Península Valdés
Country
Argentina
Inscribed in
1999
Criterion
(x)
The conservation outlook for this site has been assessed as "significant concern" in the latest assessment cycle. Explore the Conservation Outlook Assessment for the site below. You have the option to access the summary, or the detailed assessment.
Península Valdés in Patagonia is a site of global significance for the conservation of marine mammals. It is home to an important breeding population of the endangered southern right whale as well as important breeding populations of southern elephant seals and southern sea lions. The orcas in this area have developed a unique hunting strategy to adapt to local coastal conditions. © UNESCO
Summary
2025 Conservation Outlook
Finalised on
11 Oct 2025
Significant concern
Current state and trend of VALUES
High Concern
Overall THREATS
Overall PROTECTION and MANAGEMENT
Full assessment
Description of values
High diversity and abundance of cetaceans and birds
Criterion
(x)
The mushroom-shaped Península Valdés forms two large gulfs (Golfo San José and Golfo Nuevo), which are protected from the harsh environmental conditions of the Patagonian Atlantic coast. Thereby marine and coastal conditions are created, which favour several cetacean species, such as the dusky dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obscurus, LC). The most spectacular manifestation of the importance for cetaceans are no doubt the globally important winter breeding and nursing aggregations of southern right whale (Eubalaena australis, LC). The importance of the area as a multi-use habitat has been also recently highlighted (D´Agostino, 2023).
Resident orca (Orcinus orca, DD) populations have developed a sophisticated and spectacular hunting behaviour named intentional stranding or beach-hunting, known only from the World Heritage site and one other location worldwide, the Crozet Islands (Taylor et al., 2013; Bubas, 2009). Orcas approach the coast during mid to high tide and calm seas to hunt sea lion pups (in March–April) and elephant seal pups (in October–November).
In 2007, the area was designated as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International. Some of the reasons for this designation include the presence of 13 globally threatened species, one nationally threatened species, three endemic species, and more than 1% of a congregatory seabird biogeographic population (Horvath, 2023). UNEP-WCMC (2011) notes 181 species of birds, including 66 migratory species, while also pointing out important nesting colonies of several species of marine and coastal birds.
Resident orca (Orcinus orca, DD) populations have developed a sophisticated and spectacular hunting behaviour named intentional stranding or beach-hunting, known only from the World Heritage site and one other location worldwide, the Crozet Islands (Taylor et al., 2013; Bubas, 2009). Orcas approach the coast during mid to high tide and calm seas to hunt sea lion pups (in March–April) and elephant seal pups (in October–November).
In 2007, the area was designated as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International. Some of the reasons for this designation include the presence of 13 globally threatened species, one nationally threatened species, three endemic species, and more than 1% of a congregatory seabird biogeographic population (Horvath, 2023). UNEP-WCMC (2011) notes 181 species of birds, including 66 migratory species, while also pointing out important nesting colonies of several species of marine and coastal birds.
Large breeding populations of pinnipeds
Criterion
(x)
The long coasts of the vast peninsula host the northernmost colonies of southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina), the largest pinniped in the world (Hofmeyr, 2015). With the exception of one small breeding colony just outside of the World Heritage site, these are the only breeding population of this species in continental Argentina (Campagna et al., 1992), which otherwise breeds on the islands of the South Atlantic. The southern elephant seal grouping of the Valdés Peninsula has ecological, geographic, and demographic characteristics that differentiate it from other populations of the same species (Campagna & Lewis 1992). The life cycle of this species consists of two terrestrial stages, dedicated to molting (December to February) and reproduction (September-October), and two pelagic feeding stages (post-molt and post-reproduction). The Valdés Peninsula is a continental grouping, and after the reproductive and molting stages are complete, the elephant seals must travel a wide shelf approximately 400 km wide before reaching the depths where they feed (Campagna et al. 1995). During the pelagic feeding phase, elephant seals are widely distributed across the slope and offshore waters of the entire region, depending on the resources exploited by fisheries. This indicates that this species is a good indicator of the conservation status of the regional marine ecosystem and its resources, and of the quality of fisheries management. The species breeds along the entire Atlantic coastline of the Valdés Peninsula and in two coastal areas off the peninsula: Punta Ninfas – Bajo de los Huesos and Isla Escondida. The population size is estimated at 53,200 individuals (Ferrari et al. 2013), with approximately 16,000 pups born per year (Campagna et al., personal communication).
There are also important populations of South American sea lions (Otaria flavescens). This species has numerous breeding and non-breeding roosts along the entire coast of the Valdés Peninsula. Adult animals concentrate at breeding roosts during the summer, distributing to non-breeding roosts during the winter (Lewis and Ximenez, 1983; Crespo, 1988; Crespo and Pedraza, 1991; Dans et al., 1996). South American fur seals constitute a year-round resident population and, depending on the geographic location of the roost, they make feeding trips in the northern Patagonian gulfs and on the continental shelf up to 63°W (Lewis and Ximenez 1983; Werner and Campagna 1995). According to Grandi et al. (2009), 32 groups of seals assigned to 22 roosts were surveyed in January 2009. The total number of animals counted was 28,599. Considering that not all animals were present at the roosts at the time of the census, the estimated number of animals present on the coasts of the Valdés Peninsula and surrounding areas for that season would be 51,478 animals (Crespo, 1988). The largest roosts are: Punta León (out of Península Valdés), Morro Nuevo, Punta Hércules, La Ernestina, and Punta Buenos Aires. Some of the more easily accessible colonies of both species have become significant tourist attractions, along with the Magellanic penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus), which is breeding in several important colonies on the coasts of the World Heritage site.
There are also important populations of South American sea lions (Otaria flavescens). This species has numerous breeding and non-breeding roosts along the entire coast of the Valdés Peninsula. Adult animals concentrate at breeding roosts during the summer, distributing to non-breeding roosts during the winter (Lewis and Ximenez, 1983; Crespo, 1988; Crespo and Pedraza, 1991; Dans et al., 1996). South American fur seals constitute a year-round resident population and, depending on the geographic location of the roost, they make feeding trips in the northern Patagonian gulfs and on the continental shelf up to 63°W (Lewis and Ximenez 1983; Werner and Campagna 1995). According to Grandi et al. (2009), 32 groups of seals assigned to 22 roosts were surveyed in January 2009. The total number of animals counted was 28,599. Considering that not all animals were present at the roosts at the time of the census, the estimated number of animals present on the coasts of the Valdés Peninsula and surrounding areas for that season would be 51,478 animals (Crespo, 1988). The largest roosts are: Punta León (out of Península Valdés), Morro Nuevo, Punta Hércules, La Ernestina, and Punta Buenos Aires. Some of the more easily accessible colonies of both species have become significant tourist attractions, along with the Magellanic penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus), which is breeding in several important colonies on the coasts of the World Heritage site.
Important remnants of Patagonian grasslands
The peninsula is privately owned and used in its vast majority. For roughly one century sheep farming has been the main land use, thereby strongly modifying the native vegetation. Nevertheless, the semi-natural terrestrial ecosystem continues to be an important remnant of the coastal Patagonian grasslands, which have been modified and overused even more intensively elsewhere. Thereby, the peninsula is a haven for native fauna and flora. The most conspicuous and easily observable mammals include guanaco (Lama guanicoe, LC), a camelid and the only native ungulate, the mara (Dolichotis patagonum, NT), endemic to Argentine Patagonia and the South American grey fox (Lycalopex griseus, LC). The mammalian apex predator is the once common puma (Puma concolor, LC), an occasional visitor only today (see Nabte et al., 2009, for a complete list of mammals). The most conspicuous steppe bird is the Lesser Rhea (Rhea pennata, LC).
Rocky reefs of the Nuevo and San José gulfs
The reefs of Nuevo and San José Gulfs are small rocky patches of diverse origin that harbour an assemblage of fish and benthic organisms such as invertebrates and algae, varying with the heterogeneity of the landscape and depth and constituting a sensitive system (Galván et al., 2009; CENPAT & FPN, 2008; Venerus and Parma, 2006; Bravo, 2013; Rechimont et al., 2013; Raffo et al., 2013)..
These reefs constitute a unique habitat that provides refuge for approximately 29 species of fish from 26 genera and 21 families. 23 species are found in both gulfs, two species are found only in San José Gulf, and four species are found only in Nuevo Gulf, although only one of these was found. In general, fish that live associated with reefs are characterized by limited mobility and by residing for long periods of time in these structures, occupying a single area. They tend to be long-lived, slow-growing species that develop complex reproductive strategies and territorial behaviours.
The benthic community of reef environments is made up primarily of invertebrates and algae. Many of these species are habitat formers, providing shelter and food for other organisms such as fish and invertebrates. Marine invertebrates and algae larger than 2 cm comprise at least 60 species, although there are many more if small and cryptic species are included. In the case of invertebrates, browsers predominate, and interspecies predation is low. Algae display different morphological habits, such as crustose calcareous red algae and other non-calcareous algae (red, green, and brown) with laminar, filamentous, and globose thalli. This group of species supports commercial and recreational activities, such as fishing (deep sea and underwater) and diving.
These reefs constitute a unique habitat that provides refuge for approximately 29 species of fish from 26 genera and 21 families. 23 species are found in both gulfs, two species are found only in San José Gulf, and four species are found only in Nuevo Gulf, although only one of these was found. In general, fish that live associated with reefs are characterized by limited mobility and by residing for long periods of time in these structures, occupying a single area. They tend to be long-lived, slow-growing species that develop complex reproductive strategies and territorial behaviours.
The benthic community of reef environments is made up primarily of invertebrates and algae. Many of these species are habitat formers, providing shelter and food for other organisms such as fish and invertebrates. Marine invertebrates and algae larger than 2 cm comprise at least 60 species, although there are many more if small and cryptic species are included. In the case of invertebrates, browsers predominate, and interspecies predation is low. Algae display different morphological habits, such as crustose calcareous red algae and other non-calcareous algae (red, green, and brown) with laminar, filamentous, and globose thalli. This group of species supports commercial and recreational activities, such as fishing (deep sea and underwater) and diving.
Central shrub steppes
The central shrub steppes are especially important communities because they are characteristic of the most xeric environment in the ANPPV, adapted to lower rainfall, with soil characterized by very compact clayey horizons, environments with low primary productivity, and very homogeneous, poorly developed vegetation. Despite being the community with the lowest species richness, they contain an endemic species of the tenebrionid beetle, Nyctelia darwini (only present in the central shrub steppes). The insect community on the Valdés Peninsula has only recently begun to be studied. The initial studies by Cheli et al. (2011), Carrara et al. (2011), and Flores et al. (2011) have provided the first lists of terrestrial invertebrate species. Although the conservation of tenebrionid beetle diversity is important in itself, as it is part of global biodiversity, it is also important because these insects are valuable as biological resources for ecosystem functioning. They participate in the decomposition of organic matter, are important constituents of the food chain, especially in arid environments, and, being vulnerable to habitat modifications, can be considered indicators of environmental change. The coastal areas and dune fields in the southern part of the ANPPV, both identified as conservation areas, also represent important sites for the development of invertebrates, especially due to the looser, sandy soils (Cheli et al., 2010; Flores et al., 2011; Carrara et al., 2011).
Current plateau and coastal erosion fronts
Beaches composed of fine- to medium-grained sediments are not widely distributed across the area and are restricted to small bays within gulfs. They present a typical profile characterized by a gently sloping foreshore with little topography, and a hindshore generally formed by coarser sediments. Active cliffs extend along most of the marine coastline; the plain is destroyed by the retreat of a steeply sloping erosion front, forming sharp cliffs cut at right angles. In the areas with the greatest marine erosion, they present vertical slopes up to 50 meters high, frequently modified by mass wasting processes. The coastal downslope environment is the one between the break in the slope of the rock levels and sea level. This sector comprises the drainage basin for surface runoff that flows onto the coast and is made up of alluvial deposits and gentle erosion surfaces (coastal pediments) of varying ages. These alluvial deposits consist of a mixture of Tertiary sediments (including fossil shell fragments) and retransported gravel. The youngest deposits reach the marine influence area and are occasionally reworked by coastal action. Caleta Valdés is a lagoon with an approximate north-south elongation of 30 kilometers. To the west, it is bordered by an active cliff and Pleistocene marine deposits (coastal ridges), to the east by two Holocene spikes of opposite growth, and to the north by tidal flats. It can be divided into two sectors: the non-functional elevated sector partially covered by sandy mantles, and a functional sector, with a morphology of elongated islets running north-south and winding channels. Valdés Cove constitutes a landform of exceptional landscape value and is home to seabird colonies and visited by marine mammals. The inactive cliffs are found developed on the coastal ridge systems formed during the Pleistocene and Holocene. These cliffs show their maximum areal extension along the western margin of the cove, from the sectors near the mouth northward. They are also recognized as confined to the northern sector on the eastern Holocene margin of the cove. The tidal flats are most developed within the cove, as they are typical of environments protected from the direct pounding of waves. The San José Creek forms the other tidal flat of Valdés Cove. It is a wetland and an extensive beach bordered by Punta Mejillón and Punta Juan de la Piedra. These are abrasion platforms whose surfaces form cavities or other irregularities. The platforms can reach up to 350 m in length at low tide. The beach area consists of an intertidal zone with a maximum length of approximately 2 km during syzygy low tides and is composed of fine sand, silt, and pebbles. The supralittoral zone is occupied by a marshland developed on a coastal lagoon of Holocene origin and occupies a depression between a sequence of discontinuous bars, generating a creek-like inlet. These landforms reveal outcrops of the Puerto Madryn and Gaiman Formations, which contain fossil remains of vertebrates and invertebrates. Numerous paleontological studies and findings reveal a rich flora and fauna community from the Upper Miocene, marine invertebrates corresponding to the so-called Entre Ríos malacofauna and marine vertebrates corresponding to osteichthean and cartilaginous fish, odontocete and mysticete cetaceans and spheniciform birds. The oldest and southernmost phocid pinniped found and the first continental vertebrate association are highlighted. Paleontological studies underway reveal a diverse and still unexplored record, which will provide key information for understanding evolution. One of the main characteristics of the Pla Valdés cliffs is the diversity and abundance of fossil mollusks, arranged in an association comprising 60 genera and 75 species, revealing one of the most important Tertiary biobenthos in Patagonian seas. Towards the end of the Miocene, and due to an increase in global temperature, this association was replaced by one with tropical affinities. The fossils found were part of five Miocene communities that inhabited different substrates. There are also numerous findings of ostracods, decapods, and bryozoans. The paleontological sites and the fossils found within them constitute unique and irreproducible testimonies that document evolution. Colonies of birds and marine mammals settle there, which are a major tourist attraction. These environments have great geohistorical importance for landscape evolution, are highly susceptible to erosion, and undergo significant dynamics and transformation. On another note, the importance of these coastal wetlands also lies in their quality as a trophic support for different species of seabirds (both resident and migratory) and migratory shorebirds, which stop here during their annual journeys. The assemblage of benthic invertebrate species offers, in terms of quantity and quality, an enormous and differential food supply. On sandy beaches, organisms live infaunally, with certain species of mollusks (clams and snails), polychaetes, and crustaceans (isopods, amphipods, decapods, and ostracods) standing out. Regardless of the specific diversity of invertebrates in the community, the quantitative aspect should be emphasized: clam and polychaete populations reach exceptional densities. For example, for the Darina solenoides clam, the main prey consumed by shorebirds, densities of up to 4,000 individuals/m² have been recorded. Of all the sandy beaches included in the Peninsula Valdés system, two of them, Playa Fracasso and Riacho San José, are characterized by a plant community of halophilous plants (marshland) located at the upper intertidal levels. In general, all the beaches involved are completely dependent on the supply of sediments and nutrients from continental sources, which are naturally transported to them by gravity, wind, or rainfall. These wetlands are located on the floor of the runoff basin, which delimits the upper plateau. (Sources: Bouza, 2012; Codesido et al. 2005; Haller et al. 2000; Rostagno, 1981; Súnico et al. 1994; Primer simposio de paleontología y geología de la Península Valdés, 2005; Bocco et al. 2013).
Remarcable geomorphology
The landscape of the Valdés peninsula is characterized by high cliffs, small beaches, coastal dunes, and an elongated gravel spit that separates a lagoon from the open sea on its eastern margin, leaving an open tidal channel at the southern of the spit (Caleta Valdés) (Bouza et al., 2016). There is research highlighting the geomorphology importance of the Península de Valdés (e.g. Ríos, 2023; Bunicontro, 2021). The dynamics of aeolian landforms is the main structuring element of the southern land portion of Peninsula Valdés. Within the southern sector of the peninsula, three main aeolian domains can be defined: longitudinal dunes, barchans, and aeolian sheets. The other sectors are isolated aeolian landforms located along the coastal perimeter. These environments are of great importance due to their dynamics and high scenic value, giving the peninsula a unique landscape. The highly mobile dune faces constitute fragile environments susceptible to impacts. They have preserved recent fossil remains (2,000 to 3,000 years old). Studying these remains allows to understand how these species have evolved and distributed in the recent past. They are also sites with maximum archaeological diversity. It is estimated that Peninsula Valdés offered habitable conditions as early as 5,000 years ago.
Assessment information
Currently, coastal and marine areas are considered to be highly threatened, as World Heritage values face multiple threats from human activities such as tourism, urban development, industry, maritime traffic and plastic pollution. The increase in the number of visitors, coupled with the development of tourist infrastructure and the unauthorized construction of temporary settlements on the beaches is currently a considerable conservation problem, along with the steady and largely unplanned growth of the small town of Puerto Pirámides, which has been triggered by tourism. On the other hand, in the last five years the provincial state, the national state, non-governmental organizations and international and provincial financing have made it possible to maintain the collection of plastic fishing waste with some regularity. High and unexplained whale mortality remains of concern, as do seagull attacks on whales and the mass mortality of marine mammals caused by avian influenza. Other threats including wildfires, livestock grazing and human-wildlife conflicts are considered low on the key marine attributes of the site, however can be considered high for the other important biodiversity values of the site. At the same time, a substantial improvement in governance is observed for the conservation of the values of the ANP, Valdés Biosphere Reserve and World Heritage.
Recreational Activities
(Tourism)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Outside site
Though visitor management is functional overall, visitors have resulted in regular disturbance of the pinniped populations reproducing in the World Heritage site (Monjeau, 2011; World Heritage Committee, 2014). Lactating mothers of elephant seals are fasting while in the area, so they rely on blubber reserves for self-maintenance and nursing. Disturbance from human beings and dogs during this sensitive phase can have devastating effects as energy reserves cannot be recovered. While massive tourism is controlled, tourists staying in private accommodations within the World Heritage site have unsupervised access to native pinnipeds or other fauna. Specific research to assess the impacts of this common practice in species behaviour and fitness is lacking (IUCN Consultation, 2020a). Studies have shown that whale watching has some negative impacts on whale behaviour elsewhere in Argentine Patagonia (Vermeulen et al., 2012). A pilot study on the effects of swim-with-whale programs at Peninsula Valdés showed short-term effects on southern right whale behavior (Lundquist et al., 2013). Visitors accessing intangible zones and performing recreation activities at unauthorized locations have been reported (La Nación, 2018; El Patagónico, 2018). The major visitor accommodation and associated infrastructure were identified by the State Party of Argentina as a significant potential threat in the third Periodic Report (State Party of Argentina, 2023). Some of the concerns included new free camping sites that, along with development projects, emerge spontaneously without planning in traditional temporary settlements of artisanal fishing. Routes allow the access of visitors to the sites of touristic interest, but they also generate a negative impact as they are gravel and require constant maintenance that enhances the expansion of the surface of the access roads (width of the road) and the use of quarries (State Party of Argentina, 2023).
Residential Areas
(Informal beach settlements)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Outside site
Unauthorized construction of housing and temporary shelters on beaches currently represents a significant conservation concern, particularly in Bengoa, Larralde, and Punta Gales. According to the third Periodic Report, there are illegal settlements in popular areas and small-scale urban developments resulting from the temporary occupation by artisanal fishers, as well as some isolated cases of hunting, fishing, and/or gathering without the corresponding permits, although these are not frequent (State Party of Argentina, 2023). Given the socioeconomic conditions of the occupants, this complex issue requires a comprehensive and sustained management approach. At the same time, it highlights the need to strengthen management actions to prevent potential future expansion, which could pose a threat due to increased disturbance of bird and pinniped colonies during breeding seasons (Monjeau, 2011)
Fire & Fire Management
(Wildfires)
Inside site
, Widespread(15-50%)
Outside site
In January 2022, a voracious forest fire broke out in Puerto Madryn, affecting Peninsula Valdés, where the flames consumed more than 80,000 hectares (IUCN Consultation, 2025). Wildfires are also common during the summer period, due to carelessness by visitors or started by lightning storms (IUCN Consultation, 2020e). For Chubut, causality mainly recognizes human origin, since there are very few existing records of fires caused by lightning (1.5%) or any other natural cause. The provincial law has Law No. 5232, passed on September 23, 2004, which refers to the management of forest or rural fire and fires.
Residential Areas
(Expansion of settled areas)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Outside site
The steady and largely unplanned growth of the small town of Puerto Pirámides has been triggered by tourism. Impacts beyond the direct footprint on the land include poorly managed waste and increasing demand for freshwater in a semi-desert environment. The poor waste management has been linked to the explosion of the populations of kelp gull (Larus dominicanus) which feed on skin and blubber pecked from the backs of living right whales (Marón et al., 2015). The waste from Peninsula Valdés is collected by the Peninsula Valdés Administration and is transferred outside the ANP, to the GIRSU, where it receives separation, and treatment together with the waste from neighbouring towns. Open-air dumps that existed in the area of influence have also been eradicated to reduce the source of food for the seagulls and prevent the population from growing more than expected naturally. Being very localized and thanks to the improved management response, the factor is ranked as a low threat.
Unknown Threats
(Unusually high and unexplained whale mortality)
Inside site
, Widespread(15-50%)
Outside site
Alarmingly high mortality rates of southern right whales were recorded in and around the World Heritage site between 2005 and 2014 (Wilson et al., 2015; Noticias Ambientales, 2024), peaking in 2012 with 116 deaths, including 113 calves (Thomas et al., 2013). The average annual mortality increased from six deaths per year from 1971 to 2004, to 75 deaths per year from 2005 to 2014 (Rowntree et al., 2013). Between 2007 and 2013, a total of 554 whales died, with an annual average of 75 calf losses. In 2012, 113 calves perished, and in 2022, 28 adult whales died—both representing the highest recorded annual mortality rates for the species globally. Sironi et al. (2018) reported that 774 whales were found dead along the shores of Península Valdés between 2003 and 2017, with nearly 90% being calves younger than three months.
Unusual mortality events raise serious concerns as they may indicate environmental changes, potentially linked to human activities (Noticias Ambientales, 2024). Such high mortality in baleen whale populations is exceptionally rare (Rowntree et al., 2013), prompting growing scientific and conservation concerns, including from the International Whaling Commission.
Experts have proposed several hypotheses to explain this unusual mortality, including a decline in food availability, biotoxin exposure, infectious disease, and density-dependent processes. Additional studies suggest that kelp gull attacks may contribute to calf deaths (Thomas et al., 2013). However, research indicates that deceased calves at Península Valdés do not exhibit signs of malnutrition (Maron et al., 2018), and chemical contaminants were deemed an unlikely primary cause. Agrelo et al. (2021) found a significant increase in whale mortality rates following El Niño events, which disrupt food-web interactions, hinder population recovery, and could potentially lead to population decline. This theory is shared by Phan (2021) who added that Southern right whale populations near Argentina have suffered surprising losses during recent El Niño years, if El Niño events worsen, models suggest the encouraging recovery of southern right whales could stall or even reverse. While kelp gull attacks may contribute to some deaths, ongoing research explores whether stress from injuries also negatively affects whale physiology, potentially impacting calf survival (Sironi et al., 2018; IUCN Consultation, 2020b). Meanwhile, density-dependent mortality has been linked more to whale redistribution along the coast than to increased deaths (Sueyro et al., 2018).
Since 2014, mortality rates have declined (IUCN Consultation, 2020b), with only 10 calves dying in 2019—a 91% reduction from the average annual calf mortality since 2003 (Sironi & Rowntree, 2019). The overall population growth rate remains between 5–7% since the 1970s, though recent estimates suggest a decline to 3.15% (Crespo et al., 2019; Sironi & Rowntree, 2019; IUCN Consultation, 2020b). However the annual number of dead whales show a concerning increase: in 2018 there were 23 dead whales, 17 in 2019, 45 in 2021 and 73 in 2022 totalling 157 individuals in four calving seasons. Most of the dead whales were calves (63%), followed by adults (30%) and juveniles (7%). As in previous years, most dead whales were recorded in Golfo Nuevo (70%) and the remaining whales died in Golfo San José (30%) and the distribution of strandings was very different among years. The adult female mortality in Golfo Nuevo in 2022 was the most extreme adult mortality event on record for the species since 1971 (Sironi et al, 2022). The current threat level is therefore considered high based on recent findings.
Unusual mortality events raise serious concerns as they may indicate environmental changes, potentially linked to human activities (Noticias Ambientales, 2024). Such high mortality in baleen whale populations is exceptionally rare (Rowntree et al., 2013), prompting growing scientific and conservation concerns, including from the International Whaling Commission.
Experts have proposed several hypotheses to explain this unusual mortality, including a decline in food availability, biotoxin exposure, infectious disease, and density-dependent processes. Additional studies suggest that kelp gull attacks may contribute to calf deaths (Thomas et al., 2013). However, research indicates that deceased calves at Península Valdés do not exhibit signs of malnutrition (Maron et al., 2018), and chemical contaminants were deemed an unlikely primary cause. Agrelo et al. (2021) found a significant increase in whale mortality rates following El Niño events, which disrupt food-web interactions, hinder population recovery, and could potentially lead to population decline. This theory is shared by Phan (2021) who added that Southern right whale populations near Argentina have suffered surprising losses during recent El Niño years, if El Niño events worsen, models suggest the encouraging recovery of southern right whales could stall or even reverse. While kelp gull attacks may contribute to some deaths, ongoing research explores whether stress from injuries also negatively affects whale physiology, potentially impacting calf survival (Sironi et al., 2018; IUCN Consultation, 2020b). Meanwhile, density-dependent mortality has been linked more to whale redistribution along the coast than to increased deaths (Sueyro et al., 2018).
Since 2014, mortality rates have declined (IUCN Consultation, 2020b), with only 10 calves dying in 2019—a 91% reduction from the average annual calf mortality since 2003 (Sironi & Rowntree, 2019). The overall population growth rate remains between 5–7% since the 1970s, though recent estimates suggest a decline to 3.15% (Crespo et al., 2019; Sironi & Rowntree, 2019; IUCN Consultation, 2020b). However the annual number of dead whales show a concerning increase: in 2018 there were 23 dead whales, 17 in 2019, 45 in 2021 and 73 in 2022 totalling 157 individuals in four calving seasons. Most of the dead whales were calves (63%), followed by adults (30%) and juveniles (7%). As in previous years, most dead whales were recorded in Golfo Nuevo (70%) and the remaining whales died in Golfo San José (30%) and the distribution of strandings was very different among years. The adult female mortality in Golfo Nuevo in 2022 was the most extreme adult mortality event on record for the species since 1971 (Sironi et al, 2022). The current threat level is therefore considered high based on recent findings.
Unknown Threats
(Seagull attacks on whales due to increase of seagull population around urban waste deposits)
Inside site
, Widespread(15-50%)
Outside site
Seagull populations, in particular of Kelp gull (Larus dominicanus) have been steadily and rapidly increasing, probably taking advantage of poor waste management practices at urban landfills and from large amounts of bycatch at sea and at fisheries (Sironi et al., 2009). Kelp gulls were first observed to feed on skin and blubber of living whales when they surface in the near shore waters of Peninsula de Valdés (Marón et al., 2015; Agrelo, 2023). The percentage of living mothers and calves with gull lesions increased from an average of 2 percent in the 1970 to 99 percent in the 2000s (Marón et al., 2015). Gull-inflicted wounds per calf have increased markedly since the mid-1990s (Agrelo, 2023). This harassment, judged as a form of parasitism by some researchers, has caused the whales to modify their behavior, surfacing less completely and for shorter periods (Argüelles et al., 2016; Sironi et al., 2009; Agrelo, 2023). Gull harassment appears to be affecting the overall health and survival of newborn right whale calves at Península Valdés (Thomas et al., 2015; Agredo, 2023) and may be a contributing factor to the massive increase in right whale mortality rates over the last years (Marón et al., 2015; Thomas et al., 2015). The hypothesis that stress from injuries in the southern right whale (predominantly due to kelp gull attacks) negatively affects their physiological homeostasis and could be a contributing factor to calf deaths in this population continues to be studied (Sironi et al., 2018; IUCN Consultation, 2020b). The prediction is that increased severity and extent of wounds will correlate significantly and positively with increased concentration of glucocorticoids (GCs) in baleen, and GCs will be highest in calves with many wounds, lower in calves with fewer wounds and least in calves that died due to acute trauma (e.g. shipstrike) (Sironi et al., 2018). While attempts to cull kelp gulls so far have not resulted in effective population control, a number of options have been proposed to manage the populations (Sironi et al., 2009).
Fishing, Harvesting & Controlling Aquatic Species
(Commercial fishing)
Outside site
Both the southern right whale and the southern elephant seal are only seasonally present in and near the site. Their main foraging areas are located far away from the site (Jonker et al., 1998; Campagna et al., 1995, Campagna et al., 2006), however the importance of the area for feeding of the Southern right whale has been recently highlighted (D´Agostino, 2023). Fisheries are plausible reasons for concern in terms of food availability (Kovacs et al., 2012) and entangled animals are relatively common (Campagna et al., 2007). In addition, fisheries could lead to environmental change in the species wide ranges and, in the case of the elephant seals, competition with squid. It is important to distinguish the near-shore commercial fishing, which is an important economic sector in Argentine Patagonia, and largely uncontrolled fishing elsewhere in the South Atlantic. While beyond the scope of this assessment, environmental change and intense commercial fishing must be considered as factors in the future of the site.
Shipping Lanes
(Pollution, spill risks and vessel strikes)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Outside site
The construction of a major commercial port in Puerto Madryn dates back to the 1970s as an integral part of the construction of the ALUAR (Aluminum Argentino) aluminum smelter. The smelter required both raw materials, primarily bauxite, and the shipping out of the aluminum products. Later on, in the 1980s, the port also became an important base of fisheries operations (fishing, factory and freezer vessels). In addition, the port serves many other transportation needs of the growing town and its hinterland (Puerto Madryn, Administración Portuaria, 2017). Every single ship to and from the port has to cross the entire Golfo Nuevo, which comes with threats in terms of disturbance, spill risks and vessel strikes (UNEP-WCMC, 2011; IUCN, 1999; Campagna et al., 1997). Currently, large-scale metalliferous mining with cyanide is prohibited in Chubut Province by the Law XVII-Nº 68. If the decision is reversed, augmented ship circulation would increase the level of this threat (IUCN Consultation, 2020c). It is necessary to clarify that this port is located outside the protected area. The Golfo Nuevo is an area protected by the Ordinance of the Argentine Naval Prefecture and there is a corridor (outside the ANP) which ships that access the port must follow (Ordinance 12 - 1998 PNA).
Hunting, Collecting & Controlling Terrestrial Animals
(Human-wildlife conflicts)
Inside site
, Widespread(15-50%)
Outside site
lllegal hunting continues to be a threat to native wildlife in the Península Valdés region, although the level of its impact has not been systematically assessed for the World Heritage site. Poaching is mainly associated to sheep ranching and to the opening of new dirt roads that results in increased accessibility to poachers (Baldi et al., 2017). Native terrestrial mammals, especially the guanaco, fox, and puma, have been impacted by hunting and poisoning in addition to road kills (Monjeau, 2011; Bottazz Journal, 2018; Radio 3, 2020; Romina, 2019). Carnivores are mainly threatened by retaliatory killing or hunting to prevent predation or presumed predation on domestic animals, especially on lambs. Predators like the culpeo fox (Lycalopex culpaeus) are very rare in Península Valdés, and pumas (Puma concolor) are chased and killed when detected. Although the occasional presence of pumas does result in active persecution by ranchers allegedly to protect their sheep, the occurrence of attacks has not been documented in recent years (Baldi et al., 2017). Some rural workers kill the smaller cats, foxes and mustelids, allegedly because they prey on lambs, although the impact has not been assessed in Península Valdés. Also, a common practice to kill predators is to spread poisoned meat and eggs which kills not only carnivores but also birds of prey, armadillos and scavengers. Antún et al. (2018) modelled the spatial variation in lesser rheas abundance within Península Valdés and found that human-related factors such as the distance to ranch buildings was negatively related to their abundance. The avoidance of human dwellings by lesser rheas could be associated with activities such as hunting and egg collection for consumption (Baldi et al., 2017). From a narrow World Heritage perspective, the threat is ranked as low due to the World Heritage focus on the marine values while noting that the removal of mammalian predators from terrestrial systems results in severe and complex ecosystem changes.
Terrestrial Animal Farming, Ranching & Herding
(Livestock grazing throughout most of the terrestrial part of the site )
Inside site
, Throughout(>50%)
Outside site
Most of the peninsula is privately owned and has been used for sheep ranching since the late 19th Century. Sheep grazing has caused major modifications in the steppe ecosystem and has degraded biodiversity (Blanco et al., 2017). The degree of biodiversity loss and degradation varies with grazing intensity, which is highest in the northeastern and southeastern portions of the World Heritage site. Although 80% of the land in Península Valdés is still devoted to sheep ranching, the overall stock is probably the lowest in decades (Antún and Baldi, 2020). The steppe ecosystem is less degraded as 15 years ago (IUCN Consultation 2020d). Nabte et al. (2013) documented how the grazing competition and harassment by sheep farmers poses a severe challenge to the conservation of the site's only native ungulate, the guanaco, while human-wildlife conflict affected the abundance of the puma, the terrestrial top predator. Antún et al. (2018) found that the location of ranch buildings, indicators of human presence, had a strong negative effect on lesser rheas, although their abundance increased at high sheep stocking rates. Antún and Baldi (2019) found that the location of ranch buildings had a strong positive effect on the abundance of maras (Dolichotis patagonum), presumably by providing protection against predators. However, they argue it is likely that the association could bring negative consequences for this and other species. Antún and Baldi (2020) identified that guanacos were more abundant at lower values of primary productivity and sheep stocking rates and further from inhabited ranch buildings, suggesting competition with sheep and conflict with humans. Although guanacos selected open grass-dominated habitats across sheep-free sites, fences dividing properties and paddocks played a significant role in the spatial structure of their population in Península Valdés affecting negatively the abundance of guanacos. Although urbanization and fencing has likely structured natural populations, increased livestock activity has also contributed to decreased connectivity among guanaco populations (Mesas, 2021). Some landowners are currently implementing protocols of coexistence among sheep ranching and wildlife populations. Despite facing threats, the number of guanacos in Península Valdés increased markedly during the last 25 years. Both the consolidation of Península Valdés as a protected area, inscribed as a World Heritage Site in 1999, and the decline of sheep ranching could have contributed to the recovery of the population of guanacos. While it can be argued that the site has primarily been inscribed in recognition of the importance for marine mammals (World Heritage Committee, 1999 and 2014), basic conservation expectations apply to the entire natural World Heritage site. Given the World Heritage focus on the marine mammals, the threat is ranked as low even though the high grazing intensity is a fundamental concern for the conservation of the remnants of the Patagonian steppe.
Garbage & Solid Waste
(Plastic and garbage pollution)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
The issue of plastic pollution and other solid waste has garnered significant attention from major communication media (e.g., Diario Página 12, sf; Diario Infoabe, 2023; El País, s.f.; Ámbito 2023; TN Sociedad 2023; Orato 2023, among others). It is estimated that 80% of this waste originates from the fishing industry, with the remainder coming from urban areas. The primary waste materials include plastics, boxes, nets, bottles, and tapes. Various studies have found up to 20 tons of waste on a single beach. According to these reports, a "sea of plastics" has been accumulating for months in Punta Delgada, Estancia El Pedral, Bahía Cracker, Punta Cormoranes, and the Tova and Tovita islands—areas that are part of the 887,000 hectares of marine and terrestrial land designated as a UNESCO World Natural Heritage site. Additionally, more than 100,000 kilos of plastic pollution have been accumulating in Península Valdés over the years.
Recently, a regulation was enacted requiring the marking and identification of bottom trawl fishing gear, as well as the mandatory declaration of the number of crates carried by vessels when departing and returning to port. Furthermore, fishing vessels are now required to have onboard inspectors to help recover crates that fall overboard. The Argentine Patagonian Chamber of Fishing Industries has stated its commitment to collaborating in finding solutions to the mismanagement of waste.
Beach cleanups in Chubut's NPAs are key conservation initiatives. The common objective of cleaning the beaches drives the construction of specific procedures for protected areas, highlighting the collective commitment and active participation of the Provincial Technical Committee on Plastic Waste of Fishing Origin. Important challenges remain, such as unifying survey indicators, prioritizing actions based on limited resources, and coordinating activities within the different windows defined by fauna and climate.
Since 2018, the government of Chubut has designed an annual work plan called "Provincial Census and Coastal Cleaning Program", which includes instances of census, cleaning, collection and removal of materials, throughout the Chubut coast. The problem of waste exceeded the task of a single agency, which is why it was necessary to form the Provincial Technical Table, made up of the Secretary of Environment and Control of Sustainable Development, the Ministry of Tourism and Protected Areas and the Secretary of Fisheries.
In 2024, by virtue of the articulated work between the Forum for the Conservation of the Patagonian Sea and Areas of Influence, the provincial government of Chubut – through the Provincial Technical Table on Fishing Waste made up of the Ministry of Environment, the Ministry of Tourism and Protected Areas, and the Secretariat of Fisheries – a new cleanup was carried out. The activity was developed within the framework of the MaRes Project, with funding from the European Union with the participation of the organizations Fundación Vida Silvestre Argentina (FVS) and the Institute of Whale Conservation (ICB), both members of the Forum. This operation is the second carried out in the same coastal area this year. The first cleaning was carried out in February and more than 10 tons of waste were removed. However, periodic monitoring of this coastal strip has revealed a new accumulation of plastic waste linked to fishing operations. Given this situation, over 2 days, a team of 16 people from different organizations collected 38 bags of waste, totaling 1.8 tons. As in the previous collection campaign, the waste found is mostly generated during fishing operations. In addition to the census and cleanup, the initiative includes collecting data to understand the rate of litter accumulation on shorelines. This information, in addition to other complementary data collection actions, will allow adjusting and improving protocols for future interventions, achieving greater effectiveness with the least impact on ecosystems, in addition to being inputs for the design of long-term strategies focused on reducing the arrival of plastics to the sea and coasts.
Recently, a regulation was enacted requiring the marking and identification of bottom trawl fishing gear, as well as the mandatory declaration of the number of crates carried by vessels when departing and returning to port. Furthermore, fishing vessels are now required to have onboard inspectors to help recover crates that fall overboard. The Argentine Patagonian Chamber of Fishing Industries has stated its commitment to collaborating in finding solutions to the mismanagement of waste.
Beach cleanups in Chubut's NPAs are key conservation initiatives. The common objective of cleaning the beaches drives the construction of specific procedures for protected areas, highlighting the collective commitment and active participation of the Provincial Technical Committee on Plastic Waste of Fishing Origin. Important challenges remain, such as unifying survey indicators, prioritizing actions based on limited resources, and coordinating activities within the different windows defined by fauna and climate.
Since 2018, the government of Chubut has designed an annual work plan called "Provincial Census and Coastal Cleaning Program", which includes instances of census, cleaning, collection and removal of materials, throughout the Chubut coast. The problem of waste exceeded the task of a single agency, which is why it was necessary to form the Provincial Technical Table, made up of the Secretary of Environment and Control of Sustainable Development, the Ministry of Tourism and Protected Areas and the Secretary of Fisheries.
In 2024, by virtue of the articulated work between the Forum for the Conservation of the Patagonian Sea and Areas of Influence, the provincial government of Chubut – through the Provincial Technical Table on Fishing Waste made up of the Ministry of Environment, the Ministry of Tourism and Protected Areas, and the Secretariat of Fisheries – a new cleanup was carried out. The activity was developed within the framework of the MaRes Project, with funding from the European Union with the participation of the organizations Fundación Vida Silvestre Argentina (FVS) and the Institute of Whale Conservation (ICB), both members of the Forum. This operation is the second carried out in the same coastal area this year. The first cleaning was carried out in February and more than 10 tons of waste were removed. However, periodic monitoring of this coastal strip has revealed a new accumulation of plastic waste linked to fishing operations. Given this situation, over 2 days, a team of 16 people from different organizations collected 38 bags of waste, totaling 1.8 tons. As in the previous collection campaign, the waste found is mostly generated during fishing operations. In addition to the census and cleanup, the initiative includes collecting data to understand the rate of litter accumulation on shorelines. This information, in addition to other complementary data collection actions, will allow adjusting and improving protocols for future interventions, achieving greater effectiveness with the least impact on ecosystems, in addition to being inputs for the design of long-term strategies focused on reducing the arrival of plastics to the sea and coasts.
Pathogens
(Marine Mammals and other species mortality due to Avian Influenza (H5N1))
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b have caused the deaths of thousands of marine mammals in South America since 2022. In October 2023, following outbreaks among sea lions in Argentina, an unprecedented mass mortality event was recorded at Península Valdés, with approximately 17,000 southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) affected, predominantly seal pups. This marks the first globally observed multinational transmission of H5N1 viruses among mammals. The increasing evolutionary flexibility of H5N1 and its adaptation to mammals pose potential global risks to wildlife, humans, and livestock (Uhart, 2024). The virus was confirmed by the Argentine Government Animal Health Service, and the findings were reported to the World Organisation for Animal Health (Campagna, 2024a, 2024b). The number of breeding animals decreased by more than 50% in the high density areas of Península Valdés (WCS, 2024, OFFLU ad-hoc group, 2023).The high spatial density of colonies of various Antarctic species of birds and mammals provides conditions for potentially devastating outbreaks with severe conservation implications. Ecosystem-level impacts may follow and affected populations may take decades to recover (Kuiken, 2024). There is also evidence indicating that Magellanic penguin populations are shifting northward, which could have implications for management strategies. Additionally, reports confirm the presence of H5N1 avian influenza affecting bird populations. Depending on the extent of its impact on key bird species in Península Valdés, this factor may warrant a reassessment of the current rating (Borboroglu, 2022).
Development of the coast and sections of the privately owned hinterland is a potential threat requiring attention. At this stage, it does not amount to a major threat besides localized issues near the main settlements. If large-scale mining is authorized in Chubut, potential threats from the associated maritime traffic would increase considerably. However, there are no mining projects within the area, nor are there plans to transit with new vessels within the Golfo Nuevo, and the province of Chubut has legislation that prohibits open-pit mining and the mining projects that have existed to date are located far from the ANPPV.
Acoustic pollution caused by marine traffic across the Nuevo Gulf is being analyzed to identify the impacts on marine fauna, which would be useful for management. Pressure to open new, privately managed activities at specific sites categorized as "strict preservation zones" according to the current management plan are increasing.
Acoustic pollution caused by marine traffic across the Nuevo Gulf is being analyzed to identify the impacts on marine fauna, which would be useful for management. Pressure to open new, privately managed activities at specific sites categorized as "strict preservation zones" according to the current management plan are increasing.
Residential Areas, Recreation & Tourism Areas
(Coastal development in and around the site)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Outside site
There are strong incentives to develop coastal areas in and around the World Heritage site, such as Doradillo or towards the north of Puerto Madryn (IUCN Consultation, 2020c). Such development in the future would, among other effects, diminish the quality of sensitive bird breeding and marine mammal nursing habitat (UNEP-WCMC, 2011).
There is pressure to use areas so far categorized as of "strict protection zone" in the original management plan.
There is pressure to use areas so far categorized as of "strict protection zone" in the original management plan.
Water-borne & other effluent Pollution
(Oil tankers passing the site)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
The IUCN evaluation (1999) noted potential threats of marine pollution from passing oil tankers, which was later minimized by moving the ship traffic from 5 to 25 nautical miles from the coast (IUCN Consultation, 2020c). If large-scale mining is authorized in Chubut this threat would increase considerably (IUCN Consultation, 2020c). Acoustic pollution caused by marine traffic across the Nuevo Gulf is being analyzed to identify the impacts on marine fauna, which would be useful for management (El Federal, 2019).
Oil & Gas exploration/development
(Oil exploration)
Outside site
The Government of Argentina has granted offshore hydrocarbon exploratory permits in the continental platform (INFOLEG, 2020). While beyond the scope of this assessment, the effects of severe acoustic impacts on marine species, including those protected by this World Heritage site, must be considered as factors in the future integrity of the area. In December 2024, the "Foro para la Conservación del Mar Patagónico y su Área de Influencia" and its Argentine member organizations sent a letter to UNESCO requesting the implementation of necessary measures to protect the integrity of the Península Valdés World Heritage Site. They warned that ongoing hydrocarbon treatment and transport projects (projected to start in 2025) in the San Matías Gulf (Río Negro province) could have serious consequences for marine biodiversity, water and air quality, and the local economy and culture of the surrounding gulfs of Península Valdés (Chubut province), due to the strong oceanographic and biological connectivity of the region. To support this assertion, two scientific reports were submitted, outlining the risks and potential impacts of the hydrocarbon projects in the area. These reports, prepared by Wildlife Conservation Society Argentina (Haro, 2024) and Fundación Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (Salinas, 2024), specifically analyze the effects of the pipeline and the hydrocarbon port terminal in Punta Colorada—a coastal location in Río Negro, near protected coastal-marine areas of both the Province and the Nation—and the impacts of the Liquefied Natural Gas Floating Unit Project.
Invasive Non-Native/ Alien Species, Pathogens
(Habitat degradation and predation on native wildlife )
Other invasive species names
Sus scrofa
Inside site
, Throughout(>50%)
Outside site
New localities of occurrence of the wild boar were reported for northeastern Chubut, from 2012 to 2020, increasing the geographic extension of this species in Patagonia by 135 linear km to the southeast (D'Agostino et al., 2020). The wild boar was recorded in Península Valdés in 2017 through direct and indirect evidence, and reports from local residents. Reported effects so far include soil removal and killing of sheep. Wild boar records seem to correspond to isolated individuals, probably dispersers. However, if the species succeed in settling across the area, it would pose a serious threat to the conservation of terrestrial and coastal wildlife, their habitats, productive activities and the safety of people (D'Agostino et al., 2020).
Involvement of stakeholders and rightsholders, including indigenous peoples and local communities, in decision-making processes
Relations between governmental, non-governmental, and interest groups have historically been difficult due to conflicts of interest over the use of natural resources. Another direct conflict is the tension between tourism and conservation, even though tourism is entirely based on the natural conservation values of the area. However, the integration of both sectors within the Ministry of Tourism and Protected Areas has meant collaboration and cooperation in joint actions that seek to promote and foster responsible, sustainable, and resilient nature tourism. The various processes for updating the Management Plan for the Peninsula Valdés Protected Natural Area have meant establishing different participatory spaces where all sectoral voices (including fisheries) were taken into account. Another notable factor was the formation of the Management Committee (Decree 1056/24) of the Valdés Biosphere Reserve to develop sectoral management plans. The formation and development of management plans invested considerably in the participation of a wide range of stakeholders. Between 2014 and 2015, 12 sectoral workshops were held with the participation of 20 institutions, encompassing the various activities carried out within the ANPPV (National Action Plan for the Promotion of Public Health). In 2022, two participatory workshops were held with approximately 50 participants, and between 2023 and 2024, 29 sectoral meetings were held with 34 organizations and institutions, with 108 participants (IUCN Consultation, 2025). Nevertheless, some concerns remain. For example, Marin (2022) concludes that knowledge and decision-making power in the area are centralized and that that the fishing sector's participation could be further strengthened in management and decision-making processes.
Legal framework
The World Heritage site is one unit of the Provincial Natural Protected Areas System (Provincial Law IX-20) of Argentina's Chubut Province. While some portions of the area were protected in 1983 as a multiple-use reserve by the Provincial Law No. 2161 (World Heritage Committee, 2014), the current 400,000-hectares Natural Protected Area was declared by the Provincial Law N° 4722 of 2001 (currently Law XI-20). A buffer zone of 5 nautical miles around the peninsula is an integral part of the site (UNEP-WCMC, 2011).
The evolution in legislation allowed that at present a considerable amount of laws favouring the integral conservation of the Península Valdés exist. For example: 1237/74: Regulates the conservation of the touristic patrimony of the Province of Chubut, including reservations created between 1967 and 1974; 2161/83: Creates the Conservation System for the touristic patrimony, and the Integral objective touristic natural reservation of Península Valdés; 2381/84: Protection of the marine mammals on the territory of the Province: 2580/85: Integration of different reservations to the Conservation System for the touristic patrimony: 23094/84: National law declaring the Southern right whale a Natural Monument: 2618/85: Regulates the touristic exploitation of marine mammals: 4098/95: Determines the creation of an intangible area between Punta Pardelas and Punta Arco in order to protect the Southern right whale in the Gulf Nuevo. Chubut Province has not adhered to the National Law Nº 23094. 4098/95 This law was repealed with the approval of the Valdes Peninsula Protected Natural Area Management Plan, which contains the zoning of the entire site (State Party of Argentina, 2023). However, this Management Plan has not been updated nor is it available, but there is an annual work plan that is being implemented. Despite this, the State Party considered that the legal framework for maintaining the Outstanding Universal Value, including the conditions of Authenticity and/or Integrity of the World Heritage property, provides an adequate basis for effective management and protection. Based on the evaluation of management effectiveness, the Península Valdés Protected Natural Area has moderately satisfactory management, reaching 53% of the optimal percentage (Level III). The legal framework achieved the highest percentage (87.5%), with the legal instrument for the creation of the protected area standing out with an optimal score (Horvath, 2023).
Currently, and after three failed attempts to update the management plan, the process that began in 2023 is expected to be completed in 2025, as the document is in its final review stage. The provincial natural monuments law was also approved. Law XI N° 93 Decree N°457 "Different Species of Local Fauna are declared Provincial Natural Monument and Part of the Natural Cultural Heritage of the Province of Chubut. Among the aforementioned regulations, it should also be mentioned Law XI 20, which approved the ANPPV Management Plan.
The evolution in legislation allowed that at present a considerable amount of laws favouring the integral conservation of the Península Valdés exist. For example: 1237/74: Regulates the conservation of the touristic patrimony of the Province of Chubut, including reservations created between 1967 and 1974; 2161/83: Creates the Conservation System for the touristic patrimony, and the Integral objective touristic natural reservation of Península Valdés; 2381/84: Protection of the marine mammals on the territory of the Province: 2580/85: Integration of different reservations to the Conservation System for the touristic patrimony: 23094/84: National law declaring the Southern right whale a Natural Monument: 2618/85: Regulates the touristic exploitation of marine mammals: 4098/95: Determines the creation of an intangible area between Punta Pardelas and Punta Arco in order to protect the Southern right whale in the Gulf Nuevo. Chubut Province has not adhered to the National Law Nº 23094. 4098/95 This law was repealed with the approval of the Valdes Peninsula Protected Natural Area Management Plan, which contains the zoning of the entire site (State Party of Argentina, 2023). However, this Management Plan has not been updated nor is it available, but there is an annual work plan that is being implemented. Despite this, the State Party considered that the legal framework for maintaining the Outstanding Universal Value, including the conditions of Authenticity and/or Integrity of the World Heritage property, provides an adequate basis for effective management and protection. Based on the evaluation of management effectiveness, the Península Valdés Protected Natural Area has moderately satisfactory management, reaching 53% of the optimal percentage (Level III). The legal framework achieved the highest percentage (87.5%), with the legal instrument for the creation of the protected area standing out with an optimal score (Horvath, 2023).
Currently, and after three failed attempts to update the management plan, the process that began in 2023 is expected to be completed in 2025, as the document is in its final review stage. The provincial natural monuments law was also approved. Law XI N° 93 Decree N°457 "Different Species of Local Fauna are declared Provincial Natural Monument and Part of the Natural Cultural Heritage of the Province of Chubut. Among the aforementioned regulations, it should also be mentioned Law XI 20, which approved the ANPPV Management Plan.
Governance arrangements
According to the information provided by the State Party of Argentina for the third Periodic Report (State Party of Argentina, 2023), governance arrangements are currently and potentially positive for the preservation of World Heritage attributes.
Integration into local, regional and national planning systems (including sea/landscape connectivity)
The World Heritage site is part of the Provincial Protection and Conservation System of International Importance: Valdés Biosphere Reserve, Western Hemispheric Shorebird Reserve (WHSRN), and Important Bird Site (IBS). 8.41% of the province's territory is protected at both the provincial and national levels. Furthermore, in recent years, there has been a push to significantly expand MPAs. Currently, 24.70% of the province's marine territory is protected (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
Boundaries
The boundaries of the World Heritage site include the entire land area of the peninsula, superimposed on privately owned ranches, a 5 nautical mile marine buffer zone and half of the Golfo Nuevo. It is of certain concern that the marine area hosting the extraordinary and sensitive marine mammal populations, are not an integral part of the World Heritage site but rather a "buffer zone", suggesting the usefulness of re-visiting the configuration and status of the marine area (Monjeau, 2011). Additionally, it is recommended to enhance the knowledge and recognition of the boundaries by local communities and landowners (State Party of Argentina, 2023). There is currently a bill for the creation of a new marine protected area called "Frente Valdes," located in provincial and national waters off the World Heritage site. It is currently before the Argentine Congress awaiting consideration (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
Overlapping international designations
The Valdés Peninsula World Heritage Site overlaps with the Humedales de Península de Valdés, a Ramsar site designated in 2012. This Wetland of International Importance covers 42,695 hectares.
Additionally, the World Heritage Site also overlaps with the Valdés Biosphere Reserve, designated in 2014, which includes 1,954,869.3 hectares. One of its main objectives is to protect the biological components of the Patagonian steppe and the breeding and feeding habitats of numerous species of mammals and birds (both marine and coastal), as well as species of economic importance for artisanal fishing and wetlands in general.
All three international designation are under the same management authority (State Party of Argentina, 2023).
In addition to these international designations, the peninsula, along with neighbouring Punta León and Punta Loma, has been designated in 2007 as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports significant populations of Magellanic penguins (with about 150,000 breeding pairs), rock and imperial shags, kelp gulls, and South American, Cabot's and royal terns. In the same year, the area was designated as a Site of Regional Importance by the Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network. This designation was based on its hosting 1% of the global population of a subspecies of the red knot: Calidris canutus rufa (Horvath, K., 2023). The area of the Valdés Peninsula Front meets tehrefore a high percentage of the scientific criteria established by the Convention on Biological Diversity, necessary for the consideration of a Marine Protected Area (Macchi, 2021).
Additionally, the World Heritage Site also overlaps with the Valdés Biosphere Reserve, designated in 2014, which includes 1,954,869.3 hectares. One of its main objectives is to protect the biological components of the Patagonian steppe and the breeding and feeding habitats of numerous species of mammals and birds (both marine and coastal), as well as species of economic importance for artisanal fishing and wetlands in general.
All three international designation are under the same management authority (State Party of Argentina, 2023).
In addition to these international designations, the peninsula, along with neighbouring Punta León and Punta Loma, has been designated in 2007 as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports significant populations of Magellanic penguins (with about 150,000 breeding pairs), rock and imperial shags, kelp gulls, and South American, Cabot's and royal terns. In the same year, the area was designated as a Site of Regional Importance by the Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network. This designation was based on its hosting 1% of the global population of a subspecies of the red knot: Calidris canutus rufa (Horvath, K., 2023). The area of the Valdés Peninsula Front meets tehrefore a high percentage of the scientific criteria established by the Convention on Biological Diversity, necessary for the consideration of a Marine Protected Area (Macchi, 2021).
Implementation of World Heritage Committee decisions and recommendations
So far the World Heritage Committee has only taken two decisions, the original inscription decision and the more recent adoption of the Statement of Outstanding Universal Value. The latter (World Heritage Committee, 2014) does not imply any follow-up. On the occasion of the inscription decision (World Heritage Committee, 1999), detailed recommendations to the State Party were articulated: "(a) ensure that effective controls are in place over any possible pollution threat from the town of Puerto Madryn to the waters of Golfo Nuevo, (b) support the efforts of the relevant authorities to secure the equipment needed to respond quickly to any oil hazard from passing shipping so as to protect the marine conservation values of the area; (c) produce a tourism management plan as an integral element of the overall management plan; (d) encourage implementation of the Integrated Collaborative Management Plan, and in particular to ensure that farmers and other private owners of land can play a full part in the development of environmentally responsible tourism; and (e) work at the international level to ensure that the marine mammals concerned are protected throughout their range". While the degree of implementation cannot be assessed within the scope of this assessment, the recommendations remain valid and deserve to be recalled.
Climate action
Within the framework of the National Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Plan, the province of Chubut developed its climate change response plan with four goals, two cross-cutting approaches, three instrumental lines of action, and seven strategic axes with 22 lines of action and 91 measures. In 2024, the tourism and conservation sector adhered to the Glasgow Declaration (UN Tourism), committing to take action to reduce carbon emissions.
The Province adhered to the Declaration of Glasgow, through Provincial Decree No. 65/2024.
The Province adhered to the Declaration of Glasgow, through Provincial Decree No. 65/2024.
Management plan and overall management system
The Provincial Authority for Tourism and Protected Areas is responsible for the protection of the area, but decisions are agreed upon with representatives of all stakeholders, and implementation is the responsibility of a non-governmental management authority (UNEP-WCMC, 2011). The World Heritage site has a remarkably detailed management plan, developed through a participatory process that takes into account that most of the peninsula's territory is privately owned and managed. However, its implementation is limited. The ongoing update process places special emphasis on the responsibility of all stakeholders involved in the process to advance the implementation of the four management programs in the future.
Law enforcement
Law enforcement is patchy as control and surveillance is limited. Illegal activities are difficult to control on the large, remote and privately-owned ranches.
Park rangers are insufficient, undertrained and not adequately equipped (De Santos, 2015), although more recently training has been provided to game wardens, including Good Environmental Practices with refresher sessions organized by the Peninsula Valdés Administration for the general public (tour guides, game wardens, and other interested parties) (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
Park rangers are insufficient, undertrained and not adequately equipped (De Santos, 2015), although more recently training has been provided to game wardens, including Good Environmental Practices with refresher sessions organized by the Peninsula Valdés Administration for the general public (tour guides, game wardens, and other interested parties) (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
Sustainable finance
The provincial government and visitor fees finance the management of the site. Undiversified funding sources derive in non-sustainable financial stability and make the site vulnerable especially when national and international tourism affluence diminishes. Furthermore, 30% of the gross income resulting from visitors entering to Peninsula Valdes is used to finance other protected areas within the provincial system. Failure in fully implementing the management plan is a result of decision-making challenges rather than on lack of funding (IUCN Consultation, 2020c), however, both the Government and other stakeholders involved (public, private and NGOs) need to collaborate in obtaining additional funding under the priority to implement the current management plan. For example, budget rated as satisfactory in a management effectiveness assessment carried out in 2015, while other variables related to purchases (equipment, clothing, signs and infrastructure improvements) rated lower. This is an indicator of the lack of prioritization of those variables (De Santos, 2015). Regarding the sources of funding, they are highly centralized, with almost 100% of projects funding coming from governmental sources (1% of the funding has been identified from international cooperation). Also running costs are largely coming from governmental sources with 43% coming from individual visitor charges (State Party of Argentina, 2023). From the analysis of own investment and external financing, it can be determined that, in the last 18 months (December 2024 to May 2025) the largest amounts (84%) are directly linked to external financing represented by the acquisition and installation of solar panels and the purchase of equipment and tools such as a boat with a trailer, a 4×4 truck, a 4×4 UTV, a quad bike and equipment for the monitoring system. That is, approximately USD 1,000,000. Likewise, through the MaRes Project, Chubut received important equipment for beach cleaning in Natural Protected Areas "The Province of Chubut received from the MaRes Project equipment to strengthen monitoring and conservation tasks in the Coastal and Marine Protected Areas of Chubut".
Staff capacity, training and development
Staffing is modest and the limited number of administrative personnel and rangers receive occasional training only. There is no overall staff training and development program. The site would benefit from increase in staff numbers, as well as additional equipment and vehicles (Monjeau, 2011; World Heritage Committee, 2014; De Santos, 2015). Recently, the University of Chubut based in Puerto Madryn created a degree program in administration of protected areas in order to improve and professionalize the work in the protected areas.
Education and interpretation programmes
The most important educational and interpretation programme has been implemented and continued by the local Government of Puerto Madryn since 2004. "The children from Madryn meet the whales" reaches all children attending to 4th degree primary school each year. Municipal park rangers working at "El doradillo" beach go to every school to give introductory talks, reaching about 2,000 children per year. Subsequently, children and teachers are taken to El Doradillo, where the whales can be seen very close to the shore (El Chubut, 2019). Virtually all the children living in Puerto Madryn participate in this programme. Other programmes are needed to raise concern about other species and ecosystems across the area. It is worth mentioning that, although there is a structured design in the area’s management plan, the tourism and recreation program, as well as the environmental education and interpretation program, lack execution and, consequently, proper monitoring and evaluation (Horvath, 2023). Update talks related to the values of the site are held every year, organized by the Peninsula Valdés Administration, for the general public (tourist guides, wildlife rangers, and other interested parties).
Tourism and visitation management
Tourism is a core activity within the site. In 2024, 271,919 visitors were received, of which 51.5% were of national origin, 32.9% were of provincial origin and 15.9% were foreigners (IUCN Consultation, 2025). Although the area does not have a tourism plan, the Provincial Tourism Organisation trains the tour guides of private companies. Excellent centres exist both on the isthmus and in the nearby town of Puerto Madryn (UNEP-WCMC, 2011; World Heritage Committee, 2014). Local NGOs provide educational brochures to visitors, such as the Guide for Responsible Whalewatching, distributed annually by the Instituto de Conservación de Ballenas (www.icb.org.ar) in cooperation with the Administration of the Península Valdés Natural Area. Additionally, according to the results of the management effectiveness analysis for the Valdés Peninsula, the area with the lowest effectiveness percentage is the management programs, with 13%. It is worth mentioning that, although there is a structured design in the area’s management plan, the tourism and recreation program, as well as the environmental education and interpretation program, lack execution and, consequently, proper monitoring and evaluation (Horvath, 2023).
In 2022, efforts to formalize and improve sustainable tourism practices intensified. The Sustainability Guidelines—part of the Argentine Tourism Quality System—were implemented in Puerto Pirámides, where ten organizations received recognition, including three whale watching companies, the local tourist office, and six accommodation providers. These guidelines introduced a coherent framework for process standardization, planning, and continuous improvement, while also promoting collaboration and shared responsibility among local tourism actors. The institutional development and strengthening of the private sector is one of the main impacts resulting from the implementation of Good Practices and Quality Guidelines.
The set of instruments, products, and solutions tailored to the characteristics of organizations linked to tourism activities builds a framework of great internal coherence that highlights the systematization of processes, planning, and continuous improvement. For participating companies and providers, the methodology provides a guiding framework for the functioning and development of the organization, allowing them to identify weak or problematic areas and respond with concrete corrective and preventive actions. Raising awareness about belonging to a common tourist destination, identifying common problems and strengths among the different participating sectors, and promoting networking and collaborative actions are the most notable benefits in terms of their impact on the characteristics and dynamism of local tourism activity (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
In 2022, efforts to formalize and improve sustainable tourism practices intensified. The Sustainability Guidelines—part of the Argentine Tourism Quality System—were implemented in Puerto Pirámides, where ten organizations received recognition, including three whale watching companies, the local tourist office, and six accommodation providers. These guidelines introduced a coherent framework for process standardization, planning, and continuous improvement, while also promoting collaboration and shared responsibility among local tourism actors. The institutional development and strengthening of the private sector is one of the main impacts resulting from the implementation of Good Practices and Quality Guidelines.
The set of instruments, products, and solutions tailored to the characteristics of organizations linked to tourism activities builds a framework of great internal coherence that highlights the systematization of processes, planning, and continuous improvement. For participating companies and providers, the methodology provides a guiding framework for the functioning and development of the organization, allowing them to identify weak or problematic areas and respond with concrete corrective and preventive actions. Raising awareness about belonging to a common tourist destination, identifying common problems and strengths among the different participating sectors, and promoting networking and collaborative actions are the most notable benefits in terms of their impact on the characteristics and dynamism of local tourism activity (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
Sustainable use
Resource use occurs across the land area used for wool production, while tourism is mostly concentrated in locations to observe coastal wildlife or on board to whale watching. Also, artisanal fishing takes place at particular sites by authorized individuals and carried out in an orderly manner, with extraction quotas that area established based on scientific studies and with the assignment of permissions to those who carry out said tasks. Extensive sheep farming is a traditional activity, prior to the nomination of the site, which continues to be developed and in some establishments has been combined with tourist use (State Party of Argentina, 2023).
According to information provided by the Undersecretariat of Livestock of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Industry, and Commerce of the Province of Chubut (2023), within the Peninsula, agricultural activity, the economic basis of the population since its beginnings, has been primarily sheep production, but also, although on a much smaller scale, cattle, goat, and horse production, and, for personal consumption, the raising of poultry and other farm animals. There are a series of easily applicable technologies that are already being used in the area to ensure that agricultural production remains compatible with environmental care. For the sustainability of the resource, it is highly recommended to implement a rangeland assessment at least once a year, with an estimate of forage availability. This practice will enable grazing planning for proper stocking rates and time of use. It also allows for estimating the evolution of the rangeland and making possible corrections to planning.
Livestock producers manage their livestock based on their empirical knowledge and, more recently, on assessments of natural grasslands that determine the most appropriate stocking rate for each field and operation. There are several methods: INTA's Pastoral Value; Grassland Regeneration and Sustainability Standard (GRASS); and Ecological Outcome Verification (EOV). These methodologies allow for grazing planning that produces environmental regeneration. A significant number of farms and a very large territorial coverage are certified as RWS (Responsible Wool Standard) or Native, Organic, etc., which include animal welfare, sustainable management, sustainable predation management, environmental regeneration, corporate responsibility, etc., very much in line with, and no less consistent with, the ANP PV category.
Currently, there are programs for agricultural establishments to convert continuous grazing into regenerative grazing systems with average carbon sequestration potentials of around 1.8 tons of CO2/ha/year. Once certified under the respective standard (carbon credits, CUs), these carbon credits will be traded according to the reference index in the voluntary carbon market CME (Chicago Mercantile Exchange). Although there are currently no registered establishments in the ANP PV, it is clear that these programs would reinforce the importance of livestock activity as a generator of wealth and concrete actions against climate change.
According to information provided by the Undersecretariat of Livestock of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Industry, and Commerce of the Province of Chubut (2023), within the Peninsula, agricultural activity, the economic basis of the population since its beginnings, has been primarily sheep production, but also, although on a much smaller scale, cattle, goat, and horse production, and, for personal consumption, the raising of poultry and other farm animals. There are a series of easily applicable technologies that are already being used in the area to ensure that agricultural production remains compatible with environmental care. For the sustainability of the resource, it is highly recommended to implement a rangeland assessment at least once a year, with an estimate of forage availability. This practice will enable grazing planning for proper stocking rates and time of use. It also allows for estimating the evolution of the rangeland and making possible corrections to planning.
Livestock producers manage their livestock based on their empirical knowledge and, more recently, on assessments of natural grasslands that determine the most appropriate stocking rate for each field and operation. There are several methods: INTA's Pastoral Value; Grassland Regeneration and Sustainability Standard (GRASS); and Ecological Outcome Verification (EOV). These methodologies allow for grazing planning that produces environmental regeneration. A significant number of farms and a very large territorial coverage are certified as RWS (Responsible Wool Standard) or Native, Organic, etc., which include animal welfare, sustainable management, sustainable predation management, environmental regeneration, corporate responsibility, etc., very much in line with, and no less consistent with, the ANP PV category.
Currently, there are programs for agricultural establishments to convert continuous grazing into regenerative grazing systems with average carbon sequestration potentials of around 1.8 tons of CO2/ha/year. Once certified under the respective standard (carbon credits, CUs), these carbon credits will be traded according to the reference index in the voluntary carbon market CME (Chicago Mercantile Exchange). Although there are currently no registered establishments in the ANP PV, it is clear that these programs would reinforce the importance of livestock activity as a generator of wealth and concrete actions against climate change.
Monitoring
During the first two years of the MaRes Project (2023-2024), a scientific and technical process was carried out with the objective of designing and developing a Biological Monitoring and Public Use Program for the Peninsula Valdés Protected Natural Area. More than 40 experts, including representatives from the academic sector and the Chubut government, participated in workshops, working meetings, and exchanges, collaborating in the development and preparation of this document. This process is based on a previous project between WCS Argentina and the Chubut government, which included workshops and meetings held between 2020 and 2022 with provincial authorities, the municipalities of Puerto Madryn and Puerto Pirámides, and researchers from the CCT CENPAT CONICET (National Research Council of the Province of Chubut). Thus, the purpose of this collaborative work was to identify and prioritize monitoring targets based on the conservation values mentioned in the Management Plan and other protected area planning documents, as well as the selection of indicators and the development of protocols for measuring them. This document is composed of sections, referred as "cards", dedicated to each monitoring target, including a justification, available prior information, the indicators, and the methodology for measuring them. Regarding biological monitoring (biodiversity), 14 monitoring targets (12 species and 2 species assemblages) were defined in line with the conservation values presented in the 2015 update to the ANPPV Management Plan and the nomination of PV as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Fourteen technical cards containing 23 indicators were developed for monitoring purposes. For monitoring public use, recreational tourism and artisanal fishing were selected as indicators. Four data sheets with 10 indicators were drafted for tourism and recreation, as well as one data sheet with 5 indicators for artisanal fishing. During the data sheet development process, indicators and sampling methodologies that were simple and feasible to sustain over the long term by the protected area's enforcement authority were prioritized. These methods were also relevant for assessing the conservation status of the monitoring targets and guiding adaptive management of the site (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
Research
Península Valdés has long been attracting scientific attention of the national and international research community, with extensive research concentrating on the terrestrial mamals, colonial marine mammals and birds (most recent: D' Agostino 2020, Uhart, 2024, Mesas 2021, Ojeda, 2022), although many research projects are taking place in terrestrial ecosystems focusing on plants, soil, geology, archaeology, climate, arthropods, reptiles, terrestrial birds and mammals among others (Blanco, 2017). The Centro Nacional Patagónico, a cluster of research institutes from the Argentine Research Council, has consolidated many research programmes since 1970 when it was established in Puerto Madryn. However, while there is considerable research in the World Heritage property, it is not always directed towards management needs and/or improving understanding of Outstanding Universal Value (State Party of Argentina, 2023).
The researchers periodically submit reports to the enforcement authority in relation to the ongoing projects they are carrying out; plus, dissemination instances are organized in occasional talks carried on by the Association of Tourist Guides and/or site authorities. Regarding the studies of the health of whales, the Southern Right Whale Health Monitoring Program aims to study possible risks to the health of the whales in Península de Valdés and assess their susceptibility to diseases, contaminants, and other harmful agents, thus contributing to their conservation through management strategies. Since the beginning of the Program, researchers have studied over 900 whales and collected thousands of samples for various scientific studies (Noticias Ambientales, 2024).
The researchers periodically submit reports to the enforcement authority in relation to the ongoing projects they are carrying out; plus, dissemination instances are organized in occasional talks carried on by the Association of Tourist Guides and/or site authorities. Regarding the studies of the health of whales, the Southern Right Whale Health Monitoring Program aims to study possible risks to the health of the whales in Península de Valdés and assess their susceptibility to diseases, contaminants, and other harmful agents, thus contributing to their conservation through management strategies. Since the beginning of the Program, researchers have studied over 900 whales and collected thousands of samples for various scientific studies (Noticias Ambientales, 2024).
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats outside the site
The threats arising outside the site, such as waste management issues and coastal development in the feeding areas of marine mammals that spend only part of their life cycle in the World Heritage site, are not subject to any systematic management. Although this situation was not considered alarming in the past, it now appears to be more pressing, with increasing research highlighting the urgent need to address these threats properly.
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats inside the site
An assessment of the management effectiveness carried out in 2015 found that effectiveness was moderately satisfactory (59.4% from the best-case scenario) (De Santos, 2015) with finance receiving the higher score (84.4%, satisfactory), followed by the insitutional-political dimension (75%, satisfactory); staff (62.5%, moderately satisfactory); infrastructure and equipment (50%, undersatisfactory) and planning (40.3%, undersatisfactory). According to an independent of management effectiveness evaluation in 2023 effectiveness was considered moderately satisfactory, achieving 53% of the optimal percentage (Level III) (Horvath, K., 2023), indicating a reduction in management effectiveness compared to 2015.
However, according to a confidential IUCN consultation (2025), the level of management effectiveness achieved by Peninsula Valdés measurement in 2023 is satisfactory (76.1%) compared to the optimal level. Analyzing each of the areas, the best positioned is the financial area, with 87.5% effectiveness achieved compared to the optimal, a satisfactory level. Following in decreasing order of satisfactory level are the political-institutional (84.6%), personnel (77.8%), and infrastructure and equipment (77.1%) areas. Finally, the planning area, with a moderately satisfactory level (62.5%).
However, according to a confidential IUCN consultation (2025), the level of management effectiveness achieved by Peninsula Valdés measurement in 2023 is satisfactory (76.1%) compared to the optimal level. Analyzing each of the areas, the best positioned is the financial area, with 87.5% effectiveness achieved compared to the optimal, a satisfactory level. Following in decreasing order of satisfactory level are the political-institutional (84.6%), personnel (77.8%), and infrastructure and equipment (77.1%) areas. Finally, the planning area, with a moderately satisfactory level (62.5%).
The World Heritage site has a remarkably detailed management plan, developed through a participatory process that takes into account that most of the peninsula's territory is privately owned and managed. However, its implementation is limited. The ongoing update process places special emphasis on the responsibility of all stakeholders involved in the process to advance the implementation of the four management programs in the future. By 2015, management effectiveness was moderately satisfactory according to a management effectiveness assessment (59.4% from the best-case scenario), while in 2023 management effectiveness was rated as satisfactory (76.1%) compared to the optimal level. Enforcement of any conservation provisions on private lands is still weak and have depended so far on the voluntary adoption by ranchers of conservation schemes promoted by non-governmental organizations. The State Party of Argentina considered that the management system, management plan, legal framework, governance, management activities, financial resources, human resources, and monitoring activities have a positive impact on the property. However, some of these require an increased level of impact, such as financial resources, which require diversification and human resources, which require increasing. Monitoring is improving through the MaRes Project. The scientific and technical process was carried out with the objective of designing and developing a Biological Monitoring and Public Use Program for the Peninsula Valdés Protected Natural Area. Furthermore, there are increased efforts to improve the sustainability of key activities, like ranching, fishing and tourism.
Good practice examples
Whale watching activity has been implemented since the 1970s and contributed both to whale conservation through increased awareness: and the local economy. The development of whale-watching activities is under appropriate regulation scheme and has a management framework to reduce the impacts of the activity on whales and their habitats. These regulations have gained significant importance and are known internationally. From its inception, academics, researchers and conservation NGOs were all involved in the development of whale-watching in the area, leading to the development of the whale-watching conduct of code by 2005 (IUCN Consultation, 2020e).
Another notable example of good practice is the implementation of nonlethal management strategies for native predators, the reduction of livestock densities, and the promotion of coexistence with native herbivores through certification programs over the past decade (Mesas, 2021). For example, during the last decade, groups of sheep-wool producers in Península Valdés and goat herders in Neuquén (northwest of Argentinean Patagonia) are promoting the nonlethal management of native predators, reductions in livestock densities, and the coexistence of native herbivores through certification programs.
Another notable example of good practice is the implementation of nonlethal management strategies for native predators, the reduction of livestock densities, and the promotion of coexistence with native herbivores through certification programs over the past decade (Mesas, 2021). For example, during the last decade, groups of sheep-wool producers in Península Valdés and goat herders in Neuquén (northwest of Argentinean Patagonia) are promoting the nonlethal management of native predators, reductions in livestock densities, and the coexistence of native herbivores through certification programs.
High diversity and abundance of cetaceans and birds
High Concern
Trend
Stable
Península Valdés remains a crucial calving and mating ground for the western South Atlantic population of Southern Right Whales (Eubalaena australis), which numbers approximately 5,000 individuals (Romero, 2022). Around 36% of the population visits the area for calving. Additionally, recent studies indicate that Southern Right Whales have been observed feeding both at and below the surface (<10 m) in Golfo Nuevo, Península Valdés (Agostino, 2024), highlighting its significance as a feeding ground for the species (Agostino, 2023).
Since 1970, the population growth rate of Southern Right Whales has ranged between 5% and 7%. However, analyses suggest that the current annual growth rate has slowed to 3.15%, indicating continued population growth but at a decelerated pace (Crespo et al., 2019; Sironi & Rowntree, 2019; IUCN Consultation, 2020b). More recently, Romero (2022) notes that the recovery rate remains slow and there is ongoing high mortality of right whales, which is of high concern. The annual number of dead whales show a concerning increase: in 2018 there were 23 dead whales, 17 in 2019, 45 in 2021 and 73 in 2022 totalling 157 individuals in four calving seasons. Most of the dead whales were calves (63%), followed by adults (30%) and juveniles (7%). As in previous years, most dead whales were recorded in Golfo Nuevo (70%) and the remaining whales died in Golfo San José (30%) and the distribution of strandings was very different among years. The adult female mortality in Golfo Nuevo in 2022 was the most extreme adult mortality event on record for the species since 1971 (Sironi et al, 2022). Scientific investigation oof underlying causes remains ongoing.
There is also evidence indicating that Magellanic penguin populations are shifting northward, which could have implications for management strategies. Additionally, reports confirm the presence of H5N1 avian influenza affecting bird populations. Depending on the extent of its impact on key bird species in Península Valdés, this factor may warrant a reassessment of the current rating (Borboroglu, 2022). The global Magellanic penguin population in northern Patagonia increased by about 19.7% over a 20-year period. This dynamic scenario generates new conservation challenges, highlighting the importance of long-term monitoring and the need for coordination between resource managers of the different jurisdictions where Magellanic penguins breed (Borboroglu, 2022).
Since 1970, the population growth rate of Southern Right Whales has ranged between 5% and 7%. However, analyses suggest that the current annual growth rate has slowed to 3.15%, indicating continued population growth but at a decelerated pace (Crespo et al., 2019; Sironi & Rowntree, 2019; IUCN Consultation, 2020b). More recently, Romero (2022) notes that the recovery rate remains slow and there is ongoing high mortality of right whales, which is of high concern. The annual number of dead whales show a concerning increase: in 2018 there were 23 dead whales, 17 in 2019, 45 in 2021 and 73 in 2022 totalling 157 individuals in four calving seasons. Most of the dead whales were calves (63%), followed by adults (30%) and juveniles (7%). As in previous years, most dead whales were recorded in Golfo Nuevo (70%) and the remaining whales died in Golfo San José (30%) and the distribution of strandings was very different among years. The adult female mortality in Golfo Nuevo in 2022 was the most extreme adult mortality event on record for the species since 1971 (Sironi et al, 2022). Scientific investigation oof underlying causes remains ongoing.
There is also evidence indicating that Magellanic penguin populations are shifting northward, which could have implications for management strategies. Additionally, reports confirm the presence of H5N1 avian influenza affecting bird populations. Depending on the extent of its impact on key bird species in Península Valdés, this factor may warrant a reassessment of the current rating (Borboroglu, 2022). The global Magellanic penguin population in northern Patagonia increased by about 19.7% over a 20-year period. This dynamic scenario generates new conservation challenges, highlighting the importance of long-term monitoring and the need for coordination between resource managers of the different jurisdictions where Magellanic penguins breed (Borboroglu, 2022).
Large breeding populations of pinnipeds
High Concern
Trend
Deteriorating
The resting, breeding, calving and nursery sites of pinnipeds are protected and mostly respected by visitors despite reports of occasional disturbance from tourists and dogs. However, according to projections, the conservation status of the Mara and White-headed Steamer Duck, as well as the coastal landscape suitable for the breeding and feeding of numerous species, will be compromised over the next six years (State Party of Argentina, 2023).
H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b have caused the deaths of thousands of marine mammals in South America since 2022. In October 2023, following outbreaks among sea lions in Argentina, an unprecedented mass mortality event was recorded at Península Valdés, with approximately 17,000 southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) affected, predominantly seal pups. This marks the first globally observed multinational transmission of H5N1 viruses among mammals. The number of breeding animals decreased by more than 50% in the high density areas of Península Valdés (WCS, 2024, OFFLU ad-hoc group, 2023). Ecosystem-level impacts may follow and affected populations may take decades to recover (Kuiken, 2024).
H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b have caused the deaths of thousands of marine mammals in South America since 2022. In October 2023, following outbreaks among sea lions in Argentina, an unprecedented mass mortality event was recorded at Península Valdés, with approximately 17,000 southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) affected, predominantly seal pups. This marks the first globally observed multinational transmission of H5N1 viruses among mammals. The number of breeding animals decreased by more than 50% in the high density areas of Península Valdés (WCS, 2024, OFFLU ad-hoc group, 2023). Ecosystem-level impacts may follow and affected populations may take decades to recover (Kuiken, 2024).
Assessment of the current state and trend of World Heritage values
Stable
According to projections, the conservation status of the Mara and White-headed Steamer Duck, as well as the coastal landscape suitable for the breeding and feeding of numerous species, will be compromised over the next six years. While the population growth rate of the southern right whale has been between 5-7%, with most recent estimates showing annual growth rate of 3.15%, and mass mortality events remain concerning, with recent reports on increasing annual number of dead whales. The resting, breeding, calving and nursery sites of pinnipeds are protected and mostly respected by visitors despite reports of occasional disturbance. However, plastic pollution and waste from the fishing industry are currently serious problems. Furthermore, H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b have caused the deaths of thousands of marine mammals in South America since 2022. In October 2023, following outbreaks among sea lions in Argentina, an unprecedented mass mortality event was recorded at Península Valdés, with approximately 17,000 southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) affected, predominantly seal pups. This marks the first globally observed multinational transmission of H5N1 viruses among mammals. The number of breeding animals decreased by more than 50% in the high density areas of Península Valdés. Ecosystem-level impacts may follow and affected populations may take decades to recover. There is also evidence indicating that Magellanic penguin populations are shifting northward, which could have implications for management strategies. Additionally, reports confirm the presence of H5N1 avian influenza affecting bird populations. Depending on the extent of its impact on key bird species in Península Valdés, this factor may warrant a reassessment of the current rating.
Assessment of the current state and trend of other important biodiversity values
Low Concern
Stable
The terrestrial parts of the World Hertiage site are a significantly large remnant of the Patagonian steppe. Most of the vegetation has been modified and degraded over many decades of sheep grazing, which is also one reason for the decline of native fauna (Monjeau, 2011; Nabte, 2009). Although the overall sheep stock is probably the lowest in decades (Antún and Baldi, 2020) and the steppe ecosystem is less degraded than 15 years ago (IUCN Consultation 2020c), human presence throughout the site continues to condition native species survival and abundance.
Assessment of the current state and trend of other important values
Low Concern
Stable
The other important values are maintained and stable.
Additional information
Importance for research,
Contribution to education
The unique and spectacular wildlife viewing opportunities in several locations of the site, including some publicly accessible areas, offer exceptional opportunities for environmental education. The excellent visitor center at the entrance of the peninsula and the likewise excellent Ecocentro Mar Patagonia in nearby Puerto Madryn strongly contribute to the realization of this potential. There are high-quality research institutions in Puerto Madryn and a wealth of longstanding scientific cooperation at the nation and international level. Decades of work have produced an impressive body of literature on numerous aspects of marine biology, ecology and conservation.
Outdoor recreation and tourism,
Natural beauty and scenery
Tourism and recreation have become major factors in the local economy, including in the nearby town of Puerto Madryn, attracting visitors from all parts of the world.
Fishing areas and conservation of fish stocks,
Livestock grazing areas
The steppe is used in almost its entirety for grazing of sheep, horses and some cattle across most of the peninsula. Since colonization, livestock has been a main contributor to the livelihoods of the privately operated ranches. Fishing has become another pillar of the local economy since the 1980s.
The protected area has become a major factor in the local economy, directly and indirectly providing jobs and income for an important part of the local communities. The peninsula and in particular its important marine mammal populations are subject to intensive research. Last but not least, the site provides extraordinary opportunities for visitor experiences and education.
| № | Organization | Brief description of Active Projects | Website |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fundación de Vida Silvestre, Argentina | Building upon longstanding involvement in the conservation of the protected area predating its World Heritage inscription, Fundación Vida Silvestre Argentina (FVSA) operates the San Pablo de Valdés reserve within the World Heritage site besides conducting and/or contributing to multiple other projects. The lastest publication about Conservation was in 2017: “Reserva de Vida Silvestre San Pablo de Valdés - 10 años” Reserva de Vida Silvestre San Pablo de Valdés - 10 años | Fundación Vida Silvestre Argentina. |
https://www.vidasilvestre.org.ar/
|
| 2 | Fundación Naturaleza para el Futuro | The project aims at contributing to the systematic management of domestic garbage, a challenge in the site and throughout the province of Chubut. |
https://www.naturalezaparaelfuturo.org/rse-detalle.php?Id=4
|
| 3 | Programa de Arqueología Subacuática (PROAS) | The project named "Relevamiento del patrimonio cultural subacuático de Península Valdés (Chubut)" uses non-intrusive techniques to better understand the magnitude and characteristics of underwater cultural heritage in the Peninsula Valdes and Puerto Madryn region. |
http://www.inapl.gov.ar/invest/proas/proas_proyectos_peninsula_valdes.html
|
| 4 | Instituto de Análisis de Recursos Naturales | Evaluation and actualization of the Management Plan for the Valdes Peninsula Natural Protected Area. |
http://www.iarn-ar.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=21%3Aplan-de-manejo-del-area-natural-protegida-peninsula-valdes&catid=7%3Aproyectos-2004-2011&Itemid=37&lang=es
|
| 5 | Ocean Alliance | The Right Whale Research Program (Programa de Investigación Ballena Franca Austral) has been providing science based data to government authorities to inform sound decision-making to protect right whales and their habitat since 1970. Its right whale photo-id catalog is the most complete for the species in the world. |
https://ballenas.org.ar/tag/ocean-alliance/
|
| 6 | Southern Right Whale Health Monitoring Program (Universities and local NGOs ICB/OA, FPN) | The programme monitoring of the health of the southern right whales of the Península Valdés started in 2003 and has since built the most complete dataset of biological samples for the species in the world, based on post-mortem examinations. It brings together a wide range of conservation actors and research institutions. |
https://newsroom.wcs.org/News-Releases/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/5803/The-Southern-Right-Whale-Health-Monitoring-Program.aspx
|
| 7 | British Antarctic Survey | Research project aiming at a better understanding of the alarming mortality rates of southern right whale. |
https://www.bas.ac.uk/media-post/watching-whales-from-space/
https://www.bas.ac.uk/
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/jan/22/southern-right-whales-bid-to-solve-mystery-deaths-argentina
|
| 8 | Centro Nacional Patagonico (CENPAT-CONICET) | CENPAT is the Puerto Madryn-based, multidisciplinary research center under Argentina's National Research and Technology Council (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas). It is engaged in numerous research projects of direct relevance to the World Heritage site. |
https://cenpat.conicet.gov.ar/
https://siguiendoballenas.org/en/tracking-the-migratory-travels-of-10-southern-right-whales-in-a-new-season-of-the-project-trackingwhales/
|
| 9 | IPEEC-CONICET / Fundación Vida Silvestre Argentina/ Wildlife Conservation Society | Conservation of wildlife in Patagonia: implementing sustainable ranching practices and mitigation of conflicts with native herbivours and carnivours. IPEEC-CONICET; FVSA, WCS;under an agreement with the USFWS. 2019-2020. |
https://newsroom.wcs.org/News-Releases/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/9376/Wildlife-Friendly-Enterprise-Network-and-WCS-announce-first-branded-traceable-certified-wool-from-Peninsula-Valdes.aspx
http://merinopeninsulavaldes.com/
https://wildlifefriendly.org/fiberswithaconsciencepv/
|
| 10 | IPEEC-CONICET; Wildlife Conservation Society | Península Valdés terrestrial mammals: Diversity, Ecology and Conservation. PICT project of the National Agency of Promotion of Science and Technology. 2020-2023. |
https://ipeec.conicet.gov.ar/
|
| 11 | Wildlife Conservation Society, Whale Conservation Institute/Ocean Alliance, Instituto de Conservación de Ballenas and Fundación Patagonia Natural. | The Southern Right Whale Health Monitoring Program was established in 2004 to study the health of whales that die in Península Valdés and surrounding areas. The goal is to identify possible risks to the health of the whales and assess their susceptibility to diseases, contaminants, and other harmful agents, thus contributing to their conservation through management strategies. Since the beginning of the Program, researchers have studied over 900 whales and collected thousands of samples for various scientific studies. It began operating with support from the US National Marine Fisheries Service and the US Marine Mammal Commission, and runs with funds from foundations, private donors and the NGOs that lead the Program. |
https://siguiendoballenas.org/
|
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