local communities and conduct critical biodiversity monitoring. Staff training programs have improved, particularly in anti-poaching and biodiversity conservation, but gaps remain in specialized skills and community engagement. The ICCN with support from technical partners provide regular training for rangers in wildlife monitoring, conflict resolution, and the use of GPS technology, enhancing their ability to protect the reserve’s endangered species, such as the okapi and forest elephants (forest elephants are not endemic to DRC). Additionally, exchange programs facilitate knowledge sharing and skill development among staff, enhancing their effectiveness in conservation efforts (Okapi Conservation Project, 2023). However, training in community relations and participatory conservation methods is less developed, leading to occasional tensions with local and Indigenous communities over resource access. For example, while rangers are skilled in enforcement, they often lack the tools to foster collaborative relationships with communities, which are essential for long-term conservation success. The well-being of staff is a growing priority through healthcare services provided by the Okapi Clinic in Epulu, offering medical care to OWR staff and their families, but challenges persist due to the remote and high-risk nature of their work. Rangers face significant dangers from armed groups and wildlife, and while the ICCN provides basic medical support and safety training, mental health resources are limited (Natural World Heritage Sites, 2023). Equipment and infrastructure, such as vehicles, communication devices, and ranger stations, are often outdated or insufficient. While efforts have been made to upgrade equipment through donor funding, maintenance remains inconsistent, and replacements are infrequent, compromising both operational efficiency and staff safety.
Education and interpretation programmes
The Okapi Conservation Project (OCP) has implemented comprehensive education and awareness programs to enhance stakeholders' understanding of the Okapi Wildlife Reserve's (OWR) values. These initiatives include broadcasting educational content on seven local radio stations multiple times a week, covering topics such as the role of ICCN ecoguards, climate change impacts, student participation in conservation, forest protection, and the involvement of the Mbuti community in reserve management. Additionally, the OCP's education team conducts workshops and presentations in schools throughout the reserve, reaching over 6,200 students in a single week, fostering a deep appreciation for biodiversity conservation among the youth (Okapi conservation, 2022).
To promote sustainable use of the reserve's natural resources, the OCP collaborates with local communities through conservation education programs. These programs aim to raise awareness about the importance of okapi conservation and the sustainable management of forest resources, particularly targeting schools to educate students on the okapi's ecological role and the benefits of protecting its habitat (Enviroliteracy, 2025). Furthermore, the OCP engages in agroforestry initiatives, providing farmers with resources to enhance farmland productivity, thereby reducing the need for forest land conversion (Okapi conservation, 2022).
The OCP also facilitates exchange programs to bolster conservation efforts. For instance, a week-long workshop in June 2024 brought together staff from the OCP and the Gorilla Rehabilitation and Conservation Education Centre (GRACE) to share knowledge and experiences. This collaboration aimed to strengthen conservation strategies and community engagement in both organizations (Okapi conservation, 2024). These education and interpretation programs significantly enhance stakeholder understanding of the OWR's values and promote sustainable resource use practices. While education and interpretation programs have made strides in promoting conservation values and sustainable practices, significant challenges remain. Limited access to educational materials and trained personnel hampers the effectiveness of these programs, particularly in remote communities (Natural World Heritage Sites, 2023). Expanding digital outreach, such as radio broadcasts and mobile education units, could help bridge this gap. Furthermore, integrating Indigenous knowledge and traditional practices into education programs could enhance their relevance and acceptance among local communities.
To promote sustainable use of the reserve's natural resources, the OCP collaborates with local communities through conservation education programs. These programs aim to raise awareness about the importance of okapi conservation and the sustainable management of forest resources, particularly targeting schools to educate students on the okapi's ecological role and the benefits of protecting its habitat (Enviroliteracy, 2025). Furthermore, the OCP engages in agroforestry initiatives, providing farmers with resources to enhance farmland productivity, thereby reducing the need for forest land conversion (Okapi conservation, 2022).
The OCP also facilitates exchange programs to bolster conservation efforts. For instance, a week-long workshop in June 2024 brought together staff from the OCP and the Gorilla Rehabilitation and Conservation Education Centre (GRACE) to share knowledge and experiences. This collaboration aimed to strengthen conservation strategies and community engagement in both organizations (Okapi conservation, 2024). These education and interpretation programs significantly enhance stakeholder understanding of the OWR's values and promote sustainable resource use practices. While education and interpretation programs have made strides in promoting conservation values and sustainable practices, significant challenges remain. Limited access to educational materials and trained personnel hampers the effectiveness of these programs, particularly in remote communities (Natural World Heritage Sites, 2023). Expanding digital outreach, such as radio broadcasts and mobile education units, could help bridge this gap. Furthermore, integrating Indigenous knowledge and traditional practices into education programs could enhance their relevance and acceptance among local communities.
Tourism and visitation management
A management plan for the OWR has reportedly been under elaboration (State Party of the DRC, 2024). However, specific details regarding a dedicated tourism or visitation plan within this framework are not well-documented, indicating a potential gap in structured tourism management. Tourism infrastructure within the reserve is minimal, with accommodations primarily comprising basic facilities operated by the ICCN and a few guesthouses in nearby towns. This lack of development suggests that the site's tourism potential is not fully harnessed in regional or national tourism strategies.
While the reserve's low visitation helps minimize human impact, the absence of a comprehensive tourism management plan could lead to unregulated activities, potentially threatening the site's natural and cultural values. Implementing a structured tourism strategy that includes visitor education, controlled access, and community involvement could enhance conservation efforts while providing sustainable economic benefits to local communities.
While the reserve's low visitation helps minimize human impact, the absence of a comprehensive tourism management plan could lead to unregulated activities, potentially threatening the site's natural and cultural values. Implementing a structured tourism strategy that includes visitor education, controlled access, and community involvement could enhance conservation efforts while providing sustainable economic benefits to local communities.
Sustainable use
While the reserve's creation aimed to protect its natural resources, comprehensive assessments determining sustainable resource use levels without compromising conservation efforts are not well-documented. This lack of detailed studies hampers the development of informed management strategies to balance resource utilization with ecological preservation. The Reserve contains many small villages, and reserve management has the delicate task of engaging communities in conservation while limiting non-compatible land and resource use. The presence of 27 village “enclaves” in the Reserve is legally recognised. Indigenous communities, such as the Mbuti and Efe pygmies, have historically depended on the forest's resources for their livelihoods. While they retain access to these resources, the encroachment of illegal mining and other unsustainable practices threatens their traditional ways of life.
Current resource use in the OWR poses significant threats to its conservation values. Illegal logging, mining, and bushmeat hunting are rampant, driven by poverty and weak enforcement. Over the past eight years, Kimia mining company has expanded operations within the OWR, leading to environmental degradation, including deforestation and pollution of water sources. Such activities not only harm wildlife habitats but also undermine the reserve's conservation objectives. Additionally, the presence of armed militias involved in illegal mining and hunting exacerbates these challenges, making enforcement of sustainable practices difficult (Associated Press, 2024).
Efforts to ensure sustainable resource use in and around the OWR are ongoing but face significant challenges. The ICCN and partners have implemented community-based conservation programs, such as eco-guard patrols and sustainable livelihood initiatives, to reduce reliance on illegal activities like poaching and logging (Okapi Conservation Project, 2023). However, enforcement mechanisms are weak due to limited resources and political instability, allowing unsustainable practices to persist.
Current resource use in the OWR poses significant threats to its conservation values. Illegal logging, mining, and bushmeat hunting are rampant, driven by poverty and weak enforcement. Over the past eight years, Kimia mining company has expanded operations within the OWR, leading to environmental degradation, including deforestation and pollution of water sources. Such activities not only harm wildlife habitats but also undermine the reserve's conservation objectives. Additionally, the presence of armed militias involved in illegal mining and hunting exacerbates these challenges, making enforcement of sustainable practices difficult (Associated Press, 2024).
Efforts to ensure sustainable resource use in and around the OWR are ongoing but face significant challenges. The ICCN and partners have implemented community-based conservation programs, such as eco-guard patrols and sustainable livelihood initiatives, to reduce reliance on illegal activities like poaching and logging (Okapi Conservation Project, 2023). However, enforcement mechanisms are weak due to limited resources and political instability, allowing unsustainable practices to persist.
Monitoring
The OWR has made progress in monitoring its OUV, but significant gaps remain. The ICCN and partners like the Okapi Conservation Project (OCP) and WCS, conduct regular biodiversity surveys to track key species, such as the endemic okapi and forest elephants, using methods like camera traps and aerial surveys (Okapi Conservation Project, 2023). Since July 2016, ICCN, with support from WCS, is monitoring the presence of okapi and other
key species including chimpanzees, small monkeys, and duikers in different areas by camera traps. Several okapi, chimpanzee, small monkey and duiker’s videos and pictures were collected and saved in the ICCN Research and Monitoring Program data bank. However, monitoring efforts are often inconsistent due to limited funding, logistical challenges, the vast, remote nature of the reserve, regional instability and illegal activities. For example, while elephant populations are monitored annually, other critical indicators, such as habitat quality and climate change impacts, are not systematically assessed. This incomplete monitoring undermines the ability to fully understand and respond to threats to the reserve’s OUV.
To address these gaps, the OWR management agency could establish stronger cooperation programs with academic and research institutions. Collaborative initiatives could enhance monitoring capabilities by leveraging advanced technologies, such as remote sensing and machine learning, to track ecological changes more efficiently. For instance, partnerships with universities could facilitate long-term studies on species behavior, habitat connectivity, and climate resilience, providing data to inform adaptive management strategies. Additionally, the Okapi Conservation Project (OCP) has played a pivotal role in supporting the reserve's conservation objectives. Established in 1987, the OCP has been instrumental in providing logistical and financial support for monitoring land use changes and protecting wildlife within the reserve. This partnership exemplifies how cooperation with research entities can bolster monitoring activities, offering valuable data to inform management decisions (Okapi Conservation Project, 2023). Such collaborations would not only strengthen monitoring but also build local capacity and promote sustainable conservation practices.
key species including chimpanzees, small monkeys, and duikers in different areas by camera traps. Several okapi, chimpanzee, small monkey and duiker’s videos and pictures were collected and saved in the ICCN Research and Monitoring Program data bank. However, monitoring efforts are often inconsistent due to limited funding, logistical challenges, the vast, remote nature of the reserve, regional instability and illegal activities. For example, while elephant populations are monitored annually, other critical indicators, such as habitat quality and climate change impacts, are not systematically assessed. This incomplete monitoring undermines the ability to fully understand and respond to threats to the reserve’s OUV.
To address these gaps, the OWR management agency could establish stronger cooperation programs with academic and research institutions. Collaborative initiatives could enhance monitoring capabilities by leveraging advanced technologies, such as remote sensing and machine learning, to track ecological changes more efficiently. For instance, partnerships with universities could facilitate long-term studies on species behavior, habitat connectivity, and climate resilience, providing data to inform adaptive management strategies. Additionally, the Okapi Conservation Project (OCP) has played a pivotal role in supporting the reserve's conservation objectives. Established in 1987, the OCP has been instrumental in providing logistical and financial support for monitoring land use changes and protecting wildlife within the reserve. This partnership exemplifies how cooperation with research entities can bolster monitoring activities, offering valuable data to inform management decisions (Okapi Conservation Project, 2023). Such collaborations would not only strengthen monitoring but also build local capacity and promote sustainable conservation practices.
Research
The OWR lacks a comprehensive, targeted research program as part of its adaptive management system. While the Congolese Institute for Nature Conservation (ICCN) and partners like the Okapi Conservation Project (OCP) and WCS, conduct periodic studies on key species such as the okapi and forest elephants, these efforts are often project-based and lack long-term continuity (Okapi Conservation Project, 2023). For example, wildlife population surveys and habitat assessments are conducted sporadically, limiting the ability to track trends and inform adaptive management strategies. Additionally, joint fieldwork involving environmental education teams, bio-monitoring units, and eco-guards has led to the installation of camera traps to monitor wildlife populations, particularly okapi (Okapi Conservation Project, 2023).
To address the lack of a targeted research program, the OWR management could establish partnerships with academic institutions, research centers, and local knowledge holders. Collaborative research initiatives could leverage advanced technologies, such as remote sensing and genetic analysis, to study ecological dynamics and species behavior. Additionally, integrating traditional knowledge from Indigenous Mbuti and Efe communities could provide valuable insights into sustainable resource use and ecosystem management.
Current knowledge about the OWR is insufficient to fully support long-term planning and decision-making. While data on flagship species like the okapi and elephants are relatively robust, information on other biodiversity components, such as plant species, invertebrates, and ecosystem services, is limited (Natural World Heritage Sites, 2023). Furthermore, socio-economic data on local communities and their interactions with the reserve are often outdated or incomplete. Addressing these gaps requires a systematic approach to data collection and analysis, incorporating diverse sources such as scientific studies, traditional knowledge, and community surveys. The insecurity and dangerous field conditions greatly limit access to the Reserve and to the forest for surveys. Strict and complicated visa requirements make it hard to gain entrance to the eastern DRC.
To address the lack of a targeted research program, the OWR management could establish partnerships with academic institutions, research centers, and local knowledge holders. Collaborative research initiatives could leverage advanced technologies, such as remote sensing and genetic analysis, to study ecological dynamics and species behavior. Additionally, integrating traditional knowledge from Indigenous Mbuti and Efe communities could provide valuable insights into sustainable resource use and ecosystem management.
Current knowledge about the OWR is insufficient to fully support long-term planning and decision-making. While data on flagship species like the okapi and elephants are relatively robust, information on other biodiversity components, such as plant species, invertebrates, and ecosystem services, is limited (Natural World Heritage Sites, 2023). Furthermore, socio-economic data on local communities and their interactions with the reserve are often outdated or incomplete. Addressing these gaps requires a systematic approach to data collection and analysis, incorporating diverse sources such as scientific studies, traditional knowledge, and community surveys. The insecurity and dangerous field conditions greatly limit access to the Reserve and to the forest for surveys. Strict and complicated visa requirements make it hard to gain entrance to the eastern DRC.
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats outside the site
The management system and governance framework of the OWR have made efforts to address external threats but continue to face significant challenges. Illegal mining, particularly gold extraction by foreign-operated companies, remains a major issue in the buffer zones surrounding the reserve. Despite legal restrictions, enforcement efforts have been inconsistent, allowing mining activities to persist and leading to severe deforestation, water pollution, and habitat degradation. The rehabilitation of the RN4 road has further facilitated human migration into areas adjacent to the reserve, increasing agricultural expansion, illegal logging, and poaching. While some governance mechanisms, such as eco-guard patrols and local conservation programs, have been implemented, they lack the necessary resources and coordination to effectively mitigate these external pressures.
The persistent presence of armed groups in the region has further hindered conservation efforts outside the reserve. These groups not only facilitate illegal activities but also pose security threats to law enforcement personnel, conservation workers, and local communities. Governance structures have struggled to establish effective community-based conservation programs that provide alternative livelihoods, resulting in continued reliance on unsustainable resource use. Additionally, weak land tenure policies and inadequate legal enforcement have contributed to unregulated land conversion for agriculture and settlements. Without stronger cross-sectoral governance, enhanced law enforcement collaboration, and better integration of local communities into conservation strategies, the threats outside the OWR will continue to undermine its long-term ecological stability.
The persistent presence of armed groups in the region has further hindered conservation efforts outside the reserve. These groups not only facilitate illegal activities but also pose security threats to law enforcement personnel, conservation workers, and local communities. Governance structures have struggled to establish effective community-based conservation programs that provide alternative livelihoods, resulting in continued reliance on unsustainable resource use. Additionally, weak land tenure policies and inadequate legal enforcement have contributed to unregulated land conversion for agriculture and settlements. Without stronger cross-sectoral governance, enhanced law enforcement collaboration, and better integration of local communities into conservation strategies, the threats outside the OWR will continue to undermine its long-term ecological stability.
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats inside the site
The management system and governance of the Reserve have demonstrated some effectiveness in addressing threats inside the property, but face significant challenges that limit their overall impact. The reserve is managed by the Congolese Institute for Nature Conservation (ICCN) with support from partners like the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and the Okapi Conservation Project (OCP). These collaborations have led to improvements in anti-poaching efforts, community engagement, and biodiversity monitoring. For example, eco-guards conduct regular patrols, and in 2024 alone, 216 patrols covering 14,779 kilometers were carried out, resulting in the apprehension of 118 suspects. Additionally, community-based programs, such as agroforestry initiatives and education campaigns, aim to reduce reliance on illegal activities like poaching and logging. However, the vast size of the reserve, limited resources, and ongoing political instability hinder the effectiveness of these efforts. The presence of over 120 armed groups in the region further complicates enforcement, as eco-guards face significant risks. Despite these efforts, illegal mining, logging, and poaching persist, indicating that current management strategies are insufficient to fully address the scale of the threats.
Governance arrangements, including the co-management agreement between ICCN and WCS, have improved transparency and accountability in decision-making processes. The OCP’s community engagement programs, such as participatory mapping and sustainable livelihood initiatives, have fostered local support for conservation. However, challenges remain in fully integrating Indigenous knowledge and ensuring equitable benefit-sharing with local communities. Traditional customs and governance arrangements of Indigenous Peoples, such as the Mbuti and Efe, are increasingly recognized but are not consistently upheld, leading to tensions over resource access. Furthermore, the absence of an updated Integrated Management Plan (PAG) since 2011 and delays in validating the Central Integral Conservation Zone undermine long-term planning and adaptive management. While efforts like the establishment of checkpoints on the RN4 road and the deployment of drones for surveillance show promise, the lack of a comprehensive, well-funded, and inclusive management system limits the reserve’s ability to effectively mitigate threats.
Governance arrangements, including the co-management agreement between ICCN and WCS, have improved transparency and accountability in decision-making processes. The OCP’s community engagement programs, such as participatory mapping and sustainable livelihood initiatives, have fostered local support for conservation. However, challenges remain in fully integrating Indigenous knowledge and ensuring equitable benefit-sharing with local communities. Traditional customs and governance arrangements of Indigenous Peoples, such as the Mbuti and Efe, are increasingly recognized but are not consistently upheld, leading to tensions over resource access. Furthermore, the absence of an updated Integrated Management Plan (PAG) since 2011 and delays in validating the Central Integral Conservation Zone undermine long-term planning and adaptive management. While efforts like the establishment of checkpoints on the RN4 road and the deployment of drones for surveillance show promise, the lack of a comprehensive, well-funded, and inclusive management system limits the reserve’s ability to effectively mitigate threats.
The overall state of protection and management in the Reserve is marked by significant efforts to conserve its unique biodiversity, but is hampered by persistent external and internal threats that remain largely beyond the control of the management authority. Although the reserve’s management supported by technical and financial partners including WCS and OCP has implemented regular anti-poaching patrols, community engagement initiatives, and periodic surveillance to address internal challenges, external pressures such as illegal artisanal and semi-industrial mining, deforestation driven by agricultural expansion, and the activities of armed groups continue to undermine its conservation objectives. These threats are exacerbated by regional instability and the influx of migrants from surrounding areas, which intensify land-use conflicts and contribute to habitat degradation. The reserve is situated in a conflict-prone area, and its proximity to national borders and exposure to cross-border criminal activities further complicate management efforts. Additionally, the absence of an updated Integrated Management Plan (PAG) since 2011 and delays in validating the Central Integral Conservation Zone undermine long-term planning and adaptive management.
External threats beyond the control of the management authority include regional political instability, the presence of armed groups, and the spillover effects of illegal activities from adjacent areas. The rehabilitation of the RN4 road, while improving access for patrols, has also facilitated illegal logging and mining activities, accelerating deforestation and habitat degradation. The reserve is not transboundary or transnational, but its ecological health is closely tied to the broader Congo Basin. Weak enforcement of environmental laws, and the influence of foreign mining companies further exacerbate these challenges. For example, the DRC’s Mining Cadastre (CAMI) has historically used a reduced map of the reserve to grant mining permits, effectively shrinking its protected area by a third. Proposals to establish cocoa plantations within the reserve, supported by some traditional chiefs, risk converting biodiverse forests into monocultures. Strengthening governance, increasing financial and human resources, and enhancing community involvement are critical to improving the effectiveness of the management system in addressing the complex threats facing the OWR. Without these improvements, the reserve’s ability to protect its unique biodiversity and ecological integrity will remain compromised.
External threats beyond the control of the management authority include regional political instability, the presence of armed groups, and the spillover effects of illegal activities from adjacent areas. The rehabilitation of the RN4 road, while improving access for patrols, has also facilitated illegal logging and mining activities, accelerating deforestation and habitat degradation. The reserve is not transboundary or transnational, but its ecological health is closely tied to the broader Congo Basin. Weak enforcement of environmental laws, and the influence of foreign mining companies further exacerbate these challenges. For example, the DRC’s Mining Cadastre (CAMI) has historically used a reduced map of the reserve to grant mining permits, effectively shrinking its protected area by a third. Proposals to establish cocoa plantations within the reserve, supported by some traditional chiefs, risk converting biodiverse forests into monocultures. Strengthening governance, increasing financial and human resources, and enhancing community involvement are critical to improving the effectiveness of the management system in addressing the complex threats facing the OWR. Without these improvements, the reserve’s ability to protect its unique biodiversity and ecological integrity will remain compromised.
Presence of emblematic and endangered mammal species.
High Concern
Trend
Deteriorating
The OWR is a critical stronghold for emblematic and endangered mammal species in the heart of the Congo Basin. The reserve is best known as the exclusive habitat of the okapi (Okapia johnstoni). In addition to the okapi, the reserve shelters other threatened mammals—including forest elephants, a host of primate species, and various duikers—that collectively contribute to its exceptional biodiversity and underscore its unique evolutionary history as a Pleistocene refugium (UNESCO, 2023). Comparison of the results of wildlife surveys between 1994 and 2010 shows that the abundance indices of the okapi (Okapia johnstoni) have declined and that the spatial distribution has contracted (WCS, 2008). In 2017, reports from the territories of Mambasa, Wamba and Watsa showed that there were still cases of okapi poaching in and around the reserve. In addition, okapis are poached for their meat and the skin is trafficked for various traditional purposes in the Central African Republic. In March 2017, 3 okapi skins were confiscated from poachers in Wamba (IUCN Consultation, 2017). Moreover, several containers of illegal cargo containing the velvety brown, uniquely striped skins and body parts from okapi were seized by the authorities in 2022. This seizure, which also resulted in an arrest, is indicative of an unsettling increase in illegal wildlife trafficking between eastern DRC and Uganda (WCN, 2022).
No reliable data exists on the abundance and distribution of other endemic mammal species (aquatic genet, giant genet, Congo peacock). Populations of the forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis) have also declined steadily since 1994, and their distribution has contracted. A similar picture emerges for duiker populations. Data on Pan troglodyte chimpanzee populations are insufficient. In 2019, although a comprehensive strategy for closing the artisanal mines at the property had been developed, some quarries were evacuated. Quarries are directly linked to the sale of bushmeat in markets, including okapi (UNESCO, 2019). There are no reliable data on large mammals that are studied for several years, but also amphibians, fishes, bats, insects, and other small mammals are not taken into account. As a result, little is known about this wildlife wealth in the Okapi Wildlife Reserve (IUCN Consultation, 2020).
Recent reports have highlighted that illegal mining, deforestation, and poaching continue to degrade critical habitats and disrupt wildlife populations, compounding existing challenges posed by regional political instability (AP, 2024). These activities not only threaten the survival of emblematic species like the okapi and forest elephants but also imperil the overall ecological integrity of the reserve.
No reliable data exists on the abundance and distribution of other endemic mammal species (aquatic genet, giant genet, Congo peacock). Populations of the forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis) have also declined steadily since 1994, and their distribution has contracted. A similar picture emerges for duiker populations. Data on Pan troglodyte chimpanzee populations are insufficient. In 2019, although a comprehensive strategy for closing the artisanal mines at the property had been developed, some quarries were evacuated. Quarries are directly linked to the sale of bushmeat in markets, including okapi (UNESCO, 2019). There are no reliable data on large mammals that are studied for several years, but also amphibians, fishes, bats, insects, and other small mammals are not taken into account. As a result, little is known about this wildlife wealth in the Okapi Wildlife Reserve (IUCN Consultation, 2020).
Recent reports have highlighted that illegal mining, deforestation, and poaching continue to degrade critical habitats and disrupt wildlife populations, compounding existing challenges posed by regional political instability (AP, 2024). These activities not only threaten the survival of emblematic species like the okapi and forest elephants but also imperil the overall ecological integrity of the reserve.
Pleistocene refuge of central African tropical rainforest flora and fauna with several endemic species and high biodiversity.
High Concern
Trend
Deteriorating
Illegal activities, such as illegal and legal mining and logging inside the Reserve, have resulted in localised habitat loss. Deforestation has increased steadily over the past ten years, with as much as 1,920 hectares of forest lost in 2022, according to Global Forest Watch (GFW). A further 1,890 hectares were lost in 2023, around three-quarters of which was primary forest. Deforestation is concentrated along the Ituri River and Route Nationale 4, in the southern part of the reserve. Satellite images clearly show deforestation in the forest and along the river, which has been widened and diverted from its natural course. New incursions along the western boundary of the reserve began in the middle of 2023. In 2024, the GFW platform showed near real-time alerts of deforestation progressing from existing mining areas north of the main road (Mongabay, 2024). Regarding illegal/legal mining, there are at least 18 mining sites in the reserve, according to a 2022 University of Antwerp briefing, with 15,000 to 25,000 independent miners, as well as semi-industrial operations where dredging is in continuous operation. Among the most active are those at Muchacha operated by the Chinese company Kimia Mining (Mongabay, 2024). For eight years, the Kimia mining has been vastly expanding inside the property owing largely to the Cadastre Minier using an altered map of RFO boundaries when doling out mining concessions. Since at least 2011, the DRC's Mining Cadastre (CAMI), responsible for allocating mineral prospection licenses, has been using a significantly reduced version of the Reserve's boundaries. This version shrinks the actual size by roughly one-third, moving the western boundary eastwards by over 22 kilometers (14 miles), the northern boundary southwards by over 25 kilometers (16 miles), and the southern boundary northwards by over 12 kilometers (8 miles) (Masselink, 2024). The original boundaries of the reserve were established three decades ago, by Congo’s government and encompassed the area where the Kimia company now mines. But over the years under opaque circumstances, the boundaries shrunk, allowing the company to operate inside the plush forest. The rapid expansion of the Kimia mines threatens to further degrade the forest and the communities living within. According to government records, the mining company recently renewed its permits until 2048 (Associated Press, 2024). Congo’s mining registry said the map they’re using came from files from the ICCN, and it’s currently working with the ICCN on updating the boundaries and protecting the park.
Assessment of the current state and trend of World Heritage values
Deteriorating
The current state of World Heritage values in the OWR is deteriorating, with significant declines in the populations of emblematic species and the integrity of its ecosystems. The reserve’s flagship species, the endangered okapi, has experienced a contraction in distribution and abundance since the 1990s, exacerbated by poaching for bushmeat and trafficking of skins. Forest elephant populations have similarly dwindled due to poaching, while deforestation driven by illegal logging, mining, and agricultural expansion has degraded critical habitats. Satellite data reveals over 1,920 hectares of forest loss in 2022 alone, concentrated along the Ituri River and Route Nationale 4. The reserve’s role as a Pleistocene refuge supporting endemic species like the aquatic genet and unique flora such as the giant cycad is increasingly compromised. Additionally, the lack of comprehensive data on smaller taxa (e.g., amphibians, bats) limits a full understanding of biodiversity loss, though indicators suggest widespread degradation.
The trend over the past five years has been one of continued deterioration, driven by escalating threats and insufficient management capacity. Illegal mining, particularly for gold and coltan, has expanded within the reserve, with at least 18 mining sites identified, many operated by foreign companies like Kimia Mining. This activity not only degrades habitats but also fuels the illegal bushmeat trade, including the poaching of okapis and other endangered species. Armed groups exacerbate these issues by controlling mining operations and engaging in illegal logging and poaching, further destabilizing the region. Deforestation has surged, particularly along the Ituri River and Route Nationale 4, driven by logging, agricultural expansion, and the rehabilitation of the RN4 road, which has increased access to previously remote areas. The absence of a regulated buffer zone leaves the reserve vulnerable to spillover effects from adjacent land-use changes, such as agricultural expansion and mining. These activities, combined with weak enforcement and political instability, have led to a deterioration of the reserve’s ecological health, particularly impacting emblematic species like the okapi and forest elephants.
Despite these challenges, there have been some improvements in conservation efforts, though they remain insufficient to reverse the overall decline. Enhanced anti-poaching patrols, supported by international organizations like WCS and OCP, have led to the apprehension of poachers and the removal of illegal mining camps. Community-based programs, such as agroforestry initiatives and education campaigns, aim to reduce reliance on illegal activities like poaching and logging. However, the lack of an updated Integrated Management Plan (PAG) since 2011 and delays in validating the Central Integral Conservation Zone undermine long-term planning and adaptive management. While efforts like the establishment of checkpoints on the RN4 road and the deployment of drones for surveillance show promise, the lack of a comprehensive, well-funded, and inclusive management system limits the reserve’s ability to effectively mitigate threats. Strengthening governance, increasing financial and human resources, and enhancing community involvement are critical to improving the effectiveness of the management system in addressing the complex threats facing the OWR. Without these improvements, the reserve’s ability to protect its unique biodiversity and ecological integrity will remain compromised. The recent civil upheaval with M23 taking Goma and Bukavu and Ugandan troops entering Ituri Province and Bunia has complicated all activities in the OWR with WCS and OCP staff forced to evacuate. This is the most serious threat the Reserve has faced since the devastating attack in 2012.
The trend over the past five years has been one of continued deterioration, driven by escalating threats and insufficient management capacity. Illegal mining, particularly for gold and coltan, has expanded within the reserve, with at least 18 mining sites identified, many operated by foreign companies like Kimia Mining. This activity not only degrades habitats but also fuels the illegal bushmeat trade, including the poaching of okapis and other endangered species. Armed groups exacerbate these issues by controlling mining operations and engaging in illegal logging and poaching, further destabilizing the region. Deforestation has surged, particularly along the Ituri River and Route Nationale 4, driven by logging, agricultural expansion, and the rehabilitation of the RN4 road, which has increased access to previously remote areas. The absence of a regulated buffer zone leaves the reserve vulnerable to spillover effects from adjacent land-use changes, such as agricultural expansion and mining. These activities, combined with weak enforcement and political instability, have led to a deterioration of the reserve’s ecological health, particularly impacting emblematic species like the okapi and forest elephants.
Despite these challenges, there have been some improvements in conservation efforts, though they remain insufficient to reverse the overall decline. Enhanced anti-poaching patrols, supported by international organizations like WCS and OCP, have led to the apprehension of poachers and the removal of illegal mining camps. Community-based programs, such as agroforestry initiatives and education campaigns, aim to reduce reliance on illegal activities like poaching and logging. However, the lack of an updated Integrated Management Plan (PAG) since 2011 and delays in validating the Central Integral Conservation Zone undermine long-term planning and adaptive management. While efforts like the establishment of checkpoints on the RN4 road and the deployment of drones for surveillance show promise, the lack of a comprehensive, well-funded, and inclusive management system limits the reserve’s ability to effectively mitigate threats. Strengthening governance, increasing financial and human resources, and enhancing community involvement are critical to improving the effectiveness of the management system in addressing the complex threats facing the OWR. Without these improvements, the reserve’s ability to protect its unique biodiversity and ecological integrity will remain compromised. The recent civil upheaval with M23 taking Goma and Bukavu and Ugandan troops entering Ituri Province and Bunia has complicated all activities in the OWR with WCS and OCP staff forced to evacuate. This is the most serious threat the Reserve has faced since the devastating attack in 2012.
Additional information
Outdoor recreation and tourism
The park has a significant tourist potential, but this has never been fully realised. In the past this was because of difficult access (until 2008 the RN4 was little more than a muddy footpath) but more recently the deteriorating security situation has been a constraining factor. Key tourist attractions are: okapi at the station (until the June attack), easy walks in pristine rainforest accompanied by pygmies, possibility to participate in pygmy activities (traditional net hunting, etc..).
Carbon sequestration,
Soil stabilisation,
Flood prevention,
Water provision (importance for water quantity and quality),
Pollination
Several large rivers, and hundreds of smaller rivers, flow through the Reserve or start in it. The vast area of forest through which they flow ensures regulation of downstream flows. The 13.726 km² of dense tropical rainforest also constitutes an important carbon sink.
History and tradition,
Wilderness and iconic features,
Sacred natural sites or landscapes
Two groups of semi-nomad pygmies, the BaMbuti and the BaEfe are the indigenous inhabitants of the Ituri forest. About 5.000 pygmies live inside the Reserve and depend on its natural resources. The spiritual values of the forest are central to their well being.
Since 2012, the closure of the Epulu's zoo increased issues such as alcoholism and other negative behavior in the BaMbuti population.
The principle of not selling okapi meat is, since 2012, less and less respected and the quantity of okapi meat in the local markets is increasing. This animal was traditionally protected by the BaMbuti.
Since 2012, the closure of the Epulu's zoo increased issues such as alcoholism and other negative behavior in the BaMbuti population.
The principle of not selling okapi meat is, since 2012, less and less respected and the quantity of okapi meat in the local markets is increasing. This animal was traditionally protected by the BaMbuti.
The national and global benefits in terms of nature conservation (central African humid forest biodiversity and endemism) are exceptionally important. The site also has high cultural and spiritual importance for the Mbuti and Efe pygmies who are the indigenous inhabitants of the Ituri forest and whose hunting and gathering rights are recognised in the Reserve’s legal status. However these benefits are all at risk because of the presence of armed militia, the increasing levels of poaching and the difficulty of controlling immigration into the area.
Références
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