Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park
Country
Philippines
Inscribed in
1993
Criteria
(vii)
(ix)
(x)
The conservation outlook for this site has been assessed as "good with some concerns" in the latest assessment cycle. Explore the Conservation Outlook Assessment for the site below. You have the option to access the summary, or the detailed assessment.
The Tubbataha Reef Marine Park covers 130,028 ha, including the North and South Reefs. It is a unique example of an atoll reef with a very high density of marine species; the North Islet serving as a nesting site for birds and marine turtles. The site is an excellent example of a pristine coral reef with a spectacular 100-m perpendicular wall, extensive lagoons and two coral islands. © UNESCO
Summary
2025 Conservation Outlook
Finalised on
11 Oct 2025
Good with some concerns
Current state and trend of VALUES
Low Concern
Overall THREATS
Overall PROTECTION and MANAGEMENT
Full assessment
Description of values
Pristine coral reefs with a large diversity of associated marine life
Criterion
(vii)
Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park contains excellent examples of pristine reefs with a high diversity of marine life. The World Heritage site includes extensive reef flats, reef lagoons and perpendicular walls reaching over 100m depth, as well as large areas of deep sea. The remote and undisturbed character of the site and the continued presence of large marine fauna such as tiger sharks, manta rays, cetaceans and turtles, and big schools of pelagic fishes such as barracuda and trevallies add to the aesthetic qualities of the site (World Heritage Committee, 2009). The coral reef atoll formation, which includes all common reef-associated habitats, is a remote area that is largely undisturbed and with a wide variety of reef topographies, slopes and reef flats within seas of clear water with visibility ranging from 15 to 30 m (Ledesma et al., 2005).
High reproduction among a large diversity of reef associated marine life
Criterion
(ix)
Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park (TRNP) lies in a unique position in the middle of the Sulu Sea and is one of the Philippines’ oldest ecosystems. It plays a key role in the process of reproduction, dispersal and colonization by marine organisms in the whole Sulu Sea system, and helps support fisheries outside its boundaries (Campos et al., 2007). The relatively pristine nature of the coral reef and its high diversity of marine life allows high level reproduction among its marine life which populates the surrounding waters with larvae and repopulates the reef.
Laboratory for study of ecological and biological processes in pristine condition
Criterion
(ix)
The area serves as a natural laboratory for the study of species and genetic diversity and ecological and biological processes, displaying the ongoing process of coral reef formation and supporting a large number of marine species dependent on reef ecosystems (Licuanan et al., 2017). The increasing shark populations indicate ecological balance and the area offers a control site for the study of the responses of a protected reef system to the impacts of climate change (TMO, 2015a).
High diversity of common and threatened marine species including seabirds
Criterion
(x)
Tubbataha supports 360 species of corals (almost 90% of all coral species in the Philippines and 72% of the corals worldwide), 7 species of seagrass and 66 species of algae. The site also supports 13 species of cetaceans, 23 species of rays and sharks, and an estimated 600 species of fish, including healthy and growing populations of species, such as the Napoleon wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus) and bump-head parrotfish (Bolbometopon muricatum) that are threatened elsewhere. Of the 18 species of sea cucumber, some of which are larger than reported anywhere else, 3 are endangered (Dolorosa, 2015). There are 7 species of giant clams, all protected under CITES (Dolorosa et al., 2015). Pelagic species such as jacks, tuna, barracuda and whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) are common. Tubbataha has a population of endangered green (Chelonia mydas) and critically endangered hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) sea turtles that feed, rest and nest in the area. The Park is the only site in the Philippines of global importance for the conservation of seabirds and there are healthy populations of 7 seabird species. The critically endangered Christmas Island Frigate (Fregata andrewsi) is a regular visitor to the World Heritage site and North Islet is the breeding ground of an endemic subspecies of Black Noddy (Anous worcesteri). The Park contains 181 threatened and near-threatened species of marine life (World Heritage Committee, 2009; White et al., 2012; Jensen, 2010, 2012; TMO, 2015a, b).
High biomass of reef fish, invertebrates and associated organisms in the Coral Triangle region
Criterion
(x)
Over 25 years of no fishing has allowed the biomass of reef organisms to increase so that Tubbataha has a higher biomass per unit area of reef compared to any reef in the Philippines and comparable with the best reefs in Southeast Asia and globally (TMO, 2015a, Muallil et al. 2019). The site also has among the highest population densities of Whitetip (Triaenodon obesus) and Grey (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos) Reef Sharks (Murray et al., 2016a, 2017a), sea cucumbers (Dolorosa, 2015) and Topshells (Tectus niloticus) (Jontila et al., 2014) reported in the scientific literature.
Assessment information
Current threats mostly pertain to either present uses of the World Heritage site through tourism and some potential illegal fishing and those restricted to areas outside the site related to shipping and the accumulation of debris in the Sulu Sea from various sources outside the site. The overall level of current threats was rated as low in the past, based on recent history, designation as a Particularly Sensitive Sea Area and the ongoing effective management of the site. However, the site has been impacted by coral bleaching events in the past and is likely to experience further impacts from these events in the future. Impacts from extreme temperatures and ocean acidification, both a result of climate change, pose serious threats to the coral reefs and is also likely to impact the other values of the site given the links many of these have to the coral reefs. In 2024 bleached hard coral cover (HCC) per site in Tubbataha ranged from 0.04% to 43% at depths of 5-7 meters. Sites on the eastern sides of the reefs showed less bleaching compared to those on the western sides of both atolls. In nearly all assessed sites, where bleaching ranged from 0.04% to 43% at depths of 5-7 meters, 50-100% of coral colonies were bleached. Among the hard corals, those belonging to the genera Millepora and Heliopora (fire coral species) were the most bleached across nearly all survey sites. These were followed by the known bleaching sensitive genera Porites (branching), Pocillopora, and Seriatopora. At the West Wall area in the South Atoll, the team observed extensive bleaching of a large bed of the hydroid species Aglaophenia, affecting nearly entire colonies. Based on these findings and the prediction of impacts continuing from bleaching events in the future, the threat has been upgraded to high threat.
Garbage & Solid Waste
(Floating debris and garbage in Sulu Sea from ships and other sources)
Inside site
, Scattered(5-15%)
Outside site
The increase in floating debris in and around the Marine Park that affects marine life (IUCN Consultation, 2016), continues to be a concern and poses some threats to the site values. However, this is a generic and widespread problem and while the impacts are no worse in Tubbataha than anywhere else, the threats posed to the values of the World Heritage site are of high concern. There is increasing concern in regard to water pollution due to solid waste materials entering the Park from various origins, brought in through tidal currents and wind (Jones et al., 2019). Over 800 kgs/year of debris were collected during the pre-Covid years of 2017 to 2019. During Covid, the figure dropped to 86 kgs/year (TMO files). About 90% of debris collected were plastic, with very few items made of metal and glass (TRNP, 2022).
Fishing, Harvesting & Controlling Aquatic Species
(Fishing in the Sulu Sea outside of the Park and sometimes inside the Park)
Other targeted species names
Humphead Wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus), Tectus niloticus
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Outside site
Fishing is not allowed inside the boundaries of the Park and while instances of fishing inside the boundaries are rare vigilance is required to ensure this remains the case with at least one fishing vessel apprehended within the boundaries of the property in 2024 (TMO, 2024a). Fishing outside the Park has been noted to encroach into the site on the outer boundaries where surveillance is difficult. Illegal fishing from communities in mainland Palawan and the nearby provinces of Visayas remains an issue as they often target endangered or threatened species that have a high commercial value and are found within the World Heritage site, such as the Humphead or Napolean Wrasse and numerous species of sharks (Jones et al., 2019). Topshells (Tectus niloticus) also used to be a targeted species (IUCN Consultation, 2020b). However, Information, Education and Communication (IEC) campaigns continue to be implemented in the local communities (TMO, 2024a), where most apprehended illegal fishers are based, and these have contributed to enhancing compliance with the ‘no-take’ status of the site. Illegal fishing from international vessels is potentially more serious than from local fishers (AFP, 2014) and regular patrols are conducted. The no-fishing zone now extends to the boundaries of the buffer zone (IUCN Consultation, 2017). The threat is rated as "low" due to largely effective patrolling and outreach strategies, but the threat remains and continued efforts and investments in enforcement and education need to be maintained or increased to ensure no resurgence of illegal fishing occurs (IUCN Consultation, 2020b).
Shipping Lanes
(Shipping lanes)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Outside site
Ships pass close to the Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park (TRNP) on a regular basis and present a threat for either grounding or pollution. Rangers reports of ship numbers passing through and close to the buffer zone increased from 3,358 in 2010 to 5,546 in 2013 (TMO, 2014a). No current numbers of ships reported are available. In 2013, Heij et al. (2013) undertook a risk analysis and detected increasing risk to the marine park from shipping traffic. In that same year the USS Guardian grounded on South Atoll causing damage to 2,346 sqm of coral and a Chinese fishing vessel also ran aground damaging 3,902 sqm of coral (State Party of the Philippines, 2013; Raymundo et al., 2018). Subsequent research has suggested long-term impacts that may be slowing recovery and creating localized pockets of higher persistent disease prevalence at the grounding sites (Raymundo et al., 2018). A resolution recognizing the TRNP as a Particularly Sensitive Sea Area (PSSA) was adopted in July 2017 and the Designation as an Area To Be Avoided (ATBA) was adopted at the 98th Session of the Maritime Safety Committee (MSC 98) held on 7-16 June 2017. The ATBA extends to the boundaries of the TRNP buffer zone. The Chart 1566 indicating the PSSA status of TRNP was completed on 27 Dec 2017 in 1:150 000 scale and notices to Mariners were issued immediately in July 2017 upon designation (TMO, 2017; IUCN Consultation, 2020b). These measures appear to have helped reduce the level of threat from shipping. Jurisdictional coordination now extends to international shipping with the introduction of the PSSA by the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) to reduce the risk from nearby shipping lanes.
Recreational Activities
(Dive tourism)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Dive tour boats are well managed (IUCN Consultation, 2016), but if in excess, they could detract the visitor satisfaction and have impacts on the reef ecosystem. In 2024 217 dive trips were undertaken with 3,686 tourists visiting the site from 16 dive boats (TMO, 2024a, 2024b). Both physical damage to corals from divers (Lamb and Willis, 2011) and nutrient waste (Redding et al., 2013; Vega-Thurber et al., 2013) from dive boats can increase their vulnerability to disease. Although a tourism plan has been completed (TMO, 2013), it does not adequately address dive tourism, the dominant use of the reef and the plan requires updating. This could result in potentially serious cumulative effects if not monitored, especially given the reliance on tourism for finances and the pressure to increase visitation as a result of this. All dive boats are now required to have holding tanks where wastewater is treated and discharged at designated distances from the reefs, thereby minimising nutrient waste. A carrying capacity study funded by the German development bank KfW in 2021 revealed that the daily carrying capacity for TRNP is 456-511 divers per day (IUCN Consultation, 2025). Currently only 37 divers per day use the Park. Park authorities intend to limit visitations before over-tourism occurs once a basis for determining tourism numbers is formulated (IUCN Consultation, 2020b) but this does not appear to have been implemented at this point in time.
Changes in Physical & Chemical Regimes, Changes in Temperature Regimes
(Temperature extremes, ocean acidification, increased frequency and intensity of storms)
Inside site
, Widespread(15-50%)
Outside site
The site has been impacted by coral bleaching events in the past and is likely to experience further impacts from these events in the future (Heron et al., 2017). Impacts from extreme temperatures and ocean acidification, both a result of climate change, pose serious threats to the coral reefs and is also likely to impact the other values of the site given the links many of these have to the coral reefs. Coral bleaching affected up to 20% of the hard coral cover of the park in 2020. In 2021, some sites have not recovered as evidenced by the continued decline in hard coral cover. Coral bleaching could not only reduce the reef productivity and cause habitat loss, but also impact the value of the park as a tourist site. To monitor the effects of climate change on the reefs, data loggers measuring sea surface temperature were deployed and the data obtained will be correlated to the reef benthos monitoring results. Climate change is also causing more frequent and stronger typhoons passing through the Sulu Sea. The most recent was Super Typhoon Odette which struck in December 2022. Typhoons like this contribute to the erosion of Bird Islet due to strong wave action, which could eventually lead to its disappearance and loss of the already declining seabird population in TRNP (TRNP, 2022). Coral bleaching was observed in October-November 2023 around the ranger station, primarily affecting branching coral genera like Acropora and Pocillopora. This coincided with NOAA's "bleaching warning" for the region and was likely caused by extreme low tides. No bleaching was observed elsewhere in the park (Alaba et al. 2023). In 2024 another coral bleaching survey was conducted. The bleached hard coral cover (HCC) per site in Tubbataha ranged from 0.04% to 43% at depths of 5-7 meters. Among the five surveyed sites, the Elbow Mac site exhibited the highest percentage of bleached HCC at 43%, while the Malayan Wreck site showed minimal bleaching with only 0.04% bleached HCC. Water temperatures during the survey ranged from 29°C to 31°C. Sites on the eastern sides of the reefs showed less bleaching compared to those on the western sides of both atolls. In nearly all assessed sites, where bleaching ranged from 0.04% to 43% at depths of 5-7 meters, 50-100% of coral colonies were bleached. Among the hard corals, those belonging to the genera Millepora and Heliopora (fire coral species) were the most bleached across nearly all survey sites. These were followed by the known bleachinsensitive genera Porites (branching), Pocillopora, and Seriatopora. At the West Wall area in the South Atoll, the team observed extensive bleaching of a large bed of the hydroid species Aglaophenia, affecting nearly entire colonies. A comprehensive report will be provided based on the recent reef-wide assessment conducted by the Tubbataha Management Office (TMO) in collaboration with De La Salle University's reef benthos assessment. This report will offer general insights into the extent and severity of coral bleaching in Tubbataha (Tubbataha Reef and Natural Park, 2024).
Potential threats are related to the interest for oil and gas exploration in the Sulu Sea and the reliance on tourism-related income to fund key management activities. Both are currently low threats as there is currently no concrete proposal for oil or gas exploration in the vicinity of the site and the recovery from COVID-19 has caused tourism numbers to rebound. Nevertheless, the fragility of the site's funding is demonstrated and remains a threat unless better financial planning is developed.
Oil & Gas exploration/development
(Future potential oil/gas exploration in the Sulu Sea)
Outside site
Industrial development and modernization require additional supply and sources of energy. A seismic survey conducted in the Sulu Sea contiguous to park in September 2014 excluded the TRNP buffer zone from the survey area. However, there is no official document that articulates this prohibition. Because of the effects of seismic activities to marine life, e.g., dolphins, whales, fish and corals, and the possible oil and chemical spills, park authorities need to look out that TRNP is not included in future seismic surveys in the Sulu Sea (TRNP, 2022).
Unknown Threats
(Loss of funding support from drop in tourism)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
The impact from the drop in tourism revenue and subsequent funding support from the COVID-19 related decrease in international tourism appears to have been overcome. Tourism numbers rebounded in 2022 and hit a record high in 2024 (TMO, 2024a). Tourist numbers have now surpassed pre-pandemic levels, which limits the financial impact but highlights the importance of minimising impacts from tourists. The potential for future impacts from similar events also requires better planning and financial sustainability plans. If funding falls short in the future, patrolling may not be able to be maintained and illegal fishing is likely to rise (IUCN Consultation, 2020a) reinforcing the need for better financial planning for the site.
Involvement of stakeholders and rightsholders, including indigenous peoples and local communities, in decision-making processes
One of the founding principles for Park management is stakeholder involvement and there is extensive local stakeholder representation on the Management Board. The Park undertakes outreach activities in local communities involving target groups ranging from fishers to school children. Management planning engages local stakeholder groups. The management body is inclusive in the sense that critical stakeholders are part of the decision-making body and policy is formulated in a collegial manner. Management planning and review is participatory and so is the evaluation of management effectiveness. The local community benefits through a share in tourism revenues and technical support for community conservation and livelihood projects. Ten percent of park entrance fees go to local communities for various projects (State Party of the Philippines, 2023).
Legal framework
The legal framework is comprehensive and effective. Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park is protected by national law (TRNP Act of 2009) and is part of the National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) in the Philippines. Legal protection extends to the buffer zone and includes international frameworks as evidenced by designation as a Particularly Sensitive Sea Area (PSSA). There is strong support from prosecutors and legal counsel and adequate enforcement equipment is provided to ensure that illegal users are brought to court (Jones et al., 2019).
Governance arrangements
Various authorities, government organisations and NGOs are involved in the management of the site.
Initially protected in 1998 by Presidential Proclamation, in 2010 the MPA was established as a Protected Area under the National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS-R.A. 7586) and the Strategic Environmental Plan (SEP-R.A. 7611) for Palawan. The Tubbataha Protected Area Management Board (TPAMB) was created as a multi-sectoral body that formulates policies for Tubbataha. It consists of 21 representatives from the national, provincial and municipal governments, Cagayancillo people’s organisation, NGO’s, local universities and dive-tourism sector (State Party of the Philippines, 2023). They meet quarterly with a separate monthly meeting for its Executive Committee (ExeCom) to provide operational guidance. This includes representatives from WWF-Philippines, Palawan Council for Sustainable Development (PCSD), Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), Provincial Government, Municipal Government of Cagayancillo, Philippine Navy, Philippine Coast Guard, Saguda Palawan and Conservation International. Day to day management is carried out by the Tubbataha Management Office (TMO), the executive arm of the TPAMB, solely dedicated to implementing the management plan and maintaining a presence in the park. The coordination across the governance groups is considered to be effective (Jones et al., 2019).
Initially protected in 1998 by Presidential Proclamation, in 2010 the MPA was established as a Protected Area under the National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS-R.A. 7586) and the Strategic Environmental Plan (SEP-R.A. 7611) for Palawan. The Tubbataha Protected Area Management Board (TPAMB) was created as a multi-sectoral body that formulates policies for Tubbataha. It consists of 21 representatives from the national, provincial and municipal governments, Cagayancillo people’s organisation, NGO’s, local universities and dive-tourism sector (State Party of the Philippines, 2023). They meet quarterly with a separate monthly meeting for its Executive Committee (ExeCom) to provide operational guidance. This includes representatives from WWF-Philippines, Palawan Council for Sustainable Development (PCSD), Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), Provincial Government, Municipal Government of Cagayancillo, Philippine Navy, Philippine Coast Guard, Saguda Palawan and Conservation International. Day to day management is carried out by the Tubbataha Management Office (TMO), the executive arm of the TPAMB, solely dedicated to implementing the management plan and maintaining a presence in the park. The coordination across the governance groups is considered to be effective (Jones et al., 2019).
Integration into local, regional and national planning systems (including sea/landscape connectivity)
Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park is protected by national law (TRNP Act of 2009) and is part of the National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) in the Philippines. The site is also a flagship site within the Coral Triangle MPA System.
Boundaries
Boundaries, including the buffer zone, are established by national law (TRNP Act of 2009) and publicized for all mariners and stakeholders. The boundaries are adequate and effectiveness improved through the PSSA designation although as with all largely marine sites demarcation of boundaries could be improved. The Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park Act (Republic Act No. 10067) was passed into law on 6 April 2010 which recognizes the expansion to include Jessie Beazley Reef in the no-take zone and establishes a 10-nautical mile buffer zone around the perimeter of the property (State Party of the Philippines, 2023).
Overlapping international designations
In 1999, Ramsar listed Tubbataha as one of the wetlands of international importance. The designation of the Ramsar site boundaries is the same as the World Heritage Site, as is the management.
Implementation of World Heritage Committee decisions and recommendations
In 2009 when the World Heritage Committee approved the extension of the Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park, it also requested that the State Party put in place a program of ecological monitoring and developed a sustainable tourism strategy. In its Decision 35 COM 7B.17, the World Heritage Committee commended the State Party for the progress achieved in implementing the recommendations, but also urged the State Party to expedite designation of the Sulu Sea as a Particularly Sensitive Sea Area (World Heritage Committee, 2011). This was achieved in July 2017 and is strictly implemented to this day. Radio warnings are issued to vessels that are approaching or have entered the Area To Be Avoided (ATBA) and these have proven to be effective. No further recommendations and decisions have been made since then.
Climate action
Impacts from climate change on the site are likely to not only affect temperatures sea surface temperature potentially leading to severe bleaching conditions but will also impact ocean acidification, as well as the frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones and weather events. Climate change will also impact on oceanic systems by affecting currents, nutrient availability and organism distribution. All of these changes are likely to impact on the values of the site. Given the majority of climate change impacts will originate from outside the site there is limited management that can be done within the site at this time, beyond establishing baselines and continuing the extensive monitoring programme to identify any impacts. The detection and recognition of these impacts is only the first step in developing interventions but as noted, with most of the drivers for this coming from outside the site, management responses will be difficult. According to the State Party some use has been made of the World Heritage Policy for Climate Change and research on coral bleaching and the impact of temperature on seabird populations were conducted (State Party of the Philippines, 2023). Potential hazards and risks that could affect the OUV of the property, e.g. sea-level rise, temperature rise, major storms, overabundant species were considered in the planning and proactive measures, where feasible, identified (State Party of the Philippines, 2023).
Management plan and overall management system
The management systems work and are practical, resulting in a well protected coral reef system. The management regime of the World Heritage site is focused on strict protection, and delivered through a management consortium consisting of the Philippine central, provincial and municipal level of government, NGOs and some private sector donors. The management operations are carried out by the Tubbataha Management Office (TMO) based in Puerto Princesa. The site has a current 10-year management plan (TMO, 2022c), updated from the previous plan (TMO, 2011), which is being implemented and followed.
Law enforcement
There is a permanent presence of 10–12 Marine Protected Area (MPA) authority, TMO, navy, coastguard and municipal personnel on a ranger station, which is largely effective through observations and regular patrols, but maintaining sufficient capacity is very dependent on NGO funding (Jones et al., 2019). A Compliance and Enforcement Plan was completed in 2012 and updated in 2024 that outlines the main procedures, parties and activities related to enforcement (TMO, 2012; IUCN Consultation, 2025). There is an active interception and enforcement program by the combined TMO, navy, coastguard, and park personnel stationed on site with the number of patrols conducted often exceeding the set required number. For example, in 2024 marine park rangers conducted 162 patrols, exceeding the required 120 patrols per year (TRNP, 2024). Early violations were related to illegal fishing (e.g. see Dygico et al., 2013) but since 2013, violations also relate to ship grounding and tourism, including coral damage (from ship grounding), non-payment of conservation fees and late application of permits to operate. Most tourism-related violations are settled right away, through the payment of fines. Warnings are given to dive operators for violation of protocol and standards. Since 2012, the fines for violations of the Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park Act of 2009 or RA 10067 amounted to a total of Php 58,934,730.00 (IUCN Consultation, 2017) and by 2024 this has increased to 69,870,710.27 Php (IUCN Consultation, 2024).
Sustainable finance
Over 60 % of the MPA funding comes from private foundations and NGOs, as the tourism entry fees are not sufficient to cover the running costs, and there are concerns about over-reliance on external funding and the leakage of benefits to dive boat operators as entry fees are arguably too low (Jones et al., 2019; IUCN Consultation, 2024). The Park receives revenue from tourism, and contributions from the national and provincial government allocations. TMO has relied on external support since its creation in 2001. Even as tourism revenues increased, partner support remained consistent, allowing the TPAMB to accumulate reserves for contingencies. Private organizations contributed 42% of TRNP expenditures 2017-2021, government agencies contributed 23% (primarily from DENR), and tourism revenues, also known as the PA retained income account (RIA), contributed 35% (TRNP, 2022). Dive tourism contributes to the yearly budget (IUCN Consultation, 2017), putting constant pressure to increase tourism, but with no detailed dive tourism management plan in place. This is of increasing concern given tourist numbers have rebounded to higher than pre COVID-19 pandemic numbers with the numbers of tourists hitting a record high in 2024 (TMO, 2024a; 2024b). As a result the total budget for 2024 amounted to 29.13 million Philippine Pesos with the highest allocation of funds going to Biodiversity and Habitat Protection, Research, Monitoring and Restoration (TMO, 2024a). The site is due to update its Tourism management plan in 2024/2025 and the inclusion of a detailed dive tourism management component is highly recommended.
For almost 20 years tourism is the major source of funds for management, the pandemic brought to the fore danger of heavy reliance on one source of funds. Application for regular government positions will entitle the TMO to government funds, at least for salaries, so that tourism collections can be used solely for operations (State Party of the Philippines, 2023). 75% of the budget for the past five years was allocated to program expenses, with the Biodiversity & Habitat Protection, Research, Monitoring, & Restoration Program getting the most funding (82%) of the four programs. The TPAMB and the TMO has long aspired to find ways to fund the long-term protection of TRNP. Many approaches have been suggested but lacked follow through because TMO focused on park conservation and protection rather than on fundraising. With the 2022-2031 financial plan as a guide, management aims to pursue additional funding opportunities with the assistance of TRNP's long-standing supporters and partners. To fully implement the General Management Plan in the next 10 years, TRNP will require Four Hundred Seventy-Four Million Pesos (PhP474M). This amount includes a substantial capital outlay of PhP132M in the first two years for the construction of the ranger station. Minus the said outlay, the average annual funding requirement is estimated to be PhP34M (TRNO, 2022). The Park now has a Financial Plan for 2022-2032.
For almost 20 years tourism is the major source of funds for management, the pandemic brought to the fore danger of heavy reliance on one source of funds. Application for regular government positions will entitle the TMO to government funds, at least for salaries, so that tourism collections can be used solely for operations (State Party of the Philippines, 2023). 75% of the budget for the past five years was allocated to program expenses, with the Biodiversity & Habitat Protection, Research, Monitoring, & Restoration Program getting the most funding (82%) of the four programs. The TPAMB and the TMO has long aspired to find ways to fund the long-term protection of TRNP. Many approaches have been suggested but lacked follow through because TMO focused on park conservation and protection rather than on fundraising. With the 2022-2031 financial plan as a guide, management aims to pursue additional funding opportunities with the assistance of TRNP's long-standing supporters and partners. To fully implement the General Management Plan in the next 10 years, TRNP will require Four Hundred Seventy-Four Million Pesos (PhP474M). This amount includes a substantial capital outlay of PhP132M in the first two years for the construction of the ranger station. Minus the said outlay, the average annual funding requirement is estimated to be PhP34M (TRNO, 2022). The Park now has a Financial Plan for 2022-2032.
Staff capacity, training and development
Staff are generally well trained and highly motivated, and perform their tasks well (IUCN Consultation, 2016; State Party of the Philippines, 2023). On-site operations are heavily reliant on the personnel and logistic support from the navy and coastguard (Songco, 2017), and continual upgrading of staff in terms of skills and equipment is necessary to maintain effectiveness. In addition, staff are employed on a contractual basis (TMO, 2015a), which reduces the incentive for long-term investment by staff in the Park. Since the establishment of TMO in 2001, the Protected Area Superintendent and staff are hired on a contractual basis with compensation below that of government employees with comparable positions and responsibilities. This employment condition is expected to improve when the DBM decides to fully legitimize TMO's existence as a government agency with plantilla positions (TRNP, 2022).
Education and interpretation programmes
The Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park has offered interpretation and educational programs since 1997. A comprehensive information, education and communication plan was developed for 2015-2020 (TMO, 2014b) with the plan updated for 2021-2025 (TMO, 2021a). The plan identifies target audiences, key messages and activities and will need further updating as it approaches the end of the current plan. Full details of activities are provided in the plan and demonstrate focus (e.g. diver briefings before departure), innovation (community “caravans”) and partnership building in both design and delivery. In 2024, TMO conducted a total of 6 online and offline outreach programmes to promote environmental conservation, targeting diverse audiences like university students, young leaders and children in elementary schools (TRNP, 2024). The new ranger station (of which Phase 1 and Phase 2 have already been completed) will also contain some interpretive presentations and volunteers/researchers have added useful materials on the TRNP website and elsewhere. TMO personnel undertake outreach programs to communities all around Palawan to raise awareness of the importance of TRNP (TRNP, 2012). Field guides have also been produced, both by the TMO and in co-operation with research institutes such as LAMAVE (e.g. TMO and LAMAVE, 2015). An evaluation of the IEC program was undertaken in 2013 and a follow-up review should now be undertaken.
Tourism and visitation management
Lack of tourism impact monitoring on the site’s Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) represented a management gap in the past (TMO, 2011; IUCN Consultation, 2017). There is need for a dive management plan based upon Limits of Acceptable Change methods and zoning (e.g. see Roman et al., 2007; Dearden et al., 2010; Augustine et al., 2016) that will optimise visitor numbers while ensuring protection of resources and the site’s OUV. Rules and regulations relating to dive tourism are embodied in the 'Implementing Rules and Regulations of the Tubbataha Act' document (TPAMB, 2017). A diver exit survey was undertaken in 2015 (TMO, 2015c), giving important insights into diver profiles, motivations, satisfactions and willingness to pay, among other factors. A carrying capacity study funded by the German development bank KfW in 2021 revealed that the daily carrying capacity for TRNP is 456-511 divers per day (IUCN Consultation, 2025). Currently only 37 divers per day use the Park. A Tourism Management Plan has been in place since 2013 and will be updated in 2025, along with a dive management plan.
Sustainable use
The Park is only used directly for tourism and some monitoring and research. These should be relatively low-impact activities, although effective monitoring systems need to be implemented to ensure that this is the case. The latest management plan (TMO, 2022c) identifies providing of support to other MPAs in the municipality, in terms of sustainable use, as an outreach effort that will benefit marine conservation throughout the Sulu Sea, including Tubbataha. This is a very forward looking strategy, if TRNP has the resources to engage in such a way. In addition, 10% of the revenues from TRNP are allocated to the municipality to support conservation-friendly livelihood initiatives by local people.
Monitoring
According to the State Party the current monitoring system is adequate and key indicators have been defined (State Party of the Philippines, 2023). Monitoring is done annually by Park staff, some outside researchers and one volunteer scientific group that visits the Park for monitoring every four years (e.g. Coral Reef Targeted Research (CRTR) method, installation of Autonomous Reef Monitoring Structure to determine the resilience of Tubbataha, water quality monitoring). The management plan states the need to entrench regular monitoring to inform timely and judicious decision-making and specifically mentions the need for diver impact monitoring (TMO, 2022c). Tubbataha has more than twenty (20) years of fish, coral, and seabird data, providing a critical long-term basis for evaluating reef health and the effectiveness of conservation initiatives. In 2023, on top of the annual monitoring of benthos, coral recruits, fish, seabirds, and water quality, surveys on cetaceans and marine turtles were also conducted. The sustained monitoring of Tubbataha's ecosystems enables adaptive management, conservation of threatened species, and preservation of its ecological integrity (Alaba et al. 2023).
Research
Most research is related to monitoring of Park resources over time to determine cause-effect relationships for changes in the coral reef and fish. The management plan identifies the need for more targeted research on topics of management interest, such as diver impacts. The site has recently become used on an ongoing and regular basis by researchers as a “natural laboratory”, using methods such as Baited Remote Underwater Videos (BRUVs) to look at shark and other species populations and distributions, and conservation needs (e.g. Murray et al., 2016a; Roberts et al., 2017; Murray et al., 2019). The TMO has helped sponsor innovative research methods such as the use of citizen science for recording elasmobranch species numbers and distributions (see Murray et al., 2016b). The Park is very welcoming to outside researchers and provides support wherever possible (IUCN Consultation, 2016).
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats outside the site
The primary long-term threats to the values of the site from outside the World Heritage site revolve around climate change with most of these beyond the control of site. Similarly sea surface temperature fluctuations, sea level rise and an increase in the frequency and intensity of severe weather events including cyclones and storms are likely to also impact the site with limited ability for the management system to address them. Ocean acidification linked to climate change is likely to impact on the pH of the site, although impacts thus far are limited to some localised bleaching.
Management Effectiveness Evaluations (MEE) following the tool used by the GBRMPA has been used for the site. The results show that TRNP is effective in managing a number of the threats from within the site (see below) including tourism and the threats of fishing but is only partially effective in managing shipping activities. Hopefully, this will continue to improve with the Particularly Sensitive Sea Area (PSSA) designation.
Management Effectiveness Evaluations (MEE) following the tool used by the GBRMPA has been used for the site. The results show that TRNP is effective in managing a number of the threats from within the site (see below) including tourism and the threats of fishing but is only partially effective in managing shipping activities. Hopefully, this will continue to improve with the Particularly Sensitive Sea Area (PSSA) designation.
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats inside the site
The management systems work and are practical, aided by the isolation of the site this results in a well protected coral reef system. Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park (TRNP) employs three management effectiveness assessment tools, including two external assessments led by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) - Marine Protected Area Management Effectiveness Assessment Tool (MPA MEAT) and Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool (METT); and an assessment led by the Tubbataha Protected Area Management Board (TPAMB) following the MEE framework of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Protected Area (GBRMPA). MPA MEAT has been used in TRNP with the most recent assessment conducted in 2023 using METT (TMO, 2023a).
METT evaluates the management based on the IUCN management effectiveness framework with the following indicators: context, planning, input, process, output and outcome. This tool has been used in TRNP in 2014, 2016, and 2023. TRNP got a score of 103 out of 114 possible points, or 90% in 2023. Its lowest score in the assessment was related to financial inputs, which mainly pertains to the security of budget.
MEE following the tool used by the GBRMPA also employs the IUCN indicators, but with a focus on the management topics identified by the TPAMB; nine priority management topics categorized under values (biodiversity, community benefits), impacts (water quality, shipping, illegal fishing, marine pollution, climate change and extreme weather) and uses (research and tourism). The results show that TRNP is effective in managing tourism and the threats of fishing.
METT evaluates the management based on the IUCN management effectiveness framework with the following indicators: context, planning, input, process, output and outcome. This tool has been used in TRNP in 2014, 2016, and 2023. TRNP got a score of 103 out of 114 possible points, or 90% in 2023. Its lowest score in the assessment was related to financial inputs, which mainly pertains to the security of budget.
MEE following the tool used by the GBRMPA also employs the IUCN indicators, but with a focus on the management topics identified by the TPAMB; nine priority management topics categorized under values (biodiversity, community benefits), impacts (water quality, shipping, illegal fishing, marine pollution, climate change and extreme weather) and uses (research and tourism). The results show that TRNP is effective in managing tourism and the threats of fishing.
Overall, the protection and management of Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park is mostly effective. Overseen by a joint, stakeholder-inclusive management board and with an active outreach program that promotes a high degree of compliance. The sustainable financing of the site remains a concern with the majority of costs covered through NGO contributions. There is a Management Plan (2022-2031) and several sub-plans (such as the 2023 Compliance and Enforcement Plan (CEPA), and Financial Plan 2022-2031). These plans appear to be implemented and are guiding management activities within a focussed framework. However, with the significant threat from climate change, enhanced efforts are needed to mitigate threats stemming from outside the site boundaries.
Good practice examples
Tubbataha Reef Natural Park represents 78% of the no-take area of MPAs in the Philippines in the heart of the Coral Triangle, the richest marine ecosystem in the world. It is a critically important MPA and management has taken many innovative steps for enhanced protection providing a best practice example of a truly no-take reserve in this highly human-influenced region. Outreach and engagement with communities within the region is strong and successful in helping to support the strong enforcement efforts for the World Heritage site.
Pristine coral reefs with a large diversity of associated marine life
High Concern
Trend
Deteriorating
The trend for the coral reefs and diversity of marine life is relatively stable based on available monitoring results (Alaba et al., 2023; Licuanan et al., 2019). Monitoring results from 2023 suggests that previous hard coral cover recorded as stable (Dygico et al., 2013; Licuanan et al., 2017) is now showing a decline at almost all of the shallow sites monitored. The deep sites are in better condition with increasing hard coral cover in most sites. Although hard coral cover in the shallow areas of the monitoring station is declining at an annual rate of 1.2% (Alaba et al., 2023), hard cover in the deep areas of the monitoring stations is relatively stable (Alaba et al., 2023). In 2023, twenty locations were monitored for water quality. Elevated sea surface temperatures were observed in all stations ranging from 32.8 to 35.5 degrees Celsius. A few sites recorded values of Phosphate, Dissolved Oxygen, and pH above the Class SA (protected waters) threshold. Values of oil and grease, and coliform levels, which previously exceeded Class SA standards were all well within Class SA, suggesting an improvement in water quality (Alaba et al., 2023).
In a nation-wide survey of hard coral cover and diversity, Licuanan et al. (2019) found the reefs in the Sulu Sea Bioregion to be the highest in both measures. The site has been impacted by coral bleaching events in the past and is likely to experience further impacts from these events in the future (Heron et al., 2017; Alaba et al. 2023). Impacts from extreme temperatures and ocean acidification, both a result of climate change, pose serious threats to the coral reefs. Solid waste and water pollution also remain a high concern.
In 2024 another coral bleaching survey was conducted. The bleached hard coral cover (HCC) per site in Tubbataha ranged from 0.04% to 43% at depths of 5-7 meters. Among the five surveyed sites, the Elbow Mac site exhibited the highest percentage of bleached HCC at 43%, while the Malayan Wreck site showed minimal bleaching with only 0.04% bleached HCC. Water temperatures during the survey ranged from 29°C to 31°C. Sites on the eastern sides of the reefs showed less bleaching compared to those on the western sides of both atolls. In nearly all assessed sites, where bleaching ranged from 0.04% to 43% at depths of 5-7 meters, 50-100% of coral colonies were bleached. Among the hard corals, those belonging to the genera Millepora and Heliopora (fire coral species) were the most bleached across nearly all survey sites. These were followed by the known bleaching sensitive genera Porites (branching), Pocillopora, and Seriatopora. At the West Wall area in the South Atoll, the team observed extensive bleaching of a large bed of the hydroid species Aglaophenia, affecting nearly entire colonies (Figure 3). A comprehensive report will be provided based on the recent reef-wide assessment conducted by the Tubbataha Management Office (TMO) in collaboration with De La Salle University's reef benthos assessment. This report will offer general insights into the extent and severity of coral bleaching in Tubbataha (TRNP, 2024).
In a nation-wide survey of hard coral cover and diversity, Licuanan et al. (2019) found the reefs in the Sulu Sea Bioregion to be the highest in both measures. The site has been impacted by coral bleaching events in the past and is likely to experience further impacts from these events in the future (Heron et al., 2017; Alaba et al. 2023). Impacts from extreme temperatures and ocean acidification, both a result of climate change, pose serious threats to the coral reefs. Solid waste and water pollution also remain a high concern.
In 2024 another coral bleaching survey was conducted. The bleached hard coral cover (HCC) per site in Tubbataha ranged from 0.04% to 43% at depths of 5-7 meters. Among the five surveyed sites, the Elbow Mac site exhibited the highest percentage of bleached HCC at 43%, while the Malayan Wreck site showed minimal bleaching with only 0.04% bleached HCC. Water temperatures during the survey ranged from 29°C to 31°C. Sites on the eastern sides of the reefs showed less bleaching compared to those on the western sides of both atolls. In nearly all assessed sites, where bleaching ranged from 0.04% to 43% at depths of 5-7 meters, 50-100% of coral colonies were bleached. Among the hard corals, those belonging to the genera Millepora and Heliopora (fire coral species) were the most bleached across nearly all survey sites. These were followed by the known bleaching sensitive genera Porites (branching), Pocillopora, and Seriatopora. At the West Wall area in the South Atoll, the team observed extensive bleaching of a large bed of the hydroid species Aglaophenia, affecting nearly entire colonies (Figure 3). A comprehensive report will be provided based on the recent reef-wide assessment conducted by the Tubbataha Management Office (TMO) in collaboration with De La Salle University's reef benthos assessment. This report will offer general insights into the extent and severity of coral bleaching in Tubbataha (TRNP, 2024).
High reproduction among a large diversity of reef associated marine life
Low Concern
Trend
Improving
There is evidence of increased populations of vulnerable species such as the Humphead or Napoleon wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus), groupers, small pelagic fish that were less abundant in the past, sharks, and a few others (Ledesma et al., 2005; White et al., 2012; TMO, 2015b; Roberts, et al., 2017; Murray et al., 2017a). An increase in fish density has also been recorded from 2015 to 2023 (Alaba et al., 2023). The Napolean wrasse density rose between 2017 and 2024 to 12.95 individuals/ha and juveniles observed in the South Atoll confirmed Tubbataha's role as a nursery ground for the species. Overall three has been an 88% increase in the population size (TRNP, 2024).
The rapid re-colonisation of corals destroyed by ship groundings in 2013 (TMO, 2015a; Alaba et al., 2023) is testament to the abundance of coral spawn and optimal conditions at TRNP, although areas with wreck rubble and debris has strongly affected the recovery and coral recruitment processes as larvae do not survive well on these unstable substrates (Raymundo et al., 2018).
The rapid re-colonisation of corals destroyed by ship groundings in 2013 (TMO, 2015a; Alaba et al., 2023) is testament to the abundance of coral spawn and optimal conditions at TRNP, although areas with wreck rubble and debris has strongly affected the recovery and coral recruitment processes as larvae do not survive well on these unstable substrates (Raymundo et al., 2018).
Laboratory for study of ecological and biological processes in pristine condition
Good
Trend
Stable
Stable and in good state based on monitoring results (TMO, 2015b) and recent research studies conducted within the World Heritage site. Used as a natural laboratory for shark studies (e.g. Murray et al., 2016a, 2017b, 2019; Araujo et al., 2018a, 2018b) and baseline for climate change impacts (TMO, 2015b). Unlike other sites in the country, research in 2015 showed that increase in sea surface temperature had little significant impact on coral in Tubbataha (TMO, 2015a, 2015b) and a stable density of coral recruits has been documented in the monitoring stations from 2018-2023, suggesting that the park has a good potential for natural recovery and replenishment (Alaba et al., 2023). Dolorosa (2015) suggests that TRNP provides an ideal site for sea cucumber research due to diversity and size of cucumbers and lack of exploitation.
High diversity of common and threatened marine species including seabirds
Good
Trend
Stable
The current state for most species is good and the trend is stable or improving based on monitoring results (Ledesma et al., 2005; White et al., 2012; Jensen, 2005; TMO, 2015b). The site also reports some of the highest densities of the Grey Reef Shark (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos) and the Whitetip Reef Shark (Triaenodon obesus) documented worldwide with 14 species of Elasmobranchs recorded during surveys of the site (Murray et al., 2019; TMO, 2021). It remains an important site for Whale Sharks (Rhincodon typus) (Araujo et al., 2018a) and the record of an endangered Ornate Eagle Ray at the nearby Cagayancillo reinforces the MPA as an important habitat for endangered marine species (Araujo et al., 2018b).
The combined total population of the seven breeding seabird species in 2023 was 122% higher than the baseline inventory conducted in 1981 (Alaba et al., 2023). In 2024 a total of 31,295 adult seabirds were recorded, reflecting a 4% increase compared to 2023. However a 77% decline on Sooty terns was observed, likely due to changes in breeding cycle (TRNP, 2024). Bird Islet expanded by 21% since 2023 likely supported by ongoing habitat restoration efforts (TRNP, 2024).
The combined total population of the seven breeding seabird species in 2023 was 122% higher than the baseline inventory conducted in 1981 (Alaba et al., 2023). In 2024 a total of 31,295 adult seabirds were recorded, reflecting a 4% increase compared to 2023. However a 77% decline on Sooty terns was observed, likely due to changes in breeding cycle (TRNP, 2024). Bird Islet expanded by 21% since 2023 likely supported by ongoing habitat restoration efforts (TRNP, 2024).
High biomass of reef fish, invertebrates and associated organisms in the Coral Triangle region
Low Concern
Trend
Stable
Since 1997, yearly monitoring has been conducted to assess reef health and to understand how the reef responds to disturbances. In 2023, 12 stations were monitored to determine the conditions of fish populations and benthic communities (Alaba et al., 2023). The average fish biomass in 2023 ranged between 76 to 100 metric tons/km2 (Alaba et al., 2023). Healthy reef ecosystems in the Philippines are projected to produce 21 to 40 mt/km2 of fish (Nañola et al., 2006). A decline in fish biomass has been observed since 2017 (Alaba et al., 2023), but these values are still higher than the national standard for healthy reefs in the Philippines (Nañola et al., 2006). While metrics have remained stable in shallow waters (5m depth), deeper areas (10m depth) have experienced an annual decline of 13 g/m2 over the past decade, likely due to rising sea temperatures, coral degradation, natural migratory patterns and fishing activities near park boundaries (TRNP, 2024).
The combined biomass and density from 1998 to 2011 of families belonging to commercially important fish, such as Acanthuridae, Labridae, Lutjanidae, Scaridae, Siganidae and Serranidae, showed an increasing trend (Dygico et al., 2013) suggesting an absence of fishing activity. Although there have been reports of fishing boats intercepted in the waters around Tubbataha, these vessels appear to have been fishing in other areas (AFP, 2014).
The combined biomass and density from 1998 to 2011 of families belonging to commercially important fish, such as Acanthuridae, Labridae, Lutjanidae, Scaridae, Siganidae and Serranidae, showed an increasing trend (Dygico et al., 2013) suggesting an absence of fishing activity. Although there have been reports of fishing boats intercepted in the waters around Tubbataha, these vessels appear to have been fishing in other areas (AFP, 2014).
Assessment of the current state and trend of World Heritage values
Stable
The biophysical and environmental resources of coral reefs and their associated high diversity of marine life, as well as their high reproduction values and atoll reef formation, are being well maintained in the Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park and are in relatively good condition based on current management and improvements from the past conditions prior to the implementation of protection for the Tubbataha Reefs. The associated reef habitats of seagrass beds, reef slopes and small islets with nesting seabird populations well maintained and improving in ecological integrity. Coral disease prevalence in the monitored areas in TRNP is fairly low compared to other surveyed areas in the Philippines. The World Heritage site has recorded some of the largest densities of Grey and Whitetip Reef Sharks in the world. The overall system serves as a laboratory for study, education and research as well as a control for the high biomass of marine life no longer typical in this part of the world. However, impacts from solid waste and future climate induced extreme temperatures and ocean acidification, are cause for serious concern. While hard coral cover has been stable in deep areas, coral cover in shallow areas has been declining by 1.2% per year due to typhoons, bleaching and eutrophication, hindering coral recovery. Conversely, while the average fish biomass has remained stable in shallow areas, deeper areas have experience an annual decline, although the value remains higher than the national standard for healthy reefs.
Additional information
Outdoor recreation and tourism
Tubbataha is a major (world class) diving destination for both Filipinos and international tourists. Tourism provides revenues to support the costs involved with Park management as well as indirect economic benefits to tourism related enterprises in Palawan Island and in Cagayancillo Municipality. The site also provides education to Filipinos and international visitors.
Importance for research,
Contribution to education
Tubbataha, being a no extraction marine reserve, located in a remote area with low levels of pollution and under good management, means that it can serve as a control for how coral reef ecosystems function in a natural setting, and how these ecosystems will change over time in response to climate change. Recent research on elasmobranchs in particular (e.g. Murray et al., 2017b; Araujo et al., 2018; Murray et al., 2019) illustrates the research and laboratory benefits of the site and highlights the value of having large no-take MPAs.
Fishing areas and conservation of fish stocks
Oceanographic models show that Tubbataha is a major source and sink of coral and fish larvae that are continuously broadcast throughout neighbouring fishing grounds and reefs in the Sulu Sea and beyond (TMO, 2015a).
The benefits of Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park extend beyond the Philippines to the region and globally. The income from tourism is a valuable addition to the regional economy, although no firm estimate of this value exists. In addition, Tubbataha is a healthy coral reef ecosystem that provides an ongoing source of organisms to other sites in the Sulu Sea. Some of these organisms become a direct enhancement to the human food chain. In the wider sense, as a well-managed, no-take marine reserve of considerable size located in the midst of the worlds' most diverse global marine ecosystems, Tubbataha provides ongoing global benefits as an outdoor laboratory for research and education.
| № | Organization | Brief description of Active Projects | Website |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Coastal Conservation and Education Foundation, Inc. | Conducts monitoring of Tubbataha Reefs every 4 years and compiles a complete report of the reef status. This monitoring uses volunteer divers who cover the cost of the trip so trained divers who want to contribute are always encouraged to join the expedition. |
Coastal Conservation & Education Foundation, Inc.
|
| 2 | World Wildlife Fund Philippines | WWF Philippines provides monitoring support to the TMO and use of their boat to travel to Tubbataha for routine operations. WWF also provides support for some personnel assisting with Park management. | |
| 3 | Large Marine Vertebrates Research Institute (LAMAVE) | LAMAVE has initiated an energetic and innovative program of research at Tubbataha ranging from elasmobranch assessments through to the development of citizen science and outreach projects (e.g. Murray et al., 2016b, 2017; Roberts et al., 2017). Co-operating with a wide range of international partners and deploying long-term researchers to work in partnership with the TMO has resulted in a wide range of exposure for the Park, plus capacity enhancement for the staff. LAMAVE is the largest independent, non-stock, non-government organization dedicated to the conservation of marine megafauna and the marine environment in the Philippines. |
https://www.lamave.org/
|
References
| № | References |
|---|---|
| 1 |
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| 2 |
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| 20 |
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| 21 |
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