Teide National Park
Country
Spain
Inscribed in
2007
Criteria
(vii)
(viii)
The conservation outlook for this site has been assessed as "good" in the latest assessment cycle. Explore the Conservation Outlook Assessment for the site below. You have the option to access the summary, or the detailed assessment.
Situated on the island of Tenerife, Teide National Park features the Teide-Pico Viejo stratovolcano that, at 3,718 m, is the highest peak on Spanish soil. Rising 7,500 m above the ocean floor, it is regarded as the world’s third-tallest volcanic structure and stands in a spectacular environment. The visual impact of the site is all the greater due to atmospheric conditions that create constantly changing textures and tones in the landscape and a ‘sea of clouds’ that forms a visually impressive backdrop to the mountain. Teide is of global importance in providing evidence of the geological processes that underpin the evolution of oceanic islands. © UNESCO
Summary
2025 Conservation Outlook
Finalised on
11 Oct 2025
Good
Current state and trend of VALUES
Good
Overall THREATS
Overall PROTECTION and MANAGEMENT
Full assessment
Description of values
Exceptional volcanic system of outstanding geodiversity
Criterion
(viii)
Teide National Park (TNP) has extraordinary geological characteristics. Teide Volcano is the result of a specific geodynamic setting and geological processes that favoured the formation of a volcanic island (Tenerife) on a slow-moving and extremely old oceanic crust, circumstances that prevented subsidence and allowed an exceptionally prolonged volcanic history of the island, at least 12 million years (Thirlwall et al., 2000; Guillou et al., 2004; Cas et al., 2022), over 10 million years older than the island of Hawaii (Clague and Sherrod, 2014). Such an extended geological period favoured magmatic differentiation of deep mafic magmas (basalts) to produce large volumes of felsic magmas (phonolites) (e.g. Ablay and Marti, 2000; Carracedo et al., 2007a, b; Carracedo and Troll, 2013). The coexistence in Tenerife of both types of magmas and their different types of eruptions are the basis of the extraordinary geological values of Teide National Park: 1) The pre-Caldera Las Cañadas Volcano, truncated by the collapse that caused Las Cañadas Caldera, forming the southern flanks of the TNP and the volcanic sequences of the caldera scar, including deposits from highly explosive Plinian eruptions (Martí et al., 1994; Ancochea et al., 1999). 2) The present Las Cañadas Caldera, whose origin –vertical collapse vs gravitational landsliding– has been the subject of scientific debate (Martí, 2019). 3) The NW and NE rift zones, similar to the Hawaiian rifts, showing abundant features of basaltic (Strombolian) eruptions (Carracedo, 2014). And 4) Two large stratocones (Teide and Pico Viejo volcanoes), both still active, with the latest eruption (about 1000 years ago) forming the summit cone and the obsidianic phonolitic Lavas Negras flows (Ablay and Marti, 2000). A spectacular set of Holocene peripheral phonolitic domes and lava flows encircle the basal perimeter of the Teide and Pico Viejo volcanoes (Ablay and Martí, 2000; Carracedo et al., 2007a, b). These exceptional volcanological features of the TNP are the perfect complement of the equally remarkable Hawaiian Volcanoes National Park, predominantly associated to basaltic volcanism (Walker, 1990; Carracedo, 2008). Due to all these values and their excellent exposure, the TNP constitutes one of the best laboratories of field volcanology of the World.
Volcanic landscape of outstanding natural beauty and diversity
Criterion
(vii)
The exceptional beauty of the Teide National Park (TNP) is the result of the combination of several factors: The landscape is shaped by an active volcanic complex formed by the twin stratovolcanoes Teide (3715 m a.s.l) and Pico Viejo (3135 m a.s.l.), the third tallest volcanic structure in the world, nested inside a collapse caldera (Las Cañadas Caldera), and one of the best exposed and accessible volcanic calderas on Earth. The visual impact is emphasized by atmospheric conditions that create constantly changing textures and tones in the landscape and a ‘sea of clouds' that forms a visually impressive backdrop to the mountain (World Heritage Committee, 2007). The volcanic system has the right proportions to allow an overall view of the ensemble from many viewpoints, particularly spectacular from the summit of Teide and from the Caldera rim.
Exceptionally clear skies, the changing tonalities and shades
Criterion
(vii)
Exceptionally clear skies during most of the year have promoted the deployment of some of the most relevant international day-time (solar) telescopes. Clear skies also emphasize the colours and the changing tonalities of the volcanic landscapes and features according to the time of day, the spectacular shadow of the Teide during sunset and sunrise being particularly appreciated. Observation of the night sky above Teide Volcano is an important value of the Park and has become a significant attraction for visitors. Pictures and timelapses of the TNP night sky have received international awards e.g. NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day (Daniel López, www.elcielodecanarias.com). At the northern flank of Teide, the humid north-easterly trade winds condense at the base of the volcano forming the impressive backdrop of the ‘sea of clouds' (Durbán Villalonga et al., 2006).
Mountain ecosystems with associated flora and fauna
In addition to its geological and scenic values, Teide National Park, including its buffer zone, comprises peculiar Macaronesian ecosystems characterized by high plant endemism (WWF and IUCN, 1994) and a less diverse but equally interesting fauna. Among them is the unique Canarian summit scrub and peak ecosystem, which has particularly high plant and invertebrate endemism, including the emblematic Teide White Broom Spartocytisus supranubius. The property has eleven Habitats of Community Interest (75% of the territory of the park) according to the EU Habitats Directive, including vegetation on the recent volcanic flows, cliffs and craters, Mediterranean shrubs, open endemic Juniperus forest, and Macaronesian pine forest. The park‘s flora comprises more than 200 vascular plant species (31 of them endemic to the Canary Islands and 33 endemic to Tenerife, including 6 species found only in the national park) (Durbán Villalonga et al., 2006), as well as 74 species of mosses, 8 of liverworts and 100 of lichens (UNEP-WCMC, 2011). The avifauna of the park contains only 20 species but more breed in the buffer zone, including the endemic Blue Chaffinch Fringilla teydea. Five species of bats (including the endemic Plecotus teneriffae) are the only native mammals. There are also populations of the endemic (to the archipelago) Canary Lizard Gallotia galloti. About 50% of the estimated 1,400 invertebrate species are endemic to the islands, and many of them to the park itself (Durbán Villalonga et al., 2006).
Assessment information
The main threats to the geological values of the Park (e.g. residential and commercial infrastructures including a cable car to the top of the volcano) are prior to the inscription of TNP as a World Heritage site, and the prohibition of further development is effectively enforced. While management strategies to reduce the impact of the very high number of visitors on the geological and scenic features and of the property are being implemented, the scale of the challenge is significant. In addition, large areas just outside the park and smaller areas within have burned, and invasive alien species continue to impact the native biodiversity, in particular herbivores on endemic flora, but also invasive animals on endemic fauna. Finally climate change will most probably exacerbate these already consequential threats as monitoring conducted shows that Tenerife's alpine habitat is changing rapidly due to the synergy between introduced herbivores, warming, and drought. These stressors could lead to the collapse of key species due to adult plant mortality and lack of recruitment, causing other once-rare species to become abundant. Nevertheless, the current threats to the park's geological features can be considered low.
Recreational Activities
(High number of tourists)
Inside site
, Widespread(15-50%)
The high number of visitors, numbering 4.3 million annually (State Party of Spain, 2024) pose a threat to the scenic values of the National Park. While geological values of the site are apparently not affected by tourists (although there have been localized impacts by erosion or disturbance on important and most visited geological features), the many visitors, mostly arriving by car (70%) or by tour buses (28%), present a major stress on the property (González et al., 2021). In 2021, 129 disciplinary proceedings were initiated, 56 more than the previous year. Violations related mostly to unallowed access to restricted areas, driving or parking in unauthorized areas and overflights (Teide National Park, 2021).
The TNP is an example of a natural site suffering the effects of mass tourism, largely due to the fact that 70% of visitors access the TNP by car. This puts the park’s sustainability under considerable pressure, may well affect visitor enjoyment, and highlights the need to implement alternative transportation systems (González et al., 2018).
Management is aimed at providing viewpoints with parking and other facilities in the most popular sites, but these areas are often chaotic at peak visitor times. Solutions to this visitor pressure are being researched (González et al., 2018) and the problem is addressed in the Draft Management Plan 2022. However, visitor management outside of park ranger working hours remains limited, since the park is not closed to visitors as it is crossed by a national road.
The TNP is an example of a natural site suffering the effects of mass tourism, largely due to the fact that 70% of visitors access the TNP by car. This puts the park’s sustainability under considerable pressure, may well affect visitor enjoyment, and highlights the need to implement alternative transportation systems (González et al., 2018).
Management is aimed at providing viewpoints with parking and other facilities in the most popular sites, but these areas are often chaotic at peak visitor times. Solutions to this visitor pressure are being researched (González et al., 2018) and the problem is addressed in the Draft Management Plan 2022. However, visitor management outside of park ranger working hours remains limited, since the park is not closed to visitors as it is crossed by a national road.
Fire & Fire Management
(Wildfires/Forest fires)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Outside site
Wildfires mainly affect the biodiversity and ecosystem values of the property as well as its outstanding natural beauty. While wildfires are known to have occurred for centuries, the occurrence and intensity may increase with climate change. Media coverage on a complex fire (News Wires, 2023) in August 2023 reports that this damaged some 1000 ha within the park, including important areas of Teide Broom (Spartocytisus supranubius). Pine forests in the buffer zones also burned, affecting endemic reptiles and birds as well as creating hazy skies and a desolate landscape (El Heraldo, 2023).
In 2021 a fire in the Arico highlands affected 3,028 hectares of pine forest and mountain scrubland over the four days it was active, and it spread, albeit minimally, into the national park. The flames spread into the national park, burning a small area of mountain scrub and remaining relatively close to, but not affecting, the Guajara violet (Viola guaxarensis) population (Teide National Park, 2021).
Currently, the threat of fire on the World Heritage values remain low, especially as reported fires have not impacted the World Heritage site to a significant extent and impacts remain localised.
In 2021 a fire in the Arico highlands affected 3,028 hectares of pine forest and mountain scrubland over the four days it was active, and it spread, albeit minimally, into the national park. The flames spread into the national park, burning a small area of mountain scrub and remaining relatively close to, but not affecting, the Guajara violet (Viola guaxarensis) population (Teide National Park, 2021).
Currently, the threat of fire on the World Heritage values remain low, especially as reported fires have not impacted the World Heritage site to a significant extent and impacts remain localised.
Invasive / Other Problematic Species, Genes & Pathogens, Invasive Non-Native/ Alien Species
(Invasive plant and animal species)
Invasive/problematic species
Oryctolagus cuniculus
Felis catus
Malva parviflora
Sonchus oleraceus
Erodium cicutarium
Polycarpon tetraphyllum
Foeniculum vulgare
Conyza bonariensis
Other invasive species names
Ovis aries musimon, Gallotia galloti
Inside site
, Widespread(15-50%)
Outside site
Biodiversity in the property, particularly of endemic fauna and flora species, are threatened by alien invasive species that were introduced for hunting in the past e.g. rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and mouflon (Ovis aries musimon), as well as significant predation by feral cats (Felis catus) on Canary lizard (Gallotia galloti) and other reptiles (Nogales et al., 2006). The impact of introduced herbivores on the endemic flora has already been shown to be significant (Nogales et al., 2006) which climate change may exacerbate (Gallardo and Capdevila‑Argüelles, 2024). Important measures to control herbivores and invasive plant species are underway (Draft Management Plan, 2022). Although the mouflon population remains generally low, the number of individuals observed during the 2021 spring census (n = 12) is the second highest in the last 10 years of censuses (due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2020 spring census was not carried out), and higher than the average for the censuses during that period (year-over-year average = 9.1 specimens). Analyzing the data reveals significant year-over-year fluctuations, with peaks and valleys across the years (Teide National Park, 2021). The relative abundance can be estimated from the density of droppings, which in this case is 104 specimens with a confidence interval (95%) of 69–156 individuals. This represents a slight decrease compared to the 2019 values (no spring census was conducted in 2020). Mouflon control activities are actively ongoing within and outside the park with the ultimate goal of complete eradication in Tenerife (Teide National Park, 2021). In 2021 very low number of rabbits was observed in the IKAs in July and September, with no rabbits being observed after the control season, confirming a lower presence of rabbits in the sampling area. It is observed that in recent years the abundance of rabbits prior to the start of the campaigns has been declining; specifically, since 2014, values have been below 0.5 rabbits per kilometer. In recent years, the presence of a stable, increasingly significant population of feral cats within Teide National Park has become evident with negative impacts on birdlife (blackbird population) noted (Teide National Park, 2021). Baited traps are utilised as control measures.
In regards to invasive plants, these include species of the genera Bromus, Lactuca, and Chenopodium. Other species targeted for control included Malva parviflora, Sonchus oleraceus, Erodium
cicutarium, Polycarpon tetraphyllum, Foeniculum vulgare, and Conyza bonariensis. Among areas targeted for eradication were those frequently visited by large numbers of visitors, such as La Ruleta, El Portillo, roadsides, the area surrounding the cable car and the Parador, and particularly sensitive areas such as Llano de Maja. In total, more than 12,000 individuals were eradicated in 2021 (Teide National Park, 2021).
The threat is rated low for the World Heritage values.
In regards to invasive plants, these include species of the genera Bromus, Lactuca, and Chenopodium. Other species targeted for control included Malva parviflora, Sonchus oleraceus, Erodium
cicutarium, Polycarpon tetraphyllum, Foeniculum vulgare, and Conyza bonariensis. Among areas targeted for eradication were those frequently visited by large numbers of visitors, such as La Ruleta, El Portillo, roadsides, the area surrounding the cable car and the Parador, and particularly sensitive areas such as Llano de Maja. In total, more than 12,000 individuals were eradicated in 2021 (Teide National Park, 2021).
The threat is rated low for the World Heritage values.
Terrestrial Animal Farming, Ranching & Herding
(Bee-keeping)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Decree 153/2002, of October 24, approving the Master Plan for the Use and Management of Teide National Park, establishes beekeeping as a traditional activity and authorizes its practice. It
is an activity that has been historically linked to the largest expanses of vegetation that bloom in the summer, generally associated with summit scrub, especially broom, and which has been maintained over time. Use will be carried out in accordance with the Standards for the Practice of Beekeeping, which will be established by the National Park Administration. The maximum number of hives authorized in beekeeping settlements is 2,709, the total number of hives placed in Teide National Park in 2014. The occupancy of beekeeping settlements may not exceed their physical capacity. However, given that in previous years it has been observed that the number of hives installed in some settlements has exceeded their capacity, the maximum number of hives to be installed in the following beekeeping settlements has been established along with more active monitoring and controls. The negative impact of large numbers of bees on native pollinators and the subsequent effect on native biodiversity has been evoked (ABC, 2022). The activity is regulated in the Draft Management Plan (2022).
is an activity that has been historically linked to the largest expanses of vegetation that bloom in the summer, generally associated with summit scrub, especially broom, and which has been maintained over time. Use will be carried out in accordance with the Standards for the Practice of Beekeeping, which will be established by the National Park Administration. The maximum number of hives authorized in beekeeping settlements is 2,709, the total number of hives placed in Teide National Park in 2014. The occupancy of beekeeping settlements may not exceed their physical capacity. However, given that in previous years it has been observed that the number of hives installed in some settlements has exceeded their capacity, the maximum number of hives to be installed in the following beekeeping settlements has been established along with more active monitoring and controls. The negative impact of large numbers of bees on native pollinators and the subsequent effect on native biodiversity has been evoked (ABC, 2022). The activity is regulated in the Draft Management Plan (2022).
Changes in Physical & Chemical Regimes, Changes in Temperature Regimes, Changes in Precipitation & Hydrological Regime
(Habitat change)
Inside site
, Throughout(>50%)
Outside site
Teide NP has already been identified as one of the World Heritage properties at highest risk to climate change (Perry, 2011), and recent changes to vegetation have been documented (Olano et al., 2017; Cubas et al., 2022). While the island can do little to reduce climate change—beyond reducing the carbon dioxide emissions associated with the increasing tourism (currently 6 millions annual visitors) mainly reaching the property by air—there is a high threat to the emblematic biodiversity and exceptional landscape of the property, given changes in temperature, rainfall and increasing fires. However, while climate change presents a high threat to the ecosystem, it does not significantly impact the geological and scenic values for which the site was inscribed.
Monitoring conducted by the park management to monitor the impacts of climate change on floral diversity reveals significant changes in the composition of the plant community in Teide National Park during the study period. Exclusion fences foster community richness, favoring the abundance of key species such as S. supranubius. However, changes unrelated to exclusion are also observed, indicating a potential climate effect. In fact, species abundance and community response varied depending on the climate sector (northeast or southwest), suggesting a clear future divergence in community composition. Among the climate losers are two emblematic species, the legumes Spartocytisus supranubius (broom) and Adenocarpus viscosus (rock rose). The former has shown significant decline throughout its high mountain range, while the latter has only declined in the southwestern areas, the only sampled area. Broom was the most abundant species on Tenerife's peaks until a few decades ago, when it was surpassed in cover by rosebush. According to a study by Ibarrola-Ulurzun and colleagues, broom lost 17.5% of its cover in the National Park between 2002 and 2017 alone. The decline of these two legume species could have a powerful impact, as both play an important role in community structure, fixing nitrogen in a nutrient-poor environment. Considering the scarce presence of other legumes in this habitat, the regression of Spartocytisus supranubius and the expansion of Pterocephalus lasiospermus could affect the total productivity and carrying capacity (biomass) of the habitat. Some evidence suggests that current warming may be displacing populations of Spartocytisus supranubius outside the potential thermal range. This species is very sensitive to high evapotranspiration demand and droughts have favoured the occurrence of mass mortality events, especially in slow-growing individuals from the warm South west sector (Teide National Park, 2021).
The patterns observed in the plant community are consistent with the response that would be expected due to climate change. This is especially true because the island's peaks have been experiencing a sharp warming process for over a century. This warming is most strongly affecting the southwest sector, where species replacement is already occurring in line with what would
be expected from the ecosystem's exposure to high temperatures. The strong warming in the southwest sector has reduced the intensity of the Internal thermal inversion of the caldera, raising minimum temperatures and facilitating the colonization of pine forest species. This could lead to a gradual replacement of the summit scrubland by pine forest, but the process could also be delayed
by limiting conditions such as soil characteristics, herbivore adaptation, thermal adaptability, and the arrival of propagules. Current ecological and paleo-ecological evidence suggests that species migrate in response to climate change individually and at different rates (Teide National Park, 2021).
Monitoring conducted by the park management to monitor the impacts of climate change on floral diversity reveals significant changes in the composition of the plant community in Teide National Park during the study period. Exclusion fences foster community richness, favoring the abundance of key species such as S. supranubius. However, changes unrelated to exclusion are also observed, indicating a potential climate effect. In fact, species abundance and community response varied depending on the climate sector (northeast or southwest), suggesting a clear future divergence in community composition. Among the climate losers are two emblematic species, the legumes Spartocytisus supranubius (broom) and Adenocarpus viscosus (rock rose). The former has shown significant decline throughout its high mountain range, while the latter has only declined in the southwestern areas, the only sampled area. Broom was the most abundant species on Tenerife's peaks until a few decades ago, when it was surpassed in cover by rosebush. According to a study by Ibarrola-Ulurzun and colleagues, broom lost 17.5% of its cover in the National Park between 2002 and 2017 alone. The decline of these two legume species could have a powerful impact, as both play an important role in community structure, fixing nitrogen in a nutrient-poor environment. Considering the scarce presence of other legumes in this habitat, the regression of Spartocytisus supranubius and the expansion of Pterocephalus lasiospermus could affect the total productivity and carrying capacity (biomass) of the habitat. Some evidence suggests that current warming may be displacing populations of Spartocytisus supranubius outside the potential thermal range. This species is very sensitive to high evapotranspiration demand and droughts have favoured the occurrence of mass mortality events, especially in slow-growing individuals from the warm South west sector (Teide National Park, 2021).
The patterns observed in the plant community are consistent with the response that would be expected due to climate change. This is especially true because the island's peaks have been experiencing a sharp warming process for over a century. This warming is most strongly affecting the southwest sector, where species replacement is already occurring in line with what would
be expected from the ecosystem's exposure to high temperatures. The strong warming in the southwest sector has reduced the intensity of the Internal thermal inversion of the caldera, raising minimum temperatures and facilitating the colonization of pine forest species. This could lead to a gradual replacement of the summit scrubland by pine forest, but the process could also be delayed
by limiting conditions such as soil characteristics, herbivore adaptation, thermal adaptability, and the arrival of propagules. Current ecological and paleo-ecological evidence suggests that species migrate in response to climate change individually and at different rates (Teide National Park, 2021).
Potential threats are mainly just a hypothetical increase in the current threats already facing the property. Possible new volcanic eruptions, the natural processes that formed the Park, may in fact add to its geological value and boost its general and scientific interest. However, new eruptive events and climate change could affect the scenic beauty and ecosystem and biodiversity values, but the potential impact of these modifications is impossible to predict.
Recreational Activities
(Increasing human population and night lighting)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Strategies in street lighting (e.g use of redder, warmer colours) are likely to be progressively adopted and will probably progress towards a reduction in light pollution inside the TNP.
Geological Events
(Volcanic eruption)
Inside site
, Throughout(>50%)
Outside site
Volcanic activity is the natural process that has constructed the TNP, formed entirely by volcanism. Any future eruption will certainly resurface and reshape parts of the Park within the area of the eruption, but this may contribute towards increasing, rather than undermining, the scenic values of the Park.
Involvement of stakeholders and rightsholders, including indigenous peoples and local communities, in decision-making processes
The management system include formal mechanisms and procedures that ensures direct participation and contribution by local authorities (good), local communities (fair), and partial participation of landowners in the buffer zone (State Party of Spain, 2024).
Legal framework
The primary national legislation governing Teine National Plan is Law 5/1981 which assigns the property a special legal regime designed to protect it and limit the rights to use its natural resources. It also delimits a protective buffer zone. In addition, Decree 153/2002 contains the legal basis for the protection of the natural resources of the park, establishing general management criteria and zoning of the park into Reserved, Restricted Use, Moderate Use and Special Use Zones to govern use. As well as the above general legislation, a range of supporting environmental legislation provides protection to the park and its resources (State Party of Spain, 2024).
Governance arrangements
Teide's management was recorded as being transferred in 2010 from Spain's national government to the regional authority. Currently, management is shared with the local government (Cabildo Insular) and a full transfer to the Tenerife Island Council is planned for 2025. While it is noted that management of the property is both regional and local and that there are no governance issues (State Party of Spain, 2024), further follow-up is necessary to determine whether the current management system is threatened in any way by the change of governance.
Integration into local, regional and national planning systems (including sea/landscape connectivity)
The management system includes formal mechanisms and procedures that ensures direct participation and contribution of the local authorities and communities, and joint management with the Island Council (Cabildo de Tenerife) (State Party of Spain, 2024), thus it is inferred that the property is integrated with wider planning systems.
Boundaries
The boundaries of the property follow the existing National Park. There is also a buffer zone with appropriate restrictions (e.g. on construction) and an effective zoning system of the National Park (Durbán Villalonga et al., 2006; IUCN, 2007). The boundaries are adequate and known by both the management authority and local communities/landowners (State Party of Spain, 2024).
Overlapping international designations
N/A
Implementation of World Heritage Committee decisions and recommendations
Decision 31 COM 8B.17 (2007), made on designation of the property, is the only decision to date which includes five recommendations regarding harmonization of tourism planning, visitor monitoring, enhanced research on climate change impacts on the site, intensified cooperation between the three World Heritage sites in the Canary Islands and improved cooperation between the Spanish and Canary Islands Governments (WHC, 2007). Two periodic reports have been produced and tourism management remains an issue. Research on climate change has been undertaken and is in progress. Cooperation between the Spanish and Canary Islands Governments and the other World Heritage sites in the Canary Islands is data deficient.
Climate action
No use has been made of the World Heritage Policy for Climate Change (State Party of Spain, 2024). However, an important IVRIPARC project on methodology to estimate the impact of climate change on the geological heritage of the Canary Islands national parks, which aims to identify threatened geological heritage and geodiversity impacts from global change and establish monitoring mechanisms for its state of conservation is underway (State Party of Spain, 2024). The cable car to the top of the volcano has also been renovated to run entirely on solar panels for which it is stated that great care was made to ensure that the panels did not detract from the visual OUV of the park (Volcano Teide, 2024). The "greening" of the cable car is very positive, even if the carbon emissions of tourists flying to the island and renting cars to visit the park is still substantial.
Furthermore, the management authority carries out extensive studies to determine the impacts from climate change on flora and fauna (Teide National Park, 2021).
Additionally, the National Park has six complete stations that record data on air temperature (1.5m) and soil, precipitation (vertical and horizontal), radiation (global and UVB), winds (speed and direction), humidity and pressure. In addition to these six stations, there are two Aemet stations: Izaña and Parador. Together, the eight stations comprise a high-precision sensor network, with the oldest records coming from the Izaña station, which has been collecting data since 1916.
Furthermore, the management authority carries out extensive studies to determine the impacts from climate change on flora and fauna (Teide National Park, 2021).
Additionally, the National Park has six complete stations that record data on air temperature (1.5m) and soil, precipitation (vertical and horizontal), radiation (global and UVB), winds (speed and direction), humidity and pressure. In addition to these six stations, there are two Aemet stations: Izaña and Parador. Together, the eight stations comprise a high-precision sensor network, with the oldest records coming from the Izaña station, which has been collecting data since 1916.
Management plan and overall management system
Pursuant to the Law on Harmonization and Simplification of Territorial and Natural Resource Protection, the drafting of the Master Plans for the Canary Islands' National Parks is the responsibility of the Government of the Canary Islands. The Vice-Minister of the Environment of the Government of the Canary Islands has a multi-year commission for the drafting of the new plan. However, although the current plan for the national park was approved in 2002 and was valid for six years, the general regulations validate it and it remains in effect until a new plan is approved. In 2021 the draft Master Plan for the Use and Management of Teide National Park was initially approved by the Canary Islands National Parks Commission. The simplified Environmental Assessment of the Review of the Park Use and Management Master Plan Teide National Park was completed in November 2021. Although the draft is available, it remains to be approved by the competent administration. According to the last Periodic report, the management system is being fully implemented and monitored, and an annual work/action plan exists and many of its activities are being implemented (State Party of Spain, 2024), based on the Master Plan from 2002.
Law enforcement
The State Party reports that there is adequate capacity/resources to enforce legislation and/or regulation in the World Heritage property, although at the same time notes that the availability of professionals in enforcement could be improved (State Party of Spain, 2024; IUCN consultation, 2024). Numbers of staff involved in law enforcement are not provided, but it has been noted that issues, particularly after Park opening hours (e.g. vandalism, littering, road races) have been observed (Canarian Weekly, 2023).
Sustainable finance
Finance is 100% from national and federal sources (State Party of Spain, 2024). Within the Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan a number of projects receive EU funding (Next Generation EU, up to 4.200.000Euros) (Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, undated). It is still noted, however, that the available budget is acceptable but could be further improved to fully meet the management needs of the World Heritage property (State Party of Spain, 2024).
Staff capacity, training and development
The most recent annual report states that there are 11 civil servants (working in the technical, administrative and surveillance units) and 14 labour staff (working in technical, administrative, surveillance and public use units) (Teide National Park, 2021). Further actions required for effective management are outsourced to companies and individuals e.g. Tragsa, a public company, supports with guides, maintenance and clearing work. Training for national park staff occurs on an annual basis, including on the environment management system and on paleontological studies (Teide National Park, 2021). A lack of capacity to transmit geoheritage values has been evoked (Marti‑Molist et al., 2022), which could be improved through hiring a geologists in the staff (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
Education and interpretation programmes
There is a planned and effective education and awareness programme for children and youth that contributes to the protection of the World Heritage property (State Party of Spain, 2024).
The construction of the project "Design and execution of interpretive resources at the Cañada Blanca Visitor Center in Teide National Park" is ongoing but has suffered significant delays, forcing the public company TRAGSA to request new deadline extensions for completion on up to four occasions (Teide National Park, 2021).
There are various projects and collaborations carried out throughout the year by the Public Use Area with various entities, companies, individuals, and administrations ongoing. For example, "Research on Science and Biodiversity in the Land of Volcanoes". This initiative, promoted by the Environmental Education Center under the Department of Environment of La Orotava City Council and in collaboration with Teide National Park, involves a competition primarily aimed at young people pursuing their education studies. e.g. Compulsory Secondary Education (ESO) and Baccalaureate in Tenerife. The objective of this initiative is to improve the school population's understanding of the importance of Teide National Park, with local content developed by the students themselves, to promote its protection, conservation, and wider dissemination. It aims to encourage the discovery of this heritage treasure by also facilitating direct contact with natural resources of unquestionable importance for present and future development (Teide National Park, 2021).
The service offered by the national park to Tenerife's educational centres (especially its students and teachers) was directly communicated at the beginning of the 2021/22 school year and implemented (in the 2020/21 and 2021/22 school years). This service also involved collaboration with the island's four Teacher Training Centers and the Cabildo Educa website. There are approximately 400 educational centres in Tenerife that are the target of these campaigns (Teide National Park, 2021).
One concern regarding TNP is that the number of tourists that arrive every year is so great that not all can benefit from a measured explanation of the park’s geological treasures. This situation is an obstacle to the establishment of awareness of the importance of preserving this geoheritage (Martí‑Molist et al., 2022).
The construction of the project "Design and execution of interpretive resources at the Cañada Blanca Visitor Center in Teide National Park" is ongoing but has suffered significant delays, forcing the public company TRAGSA to request new deadline extensions for completion on up to four occasions (Teide National Park, 2021).
There are various projects and collaborations carried out throughout the year by the Public Use Area with various entities, companies, individuals, and administrations ongoing. For example, "Research on Science and Biodiversity in the Land of Volcanoes". This initiative, promoted by the Environmental Education Center under the Department of Environment of La Orotava City Council and in collaboration with Teide National Park, involves a competition primarily aimed at young people pursuing their education studies. e.g. Compulsory Secondary Education (ESO) and Baccalaureate in Tenerife. The objective of this initiative is to improve the school population's understanding of the importance of Teide National Park, with local content developed by the students themselves, to promote its protection, conservation, and wider dissemination. It aims to encourage the discovery of this heritage treasure by also facilitating direct contact with natural resources of unquestionable importance for present and future development (Teide National Park, 2021).
The service offered by the national park to Tenerife's educational centres (especially its students and teachers) was directly communicated at the beginning of the 2021/22 school year and implemented (in the 2020/21 and 2021/22 school years). This service also involved collaboration with the island's four Teacher Training Centers and the Cabildo Educa website. There are approximately 400 educational centres in Tenerife that are the target of these campaigns (Teide National Park, 2021).
One concern regarding TNP is that the number of tourists that arrive every year is so great that not all can benefit from a measured explanation of the park’s geological treasures. This situation is an obstacle to the establishment of awareness of the importance of preserving this geoheritage (Martí‑Molist et al., 2022).
Tourism and visitation management
This issue requires an immediate solution. Excessive tourist pressure on the property is recognised and effort has been put into canalising the flux of people and cars in designated areas, as well as other activities (e.g. hikers, rock-climbers, paragliders) (Draft Management Plan, 2022). It has been noted, that there is a need to apply a sustainable mobility system, which prevents the carrying capacity of the area from being exceeded and avoids the massive influx of vehicles during peak hours of the day (IUCN consultation, 2024). There is an ongoing discussion of implementing a park entrance fee (for non-residents) that has raised controversy as well as logistical issues (Canarian Weekly, 2024).
Furthermore, there is room to strengthen the knowledge can be transmitted to visitors, starting with the precise transfer of current scientific knowledge to the professionals (e.g., park and tourist guides) whose task is to explain to visitors the park’s geological and volcanological riches, and to those in charge of the preservation of this important and unique geoheritage (e.g., park managers).
One of the greatest problems facing the Canary Islands—and Tenerife in particular—is the result of the decision taken in the 1960s and 1970s to promote mass tourism. Despite the wealth it creates and the fact that it is still the region’s main source of income, it is not clear whether the millions of tourists who visit the Canary Islands every year are particularly interested in the natural world. In the case of the TNP, the number of tourists that arrive every year is so great that not all can benefit from a measured explanation of the park’s geological treasures. This situation is an obstacle to
the establishment of awareness of the importance of preserving this geoheritage. A number of initiatives need to be undertaken if all the necessary information on the geoheritage of the TNP is to be
gathered together and transmitted to visitors in an appropriate fashion. The amount of scientific knowledge, that today exists regarding this particular geological and volcanological site, is sufficient to provide visitors with a clear and well-defined picture of what they are seeing (Martí‑Molist et al., 2022).
Furthermore, there is room to strengthen the knowledge can be transmitted to visitors, starting with the precise transfer of current scientific knowledge to the professionals (e.g., park and tourist guides) whose task is to explain to visitors the park’s geological and volcanological riches, and to those in charge of the preservation of this important and unique geoheritage (e.g., park managers).
One of the greatest problems facing the Canary Islands—and Tenerife in particular—is the result of the decision taken in the 1960s and 1970s to promote mass tourism. Despite the wealth it creates and the fact that it is still the region’s main source of income, it is not clear whether the millions of tourists who visit the Canary Islands every year are particularly interested in the natural world. In the case of the TNP, the number of tourists that arrive every year is so great that not all can benefit from a measured explanation of the park’s geological treasures. This situation is an obstacle to
the establishment of awareness of the importance of preserving this geoheritage. A number of initiatives need to be undertaken if all the necessary information on the geoheritage of the TNP is to be
gathered together and transmitted to visitors in an appropriate fashion. The amount of scientific knowledge, that today exists regarding this particular geological and volcanological site, is sufficient to provide visitors with a clear and well-defined picture of what they are seeing (Martí‑Molist et al., 2022).
Sustainable use
Only very limited use is now made of biodiversity resources of the park (e.g. collection of coloured soils, apiculture). This use is guided in the draft Management Plan of 2022. However, it appears that there are some dissenting opinions on apiculture within the park with limits for beehives being exceeded (ABC, 2022; Canarian Weekly, 2023).
Monitoring
There is considerable monitoring but it is not necessarily directed towards management needs and/or improving the understanding of Outstanding Universal Value. Information on the values of the World Heritage property is adequate and key indicators have been defined, but monitoring of the status of indicators could be improved (State Party of Spain, 2024). However, there is a wealth of ongoing monitoring on the flora and fauna, including on invasive alien species and the impacts of climate change (Teide National Park, 2021).
Research
TNP is an important site for research activities and annually several authorizations are made for researchers (e.g. 43 for the year 2021), while the management authority also commissions research studies (Teide National Park, 2021).
Research results are shared widely with active outreach to local communities and national and international audiences (State Party of Spain, 2024). Highlighted is the IVRIPARC project on methodology to estimate the impact of climate change on the geological heritage of the Canary Islands national parks, which aims to identify threatened geological heritage and geodiversity impacts from global change and establish monitoring mechanisms for its state of conservation. This project is undertaken by the Geological and Mining Institute (Superior Council for Scientific Research) and the Universities of Madrid, Las Palmas de G.C. and La Laguna à Distancia (Tenerife). The site has supported the production of an impressive body of scientific work on seismology, palaeomagnetism, geochronology, and especially volcanology. Due to its location and atmosphere, it is also important for astronomy and atmospheric sciences, with the Izaña Astophysical Laboratory nearby (UNEP-WCMC, 2011). In addition, scientific research supporting space exploration has been undertaken at Teide. This is seen as compatible with and supporting the geological values for which the site is listed (ESA, 2017).
Research results are shared widely with active outreach to local communities and national and international audiences (State Party of Spain, 2024). Highlighted is the IVRIPARC project on methodology to estimate the impact of climate change on the geological heritage of the Canary Islands national parks, which aims to identify threatened geological heritage and geodiversity impacts from global change and establish monitoring mechanisms for its state of conservation. This project is undertaken by the Geological and Mining Institute (Superior Council for Scientific Research) and the Universities of Madrid, Las Palmas de G.C. and La Laguna à Distancia (Tenerife). The site has supported the production of an impressive body of scientific work on seismology, palaeomagnetism, geochronology, and especially volcanology. Due to its location and atmosphere, it is also important for astronomy and atmospheric sciences, with the Izaña Astophysical Laboratory nearby (UNEP-WCMC, 2011). In addition, scientific research supporting space exploration has been undertaken at Teide. This is seen as compatible with and supporting the geological values for which the site is listed (ESA, 2017).
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats outside the site
The main threats to the natural beauty of the site originating from the outside are invasive species and forest fires. Increasing visitation will potentially exacerbate these threats. Nevertheless, the geological values and the volcanic landscape are less susceptible to being affected by that, particularly considering that the damage to the geological values was mainly caused prior to the inscription of TNP as a WH site and the strategies applied since the inscription have been effective in significantly reducing these threats. Furthermore, ongoing management actions are focussing on eradication and control of invasive species and monitoring changes, for example changed in floral diversity and community composition in relation to climate change, in need of management responses.
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats inside the site
The challenge of managing 4.3 million visitors annually is great and the management system and governing bodies appear to be doing their best to address this. Other issues such as invasive species management and education and outreach are generally good. Although no formal management effectiveness assessment of the site has been published since its inscription, both the park’s annual reports and the reports produced annually for the European Diploma for Protected Areas of the Council of Europe include some information on management effectiveness (Durbán Villalonga et al., 2006). According to these reports (for 2004) and the IUCN evaluation (IUCN, 2007), management of the site is highly effective. In 2019, the Council of Europe renewed the European Diploma for Protected Areas awarded to the Teide National Park (Committee of Ministers, 2019).
Protection and management of the site have improved over time with great efforts undertaken by the local administration as well as insular and national authorities. While a draft Management Plan and annual work plans exist, there is concern that the updated Management Plan is still in draft from, and the transfer of management from Spain's national government to the regional authority is pending. Currently, management is shared with the local government (Cabildo Insular) and a full transfer to the Tenerife Island Council is planned for 2025. While it is noted that management of the property is both regional and local and that there are no governance issues, further follow-up is necessary to determine whether the current management system is threatened in any way by the change of governance.
Excessive tourist pressure on the property is recognised and effort has been put into canalising the flux of people and cars in designated areas, as well as other activities (e.g. hikers, rock-climbers, paragliders). It has been noted, that there is a need to apply a sustainable mobility system, which prevents the carrying capacity of the area from being exceeded and avoids the massive influx of vehicles during peak hours of the day. There is an ongoing discussion of implementing a park entrance fee (for non-residents). In the case of the TNP, the number of tourists that arrive every year is so great that not all can benefit from a measured explanation of the park’s geological treasures. This is an opportunity to further enhance awareness of the importance of preserving this site's geoheritage.
Excessive tourist pressure on the property is recognised and effort has been put into canalising the flux of people and cars in designated areas, as well as other activities (e.g. hikers, rock-climbers, paragliders). It has been noted, that there is a need to apply a sustainable mobility system, which prevents the carrying capacity of the area from being exceeded and avoids the massive influx of vehicles during peak hours of the day. There is an ongoing discussion of implementing a park entrance fee (for non-residents). In the case of the TNP, the number of tourists that arrive every year is so great that not all can benefit from a measured explanation of the park’s geological treasures. This is an opportunity to further enhance awareness of the importance of preserving this site's geoheritage.
Exceptional volcanic system of outstanding geodiversity
Good
Trend
Stable
The important damage to the geological values of the site, mainly derived from touristic infrastructures was carried out prior to the inscription of TNP as a WH site and which are at present prohibited by law. Management strategies aimed to direct visitors to selected viewpoints and trails have been effective in minimizing the geological impact of heavy visitation on the Park. Consequently, these strategies continue to be in the good and stable state of previous years (IUCN, 2007).
Volcanic landscape of outstanding natural beauty and diversity
Low Concern
Trend
Deteriorating
The extraordinary natural beauty of the volcanic landscape at Teide National Park has mostly not been affected by anthropogenic factors, apart from the relatively small area inside the park (plus the buffer zone) which was burned in the 2023 wildfire. However, heavy visitation, which tends to concentrate in the parking lots along the main road which runs through the park, and along the road up to the cable car, often makes it difficult to enjoy this exceptional beauty. This is furthermore impacted by negative changes to the biodiversity which contributes to the experience of the site.
Exceptionally clear skies, the changing tonalities and shades
Good
Trend
Data Deficient
At present, this value is not significantly impacted, except during specific events such as wildfires (Criado et al., 2018).
Assessment of the current state and trend of World Heritage values
Stable
As a result of the 2023 wildfire, part of the property has lost its outstanding natural beauty and diversity, although much of this value has been preserved. However, the pressure from tourism diminishes visitors' ability to fully appreciate the site's exceptional natural beauty, even though the site's visual appearance remains largely unchanged (despite documented changes in the flora). While the threats to the property remain high to very high, management measures are in place to address these risks and, ideally, continue to enhance the property's values. It is worth noting that these values have already seen significant improvement since the area was designated a National Park and management strategies were implemented.
Assessment of the current state and trend of other important biodiversity values
Low Concern
Deteriorating
Since the cessation of intensive biodiversity resource use in 1954 and the successive efforts of the Teide National Park authorities aimed at the management/eradication of invasive alien species, fire risk management and visitor management, most of the autochthonous biota and ecosystems of the site have shown an impressive recovery (Durbán Villalonga et al., 2006). However, a few species have been locally lost, whilst other species are still declining due to invasive alien species and climate change. Nonetheless, there are also positive developments, leading to an overall assessment of the mountain ecosystems and biota of the property as being of "Low Concern" with certain elements showing improvement while others remain in decline. The Recovery Plan for the Silver Thistle ("Stemmacantha cynaroides") and the Summit Jarilla ("Helianthemum juliae") have now been implemented for over 15 years. During 2021, several plantings were carried out in the wild to reinforce various natural or restored populations of Helianthemum juliae. Additionally there are mass sowing and propagation activities for a variety of plant species (Teide National Park, 2023). Monitoring conducted to date reveals significant changes in the composition of the plant community in Teide National Park. Exclusion fences foster community richness, favoring the abundance of key species such as S. supranubius. However, changes unrelated to exclusion are also observed, indicating a potential climate effect. In fact, species abundance and community response varied depending on the climate sector (northeast or southwest), suggesting a clear future divergence in community composition. Among the climate losers are two emblematic species, the legumes Spartocytisus supranubius (broom) and Adenocarpus viscosus (rock rose). The former has shown significant decline throughout its high mountain range, while the latter has only declined in the southwestern areas, the only sampled area. Broom was the most abundant species on Tenerife's peaks until a few decades ago, when it was surpassed in cover by rosebush. According to a study by Ibarrola-Ulurzun and colleagues, broom lost 17.5% of its cover in the National Park between 2002 and 2017 alone. The decline of these two legume species could have a powerful impact, as both play an important role in community
structure, fixing nitrogen in a nutrient-poor environment. Considering the scarce presence of other legumes in this habitat, the regression of Spartocytisus supranubius and the expansion of Pterocephalus lasiospermus could affect the total productivity and carrying capacity (biomass) of the habitat. Some evidence suggests that current warming may be displacing populations of Spartocytisus supranubius outside the potential thermal range. This species is very sensitive to high
evapotranspiration demand and droughts have favored the occurrence of mass mortality events, especially in slow-growing individuals from the warm SW sector (Teide National Park, 2021).
structure, fixing nitrogen in a nutrient-poor environment. Considering the scarce presence of other legumes in this habitat, the regression of Spartocytisus supranubius and the expansion of Pterocephalus lasiospermus could affect the total productivity and carrying capacity (biomass) of the habitat. Some evidence suggests that current warming may be displacing populations of Spartocytisus supranubius outside the potential thermal range. This species is very sensitive to high
evapotranspiration demand and droughts have favored the occurrence of mass mortality events, especially in slow-growing individuals from the warm SW sector (Teide National Park, 2021).
Additional information
Outdoor recreation and tourism
Teide is one of the main attractions of Tenerife, a Canary Island where tourism is the main economic factor; more than 75% of the island's production capacity comes from the tertiary or service sector, much of which is dependent on and linked to tourism (IUCN consultation, 2024). There are 4.3 million visitors to the property annually (State Party of Spain, 2024), a large number of whom come from abroad, and nature-based tourism is practised at a high intensity (Durbán Villalonga et al., 2006).The site offers a unique opportunity to experience an extraordinary landscape with its associated geological features and biodiversity. This contributes significantly to income generation and socio-economic development in the vicinity of the property. Low levels of outdoor recreation that could have adverse effects on some of the values (e.g. paragliding, rock-climbing) are addressed in the draft Management Plan (2022).
Importance for research
The site has critically contributed to the scientific understanding of volcanology since the late 18th century, and continues to support extensive scientific research and publications (UNEP-WCMC, 2011). In addition, new know-how on the long-term impact of climate change on ecosystems is generated and tested by the institutions managing the property.
Contribution to education
Based on the site’s significant importance for volcanological knowledge generation and its visitor and educational programmes and facilities, it also functions as a living museum, which gives people a direct impression of the landscape forming forces of volcanism (Durbán Villalonga et al., 2006).
History and tradition
The extraordinary volcanic landscapes of the property have captured the imagination of artists for centuries and inspired a wide range of artistic works, including those of Luis de la Cruz de Ríos, Francisco Bonnin, Manuel Martin González (Durbán Villalonga et al., 2006). It has also been used in popular music (e.g. the compositions of Mike Oldfield) and served as a backdrop to films such as Clash of the Titans, Barbarella, and Star Wars Episode III.
The main benefits of the site are tourism, education and science, with the immense socio-economic benefits that depend on them, while the site also offers globally significant nature conservation insights and extraordinary artistic importance.
| № | Organization | Brief description of Active Projects | Website |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ministry of the Environment, Government of the Canary Islands and Cabildo Insular de Tenerife | Numerous projects by the National Park Service, responsible for most State-funded projects inside the site, including nature conservation (including control of invasive species), visitor management, sustainable use projects such as honey production and interpretation. |
https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/parques-nacionales-oapn/red-parques-nacionales/parques-nacionales/teide/plan-de-recuperacion--transformacion-y-resiliencia.html
https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/parques-nacionales-oapn/red-parques-nacionales/parques-nacionales/teide/ficha-tecnica/memorias.html
|
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| 18 |
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| 19 |
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