Redwood National and State Parks
Country
United States of America (USA)
Inscribed in
1980
Criteria
(vii)
(ix)
The conservation outlook for this site has been assessed as "good with some concerns" in the latest assessment cycle. Explore the Conservation Outlook Assessment for the site below. You have the option to access the summary, or the detailed assessment.
Redwood National Park comprises a region of coastal mountains bordering the Pacific Ocean north of San Francisco. It is covered with a magnificent forest of coastal redwood trees, the tallest and most impressive trees in the world. The marine and land life are equally remarkable, in particular the sea lions, the bald eagle and the endangered California brown pelican. © UNESCO
Summary
2025 Conservation Outlook
Finalised on
11 Oct 2025
Good with some concerns
Current state and trend of VALUES
Good
Overall THREATS
Overall PROTECTION and MANAGEMENT
Full assessment
Description of values
Natural beauty and superlative natural phenomenon
Criterion
(vii)
The World Heritage site comprises a region of coastal mountains bordering the Pacific Ocean, equidistant (560 kilometers or 350 miles) from San Francisco, California and Portland, Oregon. It is covered with a magnificent forest of coast redwoods (Sequoia sempervirens), the tallest living things and among the most impressive trees in the world. Several of the world’s tallest trees grow within the site (World Heritage Committee, 2019).
One of the largest, contiguous ancient Redwood Forest
Criterion
(ix)
The site preserves one of the largest remaining contiguous ancient coast redwood forest in the world in their original forest and streamside settings (World Heritage Committee, 2019).
Diversity of flora and fauna
The site’s diverse habitats are home to an impressive array of flora and fauna. According to the most recent NPSpecies database update (NPS, 2025b) the Redwood National Park alone hosts 309 bird species (e.g. Northern spotted owl, Strix occidentalis), 102 mammals (e.g. gray whale, Eschrichtius robustus), 29 reptiles (e.g. Western fence lizard, Sceloporus occidentalis), 20 amphibians, 248 fish species (e.g. Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch), 122 crabs/lobsters/shrimp, 147 slugs/snails, 7 spiders/scorpions, 744 insects, 334 other non-vertebrates. Furthermore, there are over 2,000 vascular plants of which at least half are native (.g. Oregon white oak, Quercus garryana), 251 non-vascular plants and additional records of lichens and fungi (totalling over 1,300 species, e.g. Scaly chanterelle, Gomphus floccosus). Although some records need to be confirmed, these numbers demonstrate the importance of the site overall for a range of species.
The property provides habitat for 28 threatened, endangered and candidate species for listing under the federal Endangered Species Act, however of these only the following are regularly found within the parks: Beach Layia (Layia carnosa), Coho, Chinook Salmon and Steelhead (Oncorhynchus kisutch, O. tshawytscha, and O. mykiss), Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus), Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus nivosus), Northern Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis caurina), Steller Sea Lion (Eumatopias jubatus), Fisher (Pekania pennanti) (NPS, 2024).
Humboldt Lagoons Important Bird Area (IBA global priority) includes portions of Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park. The IBA is a major coastal wintering area for non-marine waterfowls. The mature redwood forest in the World Heritage site supports a significant portion of California’s nesting marbled murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus).
The property provides habitat for 28 threatened, endangered and candidate species for listing under the federal Endangered Species Act, however of these only the following are regularly found within the parks: Beach Layia (Layia carnosa), Coho, Chinook Salmon and Steelhead (Oncorhynchus kisutch, O. tshawytscha, and O. mykiss), Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus), Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus nivosus), Northern Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis caurina), Steller Sea Lion (Eumatopias jubatus), Fisher (Pekania pennanti) (NPS, 2024).
Humboldt Lagoons Important Bird Area (IBA global priority) includes portions of Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park. The IBA is a major coastal wintering area for non-marine waterfowls. The mature redwood forest in the World Heritage site supports a significant portion of California’s nesting marbled murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus).
Indigenous heritage
Redwood National and State Parks' history is deeply rooted in diverse natural and cultural landscapes. Indigenous communities such as the Yurok, Tolowa, Hupa, and Karuk have inhabited the redwood forests of California’s North Coast for thousands of years. Each group, with its own language and identity, remains integral to the area. Today, their descendants live on and off reservations, maintaining strong connections to their ancestral lands (NPS, 2024b).
Assessment information
Invasive species such as the New Zealand mud snail are affecting aquatic habitats, with potential for negative impacts through the food chain. The impeded estuary at Redwood Creek has also modified the ecosystem function and habitat for salmonids. The network of failing logging roads that were established before inscription threatens streams with sedimentation. Highly modified stands of post-logging regrowth dominate the forests in the World Heritage site, adversely affecting wildlife habitat and native flora. However, the legacy of past timber extraction was known at the time of inscription (in 1980) and has been subject to an active program of rehabilitation. The main impediment to further positive progress is the uncertainty of funding.
Invasive Non-Native/ Alien Species, Pathogens
(Invasive alien species and pathogens)
Other invasive species names
Phytopthera ramorum, Phalaris arundinacea, Hedera helix, Potamopyrgus antipodarum, Corbicula fluminea, Cipangoludina chinensis malleata, Egaria densa, Cortaderia jubata
Inside site
, Widespread(15-50%)
Outside site
There are over 300 invasive alien plant, animal, and pathogen species in the World Heritage site. The NPS website identifies particular invasive species of concern (NPS, 2020). Notable examples are the New Zealand mud snail that impacts the food web within the Redwood Creek estuary and reed canary grass which displaces native vegetation on coastal stream banks. Mudsnails in freshwater systems reduce food resources for native invertebrates impacting salmonid food sources. Forest pathogens are killing native acorn producing trees, and elk are suffering from a newly arrived hoof disease. Avian flu is killing birds in large numbers. Other invasives include jubata grass and English ivy (Hedera helix). The forest understory flora can be significantly altered by invasive plant species, as can open grassland/woodlands. Park managers are working directly and with partners to address many of these problems (State Party of the US, 2024). Invasives can outcompete native plants, monopolize water, and change the soil characteristics (NPS, 2024c).
Roads, Trails & Railroads
(Legacy of logging roads)
Inside site
, Widespread(15-50%)
Outside site
A network of failing logging roads of at least 660km (Law, 2011) adds sediment to streams (van Mantgem et al., 2013; Golightly et al., 2011; NPS, 2000). The impacts on amphibian species have been examined and documented (Welsh Jr. et al., 2019). Park management has been removing roads since 1978, with 450 km removed by 2024 (IUCN Consultation, 2024). Funding is the main impediment to completing the remaining 210 km; however, assistance is coming from civil society, with collaboratives such as 'Redwoods Rising' (Save the Redwoods, 2020). Although this threat is therefore well recognised and being addressed, with considerable progress made since inscription of the property in 1980, it remains high currently.
Fire & Fire Management
(Lack of fire in old growth forest)
Inside site
, Widespread(15-50%)
Outside site
Too little fire is changing forest understory structure and composition (Lorimer et al., 2009; NPS, 2010; Golightly et al., 2011). The elimination of cultural burning by Indigenous groups has been the driver behind too little fire in forested settings. This is a chronic threat which could have synergistic effects with climate change. Operational, logistical, and permitting challenges and societal misgivings to burning in primary redwood forests prevents NPS’s Fire Management from implementing prescribed burning (IUCN Consultation, 2024).
Fire is selectively used to restore diverse parklands—including prairies, grasslands, and certain forests—to healthier conditions. Additionally, nearly 70,000 acres of second-growth forests are now overcrowded with Douglas-fir and other species. Without intervention, these once-logged forests will remain dense and unhealthy, limiting wildlife habitat and preventing young redwoods from growing tall and strong. In these cases, prescribed fire is a key tool in ongoing ecosystem restoration programs. These programmes also serve to reduce the fire load for large and severe wildfires, exacerbated by climate change and human behaviour, which are occurring more frequently in many forests across the western United States. While wildfire is a natural part of most terrestrial ecosystems, rapidly changing fire regimes have the potential to alter habitat beyond the adaptive capabilities of species (Hysen et al. 2023).
Fire is selectively used to restore diverse parklands—including prairies, grasslands, and certain forests—to healthier conditions. Additionally, nearly 70,000 acres of second-growth forests are now overcrowded with Douglas-fir and other species. Without intervention, these once-logged forests will remain dense and unhealthy, limiting wildlife habitat and preventing young redwoods from growing tall and strong. In these cases, prescribed fire is a key tool in ongoing ecosystem restoration programs. These programmes also serve to reduce the fire load for large and severe wildfires, exacerbated by climate change and human behaviour, which are occurring more frequently in many forests across the western United States. While wildfire is a natural part of most terrestrial ecosystems, rapidly changing fire regimes have the potential to alter habitat beyond the adaptive capabilities of species (Hysen et al. 2023).
Unknown Threats
(Inadequate old growth habitat)
Outside site
Harvested stands surrounding the old-growth habitat are heavily modified forests that provide little habitat for marbled murrelets, mesocarnivores (including the Humboldt marten) and many more species, and require restoration (NPS 2000). Inside the property, around two-thirds of the forest (63% of the land area) has previously been harvested, and outside of the property it is understood that the extent is as far as 95% (IUCN Consultation, 2024).
Unknown Threats
(Impeded estuary at Redwood Creek)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Outside site
The Redwood Creek estuary was negatively impacted by the creation of levees in Orick to protect valley-wide agricultural lands from flood waters. The levees, however, have destroyed ecosystem function and habitat at the Redwood Creek estuary, particularly for listed salmonids. The levees have also contributed to chronic flooding issues in Sand Cache Creek, a tributary connected to the estuary. A coalition of agency personnel and private landowners are collaborating to determine treatments that will improve aquatic ecosystems and habitat at the Redwood Creek estuary and reduce chronic flooding of pastures adjacent to the estuary (NPS, 2000; IUCN Consultation, 2020). Various projects like the Redwood Creek Estuary Restoration project and the Redwood Creek Salmon Habitat Enhancement Project aiming to restore hydraulic, sediment and floodplain processes to sustain ecological function are ongoing.
Wood & Pulp Plantations
(Legacy of past timber harvest)
Inside site
, Throughout(>50%)
Outside site
At the time of inscription the site included approximately 48,500 ac (19,627 ha) that had been intensively logged prior to park creation. Past timber harvest caused loss of woody debris, change in forest structure and loss of biodiversity. Ranching and land conversion led to an introduction of exotics, altered hydrology, and extirpated fauna including grizzly bears and condors. This also contributed to the creation of a 660-km road network (Law 2011) that disrupts estuarine habitat (and aquatic habitat generally) for fisheries. Approximately 63% of the parks consist of post-logging regrowth (Law 2011, based on NPS documents: IUCN Consultation, 2024) and there are approximately 32,300 ha of lands that have been severely damaged by pre-park lands uses.
These young forests fragment otherwise intact old growth habitat with impacts on wildlife dispersal and habitat connectivity and do not provide as much deep shade to streams, leading to temperature impairment and negative impacts on fish populations. Much post-logging regrowth has produced extremely high density forests of uniform architecture and height, and degraded species composition (Golightly et al., 2011; Keyes and Teraoka 2014; Koopman et al., 2014). The recovering forests do not possess the values and qualities that give outstanding universal value to the site. These degraded areas do not provide habitat, cover or food resources for aquatic and terrestrial species, and young forests are vulnerable to fire and disease.
Park management is focused on restoring watersheds, aquatic ecosystems, and terrestrial forests and habitat to restore flora and fauna disrupted by past land uses. The park is spending millions of dollars to thin forests to improve carbon sequestration rates, increase resilience to fire and forest pathogens, abate sediment threats that can clog streams and riparian habitat effectively eliminating habitat for salmon, and improving conditions for listed species that occur in the park. In 2020, the Redwood Rising collaborative commenced implementation of projects to address degradation from past logging on approximately 14,000 ha of park lands, in both the Mill Creek and Prairie Creek watersheds (IUCN Consultation, 2020). The threat is therefore being actively addressed, with considerable progress made since inscription of the property in 1980. The restoration seeks to remove old logging roads, which will reduce deferred maintenance costs working closely with partners NGOs, other state and federal agencies, and researchers to implement this work (State Party of the US, 2024). The work ultimately will restore habitat in the short term (20 years) for fauna/flora, and restore the grandeur of old growth redwood forests in the long term (150+ years).
These young forests fragment otherwise intact old growth habitat with impacts on wildlife dispersal and habitat connectivity and do not provide as much deep shade to streams, leading to temperature impairment and negative impacts on fish populations. Much post-logging regrowth has produced extremely high density forests of uniform architecture and height, and degraded species composition (Golightly et al., 2011; Keyes and Teraoka 2014; Koopman et al., 2014). The recovering forests do not possess the values and qualities that give outstanding universal value to the site. These degraded areas do not provide habitat, cover or food resources for aquatic and terrestrial species, and young forests are vulnerable to fire and disease.
Park management is focused on restoring watersheds, aquatic ecosystems, and terrestrial forests and habitat to restore flora and fauna disrupted by past land uses. The park is spending millions of dollars to thin forests to improve carbon sequestration rates, increase resilience to fire and forest pathogens, abate sediment threats that can clog streams and riparian habitat effectively eliminating habitat for salmon, and improving conditions for listed species that occur in the park. In 2020, the Redwood Rising collaborative commenced implementation of projects to address degradation from past logging on approximately 14,000 ha of park lands, in both the Mill Creek and Prairie Creek watersheds (IUCN Consultation, 2020). The threat is therefore being actively addressed, with considerable progress made since inscription of the property in 1980. The restoration seeks to remove old logging roads, which will reduce deferred maintenance costs working closely with partners NGOs, other state and federal agencies, and researchers to implement this work (State Party of the US, 2024). The work ultimately will restore habitat in the short term (20 years) for fauna/flora, and restore the grandeur of old growth redwood forests in the long term (150+ years).
Annual & Perennial Non-Timber Crops
(Crop production of cannabis)
Outside site
Crop production of cannabis has created low water flows, increased pesticides use, increased wildlife killing, and greater potential for harm to park resources according to the most recent periodic report (State Party of the US, 2024). The environmental issues that accompany cannabis farming are similar to the risks associated with any other type of farming, as well as posing unique issues like the light pollution from grow lights. There are a long list of ways that cannabis can impact the environment, including habitat loss, water pollution from pesticides and fertilizers, light and noise pollution and erosion (Sever, 2024). California State Parks continues to combat illegal cannabis growing within and near state park properties through its Cannabis Watershed Protection Program (CWPP) (California State Parks, 2024). However, the World Heritage site itself has had no illegal trespass for well over a decade, in part due to the legalisation of cannabis cultivation (IUCN Consultation, 2024). A low threat remains and there may be impacts from cannabis production originating from beyond the site boundaries as mentioned above.
Recreational Activities
(Tourism-related activities)
Inside site
, Scattered(5-15%)
Tourist numbers are recovering to pre-COVID 19 levels i.e. average 65-76,000 annually (State Party of the US, 2024). Increased visitation to RNSP has created issues of overcrowding and overuse in certain areas of the park. Management has responded by incorporating strategies to mitigate visitor management issues. Increased visitation to RNSP will continue to challenge park management into finding innovative solutions to visitor management issues. Illegal climbing, gathering of plants for sale by non-indigenous people, and theft of redwood burls are ongoing activities that impact OUV and park resources. Park managers and external law enforcement officials have successfully prosecuted many individuals for these crimes. Park managers continue to use modern tools to track, cite, and prosecute violators to the fullest extent allowed (State Party of the US, 2024).
Climate change and associated alteration in fire regimes, emerging disease, species composition changes, and spread of invasive plants all constitute potential threats to the World Heritage site, however the overall impact on OUV is data deficient. Forest fires have been prevalent in other parts of California. So far, the awe-inspiring stands of redwoods in the World Heritage site have been spared. However, the threat is clear and with respect to wildfire, it is believed by some NGOs and scientists that the threat is exacerbated by the long-term absence of fire from many of these ecosystems, however park management in collaboration with other stakeholders have been active to minimise this potential threat. The potential threat from water diversion is gradually being reduced by dam removal and restoration projects. US national parks are facing challenges from government changes which impact staff numbers and funding for operational and management needs, further enhanced by increasing climate change impacts. This creates uncertainty regarding the medium-term impact on sustainable finance for essential management activities
Dams & Water Management/Use
(Water diversion)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
The World Heritage site currently has several small dams which are anadromous fish barriers (inside the site). Klamath dams have negatively impacted fisheries by reducing streamflow and increasing stream temperature (outside of the site), however dam removal was completed in 2024 (Sherriff, 2024) reopening more than 400 miles (644km) of river, in what is the largest dam removal project in US history. Indigenous-led restoration work is now underway to restore the land. Historical logging roads have created dozens of watercourse crossings that are barriers to fish passage in addition the small dams mentioned above (IUCN Consultation, 2020).
Changes in Temperature Regimes, Changes in Precipitation & Hydrological Regime
(Climate change)
Inside site
, Throughout(>50%)
Outside site
The threat of climate change has been reported by park authorities in visitor guides since at least as far back as 2011 (Redwood Parks Association, 2011), and major climate changes are predicted for California (Hayhoe et al., 2004; Fernandez et al., 2015). Twentieth-century climate changes accelerated growth of Sequoia sempervirens (Sillett et al., 2015), but the future impacts of further climate changes to S. sempervirens and other taxa are unknown. Major fires in California are already reported each year, leading to forest fires, though it has not reached the oldgrowth coast redwoods (Save the Redwoods, 2020). It is unclear what effect climate change may have on forests of the World Heritage site, and whether or to what degree its forests will be impacted. There is potential that climate change may increase wildfires, change species composition and habitat, increase emerging disease, and provide greater pathways for invasive species spread, however the impact on the OUV is as yet difficult to rate.
Removing/Reducing Human Management
(Changes in staff capacity and funding)
Inside site
, Throughout(>50%)
Outside site
US national parks are facing challenges from government changes which impact staff numbers and funding for operational and management needs, further enhanced by increasing climate change impacts (e.g. Matza, 2025; Rosenblat, 2025). This creates uncertainty regarding the medium-term impact on sustainable finance for essential management activities.
Involvement of stakeholders and rightsholders, including indigenous peoples and local communities, in decision-making processes
The site works with adjacent landowners in the Park Protection Zone (PPZ) and the Redwood Creek watershed as a whole to restore roads and comment on Timber Harvest Plans. There are also government-to-government relationship with the Yurok Tribe (Parks CA, 2020) and the NPS and State Parks also consult with Elk Valley and Smith River Rancherias (Tolowa) and Tolowa Dee-ni’ Nation and Rancherias associated with them (IUCN Consultation, 2020). Throughout the park staff are working with tribes and family practitioners to reintroduce ceremonies and cultural practices to traditional cultural properties that were formerly maintained through such practices. Furthermore, the parks have an effective program for recruiting and managing volunteers (Parks CA 2020b; NPS 2020). California’s Yurok Tribe, which had 90% of its territory taken from it during the gold rush of the mid-1800s, will be getting a slice of its land back to serve as a new gateway to Redwood national and state parks. The Yurok will be the first Native people to manage tribal land with the National Park Service under a historic memorandum of understanding signed in 2024 by the tribe, Redwood national and state parks and the non-profit Save the Redwoods League (The Guardian, 2024).
Legal framework
The combination of state and federal ownership with jurisdictional overlap adds complexity, however this has been dealt with effectively through formal institutional arrangements. In addition to federal and state laws, there are regulations contained in the Superintendent's Compendium that apply to more detailed matters such as noise, pets, firearms, access, fires, traditional use, parking and wildlife (NPS 2020b).
Governance arrangements
Redwood National and State Parks are owned by the United States Government on behalf of the American public and by the State of California on behalf of the people of the State of California. The parks are managed by the National Park Service, a federal agency, and the California Department of Parks and Recreation, a state agency under the Resources Department of the State of California. In March 2002, the National Park Service and the California Department of Parks and Recreation signed a Cooperative Management Agreement to manage the four park units cooperatively as Redwood National and State Parks (State Party of the US, 2024). Nevertheless, there remains further potential to involve Indigenous people in management and decision-making processes.
Integration into local, regional and national planning systems (including sea/landscape connectivity)
Integration between the National Park Service and California State Parks is provided for through formal agreements and the general plan (NPS 2000, 2020).
Boundaries
The parks originally consisted of isolated pockets of stupendous oldgrowth redwood forest. In 1978, just prior to the area's inscription as a World Heritage site, significant tracts were added to Redwood National Park in order to improve its ecological integrity. Much of the forest added had been logged - this was a transformation in thinking about the reasons for having national parks, transcending the belief that parks could only ever encompass pristine country. Despite this innovation, the parks' boundaries have remained an issue as some habitats, including pine forest, oak woodlands and estuaries, are not fully protected. The perimeter of the parks is long and convoluted for the amount of land contained within them, creating significant edge effects. Park authorities liaise with adjacent landowners on issues of timber harvest (IUCN Consultation, 2014). The parks also overlap on the unceded ancestral territory of 3 primary indigenous peoples. The property includes a "park protection zone" (13,355 ha) in upper Redwood Creek established by Congress in the 1978 legislation. This property is comprised of commercial timber operators, private landowners, and federal lands. It is not a buffer zone but rather an area where the NPS has authority to impose more stringent guidelines on timber harvesting and road construction. It also provides authority for acquisition of property from willing landowners (State Party of the US, 2024).
Park management consult with and cooperate on projects with indigenous partners to address resource concerns in common. The work of the parks and Save the Redwoods League in both acquiring areas adjacent to parks and in creating the 'Redwoods Rising' collaborative are also a proactive way of addressing these threats (Save the Redwoods, 2020).
Park management consult with and cooperate on projects with indigenous partners to address resource concerns in common. The work of the parks and Save the Redwoods League in both acquiring areas adjacent to parks and in creating the 'Redwoods Rising' collaborative are also a proactive way of addressing these threats (Save the Redwoods, 2020).
Overlapping international designations
N/A
Implementation of World Heritage Committee decisions and recommendations
There have been no substantive decisions on this site by the World Heritage Committee since 1995 so this topic has not been applicable.
Climate action
Action is needed at State/Federal level to combat climate change. RNSP is engaged in the restoration of watersheds to support healthy forests and streams, and to provide optimum conditions for resource persistence in perpetuity by actively restoring the most severely degraded watersheds and forests to improve terrestrial and aquatic habitat and restore old growth forests in the longer-term (State Party of the US, 2024). Redwoods Rising, formalized in April 2018, is a collaborative and ambitious restoration initiative involving Save the Redwoods League, the National Park Service, and California State Parks. This partnership aims to implement a large-scale restoration effort across 120,000 acres of forests in RNSP. The initiative focuses on improving forest and watershed conditions to restore the health and resilience of these iconic landscapes, ensuring the long-term preservation and vitality of the redwood ecosystem. 2020 - 2022 accomplishments include: Thinning and Restoration: 3,266 acres and Failing and Inaccessible Road Removal: 13 miles (NPS, 2024). Overall, since 2018, the program has treated more than 4,200 acres of forest, removed or improved more than 70 miles of failing logging roads and restored nearly 6 miles of stream channels throughout the parks (Redwoods Rising, 2025).
In regard to oceanic water changes, since 2006, the Klamath Network has been monitoring three intertidal sites in Redwood National and State Parks. These sites contribute to the MARINe (Multi-Agency Rocky Intertidal Network) program.
Although the General Management Plan is still applicable it lacks in climate change planning and actions, making management less effective.
In regard to oceanic water changes, since 2006, the Klamath Network has been monitoring three intertidal sites in Redwood National and State Parks. These sites contribute to the MARINe (Multi-Agency Rocky Intertidal Network) program.
Although the General Management Plan is still applicable it lacks in climate change planning and actions, making management less effective.
Management plan and overall management system
The National Park Service (NPS) and the California Department of Parks and Recreation (CDPR) administratively combined Redwood National Park with the three abutting Redwood State Parks in 1994 for the purpose of cooperative administration of parks and their management (NPS 2020, NPS 2000). Redwood National and State Parks, including Prairie Creek, Del Norte Coast, and Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Parks and Redwood National Park, are managed under a cooperative management agreement between the NPS and CDPR. The parks comprising the World Heritage site share a General Management Plan (General Plan 2000) under which specific plans and projects are further defined and implemented, and cooperate across the board to protect park resources and provide visitor services. The partnership of parks is an exemplary management body thanks to dedicated staff and a strong internal culture, however an update of the General Management Plan would further strengthen management to address key threats in management more cohesively e.g. climate change. The 2022 approval of a the Old Redwood Highway Historic District Cultural Landscape adds another layer of protection.
Law enforcement
The regulations the National Park Service (NPS) enforces across all national parklands come from Title 36 Code of Federal Regulations (36 CFR). Title 36 contains the basic mechanism used by the National Park Service to preserve and protect the national and cultural resources, and to protect visitors and property within the park. It also grants superintendents discretionary authority to develop park-specific rules in response to the special needs of resource protection, park programs or plans ,and/or the general public.
Park resources are negatively impacted by illegal activities including marijuana cultivation (Rose 2019), burl and wildlife (deer, elk, fishing) poaching, social trails, unauthorised climbing of trees and rock faces. Due to the fact that these activities occur scattered throughout the park, they are difficult to police. Park managers continue to use modern
tools to track, cite, and prosecute violators to the fullest extent allowed according to the Superintendent's Compendium of designations, closures, permit requirements, and other restrictions (State Party of the US, 2024).
Park resources are negatively impacted by illegal activities including marijuana cultivation (Rose 2019), burl and wildlife (deer, elk, fishing) poaching, social trails, unauthorised climbing of trees and rock faces. Due to the fact that these activities occur scattered throughout the park, they are difficult to police. Park managers continue to use modern
tools to track, cite, and prosecute violators to the fullest extent allowed according to the Superintendent's Compendium of designations, closures, permit requirements, and other restrictions (State Party of the US, 2024).
Sustainable finance
Consistent, sustainable funding for parks remains an annual challenge. While Congress provides appropriations to support park operations, it does not always cover staff cost of living adjustments or inflationary pressure faced by park management and staff. The same is true for California State Parks. Staff are making excellent use of partnerships to support park restoration, facility upgrades, and other operational programs when appropriations are limiting.
However, US national parks are facing escalating challenges from government changes which impact staff numbers and funding for operational and management needs, further enhanced by increasing climate change impacts (e.g. Matza, 2025). This creates uncertainty regarding the medium-term impact on sustainable finance for essential management activities.
However, US national parks are facing escalating challenges from government changes which impact staff numbers and funding for operational and management needs, further enhanced by increasing climate change impacts (e.g. Matza, 2025). This creates uncertainty regarding the medium-term impact on sustainable finance for essential management activities.
Staff capacity, training and development
California Department of Parks and Recreation are fully staffed and Redwood National Park staffing levels fluctuate based on annual appropriations. Deferred maintenance continues to put pressure on park management budgets and operational flexibility (IUCN Consultation, 2024). Budget cuts that have occurred over the last decade have trimmed staffing levels in various management programs. The site is managed by staff, living locally, that are hired, under specific regulations set forth by the State of California and Federal Government, with specific knowledge, skills and abilities, and depending on the position description, the appropriate level of experience to implement the management framework that preserves and protects the Outstanding Universal Values for which this park was inscribed (State Party of the US, 2024).
Education and interpretation programmes
The NPS put in place a long-term interpretive plan for the World Heritage site in 2003 (NPWS, 2020), however, programmes have been underfunded for some years (IUCN Consultation, 2017). The site delivers environmental education programs featuring redwood ecosystems to approximately 7000 students annually at the Wolf Creek and Howland Hill outdoor schools. The parks have world-class interpretation materials on their websites (Parks CA, 2020b; NPS, 2020) and this is enhanced through partnership with the NGO 'Save the Redwoods League'. There are some truly awe-inspiring nature trails within the parks with excellent signage accompanied by informative brochures and maps (Law, 2011). There are several excellent visitor centres which receive complimentary comments online (NPS, 2020; Law, 2011), as well as engaging and informative programs such as the Junior Ranger program and evening campfire talks. These efforts are enhanced through partnerships with the Redwoods Park Conservancy and Save the Redwoods League. Through a variety of partnerships with schools, educational organizations, and parks, the Save the Redwoods League provides education and interpretation programs that encourage all youth to experience the redwoods in ways that are personally relevant and inspiring.
Tourism and visitation management
It is estimated that the total number of visitors to the World Heritage site as a whole (including the state parks) is over 1.5 million people per annum (NPS, 2020c). There are several visitor centres, numerous well-managed and accessible nature trails, well-managed camping areas, and many interpretation and educational programs to engage visitors. In addition, the Superintendent's Compendium contains a set of prescriptions governing visitation to the area, including access, fires, camping, parking and collection of materials (NPS 2020b). There is inadequate transportation from surrounding communities into Redwood National and State Parks, impacting the ability of visitors without vehicles to recreate in the parks. Nearly all visitors to RNSP arrive by vehicle, however, and are able to access visitor facilities during the year. Internal transportation services (shuttles) could help convey visitors to selected locations within the parks in order to keep vehicle traffic minimized in heavily impacted zones (State Party of the US, 2024). Volunteer groups are enlisted to monitor and patrol high use groves, seasonals are hired to contact visitors and to provide information, and LE patrols provide monitoring support to track visitor impact (State Party of the US, 2024). Nevertheless, there is a projected increase in visitation in 2025, which coinciding with human and financial resource constraints, could negatively impact the site's values (Dundas, 2025).
Sustainable use
The Superintendent's Compendium sets out rules regarding uses of the park, including collection of sea shells, nuts, fruits etc (NPS 2020b). The proposed rerouting of highway 101 through part of the coast redwoods remains a focal point of park discussions (Egelko 2019; Wheeler, 2023), the purpose of which is described to avoid highway closures due to frequent and deadly landslides.
Monitoring
The NPS carries out systematic monitoring of 'vital signs', including key endemic species, invasive species as well as attributes that apply across all ecosystems such as temperature (NPS, 2020). The National Park Service grouped parks into 32 Inventory and Monitoring Networks. Starting in 2008 at Redwood National and State Parks and other nearby parks, the Klamath Network phased in monitoring of select natural resources. These “vital signs” are indicators of park condition. Staff and volunteers track status and trends in these indicators by repeatedly visiting fixed sampling sites. This information supports park managers’ efforts to make science-based decisions. Klamath Network (KLMN) consists of six national park units located in northern California and southern Oregon. KLMN parks encompass an array of habitats including lagoons, dunes, rocky intertidal zones along the Pacific shore, wet coastal forests, subalpine forests, meadows, lakes, alpine environments, and semiarid sagebrush steppe. This network is one of 32 Inventory and Monitoring networks across the country working to provide park managers, researchers, and park visitors with reliable scientific information about key park resources.
The concern is that ongoing budget reductions will reduce staff and programs.
The concern is that ongoing budget reductions will reduce staff and programs.
Research
There are approximately 40-60 annual permits for scientific research in RNSP. A number of research programs are carried out by park managers in partnership with Humbolt State University (NPS, 2020; Humboldt SU, 2020) and the Save the Redwoods League (Save the Redwoods, 2020).
An advanced data store search on IRMA (Integrated Resource Management Applications) for documents since 01/01/2012 related to RNSP yields 270 records of scientific and resource topics and California State Parks typically double the number of scientific permits issued for study on State Park lands of RNSP (State Party of the US, 2024).
An advanced data store search on IRMA (Integrated Resource Management Applications) for documents since 01/01/2012 related to RNSP yields 270 records of scientific and resource topics and California State Parks typically double the number of scientific permits issued for study on State Park lands of RNSP (State Party of the US, 2024).
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats outside the site
Park managers are able to address potential threats from outside the World Heritage site, either directly or in partnerships with other entities. Park managers have formal agreements with local Indigenous peoples to manage natural and cultural resources. Formal and informal consultation also occurs with other adjacent landowners. The management system is as effective as it can be given the convoluted boundaries of the site and the high degree of disturbance adjacent to the site as a result of logging. Furthermore, the more complex political setting remains beyond the control of park authorities.
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats inside the site
A strong and comprehensive management plan (General Plan) is in place (NPS, 2000). Although it is over 20 years old, the provisions remain applicable. However, climate change was seldom fully recognised in older management documents. An update to the plan to address this issue would be timely. Restoration of the parks' network of failing logging roads remains a serious issue; this is recognised by NPS, which has overseen some phenomenal achievements on this front since 1978, and is provided for in the General Plan. The parks through collaboration under Redwoods Rising is aiming to address the challenges of funding and implementing watershed scale restoration.
Dedicated park management authorities are backed by a strong legal framework and a comprehensive management plan, which creates a solid foundation for effective management. Formal agreements with Indigenous people and partnerships with the NGO sector contribute significantly to this base. California’s Yurok Tribe will be the first Native people to manage tribal land with the National Park Service under a historic memorandum of understanding signed in 2024 by the tribe, Redwood national and state parks and the non-profit Save the Redwoods League. This is enhanced by the park's volunteer programs and the research projects carried out in partnership with NGOs and educational institutions. Park visitation is high but well managed, and the interpretation and education programs are excellent. However, US national parks are facing escalating challenges from government changes which impact staff numbers and funding for operational and management needs, further enhanced by increasing climate change impacts, which creates uncertainty regarding the medium-term impact on sustainable finance for essential management activities.
Natural beauty and superlative natural phenomenon
Good
Trend
Improving
The ancient redwood forest with its associated beauty and aesthetics is in good condition because the forests are well protected by a robust management system. The overall trajectory has been good because the NPS, in partnership with dedicated NGOs such as Save the Redwoods League, have worked hard to restore damaged areas and rehabilitate redundant, damaging roads that are the legacy of the previous history of logging.
One of the largest, contiguous ancient Redwood Forest
Good
Trend
Stable
The ancient redwood forest is in good condition because the coast redwood trees are protected by a strong management regime. The growth of trees has increased in many coast redwoods since the 1950s (Sillett et al., 2010). However the climate impacts on associated species are largely unknown. Park managers and NGOs have worked hard to develop a positive trajectory for the state of the forests (Law 2011; PWS 2000; Save the Redwoods 2020). The protection of the coast redwood forest from further encroachment must be prioritized within the native coast redwood forest footprint. In addition, removal of nonessential infrastructure and agriculture or relocation of improperly located infrastructure and agriculture is needed—especially in and around old-growth forests (Burnes et al. 2018).
Assessment of the current state and trend of World Heritage values
Improving
The ancient redwood forests are in excellent condition due to the protection provided by a strong legal framework and dedicated park managers. While some of the biodiversity values of the site are threatened with decline due to the impacts of past logging within the parks and more recent logging adjacent to them, park managers and NGOs have been addressing this with an innovative program of rehabilitation. In the broader landscape very little old-growth coast redwood forest remains, and these patches stand in the midst of an extensively logged and intensively managed forest landscape. Only 22 percent of the coast redwood forest is protected against commercial logging, subdivision, and development. Further, nearly 40 percent of the ecosystem suffers from anthropogenic edge effects from roads, residential development, and agriculture across the landscape. Owned and managed by a range of public and private entities, the coast redwood forest has endured a multitude of past threats and contemporary challenges that have combined to shape how the ecosystem functions today. This highlights the importance of the World Heritage site.
Assessment of the current state and trend of other important biodiversity values
Low Concern
Data Deficient
Birds: Since March 2022, California condors (Prey-go-neesh) have been returning to the redwoods with the first cohorts of Prey-go-neesh arriving. The reintroduction and management of California condors (Gymnogyps californianus) is one of the Yurok Tribe’s flagship conservation projects. The Yurok Tribe, National Park Service, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service are partners in the Northern California Condor Restoration Program (NCCRP) —the collaborative effort to restore condors to Yurok Ancestral Territory and the Pacific Northwest. This marks a significant milestone in the decades-long effort to restore the condor population to traditional Yurok territory within Redwood National and State Parks (NPS, 2025). Based on the 25-year monitoring report for the Northwest Forest Plan, marbeled murrelets at-sea populations have remained relatively stable albeit decreasing in some areas (McIver et al. 2021). The WH site can be an important source of appropriate nesting habitat for this species threatened under the federal Endangered Species Act and endangered under the California Endangered Species Act (Lamphear et al. 2025). The extent and severity of wildfire activity is increasing across the western United States, potentially altering the habitats of many species, which has also been shown to put nesting habitats of Northern Spotted Owl increasingly at risk (Hysen et al. 2023). Furthermore, the occupancy and reproductive rates remain low (Humboldt Redwood Company, 2024), while there continues to be risk of replacement bz invasive bird species like the barred owl. Humboldt Marten’s, a coastal threatened carnivorous mammal, has been expanding numbers in the park. Park managers expect this rare species to radiate into more suitable primary forest habitat in years to come (IUCN Consultation, 2024).
Salmonids: Some salmonid populations are in decline due to continued estuary and ocean conditions and some are stable or improving as habitat is restored. Dam removal and restoration in Klamath River has reconnected the lower and upper portions of the basin, and provided fish passage after a century of segregation. Reestablishment of upstream and downstream fish movements will however also alter the occupancy and abundance of the salmonid hosts and their pathogens. The impacts on salmonid populations remains to be seen (Bartholomew et al. 2023).
Amphibians: At least 230 of 354 (65%) amphibian species documented in the country occur on National Park Service lands. Of species in parks, 17% are at-risk globally and 20% are uncategorized, reflecting still-widespread data deficiencies. National parks in the Northwest and Northeast had the steepest species‒area relationships. Non-native crayfishes and amphibians occur within 50 km of 60% and 25% of parks, respectively, illustrating the broad threat of non-native predators. Projected mid-century (2040–2069) changes in climatic water deficit, based on 25 climate futures, produced an expected 34% increase in dryness across all national parks in the conterminous U.S.A. (LaFrance et al. 2024). More detailed site level ecological monitoring data is needed to fully and comprehensively assess the state and trend of other important biodiversity values.
Salmonids: Some salmonid populations are in decline due to continued estuary and ocean conditions and some are stable or improving as habitat is restored. Dam removal and restoration in Klamath River has reconnected the lower and upper portions of the basin, and provided fish passage after a century of segregation. Reestablishment of upstream and downstream fish movements will however also alter the occupancy and abundance of the salmonid hosts and their pathogens. The impacts on salmonid populations remains to be seen (Bartholomew et al. 2023).
Amphibians: At least 230 of 354 (65%) amphibian species documented in the country occur on National Park Service lands. Of species in parks, 17% are at-risk globally and 20% are uncategorized, reflecting still-widespread data deficiencies. National parks in the Northwest and Northeast had the steepest species‒area relationships. Non-native crayfishes and amphibians occur within 50 km of 60% and 25% of parks, respectively, illustrating the broad threat of non-native predators. Projected mid-century (2040–2069) changes in climatic water deficit, based on 25 climate futures, produced an expected 34% increase in dryness across all national parks in the conterminous U.S.A. (LaFrance et al. 2024). More detailed site level ecological monitoring data is needed to fully and comprehensively assess the state and trend of other important biodiversity values.
Assessment of the current state and trend of other important values
Low Concern
Stable
Indigenous communities in and around the site remain vibrant. The revival of the Tolowa, Yurok, Hupa, and Karuk languages is growing, as younger generations learn and keep these languages alive. Whether in politics, art, or daily life, these communities show resilience, adapting their cultures while maintaining strong ties to their heritage. Tribal Councils work closely with Redwood National and State Parks in programs like habitat restoration, condor reintroduction, archaeological site protection, and prescribed fire use, blending traditional knowledge with modern practices (NPS, 2024b). The Yurok will be the first Native people to manage tribal land with the National Park Service under a historic memorandum of understanding signed in 2024 by the tribe, Redwood national and state parks and the non-profit Save the Redwoods League (The Guardian, 2024). However, financial constraints may affect the level of support for Indigenous peoples with worrying potential consequences (e.g. Shea, 2025). The United States and Tribal Nations work together on a government-to-government level but recent administrative changes at across other governance levels are negating this legally binding relationship, and these efforts could irrevocably harm national parks across the U.S.
Additional information
Outdoor recreation and tourism
Around 1.5 million people have visited the site each year since 2016.
In 2023 more than 400,000 people visited Redwood National Park, spending an estimated $29.6 million locally. As restoration makes possible new and improved recreational opportunities, increased park visitation would mean additional economic benefits. The ‘O Rew trails gateway construction is set to begin this year and significant habitat improvements at the confluence of Prairie and Redwood creeks will provide a world-class experience for visitors.
While restoration work is the immediate focus of Redwoods Rising, restoration site improvements are creating opportunities for expanded public access and new infrastructure (Redwoods Rising, 2025).
In 2023 more than 400,000 people visited Redwood National Park, spending an estimated $29.6 million locally. As restoration makes possible new and improved recreational opportunities, increased park visitation would mean additional economic benefits. The ‘O Rew trails gateway construction is set to begin this year and significant habitat improvements at the confluence of Prairie and Redwood creeks will provide a world-class experience for visitors.
While restoration work is the immediate focus of Redwoods Rising, restoration site improvements are creating opportunities for expanded public access and new infrastructure (Redwoods Rising, 2025).
There are minor impacts of social trails and increasing concern with new invasive species. Climate change is a globally pervasive factor.
Carbon sequestration
The oldgrowth coast redwood forest is the most carbon-dense forest on Earth.
Sudden Oak Death is killing tanoak trees in RNSP, leading to a loss of carbon storage and sequestration. This mortality however, is likely to be balanced out by growth of other tree species, the continued lack of fire, and infilling of fire sensitive species.
Water provision (importance for water quantity and quality)
The watersheds in the park filter water and provide critical habitat for threatened salmonids.
Parks gateway communities benefit from the Redwoods Rising restoration efforts within Redwood National and State Parks in multiple ways:
Watershed restoration and climate resilience work achieved by these programs benefit local communities through improved flood control and wildfire risk reduction.
Improved ecosystems, such as healthy waterways and reconnected habitat, help create future recreational opportunities (Redwoods Rising, 2025).
Parks gateway communities benefit from the Redwoods Rising restoration efforts within Redwood National and State Parks in multiple ways:
Watershed restoration and climate resilience work achieved by these programs benefit local communities through improved flood control and wildfire risk reduction.
Improved ecosystems, such as healthy waterways and reconnected habitat, help create future recreational opportunities (Redwoods Rising, 2025).
Redwood Creek is EPA 303 (d) listed as temperature and sediment impaired. Salmonid habitat is significantly impacted by legacies of past land use, including logging roads.
Importance for research
The park provides many opportunities for research and education, is a repository for cultural history.
Coastal protection
The park protects over 50 km of coast.
Sea level rise and invasive coastal species threaten habitats.
Wilderness and iconic features
The park includes traditional lands of cultural and spiritual significance for Native American groups including the Chilula, Tolowa, and Yurok (National Parks Conservation Association, 2008). It also provides opportunities for enjoyment of nature in secluded and tranquil settings for people of all backgrounds.
Provision of jobs
According to Redwoods Rising Socioeconomic Report (2025):
In 2024, Redwoods Rising and ‘O Rew Redwoods Gateway restoration activities supported 200 jobs in the local economy. Many of these jobs were in industries related to tree harvesting and construction, which tend to pay higher wages than average jobs in Humboldt and Del Norte counties.
Since 2019, Redwoods Rising has raised $97.1 million to invest in restoration work locally. This includes state and federal grant funding, private philanthropy, financial returns from the restoration work itself and California State Parks funding.
Local and regional contractors and vendors are prioritized for the program’s implementation, ensuring that funds stay within the parks’ gateway communities. More than 90% of contractor hours from key partners are filled by workers from Humboldt and Del Norte counties.
In 2024, Redwoods Rising and ‘O Rew Redwoods Gateway restoration activities supported 200 jobs in the local economy. Many of these jobs were in industries related to tree harvesting and construction, which tend to pay higher wages than average jobs in Humboldt and Del Norte counties.
Since 2019, Redwoods Rising has raised $97.1 million to invest in restoration work locally. This includes state and federal grant funding, private philanthropy, financial returns from the restoration work itself and California State Parks funding.
Local and regional contractors and vendors are prioritized for the program’s implementation, ensuring that funds stay within the parks’ gateway communities. More than 90% of contractor hours from key partners are filled by workers from Humboldt and Del Norte counties.
Collection of timber, e.g. fuelwood
According to Redwoods Rising Socioeconomic Report (2025): Biomass removed from the forest during restoration work is processed and sold within the region for use as lumber, chips or biofuel. As a byproduct of this work to improve forest and watershed health, the revenue generated is reinvested in the program. The entire process of removing biomass—from crews to transportation to sawmills—represents additional economic activity through local jobs. From 2020 to 2023, biomass sales yielded $18.5 million that was reinvested to help offset the costs of forest restoration, the removal of old inaccessible logging roads and restoration of aquatic habitats. These sales also yielded $350,000 in Timber Yield Tax revenues returned to Humboldt and Del Norte counties.
The park offers widespread benefits that include local jobs, preservation of cultural ties to the land for indigenous peoples and ecological services. Approximately 1.5 million people have visited the parks each year since 2016 for recreation, research and education. The parks' forests store a disproportionally large amount of carbon and provide clean water for surrounding communities. The park protects coastline and numerous sites that are spiritually and culturally significant. A report released by Save the Redwoods League and California State Parks reveals significant socioeconomic benefits of the Redwoods Rising and ‘O Rew Redwoods Gateway programs to Northern California counties around Redwood National and State Parks. These redwood ecosystem restoration programs bring much-needed revenue, quality jobs and critical environmental conservation benefits to the region, driving economic growth in an economically disadvantaged area of California.
| № | Organization | Brief description of Active Projects | Website |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | NPS, CDPR, Save the Redwoods League (SRL) | Redwoods Rising is a collaborative initiative among Save the Redwoods League, California State Parks and the National Park Service aimed at restoring the health and resilience of the iconic redwood forests in Redwood National and State Parks. It focuses on restoring 70,000 acres of degraded redwood forest landscapes heavily impacted by past industrial logging practices, with the goal of accelerating development of old-growth forest characteristics and protecting these unique ecosystems. Since 2018, the program has treated more than 4,200 acres of forest, removed or improved more than 70 miles of failing logging roads and restored nearly 6 miles of stream channels throughout the parks. |
https://www.savetheredwoods.org/project/redwoods-rising/
https://www.nps.gov/redw/redwoodsrisingmain.htm
|
| 2 | SRL | The Redwood Genome Project is a multi-year effort to sequence the coast redwood and giant sequoia genomes and lay the foundation for the development of genetic screening tools that can now be developed to aid in the conservation and management of these species. |
https://www.savetheredwoods.org/project/redwood-genome-project/
|
| 3 | Humboldt State University | Numerous projects (not necessarily all within the property): Save the Redwoods League’s Redwood Climate Change Initiative (Phase 2) Dendrochronology—Tree-ring samples collected during routine measurements are crossdated to quantify tree ages, rates of productivity, and dendroclimatic relationships. Biodiversity of old-growth redwood forest canopy—One 1-hectare plot and additional trees in Redwood Experimental Forest are being monitored for arboreal wildlife (diversity, behavior) and canopy microclimates (light, wind, temperature, humidity, soil moisture). Allometric equations for the six tallest tree species—Having completed equations for Sequoia sempervirens, Sequoiadendron giganteum, and Eucalyptus regnans, work on the remaining 3 species (Pseudotsuga menziesii, Picea sitchensis, and Eucalyptus globulus) is underway. Manipulating tree crown structure to accelerate development of old-growth characteristics in second-growth redwood forests |
https://www.humboldt.edu/redwoods/research.php
|
| 4 | Redwood Parks Conservancy and partners | Various projects including on visitor access, volunteer programmes, artist-in-residence programmes, California Condor restoration project. |
https://redwoodparksconservancy.org/our-projects/
|
References
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