Garajonay National Park
Country
Spain
Inscribed in
1986
Criteria
(vii)
(ix)
The conservation outlook for this site has been assessed as "significant concern" in the latest assessment cycle. Explore the Conservation Outlook Assessment for the site below. You have the option to access the summary, or the detailed assessment.
Laurel forest covers some 70% of this park, situated in the middle of the island of La Gomera in the Canary Islands archipelago. The presence of springs and numerous streams assures a lush vegetation resembling that of the Tertiary, which, due to climatic changes, has largely disappeared from southern Europe. © UNESCO
Summary
2020 Conservation Outlook
Finalised on
25 Jan 2023
Significant concern
Current state and trend of VALUES
High Concern
Trend
Improving
Overall THREATS
Overall PROTECTION and MANAGEMENT
Full assessment
Finalised on
25 Jan 2023
Description of values
Exceptional remnants of a rare and exceptionally beautiful forest type
Criterion
(vii)
Garajonay National Park was set up to conserve the largest continuous area of Canary Island laurel forest, a rare relic forest type that has almost disappeared and is today mostly restricted to small fragments. Unlike remnants elsewhere in Canary Islands, Garajonay contains unique stands of old trees such as Persea and Laurus (Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente, 2014). Some 90% of the park is covered by Laurisiliva, transitioning into ridge-top cloud forest in higher altitudes (Garcia-Santos et al. 2004, Garcia-Santos and Bruijnzeel 2011). The beauty and particular atmosphere of the lush and almost permanently misty forests are stunning.
Laurel forest with very high degree of floral and faunal endemism
Criterion
(ix)
The most important feature of the site is the Laurisilva canaria, laurel dominated Laurel forest in the bottom valleys and slopes and mixed heath/beech dominated ridge-top forest (Garcia-Santos 2012) characterized by high presence of floor and trunk mosses and liverworts (Gonzalez-Mancebo et al. 2004; Fernández et al. 2004), which occupies about 90% of the park (WHC website, retrieved 21.03.2014). The site boasts a very high degree of floral endemism. Among the recorded 1991 species of flora, 49 are endemic to La Gomera island, 113 are endemic to Canary Islands and 68 to Macaronesia (Parque nacional de Garajonay, 2018). The fauna likewise shows a high degree of endemism, with 183 species endemic to La Gomera, 343 endemic to the Canary islands and 58 to Macaronesia (Parque nacional de Garajonay, 2018). This holds true in particular for invertebrates. Laurel forest in La Gomera is found between 600 and 1300 m a.s.l. growing on the humid northern slopes, or slopes covered by clouds. The most common trees are Lauraceae species (Apollonias barbujana, Laurus novocanariensis, Ocotea foetens, and Persea indica) with Ilex canariensis, Ilex perado, Picconia excelsa, Rhamnus glandulosa and Viburnum rigidum (del Arco et al. 2006). The Morella-Erica heath (Morella faya and Erica arborea) is intermixed in natural areas with laurel forest and are dominant over 1300 m, specially in southern slopes.
Assessment information
Current threats such as climate change, invasive species and increased wildfires represent the largest threats to the values of the park. Garajonay National Park is a very humid forest that rarely experiences wildfires, these occur under extremely warm and dry weather. The wildfire of 2012 highlighted the vulnerability of the park to sever fires and invasive species. Given the small size of the park the threat of wildfires climate change and invasive species strongly affecting the conservation values is high.
Livestock Farming / Grazing
(Livestock grazing)
Inside site
, Scattered(5-15%)
Outside site
In combination with fire and invasive plants, grazing by feral sheep, goats and the recent (illegally) introduced mouflon in La Gomera, badly impact in the native flora, especially endangered flora, for which grazing is the most important threat.
This problem began in the 1990s on the island, and was only put under control within the National Park, while the number of feral herbivores increased dramatically outside the Park. Only since the beginning of 2020 large scale control actions began on the island (IUCN Consultation, 2020).
This problem began in the 1990s on the island, and was only put under control within the National Park, while the number of feral herbivores increased dramatically outside the Park. Only since the beginning of 2020 large scale control actions began on the island (IUCN Consultation, 2020).
Fire/ Fire Suppression
(Forest fires)
Inside site
, Widespread(15-50%)
Outside site
Intentional and accidental anthropogenic fires are common (IUCN, 1986; UNEP/WCMC, 2011). A major fire in 2012, started by arson, raged for weeks during exceptionally hot, dry and windy conditions destroying 742 ha of the National Park (i.e. 18.76% of the site) (Fernández et al. 2012; State Party Report, 2013; Garajonay Vive, 2016), impacting ancient laurisilva forests and many populations of endangered species as well as affecting highly valuable soils in terms of carbon sequestration and water provision, thus severely impacting the hydrological cycle of the forests (del Pino et al. 2015).
Although the ecological restoration project "Garajonay Vive" has reduced the impacts of the wildfire, natural regeneration is very slow, and in some areas will not be attained soon.
Although the ecological restoration project "Garajonay Vive" has reduced the impacts of the wildfire, natural regeneration is very slow, and in some areas will not be attained soon.
Tourism/ visitors/ recreation
(Indirect impacts of tourism)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Outside site
Although the number of tourists has been steadily increasing during the last years, reaching over 1,000,000per year, this is not considered problematic at the moment. However if visitation continues to increase, it has the potential to be harmful. Examples are the increased pressure of cars for parking, and increasing risk of accidental fires (Cabildo Insular de La Gomera, 2017). In Laguna Grande, the visitor center and the road in between, day tour guided excursions often create congestion. Mountain biking is also beginning to result in impacts along some trails.
Invasive Non-Native/ Alien Species
(Invasive species)
Inside site
, Scattered(5-15%)
Outside site
Alien invasive species, such as rats, rabbits and parrots, as well as feral dogs and cats compete with and prey on native species. Their impact has been increasing over time in the island. Feral goats and sheep populations’ amount to 6000 individuals in La Gomera, their impact represents the main threat to the conservation of native insular flora, particularly for a large group of endangered species (IUCN Consultation, 2017).
Alien flora spreads especially in open areas, although some of them can spread under the shaded environments of well preserved forests. The number of invasive species currently is 17. The most problematic are Tradescantia fluminensis and Ageratina riparia in forests, and Opuntia maxima in some spots of open habitats (Gesplan, n.d).
Before the National Park creation, commercial forest plantations covered 13% of the site. This plantations were created with some introduced species (Eucalyptus and Monterey Pine) and another pine species endemic to the archipelago; while they are not alien species they have been planted beyond their natural range at the detriment of native vegetation within and outside the site (IUCN, 1986; UNEP/WCMC, 2011). Most of these plantations were removed and restored with native forest by the national park.
Furthermore, after the wildfire of 2012 there was a partial spread of some species, including Acacia cyanophylla over 15 ha of the burned area (Life Garajonay Vive, 2016). This invasive species is put under control after its detection, but its seeds are still present and some seedlings still arise.
Alien flora spreads especially in open areas, although some of them can spread under the shaded environments of well preserved forests. The number of invasive species currently is 17. The most problematic are Tradescantia fluminensis and Ageratina riparia in forests, and Opuntia maxima in some spots of open habitats (Gesplan, n.d).
Before the National Park creation, commercial forest plantations covered 13% of the site. This plantations were created with some introduced species (Eucalyptus and Monterey Pine) and another pine species endemic to the archipelago; while they are not alien species they have been planted beyond their natural range at the detriment of native vegetation within and outside the site (IUCN, 1986; UNEP/WCMC, 2011). Most of these plantations were removed and restored with native forest by the national park.
Furthermore, after the wildfire of 2012 there was a partial spread of some species, including Acacia cyanophylla over 15 ha of the burned area (Life Garajonay Vive, 2016). This invasive species is put under control after its detection, but its seeds are still present and some seedlings still arise.
Habitat Shifting/ Alteration, Droughts
(Severe and prolonged droughts, habitat shifting due to climate change)
Inside site
, Throughout(>50%)
Outside site
A dye back of the forest has been observed in areas of lower altitude on the northern slopes which amount to over 10% of the park. Suggesting that the reduction of precipitation, increase in temperature minimum and extremes and the increase frequency of entry of warm and dry air masses from the Sahara, experienced in the last years as a consequence of climate change, are negatively impacting the values of the site (IUCN Consultation, 2017). The losses of laurel forest and related species has been monitored, and the trends seem negative both around and inside the Park (IUCN Consultation, 2020).
The combination of increased vulnerability and expected climate change could potentially have profound impacts on the conservation values as defined today. Part of the laurel forests of the site is already showing evidence of decline, which may be related to several natural factors, including climate change.
Temperature extremes
(Increased vulnerability to climate change)
Inside site
, Throughout(>50%)
Outside site
The laurel forest creates its own, very particular microclimate, which differs sharply from the surroundings. Laurel forest habitat very much depends on particular climatic and orographic conditions. Reduced forest cover and degradation increases the vulnerability to floods and droughts. Major disturbance, such as the 2012 fire event, not only directly affects the forests but increases future vulnerability. Several climatic models on the Canary Islands (e.g. Sperling et al, 2004 and Martin et al 2013) suggest changes in intensity and distribution of the 'monteverde' forest belt due to mainly changes in the cloud belt. Part of the laurel forests of the site is showing evidence of decline, which may be related to several natural factors, including climate change (Agresta, 2017). In some places forest deterioration has already been quite significant. All species requiring shade and humidity are receding in favor of more heliophilic species and invasive species (IUCN Consultation, 2020).
Fire/ Fire Suppression
(Increase in fire recurrence)
Inside site
, Widespread(15-50%)
Outside site
The recurrence of fires has increased considerably due to human activity, affecting even forests where traditionally fire is uncommon. A recent study on forest degradation caused by reoccurring fires between 1960 and 2012 in the Garajonay National Park showed that structural complexity and composition in the burned areas have barely reached 40% and 35%, respectively, when compared with unburned areas. The ecosystem require a long recovery time to a pre-fire state, where the young forest structure has a wider climatic range throughout the day and may be more impacted by global warming and more prone to subsequent fire events (Bello‐Rodríguez et al., 2019).
Major fire events are both a reality and a threat. The relatively small Laurel forest is vulnerable to current and future fire events, as the vulnerability of the forest has increased due to past and current use, as well as alien invasive species and climate change. Increasing tourism likewise increases the risk of fire. Moreover, the continuous increase in temperatures and more pronounced droughts, as well as the expected change of the altitude of the cloud formation - factors related to climate change- are significant threats likely to further increase the vulnerability of the site.
Management system
In 1986 the Real Decreto 1531/1986 approved the Master Plan for Use and Management of the Garajonay National Park. Since then the Garajonay National Park started the preparation of a new Master Plan in two occasions, in 2004 and in 2012. The work of evaluating the results achieved, meeting Plan objectives, analysing real threats and potential, etc., which was done in two occasions, as well as the elaboration of various sectorial plans has allowed Park managers to establish during these 30 years management guidelines adapting to the particular circumstances of their time, even though these guidelines have not been finally submitted for the corresponding parliamentary approval process (Parque Nacional de Garajonay, 2017). In recent years Park managers have increased the number of informative offer for the local community, trying to achieve a cross-sectorial Park protection and management (LIFE Garajonay Vive, 2016).
Effectiveness of management system
Since the massive wildfire of 2012 (which burned over 3000 ha, partly inside and mostly outside the site, affecting adjacent protected areas) efforts have been made to improve control and management of the park. Different programs are now set in place to prevent wildfires involving coordination and cooperation across sectors and land-use designations on the entire island. The efforts within the Park had been based on several studies and reports included in the references, e.g. SEO Birdlife (2016).
Boundaries
Since the establishment of the National Park there has been debates on the need to increase its area. The benefits that the site would get from expanding its area and its buffer zone are significant (UNEP/WCMC, 2011; IUCN, 1986; World Heritage Committee, 1986).
The proposed expansion of the National Park towards Majona, Dehesa del Manco, Teselinde, etc. would allow the inclusion of areas of great ecological, geological and landscape value, with several types of laurisilva not represented in the site plus several outstanding natural monuments (Fernández, 2019).
Moreover, the proposed expansion would result in a total area of 5490 ha, which would be in compliance with the minimum area for an island national park according to the Spanish law (Ley 30/214 de Parques Nacionales, art. 6-c).
The proposed expansion of the National Park towards Majona, Dehesa del Manco, Teselinde, etc. would allow the inclusion of areas of great ecological, geological and landscape value, with several types of laurisilva not represented in the site plus several outstanding natural monuments (Fernández, 2019).
Moreover, the proposed expansion would result in a total area of 5490 ha, which would be in compliance with the minimum area for an island national park according to the Spanish law (Ley 30/214 de Parques Nacionales, art. 6-c).
Integration into regional and national planning systems
As a substantial portion of the island (exceeding 10 % of the terrestrial surface), Garajonay National Park should be fully considered in the overall planning of the island as an indispensable water provider, source of identity and a major touristic resource. The establishment of the La Gomera Biosphere Reserve in 2012 could have had a positive effect, but has not produced significant results yet. The Sustainable Tourism Chart of La Gomera island, adopted in 2015, fully integrates the National Park assets and limitations in its Strategic Plan of Sustainable Tourism 2018-22.
Relationships with local people
Garajonay is one of the main tourist attractions on the island, and tourism is the main economic activity. Moreover, the Park produces most of the water and is an important source of jobs for conservation works. Despite sporadic disagreements, collaboration with local people in fire prevention and conservation has increased successfully in the last years, and local communities are increasingly involved in conservation through voluntary programs. In addition, Park managers developed initiatives to increase involvement of local communities and business in conservation, e.g. LIFE Garajonay Vive (2016).
Legal framework
There is a strong and longstanding legal protection framework, which culminated in the establishment of the national park in 1981. A major legal change occurred in 2010 when the exclusive management authority was transferred to the autonomous community of the Canary Islands (Comunidad Autónoma de Canarias), implementing legislation introduced in 2009 (Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente, 2014; UNEP/WCMC, 2011).
Law enforcement
The number of infractions in the site is relatively low, in relation with other Spanish National Parks. The main problematic behaviors are parking issues, illegal camping, and biking or hiking in restricted areas. Law enforcement is adequate in general. The main weakness is related to the existing regional procedures for sanctioning, which are cumbersome and with low effectivity. Moreover, when the offenders are tourists from foreign countries, which is common, it becomes extremely difficult to fine them.
Implementation of Committee decisions and recommendations
The inscription decision encouraged "initiatives to extend the boundaries of the park" (World Heritage Committee, 1986), drawing upon the IUCN evaluation (IUCN, 1986). The suggestion has repeatedly been taken up but so far has not been followed up upon because of the difficulties due to private ownership prevalence in the areas affected (UNEP/WCMC, 2011, UNESCO, 2006). Given the type and severity of existing threats, the lack of progresse with the extension of the boundaries of the National Park is a matter of concern.
Sustainable use
Nature-based tourism, if defined as sustainable use, is a major and increasingly important factor in the island economy with Garajonay National Park being a major resource (AIDER/Parques Nacionales, n.d.). In 2015 public and private stakeholders of La Gomera island adopted the European Charter of Sustainable Tourism and a strategic plan.
Sustainable finance
During the last years an annual budged of over 2.5 million Euros was provided for the Park activities, which has allowed to fund the necessary actions of conservation management, monitoring and research. Since devolution from the Spanish National Park Service in 2009, funding comes from the General Directorate of Nature Protection of the Canary Islands regional government, whith small additions from grants (IUCN Consultation, 2020).
Staff capacity, training, and development
During the past few years, the staff of the Park included: director and deputy director, 8 staff devoted to interpreation and public use, 50 staff working in resource management, 3 in monitoring and 3 in maintenace, plus 3 administrative staff members and 5 rangers (Parque Nacional de Garajonay, Memoria de Actuación, 2018). There is an adequate coordination and cooperation with other institutions in charge of land use in the surroundings and as regards monitoring of and responses to fire (UNEP/WCMC, 2011).
Education and interpretation programs
There have been significant efforts to increment locals’ awareness of issues concerning the Park during the last years. However, there is a part of the local population that does not have a clear conscience of the nature of the problems of wildfires. Negative attitudes or rejection towards the management of the Park and its Peripheral Zone are often caused by insufficient information. Hence, it is necessary to increase the efforts of coherent and coordinated communication with different actors (LIFE Garajonay Vive, 2016), which is partly done by means of the strategy developed by the European Charter for Sustainable Tourism of La Gomera, promoted by the National Park.
Tourism and visitation management
In 2013, Garajonay National Park received over 800.000 visitors, and since then visitation has been increasing steadily, reaching over 1.000,000 visitors in 2018 (Parque Nacional de Garajonay, Memoria Anual 2018). A strategy for sustainable tourism has been developed since the park's creation, including a good network of trails; however, it has suffered from a progressive reduction in financing over the past years ( IUCN Consultation, 2017). In 2014, the Park promoted the European Charter for Sustainable Tourism for the entire island, a concerted effort to foster the cooperation of public and private sectors towards sustainability, which was first adopted until 2017 and next renewed until 2022.
Monitoring
The IUCN evaluation encouraged the consolidation of monitoring (IUCN, 1986). The suggestion was taken up by the World Heritage Committee in the inscription decision (World Heritage Committee, 1986). Since the inscription monitoring efforts have been implemented and a first assessment with remote sensing of the status of the site is already available (LIFE Garajonay Vive, 2016).
Research
Since the inscription important research has been carried out across a wide range of fields, including archaeology, ecology, hydrology, geology, biology (Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente, 2014). Applied research promoted by the Park has been devoted to the main threats, such as invasive species, and main impacts from the 2012 fires, e.g. Hernández-Hernández et al (2017), Yanes (2020), as well as public use, including visitor's management, sustainable transportation, etc.
The legal protection status and overall level of management and funding are adequate. However, the actual area of the Park is below the legal requirements for island national parks in Spain; hence strategic additions of +1000 ha to reach 5000 ha would add significant conservation value and facilitate coherent management.
It has also become clear that conventional park management, no matter how effective be inside the boundaries, can not avoid catastrophic events such as the major 2012 fires, suggesting a permanent need to ensure full coordination and cooperation at the level of the entire island of La Gomera. Different programs are now set in place to prevent wildfires involving coordination and cooperation across sectors and land-use designations on the entire island.
It has also become clear that conventional park management, no matter how effective be inside the boundaries, can not avoid catastrophic events such as the major 2012 fires, suggesting a permanent need to ensure full coordination and cooperation at the level of the entire island of La Gomera. Different programs are now set in place to prevent wildfires involving coordination and cooperation across sectors and land-use designations on the entire island.
Assessment of the effectiveness of protection and management in addressing threats outside the site
Some Concern
The recent history of Garajonay National Park is a telling example of situations where site management is adequate, well funded and supported by committed staff, but still fails to prevent and adequately respond to catastrophic events. The response to the raging fires was beyond the scope of park management and possible future events of similar nature are unlikely to differ in this regard, stressing the need for risk preparedness across institutions at the level of the entire island of La Gomera.
The conflict around forest fires is being tackled from several fronts, (1) by means of environmental education of the population and visitors, (2) by means of prevention through the selective management of vegetation at strategic points (avoiding accumulation of combustible materials) and (3) with an extinction service made up of wardens and reserves as well as material resources (fire-fighting trucks) (MAPAMA, 2017).
The conflict around forest fires is being tackled from several fronts, (1) by means of environmental education of the population and visitors, (2) by means of prevention through the selective management of vegetation at strategic points (avoiding accumulation of combustible materials) and (3) with an extinction service made up of wardens and reserves as well as material resources (fire-fighting trucks) (MAPAMA, 2017).
Best practice examples
(i) Recovery of a high number of endangered or threatened flora species.
(ii) Control actions of invasive flora species.
(iii) Ecological monitoring program applicable to management, e.g. burned forest areas, control on invasive species and recovery of threatened and endangered species.
(ii) Control actions of invasive flora species.
(iii) Ecological monitoring program applicable to management, e.g. burned forest areas, control on invasive species and recovery of threatened and endangered species.
Assessment of the current state and trend of World Heritage values
High Concern
Trend
Improving
The Garajonay National Park, inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1986, has adequate legal protection and management in place, and adequate funds and resources for present management, including effective responses to risks stemming from alien invasive species and fires. In cooperation with other relevant institutions and civil society, there is good potential for maintenance and recovery of the World Heritage values.
The part of the site impacted by the catastrophic fire event of 2012 has been recovering after several years of restoration activities. About 500 ha (67%) of the burned areas had been restored during the last three decades before the fires, eliminating pine plantations and recovering the original vegetation, hence relatively young fayal-heaths predominated in that area, which had a lower ecological value than the rest of the existing forests in the Park (Yanes, 2020).
The biggest uncertainty for future trends is the extent of the impacts of climate change on laurel forest decay rate, expansion of fire-prone species, and habitat shifting.
The part of the site impacted by the catastrophic fire event of 2012 has been recovering after several years of restoration activities. About 500 ha (67%) of the burned areas had been restored during the last three decades before the fires, eliminating pine plantations and recovering the original vegetation, hence relatively young fayal-heaths predominated in that area, which had a lower ecological value than the rest of the existing forests in the Park (Yanes, 2020).
The biggest uncertainty for future trends is the extent of the impacts of climate change on laurel forest decay rate, expansion of fire-prone species, and habitat shifting.
Additional information
Water provision (importance for water quantity and quality)
The laurisilva intercepts water in the form of mist and rainfall and creates its own microclimate. The cloud forest enables the water recharge of acquirers, springs and creeks of vital importance for the entire island of La Gomera. This major environmental service that has long been recognized and is an important basis for the longstanding conservation efforts.
Soil stabilisation
The rugged terrain is prone to erosion and floods, in particular during the episodic events of heavy precipitation.
Importance for research
As a rare relic forest Garajonay permits unique insights into a fascinating ecosystem shaped by its island location. Garajonay National Park is of major scientific importance, including but not limited to research on the evolution of endemism in island ecosystems and the ecology of a rare relic forest ecosystem and paleoecology (UNEP/WCMC, 2011, IUCN, 1986, State Party, 1986).
History and tradition
Certain areas within the World Heritage site continue to be used for traditional pilgrimages (UNEP-WCMC, 2011).
Tourism-related income
The island's economy is highly dependent on tourism, with the World Heritage site being an important resource.
The site has a fundamental role in the climate of the island and water provision of the island, both in terms of quantity and quality. The island's economy is largely dependent on tourism and the property is an increasingly key resource in this regard. The scientific importance of the site is noteworthy given that it is the main remnant of a rare forest type. Last but not least, the site protects areas that continue to attract locally highly important pilgrimages.
| № | Organization | Brief description of Active Projects | Website |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | LIFE Project "Garajonay vive" | An integrative project that seeks to address fire hazards to prevent future ecological catastrophes, to evaluate the environmental damage of the fire, and to test and apply ecological restoration techniques adapted to the particular conditions of the Garajonay National Park and its surroundings |
References
| № | References |
|---|---|
| 1 |
38COM.Garajonay.SPreport.
|
| 2 |
AIDER (Asociación Insular de Desarrollo Rural La Gomera)/Parques Nacionales. N d. Carta Europea de Turismo Sostenible en la Gomera. Parque Nacional de Garajonay. Volumen I: Diagnóstico. See also www.turismososteniblelagomera.com
|
| 3 |
Agresta Coop. (2017) Evaluación de la vitalidad de los bosques de laurisilva en el Parque Nacional de Garajonay. 41 pages. Unpublished report.
|
| 4 |
Angel B. Fernandez coord. ( 2009): Parque Nacional de Garajonay, Patrimonio Mundial. O. A. Parques Nacionales.
|
| 5 |
Anonymous. N.d. Naturalización y Restauración de la Laurisilva en el PN de Garajonay. Powerpoint presentation.
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| 6 |
Bello‐Rodríguez, V., Gómez, L.A., Fernández López, Á., Del‐Arco‐Aguilar, M.J., Hernández‐Hernández, R., Emerson, B. and González‐Mancebo, J.M. (2019). Short‐and long‐term effects of fire in subtropical cloud forests on an oceanic island. Land Degradation & Development, 30(4), pp.448-458.
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| 7 |
Cabildo Insular de La Gomera (2017). https://www.lagomera.es/comienza-pavimentado-la-gm-2/ Accessed on October 4th 2017.
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| 8 |
Council of Europe, 2011.Bern Convention Group of Experts on Invasive Alien Species. In Convention on the conservation of European wildfire and natural habitats. Strasbourg, 13 May 2011.
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| 9 |
Del Pino, J.N., Arbelo Rodriguez, C.D., Rodriguez Rodriguez, A., Fernandez Lopez A. and Gomez Gonzalez, L.A. (2015). Burned soils at La Gomera wildfire: a preliminary GIS analysis. FLAMMA, 6 (2), 95-97, 2015.
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| 10 |
Fernández, A.B & Moreno, J.M. (2004) Parque Nacional de Garajonay. La selva de Canarias. Turquesa Ediciones, Santa Cruz de Tenerife. 247 pp.
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| 11 |
Fernández, A.B. (2019) Informe preliminar de propuesta de ampliación del Parque Nacional de Garajonay. Unpublished report of Parque Nacional de Garajonay.
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| 12 |
Fernández-Palacios, J.M., de Nascimento, L., Otto, R., Delgado, J.D., García- del-Rey, E., Arévalo, J.R. & Whittaker, R.J. (2011) A reconstruction of Pal- aeo-Macaronesia, with particular reference to the long-term biogeography of the Atlantic island laurel forests. Journal of Biogeography, 38, 226–246.
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| 13 |
García-Santos, G., Bruijnzeel, L.A.. 2011. Water inputs dynamics in a subtropical ridge top cloud forest, National Park of Garajonay (La Gomera, Canary Islands, Spain). Hydrological Processes 25 (03), 411-417
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| 14 |
Geplan (sin fecha) Plan de erradicación de especies invasoras del Parque Nacional de Garajonay. Gobierno de Canarias y Parque Nacional. 93 pages. Unpublished report.
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| 15 |
Gobierno de España. Ley 30/2014, de 3 de diciembre, de Parques Nacionales. BOE-A-2014-12588.
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| 16 |
Gonzalez-Mancebo, J.-M., Losada-Lima, A., Patino-Llorente, J. 2004. Forest floor bryophytes of Laurel Forest in La Gomera (Canary islands): life strategies and influence of tree species. Linbergia 29. 5- 16. Lund.
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| 17 |
Guimarães A. & Olmeda C. 2008. Management of Natura 2000 habitat. 9360 *Macaronesian laurel forests(Laurus, Ocotea). European Commission
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| 18 |
Hernández-Hernández, R., Castro, J., Del Arco Aguilar, M. Fernández-López, A.B., González-Mancebo, J.M. (2017) Post-Fire Salvage Logging Imposes a New Disturbance that Retards Succession: The Case of Bryophyte Communities in a Macaronesian Laurel Forest. Forests 2017, 8 (7), 252
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| 19 |
IUCN (2017). World Heritage Consultation Form: Garajonay National Park.
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| 20 |
IUCN. 1986. World Heritage Nominations. Evaluation of Garajonay National Park, Spain. Gland, Switzerland.
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| 21 |
Ministerio de Agricultura y Pesca, Alimentación y Medioambiente (MAPAMA). http://www.mapama.gob.es/en/red-parques-nacionales/nuestros… . Accessed on October 4th 2017.
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| 22 |
Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente. 2014. Red de Parques Nacionales. Garajonay. www.magrama.gob.es/es/red-parques-nacionales/nuestros-parqu…. Accessed 19 January 2014.
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| 23 |
Nogue, S., de Nascimento, L., Fernandez-Palacios, J.M., Whittaker, R.J. and Willis, K.J. (2013). The ancient forests of La Gomera, Canary Islands, and their sensitivity to environmental change. Journal of Ecology, 101, 368 – 377.
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| 24 |
Nogué, S; de Nascimento, L; Fernández-Palacios, J.M; Whittaker, R.J. & Wills, K.J. (2013) The ancient relict forests of La Gomera, Canary Islands, and their sensitivity to environmental climate change. Journal of Ecology, 101, 368–377.
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| 25 |
Oficina Técnica de la CETS (2017) Carta Europea de Turismo Sostenible. Parque Nacional de Garajonay e Isla de La Gomera. Plan Estratégico de Turismo Sostenible 2018-2022.
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| 26 |
Parque Nacional de Garajonay (2016). Plan de restauración de las zonas quemadas en el gran incendio de 2012 de Garajonay (ZEC ES0000044). 192 pp.
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| 27 |
Parque Nacional de Garajonay. Memorias Anuales 2016, 2017 y 2018.
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| 28 |
Proyecto LIFE+ Garajonay Vive. Resumen de las actuaciones realizadas: noviembre 2014 – noviembre 2016 (2016). (LIFE13 NAT/ES/000240)
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