Morne Trois Pitons National Park
Country
Dominica
Inscribed in
1997
Criteria
(viii)
(x)
The conservation outlook for this site has been assessed as "good with some concerns" in the latest assessment cycle. Explore the Conservation Outlook Assessment for the site below. You have the option to access the summary, or the detailed assessment.
Luxuriant natural tropical forest blends with scenic volcanic features of great scientific interest in this national park centred on the 1,342-m-high volcano known as Morne Trois Pitons. With its precipitous slopes and deeply incised valleys, 50 fumaroles, hot springs, three freshwater lakes, a 'boiling lake' and five volcanoes, located on the park's nearly 7,000 ha, together with the richest biodiversity in the Lesser Antilles, Morne Trois Pitons National Park presents a rare combination of natural features of World Heritage value. © UNESCO
Summary
2020 Conservation Outlook
Finalised on
03 Dec 2020
Good with some concerns
Current state and trend of VALUES
Low Concern
Trend
Deteriorating
Overall THREATS
Overall PROTECTION and MANAGEMENT
Full assessment
Finalised on
03 Dec 2020
Description of values
Scenic volcanic features of great scientific interest
Criterion
(viii)
The distinctive geology and landforms of Morne Trois Pitons National Park are comprised of three major types of geological formations: volcanic piles, glacis slopes and soufrieres. The site displays a magnificent spectrum of volcanic activity in the form of streams of various colors interspersed with fumaroles, mud ponds and hot springs, including the massive Boiling Lake. Ongoing geo-morphological processes of reduction are taking place in a largely undisturbed setting of stunning scenic value and are of major scientific interest (World Heritage Committee, 2017). Key features include 50 fumaroles, hot springs, sulphur vents, mudpots, three freshwater lakes, a 'boiling lake' (the second largest of its kind in the world) and five volcanoes.
Rich biodiversity with endemic plant and animal species
Criterion
(x)
Morne Trois Pitons National Park is home to one of the very rare largely intact forest areas remaining in the Insular Caribbean, a region recognized through various priority-setting exercises as a highly threatened biodiversity region and center of endemism of global importance. Along extreme altitudinal and micro-climatic gradients an impressive variety of forest types has evolved featuring a highly diverse flora with many endemic vascular plant species. There are also endemic reptiles and amphibians and a noteworthy number of bird species, including the Imperial Parrot and the vulnerable Red-Necked Parrot, which are endemic to Dominica (World Heritage Committee, 2017).
Assessment information
While current threats from shifting agriculture and commercial activities impact relatively small areas of the site, severe weather events, such as hurricanes, have major impacts on the Park’s flora and fauna. The impacts to the values of the site of the 2017 hurricane which passed through the site are currently unknown, as accessing the site or information to this end has proved challenging. Nonetheless, the event serves as a reminder of the high level of threat posed by hurricanes to the site, especially should such events become more frequent and/or sever in the future due to climate change.
Mining/ Quarrying
(Quarrying near the site’s boundary)
Outside site
Quarrying near the Park boundary is contributing sediments to the Emerald Pool, one of Dominica’s premiere tourism destinations (Edwards, 2011a;b; TNC, n.d.).
Logging/ Wood Harvesting
(Clearing of vegetation for plantations)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Outside site
Trees are felled in small areas for agriculture and to plant bay trees, used in the production of bay rum, a scent used in perfume manufacture. (Edwards, 2011a;b; TNC, n.d.)
Storms/Flooding
(Extreme weather events)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
Dominica lies in the path of the Eastern Caribbean hurricane belt and as a result is vulnerable to hurricanes and tropical storms. Since 1979, ten tropical storms have impacted the island, and two of them (David, 1979, Erika, 2015) have caused significant damages to the forest resources, by impacting feeding grounds, nesting sites and roosting areas. In addition, climate change is beginning to impact the Park with higher temperatures, greater intensity of droughts in the dry season and increased severity of tropical storms and hurricanes in the wet season. (BirdLife, 2012; Edwards, 2011a;b)
Crops
(Agricultural encroachment)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Outside site
Shifting agriculture is practised in isolated areas of the Park. This involves the clearing of trees and other vegetation that can lead to erosion, silting of waterways and disturbance of wildlife. Some of these areas were cultivated prior to Park establishment (Edwards, 2011a;b). According to the technical report updated design of buffer zones for the Morne Trois Pitons National Park World Heritage Site (Edwards, 2018a;b), the most important socio economic activity in its buffer zone and in some cases, within the boundary of the Parks is for subsistence and a smaller percentage illegal (such as planting of Cannabis sativa). This could affect the integrity of the Park because as a vehicle for increasing erosion and inadvertently introducing invasive and/ or exotic species into forest environment
Tourism/ visitors/ recreation
(Tourism)
Inside site
, Scattered(5-15%)
Outside site
Despite a significant decrease between 2000 and 2009, there is high level of visitors in some specific places (Emerald Pool received 63558 visitors in 2009) that could have effect on species with low tolerance to human disturbance (UNESCO and IUCN, 2017). Tourism has had minor impacts on the site because of the construction of infrastructure, such as roads, trails, and car parks; wildlife disturbance, and increased fire risk (Edwards, 2011a;b; TNC, n.d.).
Dams/ Water Management or Use
(Hydropower generation)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Outside site
At the time of its inscription, the MTPNP had been affected by hydropower infrastructures and transmission lines near Freshwater lake (through the central area), that feed the hydroelectric power station at Laudat and Trafalgar sites (DOMLEC powerplant). Construction of a hydropower dam and diversion of water courses have impacted the flow of streams coming out of the Park and contributed to habitat loss and fragmentation, landslides, and soil erosion through road and power line construction. Erosion along roads increases siltation of water courses. (Edwards, 2011a;b; TNC, n.d., UNESCO and IUCN, 2017).
Storms/Flooding
(Hurricanes, including impacts of the 2017 Hurricane Maria)
Inside site
, Throughout(>50%)
Outside site
The impacts of Hurricane Maria, which passed through the site in 2017 remain largely unknown due to the difficulty in accessing the site since the event took place, but for preliminary information that around 80% of the forest eecosystems which consititute the site's Outstanding Univeral Value have been impacted (State Party of Dominica, 2019). Nonetheless, the hurricane is likely to have had numerous impacts on both the geological and biodiversity-related values of the site. This threat consititutes a high threat, especially should such events become more frequent and/or sever in the future due to meteorological shifts in the region due to climate change.
Potential threats range from the very high threats of climate change, and geothermal and development exploration outside the Park, to the more remote threat of a volcanic eruption, which according to some scientists is long overdue. While a volcanic eruption would be a natural part of the Park’s geological processes, it would be devastating for the Park’s biota.
Temperature extremes
(Climate change)
Inside site
, Throughout(>50%)
Outside site
The Park is one of the 16 World Heritage sites considered most at risk from climate change (Perry, 2011), but there are no scientific studies on the impact of climate change on the national parks and no scientific data to establish its effects on this National Park. However, some observation on the impacts of Hurricane David on the biodiversity of the Park was undertaken by visiting scientists as well as the staff of the Forestry Division (Edwards, 2018a;b). It is projected that temperatures will increase 2.5 Cº, and that the dry season will be 10-20% drier. Droughts are associated with increased fire threat, and increases in disease and invasive species, and threaten watershed resources, while flooding increase soil erosion, silting of rivers and streams. Hurricane intensity is likely to increase, causing stronger peak winds and more rainfall, but not necessarily hurricane frequency. High winds negatively impact wildlife through destruction of feeding grounds, nesting sites and roosting areas. When feeding grounds are destroyed by hurricanes or storms, parrots in particular tend to feed on fruits from agricultural lands adjacent to the site and are then considered as pests, because they threaten the livelihoods of some farmers. The Park’s vegetation exhibits a pronounced altitudinal zonation, and any changes in climate are likely to affect these zones. For example, assuming a lapse rate of 1ᴼ C per 500 ft, the low scenario of 1.7ᴼC would elevate vegetative zones by 850 ft and the high scenario (3.5ᴼC) by 1750 ft. Under high temperature scenarios, cloud forests could disappear completely, and some endemics could be lost. An indirect effect of tropical weather systems is the conversion of wildlife habitat to agriculture. In accessible areas, toppled trees provide an opportunity to more easily clear land for farming, thus resulting in a further reduction and fragmentation of wildlife habitat. (Edwards, 2011a;b)
Other
(Geothermal exploration and development)
Outside site
Studies have been undertaken in Wotten Waven near the Park boundary to explore the geothermal potential for power production in Dominica, and the study area included a part of the Park, especially the Valley of Desolation and the Boiling Lake. Exploratory phases have been concluded in 2014 on two platforms located downstream and outside the boundaries of the park and its proposed buffer zone, but in close proximity (400 m at its nearest point). Potential impacts of construction and dismantling phases in production and reinjection sites will be mainly due to power plant and pipeline installation (in Laudat site) and road widening to access to the platforms. Removal of vegetation to enable power plant construction and pipeline installation could negatively impact critical habitat for the Red-necked Parrot (Amazona arausiaca), known to frequent the Laudat area (UNESCO and IUCN, 2017).
The 2019 State Party report on this issue notes that 'on October 8th, 2019 the geothermal wells were successfully re opened. The geothermal unit has indicated that after 5yrs of being closed, the naturally occurring geothermal gas, hydrogen sulphide had accumulated inside the well and this gas in high enough concentrations can be dangerous hence the need for reopening'. However, regarding the operational phase of the project, ESIA was completed in July of 2018 which is reported to include specific consideration towards the World heritage values of Morne Trois Pitons National Park (State Party of Dominica, 2019).
The 2019 State Party report on this issue notes that 'on October 8th, 2019 the geothermal wells were successfully re opened. The geothermal unit has indicated that after 5yrs of being closed, the naturally occurring geothermal gas, hydrogen sulphide had accumulated inside the well and this gas in high enough concentrations can be dangerous hence the need for reopening'. However, regarding the operational phase of the project, ESIA was completed in July of 2018 which is reported to include specific consideration towards the World heritage values of Morne Trois Pitons National Park (State Party of Dominica, 2019).
Volcanic activity
(Volcanic eruption)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
The Park encompasses one of the more active volcanic centers on Dominica, which in turn is the most active of all the Caribbean volcanic areas. It gives rise to high future volcanic eruption that will impact on the plants and animal species. However, several scientists have suggested that the island
is long overdue for an eruption. (BirdLife, 2012; De Roche, 2010)
is long overdue for an eruption. (BirdLife, 2012; De Roche, 2010)
Current threats from shifting agriculture and commercial activities impact relatively small areas of the site, while severe weather events, the severity of which is projected to increase because of climate change, will have major impacts on the site’s flora and fauna. Potential threats range from the very high threats of climate change, and geothermal exploration and development outside the Park, to the more remote threat of a volcanic eruption, which according to some scientists is long overdue. Geothermal exploration and development would have severe effects on the site’s values. Renewed volcanic activity would be a natural part of the geological processes of the site, but would devastate local biota.
Management system
Institutional arrangements for management of the National Parks are shifting. There is a project underway to develop an autonomous National Park Service, provided by the National parks legislation, but to date, no one has been appointed as Director of National Parks and the Director of Forestry continues to cover the responsibilities of Director of National Parks. (Edwards, 2011a;b). Improved management plan (2011) states that “the current organizational structure within the Forestry and National Parks Service is inadequate to manage and develop the National Parks.” There is also a need to enhance institutional coordination with other administrations, such as the Ministry of Tourism and Legal Affairs, in charge of the Visitor Centres. (UNESCO and IUCN, 2017). The management plan was updated in 2019 but its full implementation is pending. Technical reports for the design of buffer zones (Edwards, 2018a;b) and the improved management plan (Edwards, 2018a;b) recommend the establishment of Management Committees as a governance mechanism to a better inter-institutional coordination and the major participation of civil society groups.
Effectiveness of management system
At the time of its inscription, the MTPNP had a management plan but it was not officially adopted. An enhanced management plan for the period 2002 to 2012 never underwent public review or was ratified by government. A recent review indicated that none of the activities outlined in the plan have been implemented over the last 8 years due to manpower and budgetary limitations (Edwards, 2011a;b). As noted above, a new management plan for the Morne Trois Pitons National Park has now been drafted. This management plan was completed in June of 2018 (State Party of Dominica, 2019). However the finalization of the plan, and its subsequent implementation, have been hampered by the 2017 Hurricane Maria, which has limited the required access to the site in order to finalize the process of delineating the buffer zone. Regarding climate change, Dominica State integrated specific provisions on climate change into the draft of the Management plan (State Party Dominica, 2019).
Boundaries
A boundaries marking system is in place but need to be fully completed on the ground. Given the close proximity of villages to the boundaries, land tenure issues in some areas and importance of agricultural activity around the park, a buffer zone is necessary to mitigate existing and potential impacts of anthropogenic activities. A 5-year project funded by GEF plans to define a specific management plan for Morne Trois Pitons National Park and to ensure the legal establishment of a buffer zone for the Park. The assessment will also help with zonation within the core zone (special zone, intensive use, extensive use, environmental study, research, wildland management) as proposed in the 2011 management plan (UNESCO and IUCN, 2017). The completion of this project has been suspended due to complications in accessing the site after the damage sustained by Hurricane Maria in 2017 (State Party of Dominica, 2019).
Integration into regional and national planning systems
The Park is well integrated into government planning systems at the national level. However, there is a need to enhance institutional coordination with other administrations, such as the Ministry of Tourism and Legal Affairs, in charge of the Visitor Centres (UNESCO/IUCN, 2017).
Relationships with local people
Major conflicts regarding Park use have been in areas zoned for Special Use, where incompatible activities have been legally sanctioned in the past. These include a shooting range; a quarry close to the Emerald Pool tourist attraction; and hydropower infrastructure and transmission lines. Potential land-use conflicts are foreseen in the 2018 draft management plan including between government and private land owners with respect to independent use of their land, which constitutes 16% of the site, as well as with farmers who are utilizing government-owned land for subsistence agriculture, however provisions are made to manage these limitations (State Party of Dominica, 2019).
Legal framework
The National Park was legally established in 1975 by legislative act and is currently managed by the Division of Forestry, Wildlife and National Parks. Given the rough topography, relative lack of threats, and government ownership of Park lands, law enforcement has never been a major problem (Edwards, 2011a;b).
Law enforcement
The revised management plan (2002-2012) was never ratified by the government and is only partially implemented due to institutional, manpower and budgetary limitations. The management plan was updated in 2019 but its finalization and full implementation is still pending.
Implementation of Committee decisions and recommendations
Committee decisions on the property have been taken in 2015 and 2016, requesting the Dominican State Party to assess potential impacts of a geothermal project on the Outstanding Universal Value. A joint World Heritage Centre/IUCN Reactive Monitoring mission was also carried out in 2017 to assess the status of the project (UNESCO and IUCN, 2017), with a subsequent decision by the Committee with numner of requests made of the State party therein. The 2019 State Party report notes that "While some of the recommendations have been implemented i.e. recommendations 1,2,3&5, due to the passage of Maria in 2017 and lack of capacity at the Forestry, Wildlife & Parks Division there has been delays in the implementation of the recommendations contained in paragraphs 4,6 & 7 of decision 40COM7B-73. (State of Party Dominica, 2019).
Sustainable use
Use of the site for conservation and tourism, is being done on a sustainable basis.
Sustainable finance
Financial resources for management are inadequate to completely support the basic required structures for effective management. A proposal put forward for development of a national parks trust fund, however it is unclear whether this has been implemented (Edwards, 2011a;b). Key steps towards the effective management of the site, such as the developemnt of the management plan and the acquisition of land to secure the tenure of the site are still reliant on external sources of funding (State Party of Dominica, 2019).
Staff capacity, training, and development
The main difficulties in establishing a National Park Service have been the shortage of trained personnel as well as limited financial resources for management. Advanced degree and certificate training is required in areas of park management, site planning, freshwater fisheries management, wildlife management, general ecology and environmental education (interpretation, awareness). There is a need for both degree and short-term on-the-job training (Edwards, 2011a;b). At the time of inscription, IUCN recommended possible twining arrangement with a similar World Heritage island forest park. This proposal has not been implemented but could be of interest for the managers (UNESCO and IUCN, 2017).
Education and interpretation programs
Though there have been many isolated attempts at developing environmental education through the National Park, no long-term program has been achieved. (Edwards, 2011a;b)
Tourism and visitation management
The site has three visitor centres located at the Freshwater Lake, the Emerald Pool and the Middleham Falls, and administered by a concessionaire. But there are few other interpretive facilities or much signage. It is particularly noticeable that there is no interpretation of the geologic features that represent the site’s Outstanding Universal Value. (Edwards, 2011a;b) These centers are effectively managed and interpretation circuits well maintained. Facilities are globally in good conditions, with controlled access and built-up paths to contain visitors. However, an interpretation programme for the World Heritage site needs to be developed (UNESCO and IUCN, 2017).
Monitoring
There is no established overall monitoring program for the National Park resources nor for detection of climate change, though there has been monitoring of frog (Edwards, 2011a;b) and parrots populations (UNESCO and IUCN, 2017).
Research
Though there is no overall integrated research program, there are several on-going research activities. There has been some research on forest dynamics by the Forestry Division, on hummingbirds by the Smithsonian, and on frog populations. (Edwards, 2011a;b) Other on-going research focuses on Dominica’s two parrot species (in collaboration with the Rare Species Foundation), and on tink frogs within the area of Freshwater Lake and along the Boeri Lake Trail and the Morne Trois Pitons Trail by Forestry, Wildlife and Parks Division in collaboration with MoAFE and Zoological Society of London (ZSL). Various forms of short-term research on wild flora, fauna and geology are conducted in the park by overseas-based institutions. The Seismic Research Unit of the University of the West Indies/Trinidad is also conducting ongoing research on volcanic and seismic activity in the park (BirdLife, 2012). There is a biodiversity study on the MTNP to be undertaken under the “Supporting Sustainable Ecosystem by Strengthening the Effectiveness of Dominica’s Protected Area System” Project (State Party Dominica, 2019).
Despite international cooperation support, protection and management of the site are constrained by limited human and financial resources. A new management plan for the Morne Trois Pitons National Park was completed in June of 2018. However, due to the passage of Hurricane Maria of 2017, set backs have been experienced in delineating the buffer zone, which was a key initiative of the management plan design process. Options are currently being explored to finalize the process, however it is understood this has not been completed to date. Fortunately, the threats to the values of the site are few perhaps with the exception of hurricanes such as the 2017 Hurricane Maria which, and even with a relatively low management input, the site’s values have been relatively well protected. Whilst the re-opening of the geothermal plant, which has been assessed as incompatible with World Heritage status, is concerning to some extent. It has been clarified that this was 'in order to release accumulation of the naturally occurring geothermal gas which could be dangerous in high concentration' and an ESIA was completed for the project prior to operation.
Assessment of the effectiveness of protection and management in addressing threats outside the site
Some Concern
Climate change, agricultural encroachment, geothermal activities and tourism are the major threats originating outside the site. Climate change mitigation activities are being studied, but have not been implemented. Agricultural encroachment and tourism impacts are small, and the Forestry Division attempts to address these threats as they occur, but are hampered by limited personnel and budgets. Management plan exists but needs to be officially adopted and implemented.
Assessment of the current state and trend of World Heritage values
Low Concern
Trend
Deteriorating
While the site’s geological values are not threatened, there is concern regarding the effects of increasingly severe weather events, shifting agriculture, and tourism activities in and around the Park that cause habitat loss and fragmentation and disturb threatened and vulnerable wildlife. Though not currently foreseen, there is always the future possibility of renewed volcanic activity which would have devastating effects on the site’s biota.
Additional information
Access to drinking water,
Commercial wells
The site protects the upper watersheds for all the rivers of southern Dominica, the waters of which drive the turbines that generate much of the island's electricity and provides drinking water for the capital city of Rousseau and the cruise ships that dock there (TNC, n.d.)
Importance for research
The site is used for scientific research by national and international entities, and is an important resource for the generation of knowledge on biodiversity, geology, and climate change (BirdLife, 2012; Edwards, 2011a;b; Edwards, 2018a;b).
Outdoor recreation and tourism
Major tourism activities inside the MTPNP are hiking, bird watching and mountain climbing, and most of the popular trails developed within the park start from or near the village of Laudat (UNESCO and IUCN, 2017). The site provides tourism (about 70,000 visitors/year) and recreation services that are economically important and also important for local quality of life. (Edwards, 2011; TNC, n.d.). There is no available statistics on the economic value of the Park to adjacent communities. However, in terms of revenue generation from the Parks, the average revenue generated per annum over the last 13 years (1997- 2010) is E.C$M 4.7 =U. S$M1.75 based on the projection that 29% of cruise ship visitors visit the MTNPWHS (Min of Finance- User Fee System for Eco-Tourist Sites in Dominica - Activity Report 2009-2010).
Conservation of the site’s Outstanding Universal Value, and the development of knowledge through research and analysis are the most important benefits at the global level, while water resources, tourism, recreation, and the generation of hydropower are the benefits most valued at the national level.
| № | Organization | Brief description of Active Projects | Website |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | GEF-World Bank | The Special Program for Adaptation to Climate Change (SPACC) project is currently undertaking a project to establish buffer zones for the Park. Project development in communities adjacent to the Park aims at reducing negative impacts on Park. |
https://research.fit.edu/media/site-specific/researchfitedu/coast-climate-adaptation-library/latin-america-and-caribbean/eastern-carib-amp-dutch-antilles/SPACC.--2009.--Dominica-CC-Adaptation.pdf
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| 2 | Government of the Commonwealth of Dominica (COD) with support from the Caribbean Development Bank (CDB) | Project aimed at establishing and operationalizing a National Parks Service (NPS). The project comprises two phases with Phase I focusing on a review of the legal framework for the management of national parks and protected areas as well as the conduct of amendments to existing legislation to address identified deficiencies. Phase II focuses on the institutional framework including the establishment and operationalization of a NPS. |
.
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| 3 | Yale University | DOMEX Project: Emplacement of automated weather stations, data collection and analysis. The objective is to: ➢ To understand the physics of mountain triggered convection and precipitation in the tropics, using Dominica as a natural laboratory ➢ To develop data sets that can be used to test and improve numerical models of convection and precipitation in the tropics ➢ To better understand and predict the weather and climate of the Lesser Antilles including Guadeloupe, Dominica and Martinique. |
The principal investigator of DOMEX is Professor Ronald B. Smith from Yale University, with support from the USA National Science Foundation. Participating institutions
include: Dominica Division of Forestry, MeteoFrance DIRAG, University of Reading, University of Wyoming, and the Max Planck Institute
|
| 4 | GEF/World Bank Project ¨Leveraging Eco-Tourism for Biodiversity Protection in Dominica” | This project is in the concept stage. The objective is to improve management of Dominica’s three national parks (including Morne Trois Pitons National Park) and the tourist trails (in the framework of sustainable tourism perspective). |
http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/160291584641523382/pdf/Concept-Project-Information-Document-PID-GEF-Leveraging-Eco-Tourism-for-Biodiversity-Protection-in-Dominica-P170846.pdf
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| 5 | GEF-6 UNEP project “Strengthening Resilience of Agricultural Lands and Forests in Dominica in the Aftermath of Hurricane Maria” | The GEF-6 UNEP project (9978) works on land degradation around Morne Trois Piton National Park (MTPNP). |
https://www.thegef.org/project/strengthening-resilience-agricultural-lands-and-forests-dominica-aftermath-hurricane-maria
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| 6 | GEF-World Bank “Supporting Sustainable Ecosystem by Strengthening the Effectiveness of Dominica’s Protected Area System” (SSE). | The project aims to strengthen the effectiveness of the Morne Trois Pitons National Park, which is a designated World Heritage Site, and to establish a buffer zone for the Park, in order to reduce threats to biodiversity and ecological functioning. Two of the eight activities area related to the updated of the Management Plan Of Morno Trois Pitons National Park and the demarcating and legally establishing its buffer zone. This reported also in the Sixth National Report to the CBD (State Party of Dominica-CBD, 2019). |
https://www.thegef.org/project/supporting-sustainable-ecosystems-strengthening-effectiveness-dominica-s-protected-areas
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References
| № | References |
|---|---|
| 1 |
BirdLife International. (2012). Important Bird Areas factsheet: Morne Trois Pitons National Park. [online] Available at: http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=20863 [Accessed 3 December 2020].
|
| 2 |
Edwards, Marie-Jose. (2011a). Morne Trois Pitons National Park World Heritage Site – Improved Management Plan. Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre/SPACC Project.
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| 3 |
Edwards, Marie-Jose. (2018a). Morne Trois Pitons National Park World Heritage Site – Improved Management Plan. Supporting Sustainable Ecosystem by Strengthening the Effectiveness of Dominica’s Protected Area System Project.
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| 4 |
Edwards, Marie-Jose. (2018b). Techical report updated design of buffer zones for the Morne Trois Pitons National Park World Heritage Sites. Supporting Sustainable Ecosystem by Strengthening the Effectiveness of Dominica’s Protected Area System Project.
|
| 5 |
Edwards, Marie-José. (2011). Design of buffer zones for the Morne Diablotin National and Morne Trois Pitons National Park World Heritage. Technical report. Caribbean community climate change centre/ SPACC. 123 pp.
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| 6 |
GEF, UNDP. (2012). Supporting Sustainable Ecosystem by strengthening the Effectiveness of Dominica’s Protected Area System. Project document.104 pp.
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| 7 |
Homer, F. (2009). Developing Pilot Projects for Climate Change Adaptation in Dominica. Report on the Technical Forum on Climate Change - Special Programme for Adaptation to Climate Change Project (SPACC).
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| 8 |
IUCN (1999). World Heritage Technical Evaluation, Morne Trois Pitons National Park, Dominica. In: IUCN World Heritage Evaluations 1999, IUCN Evaluations of nominations of natural and mixed properties to the World Heritage List. [online] Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, pp.17-28. Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/814/documents/ [Accessed 3 December 2020].
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| 9 |
Perry, J. (2011). World Heritage hot spots: A global model identifies the 16 natural heritage properties on the World Heritage List most at risk from climate change. International Journal of Heritage Studies 17 (5), 426-441.
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| 10 |
Roche, D. and Thesser, E. (2010). Environmental Factors to be Considered in Geothermal Exploration/Production in Dominica. United National University Geothermal Training Program, Iceland.
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| 11 |
State Party of Dominica- CBD. (2019). The Commonwealth of Dominica's Sixth National Report to the Convention of Biological Diversity.
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| 12 |
State Party of Dominica. (2019). Report of the State Party to the World Heritage Committee on the state of conservation of the Morne Trois Pitons National Park (Dominica). [online] Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/814/documents/ [Accessed 3 December 2020].
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| 13 |
The Nature Conservancy, n.d. Morne Trois Pitons National Park, Dominica. Parks in Peril Project.
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| 14 |
UNESCO and IUCN. (2017). Report of the joint WHC/IUCN Reactive Monitoring mission to Morne Trois Pitons National Park, Dominica, 24 - 31 March 2017. [online] Paris, France: UNESCO. Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/814/documents/ [Accessed 1 December 2020].
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