Thungyai - Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuaries
Country
Thailand
Inscribed in
1991
Criteria
(vii)
(ix)
(x)
The conservation outlook for this site has been assessed as "good with some concerns" in the latest assessment cycle. Explore the Conservation Outlook Assessment for the site below. You have the option to access the summary, or the detailed assessment.
Stretching over more than 600,000 ha along the Myanmar border, the sanctuaries, which are relatively intact, contain examples of almost all the forest types of continental South-East Asia. They are home to a very diverse array of animals, including 77% of the large mammals (especially elephants and tigers), 50% of the large birds and 33% of the land vertebrates to be found in this region. © UNESCO
Summary
2025 Conservation Outlook
Finalised on
11 Oct 2025
Good with some concerns
Current state and trend of VALUES
Low Concern
Overall THREATS
Overall PROTECTION and MANAGEMENT
Full assessment
Description of values
Biological features of outstanding natural beauty and of great scientific value
Criterion
(vii)
Thungyai – Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuaries' (TYHKK) remarkable rock formations distinguish the western edge of mainland southeast Asia and the impact of geological activity on an area of pristine dry tropical forest is exemplified here better than anywhere else. The striking karst topography combines with diverse forest types, small lakes, ponds and swampy areas to create a landscape of exceptional scenic quality. The natural beauty of TYHKK derives from mountains, with some eighteen peaks over 1,000m, and valleys interspersed with small lowland plains (IUCN, 1991; UNEP-WCMC, 2011; World Heritage Committee, 2013).
Stunning landscapes encompassing superlative forest habitats
Criterion
(vii)
The two Wildlife Sanctuaries that comprise TYHKK lie alongside the border with Myanmar and encompass two important river systems. The mountains of the site, the tallest of which reaches 1,830masl, descend into numerous valley bottoms many of which slope up from 250 – 400masl, creating stunning landscapes that include relatively intact forest habitats. The site incorporates near pristine examples of most of the principal inland forest formations found in continental Southeast Asia. The combination of the spectacularly beautiful and dramatic mountain slopes, enhanced by a host of tributary streams and waterfalls alongside the unique mosaic forest types and the sweeping spectacles of variations in colour, form and foliage emphasise the stunning landscapes of TYHKK (IUCN, 1991; UNEP-WCMC, 2011).
An outstanding and unique biome in mainland Southeast Asia, combining Sino-Himalayan, Sundaic, Indo-Burmese, and Indo-Chinese biogeography elements
Criterion
(ix)
TYHKK represents an outstanding and unique biome in mainland Southeast Asia, combining Sino-Himalayan, Sundaic, Indo-Burmese, and Indo-Chinese biogeography elements, with flora and fauna characteristics of all four zones. The site includes a dry tropical forest ecosystem, which is more critically endangered than the region’s equatorial rain forest. The highest slopes are covered with hill evergreen forest. Slopes above 600m generally support seasonal dry semi-evergreen forest. At lower altitudes mixed deciduous and bamboo forests predominate, with dry deciduous dipterocarp forest occurring in areas with poor or shallow soil. There is also savanna forest, which with grassland, occurs at every elevation and is the most complete and secure example of Southeast Asia’s dry tropical forest. In lowland areas, mainly near the larger rivers, there are some small patches of open grassland, especially in Thungyai (IUCN, 1991; UNEP-WCMC, 2011; World Heritage Committee, 2013).
Exceptional species and habitat diversity.
Criterion
(x)
The site supports at least a third of all terrestrial vertebrates known from mainland Southeast Asia, almost two-thirds of the region’s large mammals and many of its large birds, including rare riparian and wetland species. Species lists for the site include 120 mammals, 400 birds, 96 reptiles, 43 amphibians, and 113 freshwater fish. In addition to many regional endemic species and some 28 internationally threatened species, at least one-third of all mainland South-east Asia’s known mammals are represented within the boundaries of the site, providing a major stronghold for the long-term survival of many species (IUCN, 1991; World Heritage Committee, 2013).
Assessment information
The site’s natural values are in good condition, with recent survey data demonstrating the positive recovery of wildlife species. This is largely attributed to long-term efforts to address poaching through strengthened patrols and law enforcement. While poaching has declined, it continues to be a low to moderate threat. The site's location places its importance as part of the larger Western Forest Complex (WEFCOM). Encroachment also continues to pose a threat to the site, though it appears restricted to the periphery and the buffer zone. Current threats are therefore considered well managed, but ongoing management efforts are required.
Residential Areas
(Encroachment from local housing and developments in surrounding areas)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Outside site
At the time of designation of the Thungyai Sanctuary, some 6,000 ethnic Karen (DNP, 2013) were resident within the reserve with relocation programmes moving all of them out of the site by 1991. Resettlement programmes appear to have been sensitively handled with adequate compensation to affected residents (UNEP-WCMC, 2011). Under the 2019 Wildlife Law, Karen settlements in Thungyai Sanctuary are allowed in clearly demarcated farmlands with very restricted and non-destructive use of natural resources under approved conservation projects with the maximum duration of twenty years (DNP, 2019). These efforts have stemmed forest fragmentation and encroachment, though development pressures continue to exist on the periphery of the World Heritage site and buffer zone, and poaching of resources from within the site remains a challenge.
Annual & Perennial Non-Timber Crops, Wood & Pulp Plantations, Terrestrial Animal Farming, Ranching & Herding
(Agricultural encroachment)
Outside site
Agricultural encroachment has historically been a challenge. However with increased and effective law enforcement, and protection and management measures, this appears to be mostly under control, with any threats restricted to the periphery of the World Heritage site and the buffer zones. The 2023-2032 Conservation and Protection Plan for Thungyai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary East gives the threat level for encroachment to be low (DNP, 2022b).
Hunting, Collecting & Controlling Terrestrial Animals, Logging, Harvesting & Controlling Trees
(Poaching of wildlife)
Other targeted species names
tiger, black leopard, banteng, gaur, sambar deer
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Outside site
Low-level subsistence hunting is occurring within the boundaries of the site as well as adjacent to the site with target species including banteng, gaur, and sambar deer. Historically, poaching had been the most significant threat to the values of the site (World Heritage Committee, 2013). However since the poaching wave in the 2000s, stronger anti-poaching measures have been introduced (DNP, 2022a), with tightened law enforcement. Although poaching continues to pose a threat. The 2023-2032 Conservation and Protection Plan for Thungyai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary East rates the threat from poaching to be low moderate to moderate (DNP, 2022b). Uniquely for the southeast Asian context, this has resulted in tiger (Duangchatrasiri et al., 2019; 2024) and ungulate species recovery (Saisamorn et al., 2024) within the World Heritage site. Poaching remains a threat and increased poaching pressure on important tiger populations across Southeast Asia is likely to result in an increase in attempted poaching in the site and highlights the need for maintained protection efforts. Monitoring of incursions and species targeted needs to be maintained and links to other sites experiencing similar pressures should be made.
Climate change impacts on the values of the site are not fully understood and need further monitoring and research.
Changes in Temperature Regimes, Changes in Precipitation & Hydrological Regime
(Climate change leading to long-term shift in vegetation communities to higher elevations)
Inside site
, Throughout(>50%)
Outside site
The site is potentially vulnerable in part due to the vertical zonation of plants and animals. In the longer term climate change is expected to cause a general shift of vegetation zones to higher elevations. However, details of impacts on the biodiversity are limited and unavailable at the current time. Monitoring of the impacts from climate change will be important and long term monitoring of biodiversity values is urgently needed.
Involvement of stakeholders and rightsholders, including indigenous peoples and local communities, in decision-making processes
TYHKK has an active protected area committee (PAC) that involves leaders from local communities, non-profit organizations, and government units. Some conflicts have previously been noted between local people and management authorities on land use, forest product collections, and human-elephant conflicts along the boundary of Huai Kha Khaeng and the areas near Karen villages in Thung Yai. The involvement of stakeholders in management could be improved and involvement in management decisions could be better, however it can largely be considered to be effective.
Legal framework
The site is state owned and protected under several national laws. The Wild Animal Reservation and Protection Act B.E.2562 (2019), enforced by the Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation (DNP), provides the strongest legal framework for the protection of the site. The site combines two contiguous sanctuaries, Thung Yai Naresuan and Huai Kha Khang, separately established as Wildlife Sanctuaries in 1972 and 1974, respectively. As wildlife sanctuaries they have limited visitation and activities within the boundaries are heavily regulated.
Governance arrangements
An MoU has been established between different management institutions and groups including document agreed with local communities (State Party of Thailand, 2023) that includes governance arrangements and the establishment of the protected area committee. The governance mechanisms aim to foster and respect traditional practices, knowledge and uses of the World Heritage property according to the State Party of Thailand.
Integration into local, regional and national planning systems (including sea/landscape connectivity)
The site is subject to the broader Management Plan for the Western Forest Complex (WEFCOM). Since camera trap surveys began in TYHKK in 2007, the Thailand Tiger Action Plan has used the site as a key success indicator, and the tiger population is monitored through camera trapping, which has identified the site as a source for tiger population recovery in the rest of WEFCOM (Cowan, 2024; Saisamorn et al., 2024). Provincial and central government agencies appreciate the values of TYHKK as a World Heritage site and have joined together to promote its value and link planning structures, acknowledging the site as important at a national and regional level.
Boundaries
The boundaries of the site are appropriately drawn to protect the naturalness of the landscape and the areas required to maintain the scenic qualities of the site and its integrity. The inclusion of a buffer zone around the site assists in providing added protection to the core area (IUCN, 1991). Adjacent to a number of other protected areas, the site’s location provides additional protection (World Heritage Committee, 2013). The wider network of protected areas would benefit from corridors to allow further dispersal and movement of wildlife.
Overlapping international designations
N/A
Implementation of World Heritage Committee decisions and recommendations
There has been one State of Conservation report for the site since its inscription (1998), and no other Committee decisions relevant to the site.
Climate action
The State Party of Thailand has reported limited use of the 'Policy Document on the Impacts of Climate Change on World Heritage Properties' and that research on the impacts of climate change on biodiversity (State Party of Thailand, 2023). No details are available in relation to climate action and the Conservation and Protection Plan for the property does not contain information on climate action. Baseline information on the key values of the site would be beneficial to help identify any impacts from climate change and allow the management authority to respond.
Management plan and overall management system
Under the Wildlife Law of 2019, every protected area including TYHKK, is required to have a management plan (DNP, 2019). The World Heritage site is guided by a 5-year management plan and a 2023-2032 Conservation and Protection Plan for the Thungyai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary East; one of the component parts of the World Heritage. A GEF/UNDP project (2015-2021) focussed on improving management effectiveness of the World Heritage site, and on incentivising local community stewardship (DNP, 2021).
Law enforcement
In the last 15 years, the ranger patrol system inside the World Heritage site has been developed under a sophisticated and adaptive management approach (WCS, 2019). In collaboration with the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), DNP established systematic, intensified foot patrols in TYHKK to reduce hunting pressures on tigers and prey species, which initially appeared to reduce poaching. However, no clear increase in population density was evident in the following years and in the face of prevailing levels of poaching pressure, the recovery of tigers in TYHKK appears slow (Duangchantrasiri et al., 2016). More recent data indicates a growing tiger populations with more than ten tigers detected as having dispersed to protected areas surrounding TYHKK (DNP, 2020).
Utilizing the SMART patrol system, park rangers in TYHKK perform patrols in teams of 5-6 rangers per team, covering about 80% of TYHKK annually with higher than 20 patrols per year in high-risk areas. The TYHKK patrol system has become a model for protected areas across Thailand (WCS, 2019; DNP, 2020). The improved law enforcement has resulted in increased wildlife populations in TYHKK, especially tiger, banteng, gaur, and sambar (DNP 2020).
Utilizing the SMART patrol system, park rangers in TYHKK perform patrols in teams of 5-6 rangers per team, covering about 80% of TYHKK annually with higher than 20 patrols per year in high-risk areas. The TYHKK patrol system has become a model for protected areas across Thailand (WCS, 2019; DNP, 2020). The improved law enforcement has resulted in increased wildlife populations in TYHKK, especially tiger, banteng, gaur, and sambar (DNP 2020).
Sustainable finance
The budget for TYHKK from the government is relatively stable but is dependent on government allocation, especially as wildlife sanctuaries. Several NGO partners have been contributing additional funds to support patrol rations and equipment but dependent on external project related funding. Support includes enforcement and monitoring of tigers and prey. During 2015-2021, GEF-UNDP Tiger Project has contributed a major fund to improve enforcement, monitoring, and management of TYHKK (UNDP, 2016). A GEF-UNDP project on 'Strengthening Capacity and Incentives for Wildlife Conservation in the Western Forest Complex' provided additional funds with the objective of addressing sustainable financing for the World Heritage site (DNP, 2021). The project concluded that "the sustainable financing mechanism is not yet in place, a sustainable alternative funding stream for WHS management is not yet available" (DNP, 2021). Separately, the State Party of Thailand has reported that medium-term funding is secured but that long-term funding is yet to be secured (State Party of Thailand, 2023). Financial security for the site is key to it's long term protection as threats from poaching and climate change are likely to increase.
Staff capacity, training and development
Ranger capacity in the WH site has increased over the last couple of decades, with patrol efforts intensifying, largely due to project based support from NGOs and specific donor funding. Rangers have been trained in SMART data collection and apply them in wildlife monitoring and anti-poaching patrols (DNP, 2022b; Cowan, 2024). The State Party itself rates the availability of training opportunities for the management of the WH site to be "good" across the majority of the UNESCO Periodic Reporting criteria (State Party of Thailand, 2023). The WH site is protected by 52 ranger stations, with approx. 500 active rangers in the TYHKK landscape, it is considered to have good staff capacity (Cowan, 2024; Duangchantrasiri et al., 2024) but implementation and support for SMART patrols is largely reliant on external funding and capacity building.
Education and interpretation programmes
The government-run Huai Kha Khaeng Nature Education Center is equipped with programs and activities to work closely with local schools and communities to promote conservation of TYHKK. WCS has also a strong nature education team with high quality materials to promote the values of TYHKK by working closely with local schools (WCS Thailand, 2017). WCS together with TYHKK authorities have developed teams of wildlife volunteers from various sectors of society to promote awareness of TYHKK conservation values (IUCN Consultation, 2020) and to support efforts to address human wildlife conflict around the site. The State Party of Thailand has reported in its self-assessment tool, that education is well addressed (State Party of Thailand, 2023).
Tourism and visitation management
Tourists are permitted to visit designated areas in the World Heritage site, although the government does not promote the wildlife sanctuaries for tourism as much as they do with National Parks. Improvements are required to link the tourism industry who are active within the WH site, with the responsible authorities of the site (State Party of Thailand, 2023) to ensure the long-term sustainability of tourism in the site.
Sustainable use
The Wildlife Law of 2019 allows for restricted use of natural resources around the settlements of Karen villages inside Thung Yai Wildlife Sanctuaries.
Monitoring
The Government of Thailand in partner with NGOs including WCS and project specific activities such as the GEF-UNDP Tiger Project has maintained one of the longest and most intensive tiger population monitoring programs in Southeast Asia (DNP, 2020). Monitoring of other values in the site is largely missing and baseline information to help detect impacts from threats such as climate change should be established to ensure the long term protection and conservation of the site.
Research
As one of the prime biological and ecological research sites in Thailand, a wildlife research station is maintained in Huai Kha Khaeng with more than 50 projects having been carried out in the Sanctuary. More research is needed to improve management practices and participation in them by local people (UNEP-WCMC, 2011). Research within the site remains limited, with work and published research primarily focussed on on tigers and with some work on species temporal and spatial partitions (Simcharoen et al., 2018; Saisamorn, et al., 2019; Vinitpornsawan and Fuller, 2020), tiger distribution (Duangchatrasiri et al., 2019, 2024) and monitoring of some other species (see Thunhikorn et al., 2016; Jinamoy et al., 2014; Saisamorn et al., 2024). The State Party has noted that a "comprehensive, integrated programme of research" is in place, relevant to the management needs of the OUV of the WH site (State Party of Thailand, 2023). However, information on species beyond tigers is unclear. Research on the impacts of climate change on biodiversity has also been reported, though details could not be sourced for this assessment (State Party of Thailand, 2023).
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats outside the site
The management measures that have been applied to the site are largely effective at combatting external threats. However, it remains a challenge to maintain the existing quality and quantity beyond the lifetime of specific projects (e.g. GEG/UNDP).
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats inside the site
The management of the site is largely effective. Patrols are completed using an international standard under the SMART (Spatial Monitoring And Reporting Tool) patrol system, which has been in place for over a decade. Staffing levels for the WH site stand out in the region. The effectiveness of patrols and law enforcement efforts to tackle poaching has been demonstrably successful, leading to an increase in tiger and ungulate populations (Duangchatrasiri et al., 2024; Saisamorn et al., 2024). Some threats to the values of the site remain and efforts to address these will need to be maintained.
The World Heritage site has effective legal protection and a sound planning framework. Government support and funding along with investment and support from Non-Governmental Organisations and the relatively minimal tourism in the site ensure that the natural resources and values are currently maintained in relatively good (and increasing) condition and threats are considered manageable. Threats from external development pressure and poaching continue to be the most noteworthy. Its rugged inaccessible typography for much of the site affords some protection from human impact and limits any impact on the core zone of the site. Ranger patrols and law enforcement has been demonstrably successful for wildlife populations, and need to continue, but long-term financing, particularly to continue these efforts, is yet to be secured.
Good practice examples
TYHKK is protected by implementation of one of the most intensive SMART patrol systems in Asia. It has one of the most intensive and long-term tiger population monitoring systems in the world with support from NGOs.
Biological features of outstanding natural beauty and of great scientific value
Good
Trend
Data Deficient
Up to date comprehensive data is limited; however, the site's natural resources are reported to be in good condition and threats are considered manageable. There is an effective management regime in place for the site, which will ensure that the site retains its aesthetic values, with a delicate balance being found between the provision of visitor access and the maintenance of the site's Outstanding Universal Value.
Stunning landscapes encompassing superlative forest habitats
Low Concern
Trend
Data Deficient
There is no evidence to suggest that the landscape values of the World Heritage site have been diminished. There is also little evidence of deteriorating forest habitats within the core area of the site, although reports of poaching and potential removal of high value timbers may be impacting on individual forest species.
An outstanding and unique biome in mainland Southeast Asia, combining Sino-Himalayan, Sundaic, Indo-Burmese, and Indo-Chinese biogeography elements
Low Concern
Trend
Stable
The World Heritage site incorporates two intact river systems whose watersheds are largely encompassed by its boundaries. The site, together with other surrounding protected areas, is larger than any other legally protected, single forest conservation area in mainland Southeast Asia (World Heritage Committee, 2013), which should help preserve its ecological processes.
Exceptional species and habitat diversity.
Low Concern
Trend
Improving
Whilst populations of key wildlife species had historically been on the decline, research published in 2024 identified a reverse in this trend, likely due to increase patrol efforts and law enforcement. Tiger populations were found to be recovering at an average annual rate of 4% in Huai Kha Kaeng Wildlife Sanctuary (HKK), and 14% and 8% in Thung Yai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary East (TYE) and West (TYW) respectively (Duanchantrasiri et al., 2024) over a 16 year period. A hypothesis of the higher rates in TYE and TYW includes dispersal from HKK and other reserves. A separate 2024 research found banteng and sambar population to have doubled during a 15 year period in HKK (Saisamorn et al., 2024), attributed to enhanced patrols that have reduced poaching. This increase in ungulates is also a likely reason for the recovery of tiger populations.
Assessment of the current state and trend of World Heritage values
Improving
The World Heritage site, together with other surrounding protected areas, is larger than any other legally protected, single forest conservation area in mainland Southeast Asia and many of its values remain well preserved. Recent data reveals a positive recovery of key wildlife species, attributed to enhanced patrol efforts and law enforcement, leading to a decline in poaching. Long-term active and vigilant enforcement and monitoring systems are required to support this trend.
Additional information
Soil stabilisation,
Flood prevention
The site’s retention of forest cover significantly helps prevent landslides while it is also likely to assist with flood prevention and on a broader scale contribute to climate change mitigation.
Traditional agriculture
Sustainable small scale agriculture should be compatible with buffer zones of the site and provide benefits to local communities.
Water provision (importance for water quantity and quality)
The watershed protection by the site’s forests was estimated to be annually worth some US$ 13.8 million.
The site provides significant ecosystem services, most notably the provision of valuable water supplies to the surrounding region and the prevention of landslides through retention of forest cover. The values of TYHKK for Thailand’s rich assemblages of wildlife and scenic amenity should provide tangible benefits for all stakeholders, particularly local communities wherever possible.
| № | Organization | Brief description of Active Projects | Website |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) | WCS have worked on several projects in the site for many years, including ongoing monitoring of populations of key species with years of camera trapping monitoring and analysis, and SMART patrolling. |
www.wcsthailand.org
|
References
| № | References |
|---|---|
| 1 |
BBC News (2019). Thai tycoon found guilty for poaching but freed ahead of appeal. BBC News [online] 19 March 2019. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47626900
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| 2 |
Bangkok Post (2019). Premchai's jail term increased in black-leopard case. Piyarat Chongcharoen, Bangkok Post [online] 12 December 2019. Available at: https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1814424/tycoon…
|
| 3 |
Cowan, C. (2024) Thai tiger numbers swell as prey populations stabilize in western forests. Mongabay.
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| 4 |
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| 5 |
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| 6 |
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| 7 |
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| 8 |
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| 9 |
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| 10 |
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| 11 |
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| 12 |
Duangchantrasiri, S., Umponjan, M., Simcharoen, S., Pattanavibool, A., Chaiwattana, S., Maneerat, S., Kumar, N.S., Jathanna, D., Srivathsa, A. and Karanth, K.U. (2016). Dynamics of a low‐density tiger population in Southeast Asia in the context of improved law enforcement. Conservation Biology, 30(3), pp.639-648.
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| 14 |
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| 15 |
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| 16 |
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| 17 |
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| 18 |
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| 19 |
Reuters (2019). Thai construction tycoon gets 16 months in jail for poaching. Panarat Thepgumpanat and Chayut Setboonsarng, Reuters [online] 19 March 2019. Available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italian-thai-dev-ceo/tha…
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| 20 |
Saisamorn, A., Duangchantrasiri, S., Sornsa, M., Suksavate, W., Pattanavibool, A., Duengkae, P. (2024) Recovery of globally threatened ungulate species in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand. Global Ecology and Conservation, 53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2024.e03012.
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| 21 |
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| 22 |
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| 23 |
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| 24 |
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| 25 |
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| 26 |
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| 27 |
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| 28 |
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| 29 |
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| 30 |
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| 31 |
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| 32 |
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| 33 |
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