Talamanca Range-La Amistad Reserves / La Amistad National Park
Country
Costa Rica,
Panama
Inscribed in
1983
Criteria
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
The conservation outlook for this site has been assessed as "significant concern" in the latest assessment cycle. Explore the Conservation Outlook Assessment for the site below. You have the option to access the summary, or the detailed assessment.
The location of this unique site in Central America, where Quaternary glaciers have left their mark, has allowed the fauna and flora of North and South America to interbreed. Tropical rainforests cover most of the area. Four different Indian tribes inhabit this property, which benefits from close co-operation between Costa Rica and Panama. © UNESCO
Summary
2020 Conservation Outlook
Finalised on
02 Dec 2020
Significant concern
Current state and trend of VALUES
High Concern
Trend
Stable
Overall THREATS
Overall PROTECTION and MANAGEMENT
Full assessment
Finalised on
02 Dec 2020
Description of values
Exceptionally beautiful landscapes
Criterion
(vii)
The site holds exceptionally beautiful and diverse landscapes, deeply set in a vast area of natural Mesoamerican humid tropical mountain and lowland forests, which constitute one of the large last remnants of these ecosystems on the planet. It shows remarkable vestiges of the Quaternary glacial activity that shaped the earth crust by generating majestic relief forms such as cirques, glacial lakes, lagoons and bogs, which highlight the natural beauty of these mountains. The site has additionally spectacular waterfalls that merge in a very rugged topography. Within the region, the unusual high altitude grasslands are restricted to the property, allowing extraordinary panoramic views of a singular scenic and spiritual value (World Heritage Committee, 2014).
Remarkable vestiges of the Quaternary glacial activity
Criterion
(viii)
The Cordillera de Talamanca is the highest and wildest non-volcanic mountain range in Central America. It was formed by the folding of the Earth's crust and uplifting activity that created the land dividing the Pacific from the Caribbean. The Site is unique since the Talamanca Range is a very particular sample of the recent geological history of the Central American Isthmus, which in its time became a bridge between North and South America, separating the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. It shows indelible marks that the Quaternary glacial activity shaped such as glacial circus with lakes and “U” shaped deep valleys which cannot be found anywhere else in the Central American region. Thus, the Site is representative of the major stages of the Earth historic evolution (World Heritage Committee, 2014).
Ecological and evolutionary processes
Criterion
(ix)
The site, as a bio geographical bridge, allowed the interaction of flora and fauna coming from North and South America that, together with the climatic variation, the heterogeneity of the soils and the relief configuration, allowed the development of a complex of ecosystems with impressive species diversity. All these factors, during the evolutionary process, triggered the appearance of very important endemism levels with many species restricted to single peaks of the mountain range. Ecologically, these peaks can be compared to islands of an archipelago. Many of the original North and South American species reach their distribution boundaries in the Talamanca mountain system.
Jointly with the climatic variation, the complex relief and huge altitudinal range and heterogeneity of many other environmental conditions, this biogeographic location has resulted in a complex mosaic of ecosystems and habitats of global importance for conservation and science. This mosaic of ecosystems include different types of tropical rainforest, pure oak groves (Quercus sp.) and other types of cloud forests, highland savannas, the subalpine paramo, the glacial lakes and lagoons and rare high altitude grasslands and bogs, the latter being the northernmost ones in the American tropics (World Heritage Committee, 2014).
Jointly with the climatic variation, the complex relief and huge altitudinal range and heterogeneity of many other environmental conditions, this biogeographic location has resulted in a complex mosaic of ecosystems and habitats of global importance for conservation and science. This mosaic of ecosystems include different types of tropical rainforest, pure oak groves (Quercus sp.) and other types of cloud forests, highland savannas, the subalpine paramo, the glacial lakes and lagoons and rare high altitude grasslands and bogs, the latter being the northernmost ones in the American tropics (World Heritage Committee, 2014).
High levels of endemism and diversity of animal species
Criterion
(x)
This site stands out by the high presence of endemism in groups such as fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and arthropods. Of the amphibians, six species are restricted to the Cordillera, such as the endangered Splendid Poison Frog. Other vertebrates include some 250 species of reptiles and amphibians and remarkable 115 species of freshwater fish (World Heritage Committee, 2014).
Rare and endangered mammals
Criterion
(x)
The site is extensive enough to ensure the survival of viable populations of many rare, vulnerable and endangered species, which include all feline species of Central America such as puma (Puma concolor), ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), jaguarundi (Puma yagouaroundi), margay (Felis wiedii) and jaguar (Panthera onca). Other endangered species include Ornate Spider Monkey and Central American tapir (Tapirus bairdii), as well as the vulnerable Black-crowned Central American Squirrel Monkey (World Heritage Committee, 2014).
Plant diversity
Criterion
(x)
The Site has an exuberant biological diversity and is considered an area with species richness by hectare not easily comparable to other sites. The Talamanca Mountains host some 10,000 flowering plants and over 4,000 non-vascular plants. There are approximately 1,000 fern species and about 900 species of lichen (World Heritage Committee, 2014).
Assessment information
The current threats to the site’s values and integrity include impact of dams that have changed the hydrological regimen and associated ecosystems and processes, and caused loss of natural terrestrial habitats; illegal logging and encroachment from farming and ranching. Overall, the cumulative level of current threats to the site is high, because of the high impact of dams on the aquatic habitats of some major watersheds.
Hunting and trapping
(Poaching)
Inside site
, Scattered(5-15%)
Outside site
The current level of poaching that might be taking place near the boundaries of the property is not known. The 2016 reactive monitoring mission noted that some stakeholders raised concerns about increased poaching. However, the extent of the threat could not be assessed by the mission (IUCN, 2016). Regular patrolling activities are being undertaken by the management authorities to prevent and detect illegal hunting and several cases have been prosecuted (States Parties of Costa Rica and Panama, 2017).
Dams/ Water Management or Use
(Impacts of dams)
Outside site
Several dams were constructed before the inscription of the site on the World Heritage list. These dams have changed the hydrological regimen and associated ecosystems and processes, and caused loss of natural terrestrial habitats. Aquatic species that migrate will largely be extirpated in the watersheds where the dams occur, and major secondary impacts will occur with respect to sediment dynamics, breakdown of vegetable matter, water and substrate chemistry, algal biomass and diversity and structure of stream fauna. The current projects in various stages of operation and construction (CHAN75 and Bonyic) are located in the Palo Seco Forest Reserve, adjacent to the property in Panama. Construction of these projects continued in spite of Decision 34 COM 7B.32 that requested halting dam construction until a SEA had been completed. Without adequate mitigation measures, the constructions would form a barrier for migratory fish and crustacean species. Since most of the Talamanca range fish species and many macroinvertebrates are migratory and depend on intact river systems from the brackish coast to cooler waters upstream, such a barrier would cause the disappearance of many species within the affected rivers that have their upstream area within the site (IUCN, 2013) (UNESCO, 2011; McLarney et al, 2010). In 2013 an Environmental Impact Assessment was approved for another dam project – Changuinola II. The World Heritage Committee has repeatedly expressed its concern over hydropower projects development in Panama which could have significant impacts on the property and has requested the States Parties of Costa Rica and Panama to undertake a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) and not to approve any new projects until the SEA has been completed (UNESCO, 2016, 2017). In 2017 the contract for the Changuinola II dam (CHAN II) was cancelled and has not been re-activated to date. However, there is no confirmation from the State Party of Panama that the decision to cancel the contract has officially entered into force, nor whether this cancellation means that the project has been abandoned, as requested by the World Heritage Committee. Some activities seem to be continued: in 2020, the public company that is the current concession holder (EGASA S.A.), emitted a resolution for contracting an aerial inspection in order to develop social monitoring as a preparatory actions for the constructions of the hydroelectic project (La Prensa, Panamá,1 February 2020).
There has been some progress towards finalizing the integrated transboundary SEA requested by the World Heritage Committee and the process has been completed and approved for the Panamanian side of the site and is in progress for the Costa Rican part (UNESCO, 2019).
There has been some progress towards finalizing the integrated transboundary SEA requested by the World Heritage Committee and the process has been completed and approved for the Panamanian side of the site and is in progress for the Costa Rican part (UNESCO, 2019).
Logging/ Wood Harvesting
(Illegal logging)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Outside site
Illegal logging is largely under control at present, but the threat is ever present. Regular patrolling activities are being undertaken by the management authorities to prevent and detect illegal logging and several cases have been prosecuted (States Parties of Costa Rica and Panama, 2017).
Livestock Farming / Grazing
(Encroachment for farming and ranching)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Outside site
Cattle ranching and other agricultural activities have always been carried out in the area and date back to the time before the formal establishment of protected areas that make up the World Heritage site. The conversion of lands for farming and ranching has slowed considerably and is limited to small areas, most likely due to lower profitability of ranching slash-and-burn agriculture is relatively widespread in the property's buffer zone (Quesada-Román and Díaz, 2019; Quesada-Román and Zamorano-Orozco, 2019). However, these activities are of low intensity and do not threaten the sites’ values and integrity (IUCN, 2013). Recent field patrolling and overflights indicate that there has been no increase in these activities in the area (States Parties of Costa Rica and Panama, 2017).
The highest potential threat in the long term is from climate change. In the short term construction of new dams would impose additional pressure on the site.
Temperature extremes
(Climate change)
Inside site
, Throughout(>50%)
Outside site
In Costa Rica, research has been ongoing to determine forest types within the World Heritage site that are particularly vulnerable to climate change (Veintimilla et al., 2019). Some studies have also been undertaken to assess vulnerability of wetlands parts of the site (Chirripó National Park) under different climate change scenarios (Veas-Ayala et al., 2018; Quesada-Román et al., 2020a). However, a comprehensive assessment across the entire World Heritage site is still lacking.
Dams/ Water Management or Use
(Construction of new dams)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
There are currently no other dam projects under construction on the Caribbean side, but several have been projected; the one most likely to have significant impacts being the Talamanca dam (Río Telire, upper part of the Sixaola watershed, Costa Rica). According to the Costa Rican governmental energy institute (ICE), it will be practically impossible that any of these will become a reality before 2025, including the Talamanca dam, because none of them are in the prefeasibility study stage (Mission report, 2013). In 2013 an Environmental Impact Assessment was approved for another dam project in Panama – Changuinola II. The World Heritage Committee has repeatedly expressed its concern over hydropower projects development in Panama which could have significant impacts on the property and has requested the States Parties of Costa Rica and Panama to undertake a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) and not to approve any new projects until the SEA has been completed (UNESCO, 2016 and 2017). In 2017 the contract for Changuinola dam was terminated. However, until the results of the SEA are available concerns over hydropower development remain.
Other Activities
(Fires)
Outside site
Because of the human activities outside of World Heritage Site (agriculture, cattle ranch), it is common to have fires that sometimes get out of control and eventually reach the forests inside the site. There has been a good response from the national autorities creating local fire brigades in communities near the boundaries of the site, but fires are a constant threat every dry season (IUCN Consultation, 2020).
The current threats to the site’s values and integrity include impact of dams that have changed the hydrological regimen and associated ecosystems and processes, and caused loss of natural terrestrial habitats; localised illegal logging and encroachment for farming and ranching. Overall, the cumulative level of current threats to the site is high, because of the high impact of dams on the aquatic habitats of some major watersheds. The highest potential threat in the long term is from climate change. In the short term construction of new dams would impose additional pressure on the site.
Management system
In Costa Rica, three Conservation Areas (Central Conservation Area (ACC), La Amistad-Caribbean Conservation Area (ACLA-C) and La Amistad-Pacific Conservation Area (ACLA-P) are those responsible for coordinating efforts to protect and manage the World Heritage Site. The Costa Rican part of the site consists of seven protected areas, with a total of 39 park rangers. The management plans for Chirripó National Park and Tapantí-Macizo de la Muerte were defined in 2013/2014. In Panama, the governing body for natural resources is the National Environmental Authority (ANAM). Management of the whole transboundary property is guided by an Agreement and Regulations for the Trans-boundary Protected Area Technical Committee and Trans-boundary Annual Operational Plans (States Parties of Costa Rica and Panama, 2012). In 2018/2019, the management plans in both countries were updated almost simultanuously (UNESCO, 2019). The Amistad National Park Management Bi-national Executive Technical Unit (UTEB-PILA) was created in 2009. Until December 2018, the Unit met 15 times; twice yearly during most years. In addition, several joint activities have taken place both in the field as well as at the level of central administration (coordination of management and reporting) (UNESCO, 2013; UNESCO, 2019).
Effectiveness of management system
Costa Rica applies annually a monitoring tool for monitoring the management effectiveness of protected areas. In the World Heritage Site, effectiveness is monitored per individual protected area, but reported in two clusters (ACLA-P and ACLA-C). In general, the monitoring of the management effectiveness of the areas resulted in high scores for planning and participation and lower scores on operative activities, staff numbers and general financial situation. Latest management effectiveness assessments (2016/2017) showed that administrative aspects had decreased as well as social management. Two parks (Chirripó and Tapantí/Cerro de la Muerte) have relatively low overall rating ('hardly acceptable' and 'not acceptable'). Currently, the Parks agency is undertaking an evaluation and improvement of its administrative efficiency to address these limitations (States Parties of Costa Rica and Panama, 2019). In Panama, an annual analysis of data on management effectiveness is conducted every 4-5 years. Since the Pacific and Caribbean side of PILA are separate administrations, the effectiveness is measured separately as well. The last report (analysing data from 2011) considered that effectiveness of both parts are "acceptable", although the Caribbean side had a higher score than the Pacific side (724 vs. 672). The Pacific side scored "satisfactory" on natural resources indicators, "acceptable" on political, legal and administrative indicators and "regular" on social and financial indicators. The Caribbean side scores "acceptable" on all indicator groups (IUCN, 2013).
Boundaries
Boundaries for this transboundary World Heritage site have been agreed at the highest levels of both governments, and are fairly well understood by local communities (UNEP-WCMC, 2011). In both countries the site is surrounded by several areas of different protection status as well as several formally recognized indigenous territories. This setting provides the site with an adequate buffer zone whose management is assured by the state and indigenous peoples (IUCN, 2013, 2016). Site bounderies were clarified (and a more precise map submitted) in 2014 (World Heritage Committee, 2014).
Integration into regional and national planning systems
Decisions regarding cooperation in the management of the site have been taken at the highest levels of authority in both countries and integrated into national planning (UNEP-WCMC, 2011; States Parties of Costa Rica and Panama, 2012).
Relationships with local people
Relationship with local people is seriously affected by the hydroelectric dams projects and lack of consultation. Traditional indigenous leaders and many individual members of indigenous groups expressed opposition to dam development (UNESCO, 2013).
Legal framework
The site consists of a mosaic of 1 Panamanian and 7 Costa Rican protected areas. Bilateral relations between Costa Rica and Panama are directed by the Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Costa Rica and the Government of the Republic of Panama on Cooperation for Cross-border Development and its Annex, ratified by Costa Rica by Law No. 7518 published in the Official Gazette no. 140 of 24 July 1995, and by Panama by Law No. 16 of 10 August 1994, published in the Official Gazette No. 22.602 of 17 August 1994 (IUCN, 2013). A bi-national Trans-boundary Protected Area Technical Commission monitors the agreement for management of the site, and steers negotiations between the many private and public groups and agencies active in the site (UNEP-WCMC, 2011; States Parties of Costa Rica and Panama, 2012).
Law enforcement
Regular patrols by are carried out in each national jurisdiction of this transboundary World Heritage site, and 4 patrols per year are carried out on a bi-national basis along the border of the two countries (States Parties of Costa Rica and Panama, 2012). Lack of human resources makes enforcement difficult and challenging. Illegal hunting is still a concern in the sit’s buffer zone.
Implementation of Committee decisions and recommendations
Two dam projects in Panama, currently in various stages of operation and construction (CHAN75 and Bonyic), were continued in spite of Decision 34 COM 7B.32 of the World Heritage Committee that requested halting dam construction until a SEA had been completed (UNESCO, 2013).
Recently, the plans for a new dam (Changuinola II) have been canceled, lowering somewhat the level of threats to the site. Other recent World Heritage Committee decisions since 2016 have been followed up on (both in terms of actions (surveys, binational meetings) and reporting), even though there are still ongoing concerns about possible future plans for further hydropower development.
Recently, the plans for a new dam (Changuinola II) have been canceled, lowering somewhat the level of threats to the site. Other recent World Heritage Committee decisions since 2016 have been followed up on (both in terms of actions (surveys, binational meetings) and reporting), even though there are still ongoing concerns about possible future plans for further hydropower development.
Sustainable use
Some concerns have been expressed with regards to illegal use of natural resources, including illegal logging and hunting (IUCN, 2016). However, detailed information is not available.
Sustainable finance
Many national and international sources have been tapped for management and research activities, but data on the degree of sustainable finance that is available for the management of the priority is deficient.
Staff capacity, training, and development
In Costa Rica the seven protected areas of which the site is composed have a total of 39 rangers. Most protected areas have good installations and frequent patrolling activities by park rangers (Quesada-Román and Pérez-Umaña, 2020a). In Panama, the site has 12 staff members, including the headquarters for the Pacific and the Caribbean areas and four field staff. This amount has remained stable during the last decade. In addition, a total of 12 rangers are provided by the companies that own the two hydropower dams, which are formally appointed to the Palo Seco Forest Reserve adjacent to the property (IUCN, 2013). The number of park rangers and patrolling squads is too low to properly protect and monitor the site (IUCN Consultation, 2020).
Education and interpretation programs
Environmental education programs are carried out in each jurisdiction through collaboration with community-based organizations (States Parties of Costa Rica and Panama, 2012).
Tourism and visitation management
With the exception of small areas within the Chirripó park (Costa Rica) and the Boquete area (Panamá), visitation to the site is relatively small. Ecotourism projects have been undertaken with local communities (UNEP-WCMC, 2011). Sustainable tourism plans have been developed for the parks in both countries (States Parties of Costa Rica and Panama, 2019).
Monitoring
Several monitoring programme exist; however, detailed information with regards to their effectiveness in monitoring the state of conservation of the site's Outstanding Universal Value is not available.
Research
Several research projects have been undertaken in the site, but data on long-term plans for research is deficient.
There has been a strong opposition from local people to the dam development in the Panamanian part of the site. The World Heritage Committee has repeatedly expressed its concern over the different hydropower development projects in Panama and the absence of a Strategic Environmental Assessment for the entire World Heritage site. While progress has been made with the development of such an SEA, it is still pending. As for the management of the site itself, legal protection and management of the component protected areas in both countries is adequate but the number of park rangers and patrolling squads is too low to properly protect and monitor the site. Information on research and monitoring activities is lacking.
Assessment of the effectiveness of protection and management in addressing threats outside the site
Some Concern
Administrative capacity has not increased and protected areas in both countries forming this World Heritage site are understaffed (States Parties of Costa Rica and Panama, 2019). Therefore, there are increasing challenges to adequately address the many threats facing this large and complex site.
Assessment of the current state and trend of World Heritage values
High Concern
Trend
Stable
Taken as a whole, there is high concern for the site’s World Heritage Values. There is considerable danger related to the discontinuity of river systems caused by dam construction. This will have affected dramatically the species and processes in the dammed rivers. The high concern and deteriorating situation for ecological processes, biodiversity, and threatened species is offset by lesser levels of concern with respect to natural beauty and geological features. The longer-term impact of the existing dams needs to continue being monitored.
Additional information
Outdoor recreation and tourism
While current levels of visitation to the site are relatively low, their importance is increasing, especially as an additional source of income for local communities.
Access to drinking water
The site is protectes areas that are an important water source.
At present, conservation and watershed protection are the most significant benefits of the site, though in the future tourism and recreation could become significant sources of income for local communities.
| № | Organization | Brief description of Active Projects | Website |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ICOMVIS - Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica | Since 2009 Barbilla National Park has been conducting studies of terrestrial mammals using camera traps. | |
| 2 | UNDP - Costa Rica | Productive Landscapes Project (Proyecto Paisajes Productivos). The project focuses on local organizations (women, producers, local development, etc.) that are located near the park's boundaries to improve the forest cover of their lands in exchange for little "grants" that are used to improve their production (mainly coffee, cattle and crops). The Project is not undertaken directly in the World Heritage Site, but it focuses on its buffer zone to reduce pressures on the site. |
http://www.paisajesproductivos.org/
https://www.facebook.com/ProyectoPaisajesProductivosCR/
|
References
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