Shiretoko
Country
Japan
Inscribed in
2005
Criteria
(ix)
(x)
The conservation outlook for this site has been assessed as "good with some concerns" in the latest assessment cycle. Explore the Conservation Outlook Assessment for the site below. You have the option to access the summary, or the detailed assessment.
Shiretoko Peninsula is located in the north-east of Hokkaido, the northernmost island of Japan. The site includes the land from the central part of the peninsula to its tip (Shiretoko Cape) and the surrounding marine area. It provides an outstanding example of the interaction of marine and terrestrial ecosystems as well as extraordinary ecosystem productivity, largely influenced by the formation of seasonal sea ice at the lowest latitude in the northern hemisphere. It has particular importance for a number of marine and terrestrial species, some of them endangered and endemic, such as Blackiston’s fish owl and the Viola kitamiana plant. The site is globally important for threatened seabirds and migratory birds, a number of salmonid species, and for marine mammals including Steller’s sea lion and some cetacean species. © UNESCO
Summary
2025 Conservation Outlook
Finalised on
11 Oct 2025
Good with some concerns
Current state and trend of VALUES
Low Concern
Overall THREATS
Overall PROTECTION and MANAGEMENT
Full assessment
Description of values
Outstanding example of the interaction of marine and terrestrial ecosystems
Criterion
(ix)
Shiretoko provides an outstanding example of the interaction of overlapping marine and terrestrial ecosystems. The most obvious living linkages are migratory fish species, including many salmon species, which transport nutrients from the productive sea to the terrestrial ecosystems and foodwebs via the numerous rivers and creeks. Numerous mammals, including a dense population of brown bear (Ursus arctos) and countless birds prey on the salmons (UNEP-WCMC, 2011).
Extraordinary ecosystem productivity
Criterion
(ix)
The combination of sea ice and warm summer currents contributes to the enormous productivity of the marine ecosystem. The explosive growth of phytoplankton underpins an extremely abundant marine life. The sea ice formation occurs at the lowest latitude anywhere in the northern hemisphere. The peculiar conditions result in a layered water structure in the Sea of Okhotsk, with the surface and lower layers of the water having a large difference in salinity (World Heritage Committee, 2013; UNEP-WCMC, 2011; IUCN, 2005). Phytoplankton is the primary producer in the marine ecosystem, and thus the essential foundation of the food web for krill and zooplankton, then small fish, crustaceans and shellfish, as well as terrestrial mammals and birds via the salmon migrations (IUCN, 2005; World Heritage Committee, 2013).
Important habitat for both marine and terrestrial species, a number of which are threatened or endangered
Criterion
(x)
Located on a peninsula in north-eastern Hokkaido reaching into the Sea of Okhotsk, Shiretoko conserves important habitat for a number of endangered and endemic species at the biogeographic meeting point of northern continental Asia and species from the Japanese islands to the south, in particular Honshu. Shiretoko is particularly important for several resident and migratory salmonid species, Walleye Pollock (Theragra chalcogramma), as well as marine mammals, including the Steller Sea Lion (subspecies Eumetopias jubatus ssp. jubatus, assessed as Endangered (EN) in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species). Other marine mammal species seasonally or occasionally using the property include spotted seal, orca, minke and sperm Whale, Dall’s porpoise and the endangered fin whale (World Heritage Committee, 2013). The property is also recognized as a significant habitat for globally threatened sea birds and its importance to migratory birds. An impressive 264 species of birds have been recorded on the peninsula, the most charismatic ones comprising the endangered Blakiston’s fish or eagle owl (Bubo blakistoni) and wintering populations of the spectacular Steller's sea eagle (Haliaeetus pelagicus, Vulnerable, VU), the world's largest eagle (IUCN, 2005; World Heritage Committee, 2013). Viola kitamiana deserves to be noted as a plant endemic to the Shiretoko mountain range.
Representations of various important forest types
The IUCN evaluation (IUCN, 2005) notes important samples of (i) cool temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest; (ii) sub-arctic evergreen coniferous forest; and (iii) mixed forest combining elements of the above forest types. The forests within the property attract limited attention in the World Heritage documentation and are not singled out as being among the most striking natural features from a narrow World Heritage perspective. Nevertheless, there are of course important and integral elements of the ecosystem protected in the property.
Assessment information
A range of current threats directly affect key species, which perform important ecological roles and are among the specific conservation values of the property. Dams and other human-made modifications of water courses continue to affect fish migration, which is a key ecological feature underpinning the intricate linkages between the land and the sea. Commercial fishing puts both pressure on the target species and natural river ecosystem functions, as well as on the Steller sea lion, which continues to be culled even within the property. Visitor impacts and disturbance of terrestrial and marine life, as well as conflicts between conservation and ecotourism, needs to be addressed. Other threats include risks associated with marine traffic and changing climate patterns. Forest vegetation and some coastal vegetation continue to be affected by feeding pressure from sika deer. Continuing to maintain low densities of sika deer over the long term through population adjustments will be a challenge going forward.
Shipping Lanes
(International marine traffic)
Inside site
, Widespread(15-50%)
Outside site
While the State Party reports the impacts and risks of international shipping as minimal, it is committed to assessing the usefulness and feasibility of the establishment of a Particularly Sensitive Sea Area (PSSA) (State Party of Japan, 2012). The World Heritage Committee (2017) reminded the State Party to report on the implementation of this commitment in response to which the State Party noted: With regard to Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas (PSSA), we understand that sea areas in the property are not subject to strong impacts by international marine businesses at present. In the coming period, we will consider the necessity and possibility of introducing PSSA, if necessary. Since then no changes have been implemented.
Dams & Water Management/Use
(Dams and other modifications of rivers and creeks)
Inside site
, Widespread(15-50%)
Outside site
Fish migrations, including important runs of numerous salmonids, are a key ecological feature and conservation value of the property, underpinning the intricate linkages between the land and the sea and as an important element of the local food webs. Despite the protection status, dams and river modifications have been constructed on several rivers and creeks, which are barriers to migration and affect spawning habitat (UNEP-WCMC; 2011, IUCN, 2005). The State Party refers to such structures as “check dams”, for asset protection and human safety. There are a total of 100 low-head concrete and other step structures on a total of 14 separate rivers and streams within this property (IUCN, 2019). In the case of the Rusha River, some dams were apparently built to protect salmon hatcheries. Since the inscription, the State Party has been encouraged to restore connectivity and natural river processes and optimize fish migration and habitat by removing or adapting human-made structures in or across watercourses. Important progress has since been made with monitoring indicating positive effects on several salmon species (State Party of Japan, 2012). The salmon hatchery on the Rusha River has been decommissioned, which could facilitate the removal of dams on that river intended to protect the hatchery. Despite the considerable effort and commitment, as well as documented improvements, the fact remains that key species continue to be affected by human-made river modifications and the situation requires urgent remedies (IUCN Salmonid Specialist Group, 2013; IUCN Consultation, 2020). Chakraborty and Takenaka (2019) showed that presence of artificial barriers on streams lead to poor stream health and that the fragmentation of biomass circulation has cascading effects on the riparian biota of the site. Successful restoration of fish habitat and migration routes that protects and increase fish diversity and abundance would therefore also directly enhance conservation of several terrestrial species, including the endangered Blakiston’s fish owl (Bubo blakistoni) (Takenaka, 2018).
A recent IUCN Advisory mission to the site (IUCN, 2019), indicated some progress has been made on dam removal, but most of the foundation of the dams are still intact, affecting groundwater flow vital for creating habitat for successful reproduction and juvenile rearing of salmonids. In addition, a bridge crossing a river channel in the lower floodplain is artificially constricting the river to a single channel - the natural state of the river is braided. The IUCN Advisory mission advised continued removal of dams and the bridge and instituting an adaptive management framework to gauge ecosystem response and stakeholder concerns following these interventions (IUCN, 2019).
According to the State Party improvement works in Rusha River were completed in 2024 following a roadmap developed based on the results from hydraulic modelling experiments (State Party of Japan, 2022; 2024). Monitoring is underway and remedial measures will be implemented accordingly to improve the passage route for salmonid species.
There is some reference about a side channel next to the bridge that apparently receives flow under higher discharge regimes. This may reduce flow under the bridge under high discharge conditions to protect the bridge from washing out, but this seems to be more of an engineered solution and not a natural, geomorphological evolution of the stream channel that would be more aligned with the outstanding universal value of this World Heritage Site. The natural state of the lower reaches of the river is a braided channel, and the current condition of the river still appears to be in a restricted state given the presence of the bridge and abutments that restrict the migration of the stream channel across the flood plain. The Salmonid Specialist Group has recommended the removal of the bridge and abutments to allow the river to form a more natural, braided channel morphology. More sinuous river reaches of this type tend to capture and retain wood more effectively and thus serve to reduce wood being exported out of the system.
This work, coupled with more comprehensive monitoring of salmon habitat described above, should produce a better understanding of the biophysical processes of river restoration that can lead to wild salmon recovery and the re-establishment of areas for natural reproduction of salmonids that has been impacted by extensive river construction throughout this region.
A recent IUCN Advisory mission to the site (IUCN, 2019), indicated some progress has been made on dam removal, but most of the foundation of the dams are still intact, affecting groundwater flow vital for creating habitat for successful reproduction and juvenile rearing of salmonids. In addition, a bridge crossing a river channel in the lower floodplain is artificially constricting the river to a single channel - the natural state of the river is braided. The IUCN Advisory mission advised continued removal of dams and the bridge and instituting an adaptive management framework to gauge ecosystem response and stakeholder concerns following these interventions (IUCN, 2019).
According to the State Party improvement works in Rusha River were completed in 2024 following a roadmap developed based on the results from hydraulic modelling experiments (State Party of Japan, 2022; 2024). Monitoring is underway and remedial measures will be implemented accordingly to improve the passage route for salmonid species.
There is some reference about a side channel next to the bridge that apparently receives flow under higher discharge regimes. This may reduce flow under the bridge under high discharge conditions to protect the bridge from washing out, but this seems to be more of an engineered solution and not a natural, geomorphological evolution of the stream channel that would be more aligned with the outstanding universal value of this World Heritage Site. The natural state of the lower reaches of the river is a braided channel, and the current condition of the river still appears to be in a restricted state given the presence of the bridge and abutments that restrict the migration of the stream channel across the flood plain. The Salmonid Specialist Group has recommended the removal of the bridge and abutments to allow the river to form a more natural, braided channel morphology. More sinuous river reaches of this type tend to capture and retain wood more effectively and thus serve to reduce wood being exported out of the system.
This work, coupled with more comprehensive monitoring of salmon habitat described above, should produce a better understanding of the biophysical processes of river restoration that can lead to wild salmon recovery and the re-establishment of areas for natural reproduction of salmonids that has been impacted by extensive river construction throughout this region.
Fishing, Harvesting & Controlling Aquatic Species
(Culling of Steller sea lions)
Inside site
, Throughout(>50%)
Outside site
Steller’s sea lion individuals belonging to the Asian group of the Western subspecies are seasonally present in and around the property (UNESCO et al., 2017). The Western Steller sea lions experienced a dramatic and unexplained population decline of about 70% between the late 1970s and 1990s. Although the overall abundance in the North American and Asian groups has been slowly increasing more recently (Gelatt and Sweeney, 2016) and the Ministry of the Environment changed its national species status from endangered to quasi-endangered (NT) in 2012, culling remain a threat to this subspecies.
In response to predation on commercial fish stocks and damage to gillnets, the Hokkaido Fishing Zone Coordination Commission sets an “Annual Catch Limit” (ACL), under the supervision of the Fisheries Agency of Japan and the Hokkaido government. The subspecies occurring seasonally in the property, Eumetopias jubatus ssp. jubatus, is classified as “endangered” in the IUCN Red List. To cull and use non-lethal deterrence against an endangered species in a natural World Heritage property without a clear understanding of the population number and dynamics is highly questionable. Alternative practices with compensation or other incentives to the local fishing community should be considered (IUCN Consultation, 2020).
In 2024 the Basic Management Policy, which sets out the management approach for Stellar sea lions that migrate to the waters around Japan was revised to reduce damage to fisheries and to conserve the sea lion population. Under the revised policy catch limits for the two breeding populations of Stellar sea lions in the Sea of Okhotsk and Kuril Islands were set below the potential biological removal level, based on assessments using population dynamics models. Based on an assessment using those models, the maximum number of animals that can be taken in the eastern sea area, including Nemuro Strait, for the 2024/25 migratory season was set at 31 individuals below the potential biological removal level (State Party of Japan, 2024).
In response to predation on commercial fish stocks and damage to gillnets, the Hokkaido Fishing Zone Coordination Commission sets an “Annual Catch Limit” (ACL), under the supervision of the Fisheries Agency of Japan and the Hokkaido government. The subspecies occurring seasonally in the property, Eumetopias jubatus ssp. jubatus, is classified as “endangered” in the IUCN Red List. To cull and use non-lethal deterrence against an endangered species in a natural World Heritage property without a clear understanding of the population number and dynamics is highly questionable. Alternative practices with compensation or other incentives to the local fishing community should be considered (IUCN Consultation, 2020).
In 2024 the Basic Management Policy, which sets out the management approach for Stellar sea lions that migrate to the waters around Japan was revised to reduce damage to fisheries and to conserve the sea lion population. Under the revised policy catch limits for the two breeding populations of Stellar sea lions in the Sea of Okhotsk and Kuril Islands were set below the potential biological removal level, based on assessments using population dynamics models. Based on an assessment using those models, the maximum number of animals that can be taken in the eastern sea area, including Nemuro Strait, for the 2024/25 migratory season was set at 31 individuals below the potential biological removal level (State Party of Japan, 2024).
Fishing, Harvesting & Controlling Aquatic Species
(High levels of commercial fishing, in particular of Walleye Pollock)
Inside site
, Widespread(15-50%)
Outside site
In recent years there have been issues such as a noticeable decrease in the catch of walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus), an important fishery species in the Shiretoko area, an increase in the amount of damage to the fishery by Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus), and an impact of recreational use by cruise ships on seabirds (Toyoshima et al. 2022). Catches of salmonids and Japanese common squid are declining, and changes in the walleye pollock stock and other major fishery resources must be closely monitored. The sharing of information between Japan and Russia will also be important in understanding the status of fish catches (Scientific Council, 2022).
In response to these issues, various efforts are being made in the fishery industry, such as adding a no-take zone for walleye pollock, adding value to marine products by branding, and utilizing yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata). To cope with unstable or declining fishery resources as an overall response strategy, fishery target species were diversified to maintain the overall economic value. More specifically, for Walleye pollock catches, the stock level has been low since the late 1990's (Hokkaido Research Organization, Fisheries Research Department). To compensate for the loss caused by a low-level stock of this species, the total fishery production value has been maintained by combining yield of fish species, which are on the rise, such as yellowtail caught in recent years due to global warming, as well as flounders and Broadbanded thornyhead (Sebastolobus macrochir), for which a stable catch is expected (Toyoshima et al. 2022). The State Party reports a stabilization of the species while acknowledging that populations have not returned to pre-1989 levels (UNESCO, 2012).
In response to these issues, various efforts are being made in the fishery industry, such as adding a no-take zone for walleye pollock, adding value to marine products by branding, and utilizing yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata). To cope with unstable or declining fishery resources as an overall response strategy, fishery target species were diversified to maintain the overall economic value. More specifically, for Walleye pollock catches, the stock level has been low since the late 1990's (Hokkaido Research Organization, Fisheries Research Department). To compensate for the loss caused by a low-level stock of this species, the total fishery production value has been maintained by combining yield of fish species, which are on the rise, such as yellowtail caught in recent years due to global warming, as well as flounders and Broadbanded thornyhead (Sebastolobus macrochir), for which a stable catch is expected (Toyoshima et al. 2022). The State Party reports a stabilization of the species while acknowledging that populations have not returned to pre-1989 levels (UNESCO, 2012).
Recreation & Tourism Areas
(Impacts of tourism on land and sea)
Inside site
, Scattered(5-15%)
Mass-tourism to specific natural scenic spots is causing traffic jams, collision with wildlife, trampling of vegetation, trail erosion, human-wildlife conflicts (e.g. with brown bears), waste management and other issues (UNEP-WCMC, 2011; Shiretoko Ecotourism Strategy, 2013). In recent years, visitor numbers have decreased somewhat (approximately 1.76 million in 2023) and shifted more towards an experience-type use, such as climbing, trekking, sea kayaking and whale watching, which required a new management strategy integrating conventional and eco- tourism approaches (Shiretoko Ecotourism Strategy, 2013; State Party of Japan, 2018). However, visitor impacts and disturbance of terrestrial and marine life is still being observed in some locations (UNEP-WCMC, 2011; UNESCO et al., 2017). The increase in various marine tourism activities have been reported to impact on the behaviour of Steller sea lions and the resting areas they use (State Party of Japan, 2016). Taking photos of brown bears (Ursus arctos) from close quarters has become increasingly popular among tourists, which has led to bears becoming familiar with human presence. Traffic jams to watch bears are also increasing. As known from other parts of Hokkaido, there is a risk that bears who get accustomed to humans enter urban areas, a behaviour that often results in their extermination (Matsuda et al., 2018). Tourism related activities also have the potential of causing stress or other types of pressure for threatened avian species such as the Steller's sea eagle (Haliaeetus pelagicus) and Blakiston’s fish owl (Bubo blakistoni) (IUCN Consultation, 2020). Fish owls are highly susceptible to disturbance and face the risk of diminished breeding success if humans approach a nest, so the locations of fish owl sites are not available to the public. However, the advent of the “Information Age” has facilitated information sharing, which has created new threats as more photographers, bird watchers, and tour guides have become aware of sites and approach them too closely (Takenaka, 2018). Concern of behavioural change has also been raised following fish owl feeding near the World Heritage site and night-time viewing tours with high-powered searchlights, for the benefit of tourist photo opportunities (Matsuda et al., 2018; Chakraborty and Takenaka 2019). The Dolly Varden char (Salvelinus malma), also an important prey species of the fish owl, currently faces a growing threat from the increasing sport fishing activity in Shiretoko. Due to the small size of streams, strong impacts from fishing, with sudden and drastic declines of the species, have been observed at several sites (Chakraborty and Takenaka 2019). The conflict between conservation and ecotourism needs to be addressed further.
Changes in Temperature Regimes
(Warming sea surface temperatures)
Inside site
, Throughout(>50%)
Outside site
Recent data on returns of Pacific salmon in Hokkaido, Japan, indicate that climate change is having a negative effect on return abundance (Kaeriyama 2022, Kaeriyama and Sakaguchi 2023). Declines have been noted since 2004 in Hokkaido and appear to be related to increasing trend in sea surface temperatures within the Shiretoko WH site (Kaeriyama 2022).
Invasive Non-Native/ Alien Species
(Alien rainbow trout)
Invasive/problematic species
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Alien rainbow trout inhabit some rivers, which may negatively impact the OUV, however the current impact and extent of the threat is not known. There is ongoing monitoring to determine the current status and trends (State Party of Japan, 2023).
Problematic Native Species
(Grazing and browsing of Yezo Sika deer)
Inside site
, Widespread(15-50%)
Japan's Ministry of the Environment (n.d.) acknowledges impacts of excessive levels of Yezo Sika deer in the property and elsewhere in Hokkaido. Population control is inevitable and as long as it is in place, the impacts appear manageable. According to the most recent periodic report, population control is being carried out and the number of deer is decreasing. Survey on the current status of the deer and the impacts on vegetation growth are also being carried out as part of the long-term monitoring plan (State Party of Japan, 2023). Nevertheless, forest vegetation and some coastal vegetation continue to be affected by feeding pressure from sika deer (Scientific Council, 2022).
The main concern and uncertainty relates to the anticipated effects of climate change, which might harm the delicate role of sea ice among other ecological factors. The long-term impacts of climate change are being increasingly assessed and an adaptive management strategy for climate change for the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage site has been developed, which identifies both long and short term impacts of climate change and specifically monitors parameters such as the extent of sea ice and the impacts on populations of key indicator species.
Changes in Physical & Chemical Regimes, Changes in Temperature Regimes, Changes in Precipitation & Hydrological Regime
(Changing climate affecting sea ice formation)
Inside site
, Throughout(>50%)
Outside site
The Kushiro Nature Conservation Office, the Hokkaido Regional Forest Office, and the Hokkaido Government through the Scientific Council have coordinated efforts to better understand climate change impacts on Shiretoko with particular reference to the significant risk to the sea ice (State Party of Japan, 2012). Rao et al. (2008) argue that sea ice is the foundation of important conservation values and particularities of the property, strongly contributing to its Outstanding Universal Value. Changing temperatures would directly affect ice formation and could thereby have considerable impacts on the property. Climate change impacts on sea ice dynamics need to be better integrated into broader natural resource monitoring programmes (UNESCO, 2012). UNESCO (2023) noted that effects of climate change are generating greater concern and that there is a lack of data to monitor climate change impacts on the site. The State Party has since developed an Adaptive Management Strategy for Climate Change in the Shiretoko Natural World Heritage Site (State Party of Japan, 2024). Some examples of climate change related impacts that have been recorded thus far include rising trend in annual average temperatures, declining trends in the ice floe period, predicted decline in total sea ice area (Kushiro Nature Conservation Office et al. 2024).
Involvement of stakeholders and rightsholders, including indigenous peoples and local communities, in decision-making processes
The property faces a classic conflict between conservation and commercial use of natural resources, epitomized by the culling of marine mammals to protect fisheries and gear. It is clear that there are differing interests and perceptions between stakeholders, which inevitably reflect on relationships. Similarly, the differing views on the river modification indicate some tensions. An IUCN Advisory mission (IUCN, 2019) initiated some discussion on the need for complete dam removal and the impact a bridge on the flood plain was having on the largest river entirely contained in the World Heritage site (Rusha River). An outcome of this mission was identifying a need to adopt an adaptive management approach that includes clarifying goals for ecosystem restoration and creating opportunities for stakeholders to express concern over restoration actions. At the same time, there are no major conflicts. It deserves to be noted that the property name is of indigenous origin, meaning the "the end of mother earth" in the language of the Ainu people (IUCN, 2005). IUCN (2005) called for the involvement of the contemporary Ainu in the management of the property, however thus far there is no progress reported on this point. According to the latest periodic report a Regional Liaison Committee has been established to promote conservation management in cooperation and collaboration with the local community (State Party of Japan, 2023).
Legal framework
In Shiretoko, multiple national laws and regulations have been applied to protect the natural features in the area, including the Nature Conservation Law (1972), the Natural Parks Law (1957, revised in 2023), the Law on Administration and Management of National Forests (1951), and the Law for the Conservation of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (Species Conservation Law) (1992). The marine and coastal component is also protected by regulations covering fishing and marine pollution, and is managed in accordance with the Regulation of Sea Fisheries Adjustment in Hokkaido based on the Fisheries Law. Most of the terrestrial areas are embraced within the national forest owned and managed by the national government, and they include several protected areas. However, under the Japanese legal system, although National Park land is protected, rivers do not have protected status and therefore can be exploited relatively freely. Because Japan's System of Natural Park (Zoning-System) is a local system, various administrative entities are involved, making it difficult to restrict the use of roads and specific areas. As many streams are relatively small, the effect of infrastructure and fishing can be drastic (Chakraborty and Takenaka, 2019). In addition, while the site itself is protected, its surrounding areas are not; and this poses a threat for migrating or wide ranging species.
Governance arrangements
The Ministry of the Environment, Forestry Agency, Agency for Cultural Affairs, and Hokkaido Prefectural Government have formulated the Management Plan, and are carrying out integrated management of the property. A Regional Liaison Committee has been established to promote conservation management in cooperation and collaboration with the local community. Moreover, the Scientific Council has been established to promote adaptive conservation management that reflects scientific knowledge (State Party of Japan, 2023).
Integration into local, regional and national planning systems (including sea/landscape connectivity)
The Ministry of the Environment, the Forestry Agency, the Agency for Cultural Affairs, and the Hokkaido Government in collaboration, developed the Management Plan for the site and manage the site on the basis of the plan. A Regional Liaison Committee has been established to promote conservation management through collaboration and cooperation with the local community. Similarly, a Scientific Council has been established and promotes adaptive conservation management that reflects scientific knowledge (State Party of Japan, 2012). However, increased integration between the management of the site and that of its surrounding landscapes, especially in terms of infrastructure development and ecosystem connectivity, is needed (Chakraborty and Takenaka, 2019).
Boundaries
The terrestrial boundaries adequately cover key natural features, whereas the marine boundaries somewhat schematically extend 3 kilometers from the shoreline, corresponding to a depth of 200 meters (World Heritage Committee, 2013). It is clear that the management of fisheries and marine mammals has to fully consider the surrounding seas and requires cooperative efforts with neighbouring countries (State Party of Japan, 2012). There is concern regarding surrounding urbanization and development that isolate the site and results in a ‘squeeze effect’ on key species’ habitat, foraging and migration (IUCN Consultation, 2020). Appropriate long-term plans for establishing connection to the broader landscape through ecological corridors for species movement as well as for movement of abiotic components such as water and sediment, which have crucial ecosystem functions, would benefit the ecological integrity of the site and ecosystems that remain in a fragmented and fragile state from the intensive anthropogenic disruption in the 20th century (Chakraborty and Takenaka, 2019).
Overlapping international designations
N/A
Implementation of World Heritage Committee decisions and recommendations
The State Party has continuously been implementing requests and recommendations. One positive example is the update of the overall management plan strengthening the integration of marine and terrestrial components (UNESCO, 2012). Some other areas are also being addressed, but further progress is needed, including salmon management with the continued existence of human-made impacts on migration and spawning habitat, for example on the Rusha River; cooperation with neighbouring countries on the management of fisheries and Steller’s Sea Lion; and sika deer management. The State Party is committed and management responses are in progress. In response to the issues raised in the World Heritage Committee Decision 45 COM 7B.84 the State Party has developed an Adaptive Management Strategy for Climate Change in the Shiretoko Natural World Heritage Site, revised the Basic Management Policy to managing Stellar sea lions and developed the Phase II Long-Term Monitoring Plan.
Climate action
An Adaptive Management Strategy for Climate Change in the Shiretoko Natural World Heritage Site was developed in October 2024. The strategy takes into consideration the expected impact of climate change on the attributes of the Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) of Shiretoko and identifies specific adaptation measures that are to be implemented (State Party of Japan, 2024).
Management plan and overall management system
The terrestrial management is based on clear mandates and follows structured management planning with strong elements of participation of sub-national government levels and local communities. Management of tourism and wildlife are focal areas of terrestrial management. Since 2013, the site has an Ecotourism Strategy that defines processes and systems to sustain both conventional tourism use and ecotourism for the conservation of natural values of the property, the promotion of high quality nature-based experiences for tourists, and local economic development (State Party of Japan, 2019). However, there is a need to strengthen tourism management and address conflicts between conservation and tourism, which is currently affecting both terrestrial and marine life (State Party of Japan, 2016; Matsuda et al., 2018; Takenaka, 2018). Chakraborty and Takenaka (2019) have also highlighted the urgent need for protection and management of connectivity and lower trophic level species, including stream and forest restoration, to ensure sustained conservation of the site’s values. The 2019 IUCN Advisory mission noted the State Party’s efforts to try to reach some balance between restoring rivers to a more natural state while still providing some protection to fishery and infrastructure. The adoption of an adaptive management system for dam removal with periodic evaluation would facilitate stakeholder concerns and aid decisions on different alternatives of dam removal or modification (IUCN, 2019). Management of the marine areas is also complex due to the coincidence of conservation objectives and important commercial interests, identified as a key question mark in the evaluation of the World Heritage nomination (IUCN, 2005). The dilemma is inherent to the setting and set-up of the property and will require integrated management planning at all times. A Multiple Use Integrated Marine Management Plan for Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site was revised for 2023 aiming to balance the proper use of the area for human activities, including stable fisheries, through the sustainable use of living marine resources and marine recreation (Ministry of the Environment, 2023). The Ministry of the Environment, Forestry Agency, Agency for Cultural Affairs, and Hokkaido Prefectural Government have formulated the Management Plan, and are carrying out integrated management of the property. Also, the Regional Liaison Committee has been established to promote conservation management in cooperation and collaboration with the local community. A Scientific Council has been established to promote adaptive conservation management that reflects scientific knowledge. Working Groups/Advisory Panel have been established under the Scientific Council to review the various issues based on scientific knowledge, and to promote measures while closely reflecting the opinions of local stakeholders. In addition to the Sika Deer Management Plan, the Multiple Use Integrated Marine Management Plan, and the Ecotourism Strategy, the Management Plan for the the property, which integrates the individual plans, has been formulated (State Party of Japan, 2023). Furthermore, the adaptive management strategy for climate change and the revision of the basic management policy for Stellar sea lions must be noted (State Party of Japan, 2024).
Law enforcement
Hokkaido Prefectural Government enforced “Hokkaido Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site Ordinance” in 2016. It consists of 18 articles that describe the goal of the heritage conservation, obligations and roles of stakeholders, decision-making process, capacity building and relationships with other laws and ordinances, but without prescribed penalties.
Sustainable finance
Conservation funding relies mostly on governmental sources from national to local level, with around three quarters covered by the federal Ministry of the Environment and the Forestry Agency (UNEP-WCMC, 2011; State Party of Japan, 2023). The available budget is acceptable and seems secure over both the medium and long term but could be further improved to fully meet the management needs (State Party of Japan 2023).
Staff capacity, training and development
UNEP-WCMC (2011) reports a total of 82 staff and no recent figures are available. The State Party reports most staff to be employed full time, while noting staffing levels are generally below the optimum, with knowledge gaps and lacking capacity for engagement with local communities, capacity development and education, marketing and promotion, interpretation and enforcement (State Party of Japan, 2023). It is not clear to what extent there are biological (species or habitat level) or ecosystem experts involved in conservation, monitoring and management of the site, and there might be room for improvement (IUCN Consultation, 2020). Furthermore, whilst there are some training opportunities for staff, there are no opportunities for local capacity development. Shiretoko Foundation plays an important role in Shiretoko, supported by the municipality.
Education and interpretation programmes
Education and interpretations appears to be limited despite high visitor numbers (State Party of Japan, 2012). A local non-governmental organization reports various relevant activities in this regard (Shiretoko Nature Foundation, n.d.). Chakraborty and Takenaka (2019) report on limited linguistic skills of guides inhibiting meaningful interaction with international visitors and lack of experience in guides in terms of familiarity with other natural World Heritage sites. There is a limited and ad hoc education and awareness programme for children and/or youth. A logo for the property has been created to widely promote and raise awareness of conservation and management effort (State Party of Japan, 2023).
Tourism and visitation management
In order to promote appropriate use and ecotourism, and to pass on the pristine natural environment to future generations, the Joint Committee on Appropriate Use and Ecotourism, consisting of academic experts, relevant administrative organs, and local organisations, has been established. The committee formulates and reviews the necessary plans and rules for use (State Party of Japan, 2023).
Tourists come in large numbers to visit the Shiretoko World Heritage site. Peaks are the summer months, while the sea ice in mid-winter also attract some visitors (IUCN, 2005). Currently Shiretoko’s natural resources are widely seen as significant capital for tourism development. New infrastructure (outside the site, but nevertheless impacting on species) to accommodate tourist demand; as well as increased pressure on the species from tourism, are two prominent examples of new stressors. Coastal landfilling, tunnel construction, stabilization of erosion-prone hillslopes, construction of concrete breakwater and logging have taken place since the 2005 inscription to construct larger roads, which also bring in speedier traffic, thereby increasing the risk of species mortality by accident (Chakraborty and Takenaka, 2019). There is a need for management to be more proactive in engaging with development outside the site. Impacts from mass-tourism such as trail erosion, waste and risks posed by the unusually high population density of brown bear noted in the World Heritage evaluation (IUCN, 2005), indicate a need for intensive management (UNEP-WCMC, 2011; Shiretoko Ecotourism Strategy, 2013). There has been a rapid increase of guided tours and some guides engage in night-time wildlife viewing with searchlights, baiting and tours or cruise ships venturing close to nesting sites, which disturb wildlife and might cause behavioural change. The Natural Parks Act was revised in 2023, and in Shiretoko, feeding and excessive proximity to brown bears in the national park was added to the regulation. Future improvements are expected in response to the revised law. Currently there is no restriction on fishing in the rivers of the site, which has resulted in high pressure on some species, and a local ‘codes of conduct’ to prohibit overharvesting could be considered (Chakraborty and Takenaka, 2019).
Tourists come in large numbers to visit the Shiretoko World Heritage site. Peaks are the summer months, while the sea ice in mid-winter also attract some visitors (IUCN, 2005). Currently Shiretoko’s natural resources are widely seen as significant capital for tourism development. New infrastructure (outside the site, but nevertheless impacting on species) to accommodate tourist demand; as well as increased pressure on the species from tourism, are two prominent examples of new stressors. Coastal landfilling, tunnel construction, stabilization of erosion-prone hillslopes, construction of concrete breakwater and logging have taken place since the 2005 inscription to construct larger roads, which also bring in speedier traffic, thereby increasing the risk of species mortality by accident (Chakraborty and Takenaka, 2019). There is a need for management to be more proactive in engaging with development outside the site. Impacts from mass-tourism such as trail erosion, waste and risks posed by the unusually high population density of brown bear noted in the World Heritage evaluation (IUCN, 2005), indicate a need for intensive management (UNEP-WCMC, 2011; Shiretoko Ecotourism Strategy, 2013). There has been a rapid increase of guided tours and some guides engage in night-time wildlife viewing with searchlights, baiting and tours or cruise ships venturing close to nesting sites, which disturb wildlife and might cause behavioural change. The Natural Parks Act was revised in 2023, and in Shiretoko, feeding and excessive proximity to brown bears in the national park was added to the regulation. Future improvements are expected in response to the revised law. Currently there is no restriction on fishing in the rivers of the site, which has resulted in high pressure on some species, and a local ‘codes of conduct’ to prohibit overharvesting could be considered (Chakraborty and Takenaka, 2019).
Sustainable use
Direct consumptive use and indirect touristic use are key factors of concern. The negative impact of the fishing industry’s culling of the Steller Sea Lions, and the unsustainable harvesting of Walleye Pollock by Russia are both current threats to the OUV of the site. The State Party reports that these impacts are being lessened due to on-going measures addressing these threats (State Party of Japan, 2024). For example, the Multiple Use Integrated Marine Management Plan was revised in 2023. The objective of this plan is to satisfy in the marine area of the heritage site both the conservation of the marine ecosystem and the proper use of the area for human activities, including stable fisheries, through the sustainable use of living marine resources and marine recreation (Ministry of the Environment, 2023).
Monitoring
The Phase II Long-Term Monitoring Plan was revised in March 2024 to maintain the OUV through adaptive management. The plan identifies the monitoring items that are necessary to assess the status and specifies concrete assessment methods. Various monitoring measures of Rusha River will be continued along with close monitoring of wooden-debris accumulation along the river. With regard to fish runs, various monitoring measures will be continued, including the use of the riverbed path as a route for salmonids to migrate upstream, and further improvement measures will be implemented as necessary (State Party of Japan, 2024).
Monitoring of groundwater flow seems not to be integrated in the long term monitoring plan, which is of some concern. Groundwater flow is crucial to the successful hatching of eggs and viability of salmonid embryos in the stream gravel. Furthermore, there is lack of evidence of monitoring other freshwater fishes (Monitoring item #18 in the document: Phase II Long-term Monitoring Plan for the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site), particularly the salmonid, Dolly Varden and estimates of abundance of invasive species that includes another salmonid, rainbow trout.
Several publications led by faculty at the University of Hokkaido and University of Tokyo (including use of eDNA techniques, food web descriptions using stable isotopes, otolith microchemistry, invasive species monitoring - listed in reference list) provide some guidance on appropriate study designs and methods. There are some earlier studies (e.g. Yokoyama et al. 2010; Koshino et al. 2013) to which more recent monitoring results can be compared. Relevant government agencies need to work closely with academic faculty to implement appropriate studies (both monitoring and research) to fully evaluate affects of dam removal on salmonids in the Shiretoko World Heritage site.
Monitoring of groundwater flow seems not to be integrated in the long term monitoring plan, which is of some concern. Groundwater flow is crucial to the successful hatching of eggs and viability of salmonid embryos in the stream gravel. Furthermore, there is lack of evidence of monitoring other freshwater fishes (Monitoring item #18 in the document: Phase II Long-term Monitoring Plan for the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site), particularly the salmonid, Dolly Varden and estimates of abundance of invasive species that includes another salmonid, rainbow trout.
Several publications led by faculty at the University of Hokkaido and University of Tokyo (including use of eDNA techniques, food web descriptions using stable isotopes, otolith microchemistry, invasive species monitoring - listed in reference list) provide some guidance on appropriate study designs and methods. There are some earlier studies (e.g. Yokoyama et al. 2010; Koshino et al. 2013) to which more recent monitoring results can be compared. Relevant government agencies need to work closely with academic faculty to implement appropriate studies (both monitoring and research) to fully evaluate affects of dam removal on salmonids in the Shiretoko World Heritage site.
Research
There is a wealth of research being undertaken at all levels by a range of actors, including governmental institutions and research agencies. A local non-governmental organization lists research among its main activities (Shiretoko Nature Foundation, n.d.). The Onnebutsedake Wilderness has been subject to particular intensive study for decades (UNEP-WCMC, 2011) and research on the habitat and ecology of the Blaksiton’s fish owl has been carried out for over two decades (Takenaka, 2018). A scientific committee consisting of experts in both terrestrial and marine conservation and management advises management (State Party of Japan, 2016). Shiretoko Forest was used in the cover page of the special feature issue on “forest biodiversity and ecosystem services” in Journal of Applied Ecology (Mori et al., 2017). Some issues raised recently following an IUCN Advisory mission indicated the need to better integrate research and management on the property by instituting a more structured, adaptive management approach, which includes describing key criteria to help define restoration, and articulating how results from research and monitoring help describe progress made toward achieving these goals (IUCN, 2019). In order to estimate the population of brown bears and to elucidate the causes of mass infestation in urban areas, research using DNA markers from feces and hair (2019-2021) was conducted, and a highly accurate estimate of the population size of brown bears in the Shiretoko Peninsula and an understanding of population parameters were achieved. In 2023, due to a lack of food, large numbers of brown bears entered the settlements, and the resulting culling led to a sharp decline in the population. To manage problem bears and their overall populations in the future, it is necessary to develop simple and sustainable methods of population estimation and management. In addition, through the research of “Prediction of Sea Ice and Ocean Variations and Climate Change Risk Assessment on Marine Ecosystems in the Southern Sea of Okhotsk Including Shiretoko, a World Natural Heritage” (2021-2023) , the possibility of future sea ice loss was simulated and utilized for the Adaptive Management Strategy for Climate Change.
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats outside the site
Given the mostly effective management system of the property itself and systematic and promising efforts to address identified challenges, the main threats requiring management responses stem from outside the property. This includes fisheries management, which obviously requires a scale beyond the property and the best possible harmonization with neighbouring countries. Despite important progress in this regard (State Party of Japan, 2016 and 2012), there is room for further harmonizing fisheries management with the users of the Sea of Okhotsk. The continued culling of Steller Sea Lion, a species migrating across long distances, which is subject to full protection elsewhere, epitomizes the need for more sophisticated species management beyond selected areas. Legacies of past land conversion, logging, and stream modification are pervasive and continued urbanization and development in surrounding areas are impacting key ecosystem functions and the integrity of the property. Management needs to actively consider appropriate long-term plans of establishing biotic and abiotic connectivity to the broader landscape (Chakraborty and Takenaka, 2019). Finally, there is major uncertainty in terms of the expected impacts of climate change on the property. While the State Party reports on a series of initial discussions through the Scientific Council, further measures are recommended to understand and assess vulnerability in order to underpin preparedness efforts (UNESCO, 2017 and 2012). The Adaptive Management Strategy for Climate Change is an important step in this regard.
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats inside the site
The management effectiveness of the terrestrial areas within the site does not raise noteworthy concerns, as long as tourism management remains effective and responds to the increasing demands and reported disturbance and pressures and sika deer numbers remain under control. However, the integration of site management with the management of its surrounding landscapes could be strengthened, together with implementation of measures to meaningfully offset anthropogenic stress on the site’s ecosystem integrity. Proactively encourage restrictions on coastal and infrastructure development and protection of vegetation corridors in adjacent areas, could aid management and protection of ecological integrity and species health within the site (Chakraborty and Takenaka, 2019). In terms of identifying the exact management objectives with regard to the continued existence of river modifications, the State Party is engaged in ongoing efforts to assess and optimize migration routes and spawning habitat. However, an urgent need remains for river management to shift from artificial modification of watercourses in order to safeguard infrastructure and profit, to a more holistic vision of managing rivers for their ecological functions (Chakraborty and Takenaka, 2019). The 2019 IUCN Advisory mission, as well as research undertaken by the State Party, noted that complete dam removal would result in the greatest increase in salmon habitat. However, the role of woody debris for the ecosystem and alternative methods to manage this needs to be considered to find a balance river restoration needs and the fishery stakeholder concerns (IUCN, 2019).Collaborating with other specialists in academia and NGOs to advance management and research efforts may help devise effective methods of river restoration to achieve the goals stated related to improved conditions for salmonids. Nevertheless, significant efforts have been made across these aspects including through the development and revision of various plans and strategies e.g. Multiple Use Integrated Marine Management Plan, the Adaptive Management Strategy for Climate Change, the Phase Ⅱ Long-term Monitoring Plan for the Shiretoko.
The state Party has shown systematic and promising efforts to address identified challenges; however, the overall management effectiveness of the property remains of some concern. There is room for further analysis and follow-up to the State Party commitment to restore river ecosystem function, salmonid migration routes and habitats to “as natural a state as possible”. The high visitor numbers and emerging threats from intrusive experience-type tourist activities require permanent management attention. The complexity of issues is high in the marine area and it deserves to be recalled that this has effects on the terrestrial area as well, given that the property is explicitly recognized for its intricate linkages between land and sea. The most demanding challenges are fisheries management at the appropriate scales, which implies international coordination and cooperation and the best possible understanding of future climate change scenarios to underpin preparedness. Some key strategies and plans have been revised and developed to improve management, however the effectiveness remains to be seen in the implementation.
Good practice examples
The IUCN evaluation noted shortcomings in the spatial configuration of the marine part of the then nominated property and recommended an important extension of the marine part of the nominated area (IUCN, 2005). In response, the State Party expanded the area as proposed, an encouraging example of a nomination initiative not only awarding existing conservation efforts, but resulting in concrete conservation gains.
Outstanding example of the interaction of marine and terrestrial ecosystems
Low Concern
Trend
Stable
According to the most recent monitoring report (Scientific Council, 2022), the interrelationship between the marine and terrestrial ecosystems is being maintained, as the biota of sea areas is largely maintained, the improvement of river constructions is progressing, and the upstream and downstream migration of salmonids is being facilitated. Despite the considerable effort and commitment to optimise fish migration and habitats, as well as the documented improvements, the fact remains that key species continue to be affected by human-made river modifications. Most of the foundation of dams are still intact, affecting groundwater flow vital for creating habitat for successful reproduction and juvenile rearing of salmonids, and other structures are artificially constricting natural river form and function. The situation requires urgent remedies and an adaptive management framework to gauge ecosystem response and stakeholder concerns (IUCN, 2019; IUCN Consultation, 2020).
The populations of some seabirds (cormorants and gulls) that supply nutrients from the sea to the land have decreased by half since inscription. The factors behind this must be identified.
The populations of some seabirds (cormorants and gulls) that supply nutrients from the sea to the land have decreased by half since inscription. The factors behind this must be identified.
Extraordinary ecosystem productivity
High Concern
Trend
Deteriorating
The spectacular and highly particular sea-ice formation in the property directly contributes to the high ecosystem productivity in the Sea of Okhotsk, including the property. Thereby, the phenomenon directly contributes to Shiretoko’s Outstanding Universal Value. At this stage, the phenomenon and its effects continue to exist. While the site management is in no position to influence the future of the phenomenon under the overall scenario of climate change, it is clear that the best and probably only option at the site level is to invest in the best possible understanding of change and realistic future scenarios to underpin preparedness. Decreases in seasonal sea ice, increases in air and sea temperatures, and other effects of climate change are generating serious concern, and therefore further enhancement of marine environmental monitoring is required (Scientific Council, 2022).
Important habitat for both marine and terrestrial species, a number of which are threatened or endangered
Low Concern
Trend
Stable
The management framework has been significantly improved since the World Heritage inscription, namely through the successful revision of the management plan based on previously somewhat dispersed management guidance. Thereby, there is well-structured and comprehensive guidance on all key aspects. The habitat for the terrestrial species of particular conservation interest is well protected within the site. However, without a meaningful protection of prey species such as salmonids and the safeguarding of green corridors beyond the property, conservation of the apex species is likely to remain a highly challenging task (Chakraborty and Takenaka, 2019).
While the management of the more complex migrations of several species of salmonids continues to face challenges, important progress has been made and there are strong and credible commitments to further invest in analysis and follow-up. The most striking question mark is the culling of Steller sea lion even though its presence is a noteworthy conservation value in its own right.
There have been significant declines in some populations of seabirds, with some populations halving (i.e. Japanese cormorants, black-tailed gulls and slaty-blacked gulls). The cause of these declines is not known and the State Party has ensured that extensive monitoring and research will be done to determine and address the causes (State Party of Japan, 2024). Overall, the marine and terrestrial biota is largely being maintained at the level it was at the time of inscription for the Heritage site as a whole, and no major problems are observed. The decline of some seabirds and freshwater fishes and the distribution of alien species must continue to be closely monitored in the future (Scientific Council, 2022).
While the management of the more complex migrations of several species of salmonids continues to face challenges, important progress has been made and there are strong and credible commitments to further invest in analysis and follow-up. The most striking question mark is the culling of Steller sea lion even though its presence is a noteworthy conservation value in its own right.
There have been significant declines in some populations of seabirds, with some populations halving (i.e. Japanese cormorants, black-tailed gulls and slaty-blacked gulls). The cause of these declines is not known and the State Party has ensured that extensive monitoring and research will be done to determine and address the causes (State Party of Japan, 2024). Overall, the marine and terrestrial biota is largely being maintained at the level it was at the time of inscription for the Heritage site as a whole, and no major problems are observed. The decline of some seabirds and freshwater fishes and the distribution of alien species must continue to be closely monitored in the future (Scientific Council, 2022).
Assessment of the current state and trend of World Heritage values
Stable
According to the most recent monitoring report, the interaction of marine and terrestrial ecosystems that is influenced by seasonal sea ice continues to be maintained today. Moreover, Shiretoko continues to be an important area for biodiversity conservation, where a wide range of species, including many rare and endemic species, live and develop. Furthermore, effects in terms of facilitated upstream and downstream migration of salmonids from the improvement of river constructions and the restoration of some herbaceous plants due to sika deer population adjustments are being observed. On the other hand, some situations that demand attention have been identified from monitoring results. For example, the populations of some seabirds and the Dolly Varden, which is representative of Shiretoko’s ichthyofauna, have been decreasing. Salmonid catches are falling while warm-water yellowtail and other species are increasing. Other challenges include improving the system for monitoring the effects of global-scale climate change, and developing an adaptation strategy from the standpoint of conserving and managing the totality of Shiretoko’s value as a World Natural Heritage site.
Assessment of the current state and trend of other important biodiversity values
Low Concern
Data Deficient
The cool temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest and sub-arctic evergreen coniferous forest are important and integral elements of the ecosystem protected in the property. Some hints at threats are related to high pressure from high populations of Sika deer which are known to seriously affect native vegetation across Hokkaido's forests (UNEP-WCMC, 2011, IUCN, 2005). The challenge is well documented and being addressed. In the Cape Shiretoko area, where the sika deer population adjustment is ongoing, some herbaceous plants are recovering and the number of flowering species is also increasing (Scientific Council, 2022). There are no major changes in the vegetation composition when the Shiretoko Peninsula is viewed as a whole. However, forest vegetation and some coastal vegetation continue to be affected by feeding pressure from sika deer. Continuing to maintain low densities of sika deer over the long term through population adjustments will be a challenge going forward (Scientific Council, 2022).
It has also been reported that due to past logging activates, natural forests currently only occupy a fraction of their historical patch size and that there is a lack of suitable mature broadleaf vegetation for species such as Blakiston’s fish owl. These forests are fundamental for key terrestrial species survival, but the process to regenerate mature broadleaf forests is a slow one and is still in its early stages, and therefore require continued management commitment (Chakraborty and Takenaka, 2019; IUCN Consultation, 2020).
It has also been reported that due to past logging activates, natural forests currently only occupy a fraction of their historical patch size and that there is a lack of suitable mature broadleaf vegetation for species such as Blakiston’s fish owl. These forests are fundamental for key terrestrial species survival, but the process to regenerate mature broadleaf forests is a slow one and is still in its early stages, and therefore require continued management commitment (Chakraborty and Takenaka, 2019; IUCN Consultation, 2020).
Additional information
Fishing areas and conservation of fish stocks
The fishing industry is of major importance locally and in the wider region, benefiting from the conservation of the property but also risking to exceed its capacity unless carefully monitored and managed.
History and tradition,
Sacred natural sites or landscapes
The property's name originates from the Ainu words for "the end of mother earth", a place of high significance for the indigenous inhabitants of the peninsula and Hokkaido more broadly (IUCN, 2005).
Ainu people, language and culture are critically endangered.
Outdoor recreation and tourism,
Natural beauty and scenery
The property is well-known for its scenic values and is today an attractive outdoor destination with a broad range of activities carried out on land and sea.
Importance for research,
Contribution to education
Both the unusually high marine productivity and the interactions between marine and terrestrial ecosystems in an area with a relatively high degree of naturalness provide important research opportunities.
Climate change is having an impact on salmon - there have been links established between rising sea surface temperatures and poor returns of adult salmon in recent years in Hokkaido (including the Shiretoko Peninsula). Investing in knowledge on how both ocean and freshwater habitats are changing, and the level of resilience that salmon are exhibiting in relation to these changes, should be a research and monitoring priority to those involved in resource management at the Shiretoko World Heritage Site, especially given the fact that marine-terrestrial connections is an outstanding universal value of this World Heritage Site. Understanding the effect of invasive species (e.g. rainbow trout) on native fishes should also be a high priority.
Carbon sequestration,
Soil stabilisation,
Coastal protection,
Flood prevention
The natural terrestrial vegetation, mostly comprised of various forest types, provides the broad range of forest ecosystem services, while the modest scale puts their importance beyond the local level in perspective.
Shiretoko was originally inhabited by the indigenous Ainu, who referred to the area as the “end of mother earth”. This legacy deserves to be respected, including as regards the role of contemporary descendants of the Ainu. Shiretoko forms part of a highly productive marine area, which contributes to rich fisheries from local subsistence to commercial level. Despite some conflicts, fisheries benefit from the conservation of the property. Another important benefit is the attractiveness for tourism and recreation, which translates into both health benefits and generation of local jobs and income. Otherwise, Shiretoko offers very attractive research opportunities and it delivers the well-documented range of forest ecosystem services.
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