Discovery Coast Atlantic Forest Reserves
Country
Brazil
Inscribed in
1999
Criteria
(ix)
(x)
The conservation outlook for this site has been assessed as "significant concern" in the latest assessment cycle. Explore the Conservation Outlook Assessment for the site below. You have the option to access the summary, or the detailed assessment.
The Discovery Coast Atlantic Forest Reserves, in the states of Bahia and Espírito Santo, consist of eight separate protected areas containing 112,000 ha of Atlantic forest and associated shrub (restingas). The rainforests of Brazil’s Atlantic coast are the world’s richest in terms of biodiversity. The site contains a distinct range of species with a high level of endemism and reveals a pattern of evolution that is not only of great scientific interest but is also of importance for conservation. © UNESCO
Summary
2020 Conservation Outlook
Finalised on
04 Dec 2020
Significant concern
Current state and trend of VALUES
High Concern
Trend
Deteriorating
Overall THREATS
Overall PROTECTION and MANAGEMENT
Full assessment
Finalised on
04 Dec 2020
Description of values
Most intact and largest remaining fragments of Atlantic Forest in the Brazilian Northeast
Criterion
(ix)
The Discovery Coast Atlantic Forest Reserves, located between the southern coast of the state of Bahia and northern coast of the state of Espírito Santo, consist of eight separate protected areas containing representative remnants of the Atlantic Forest (dense rainforest) and a type of coastal shrubland vegatation ("restingas") associated with the Atlantic Forest. The protected areas that make up this World Heritage site preserve original environments and natural ecological processes - a forest archipelago that reveals an evolutionary structure of great interest to science and conservation. (World Heritage Committee, 2015).
Exceptional biodiversity and endangered flora
Criterion
(x)
The Discovery Coast Atlantic Forest Reserves represent one of the richest tropical forest regions in the world in terms of biodiversity. It contains around 20% of the world's flora, including 627 species of endangered plants (World Heritage Committee, 2015).
Exceptional faunal diversity with high degree of endemism
Criterion
(x)
The fauna of the region is represented by 261 species of mammals including 21 marsupials (of which 15% are endemic and 15% threatened), 620 birds (19% at risk), 280 amphibians and 200 reptiles. In total 185 species (of which 100 endemic) are threatened with extinction, including 73 species of mammals of which 21 are primates. Among the 118 species of endangered birds, 49 are endemic. All 16 species of amphibians that are threatened are endemic. Of the 13 species of reptiles that are threatened, 10 are endemic (World Heritage Committee, 2015).
Assessment information
The most significant current threats are the biological and ecological isolation of the relatively small forest fragments, which in the long run results in eroding biodiversity; intensified commercial land-use in the wider region, fires and wood extraction and some ongoing illegal hunting further add to the expected degradation of the small area of natural habitat. While no analysis has been undertaken specifically for the World Heritage site, it will be important to assess the degree to which it continued being affected by fragmentation in the years following its inscription on the World Heritage List.
Fire/ Fire Suppression
(Fires)
Inside site
, Scattered(5-15%)
Outside site
Fires are a routine instrument in pasture management in the region. Conversion of forest areas into agricultural areas in the broader region has been shown to result in increased occurrence of forest fires (de Santana et al., 2020) and fires are also predicted to increase with the climate change. Forest fires have been identified as one of the most serious threats to the remnants of the Atlantic Forests, as they result not just in direct damage, but also in longer-terms changes in the forest structure (Menezes et al., 2019).
Roads/ Railroads
(Effects of roads)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Existing and planned roads are a key concern in terms of the well-documented direct and indirect effects of roads in forests (Ibisch et al., 2016). The Brazilian economic crisis has somewhat slowed down tourism infrastructure development (IUCN Consultation, 2017).
Hunting and trapping
(Illegal hunting and wood extraction)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
Illegal hunting and wood extraction take place on continuous basis as part of the subsistence strategies of marginalized local people and indigenous groups (IUCN Consultation, 2017). Fauna that leave the property are often shot in surrounding lands (Veracel Research Station, 2011), but poaching occurs inside the protected areas as well. The resilience of the populations affected by the small size of the forest remnants and poor connectivity between the remnants is limited. In the Discovery National Park, camera traps for biological studies were destroyed by gunshots and battering. One of the damaged cameras took pictures of domestic dogs indicating the presence of hunters (Alvarez, 2010). The wood wood illegally taken out the protected areas is used for houses building and artisanal products.
Other
(Biological isolation and poor and decreasing connectivity)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
The major threat is biological isolation in particular of the smaller components, which will slowly reduce the biodiversity of the property, in particular given increasing infrastructure development and pressures outside (UNEP-WCMC, 2011). New protected areas were established in the World Heritage site region - Serra das Lontras national park (11.336 ha), Wildlife Refuge of Una (23.262 ha) and Rio dos Frades (894 ha), Extrative Reserves of Cassuruba (100.767 ha), Corumbau (89.596 ha) and Canavieiras (100.646 ha). Existing Parks had their areas increased – Pau Brasil (+ 7.381Ha) and Descobrimento (+ 1.548 ha). New private reserves were also established (IUCN Consultation, 2017). Nonetheless, onservation units created across the Atlantic Forest are considered insufficient to preserve the remaining biodiversity of this fragmented biome (Santos et al., 2018). While no analysis has been undertaken specifically for the World Heritage site, it will be important to assess the degree to which it continued being affected by fragmentation in the years following its inscription on the World Heritage List.
Anticipated climate change is expected to impact the various components of the World Heritage site. The fragmented forests areas remaining after longstanding degradation are much more susceptible to changing environmental conditions, such as increasing temperatures, decreasing rainfall and extreme weather events.
Temperature extremes
(Climate change)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Projections of climate change impacts suggest decreasing rainfall, increasing temperatures, more frequent occurrences of extreme weather events, and seal level rise (Marengo, n.d.). Other result coming out of the climate change is the coastal line erosion process and the expansion of the saline wedge, which would damage the mangroves systems. Predictions also exist for certain groups of species, for example, Lourenço-de-Moraes et al. (2019) conclude that 73.6% of oviparous species and 67.6% of viviparous snakes could lose at least half of their original range across the Atlantic Forest by 2080. The combination of increased temperature, changes in precipitation and soil moisture decline will result in significant changes in and redistribution of plant communities (Follador et al., 2019).
As elsewhere in the historically vast forest region known today as the "Atlantic Forest", fragmentation and biological and ecological isolation are key concerns. While the establishment of protected areas has halted centuries of mostly unplanned forest conversion and degradation, illegal activities continue to be reported. The increasingly intensive use of the wider landscape for plantation forestry, agriculture and ranching, and in some areas for tourism, is taking an additional toll, e.g. through disturbance, chemical inputs and use of fires in pasture land. In the longer term, the fragmented forests are believed to be particularly vulnerable to the expected impacts of anticipated climate change.
Management system
Management plans for all component protected areas that make up the World Heritage site have been completed and are in use. These promote co-operation with the local industry, aim to restore and improve existing facilities, to increase the number of staff and facilitate the integration of local and federal institutions of research, protection and management. WWF Brasil, the Ford Foundation, Conservation International, and The Nature Conservancy have in the past supported a drive to increase the linkage of forest patches, establish participatory management and set up effective biodiversity conservation. The forest’s relatively low level of de facto protection and high fragmentation prompted the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) to finance a five-year Atlantic Forest Hotspot program 2002-2007, to enlist NGOs, community groups, and others in the conservation and restoration of biodiversity corridors.
Management plan for Sooretama BR dates back to 1981, and its emergency action plan from 1994. For Una BR, the management plan dates back to 1997, Monte Pascoal NP-undated (ICMBio web page). A 2007 operating plan for fire management exists for the Sooretama BR (IBAMA, 2007). Descobrimento national Park finalized its management plan in 2014 and Pau Brasil National Park in 2016. As a way to integrate management, two Mosaics of Protected Areas were established in the region (IUCN Consultation, 2017). Mosaics of Protected Areas (MPAs) is a concept established by the Brazilian National Protected Areas System through Federal Law #9.985-00 (article 26) to strengthen clusters of public and private PAs. The Mosaics in the region are: the Extremo Sul da Bahia Mosaic with 8 public PAs and 4 privates PAs (Portaria nº 492-2010) and Foz do Rio Doce Mosaic with 4 public PAs and 3 private PAs (Portaria nº 489-2010) (Crepaldi et al., 2015).
Management plan for Sooretama BR dates back to 1981, and its emergency action plan from 1994. For Una BR, the management plan dates back to 1997, Monte Pascoal NP-undated (ICMBio web page). A 2007 operating plan for fire management exists for the Sooretama BR (IBAMA, 2007). Descobrimento national Park finalized its management plan in 2014 and Pau Brasil National Park in 2016. As a way to integrate management, two Mosaics of Protected Areas were established in the region (IUCN Consultation, 2017). Mosaics of Protected Areas (MPAs) is a concept established by the Brazilian National Protected Areas System through Federal Law #9.985-00 (article 26) to strengthen clusters of public and private PAs. The Mosaics in the region are: the Extremo Sul da Bahia Mosaic with 8 public PAs and 4 privates PAs (Portaria nº 492-2010) and Foz do Rio Doce Mosaic with 4 public PAs and 3 private PAs (Portaria nº 489-2010) (Crepaldi et al., 2015).
Effectiveness of management system
Formal evaluations in 2002/2003 and 2010 of the management effectiveness of the 3 national parks and 2 Biological Reserves of the World Heritage site rated them all as “medium”, with the exception of the Sooretama Biological Reserve, which was rated as “good”. Since 2015, besides RAPPAN, ICMBio is annually applying the SAMGE (Monitoring and Evaluation System) while the Rapid Assessment and Priorization of Protected Area Management-RAPPAM is revised each 5 years. In 2015, ICMBio launched the SIGTerra – Protected Areas Territorial Information Consolidation System, which goal is to qualify land tenure information of the federal protected area. Between 2012 and 2015, under the Tropical Forest Conservation Act project, a protocol to be used by the PA managers to evaluate the PA effectiveness was developed. In 2015 the protocol was tested for the first time. The worst score was given to the physical protection of the assessed PAs. Personnel and management tools were also assessed as not satisfactory (IUCN Consultation, 2017).
Boundaries
The Discovery Coast Atlantic Forest Reserves is comprised of eight protected areas that represent the last remnants of the Atlantic Forest preserved in the region. Six of these protected areas are contiguous with two others located within reasonable proximity and connected by habitat corridors and semi-natural buffer zones (World Heritage Committee, 2015). A number of recent studies have questioned the effectiveness of the configuration of some protected areas comprising the World Heritage site, such as for example, the Descrobrimento National Park, noting that at the time of their creation the configuration of the boundaries was not always based on conservation and ecosystem criteria, resulting in suboptimal boundaries, with important remnants of the Atlantic Forest not included (Pontes et al., 2019).
Integration into regional and national planning systems
There are ongoing difficulties in terms of coordinating with the large number of national, regional, and local governmental, non-governmental, and private entities and actors that have an interest in the property (UNEP-WCMC, 2011; IUCN Consultation, 2017). Ongoing forest restoration initiatives should be mentioned in the context of regional integration. The Cooplantar (Atlantic Forest Reflorestation of Southern Bahia), the Espirito Santo state Reforestation Program are examples of what has been designed as a large scale reforestation effort undertaken together with the forestry companies (IUCN Consultation, 2017).
The influence and economic importance of the eucalyptus forestry in the broader landscape, had given the stimulus for the establishment of the Forestry Forum of South and Southern Bahia state and of the Forestry Forum of Espírito Santo state. Both are part of the Brazilian Forests Dialogue, a movement established in Brazil in 2005 that connects companies business and NGOs aiming to build a propositional agenda, as a way to amplify the sustainable practices and the scale of the biodiversity conservation efforts in the region. This Regional Forums are also interested in the creation of ecological corridors in the region. They have conducted the integration of planning and actions of organizations and companies, including the monitoring of biodiversity and the sustainable practices and management of eucalyptus plantations in buffer zones around strictly PAs and within Environmental Protection Areas (APAs). The pulp and paper companies also have created private reserves and developed tools and actions for the restoration of the Atlantic Forest, especially the Permanent Preservation Areas-APP and Legal Reserve-RL for compliance with the forest legislation (Mesquita et al., 2011; Campanili et al., 2015).
The influence and economic importance of the eucalyptus forestry in the broader landscape, had given the stimulus for the establishment of the Forestry Forum of South and Southern Bahia state and of the Forestry Forum of Espírito Santo state. Both are part of the Brazilian Forests Dialogue, a movement established in Brazil in 2005 that connects companies business and NGOs aiming to build a propositional agenda, as a way to amplify the sustainable practices and the scale of the biodiversity conservation efforts in the region. This Regional Forums are also interested in the creation of ecological corridors in the region. They have conducted the integration of planning and actions of organizations and companies, including the monitoring of biodiversity and the sustainable practices and management of eucalyptus plantations in buffer zones around strictly PAs and within Environmental Protection Areas (APAs). The pulp and paper companies also have created private reserves and developed tools and actions for the restoration of the Atlantic Forest, especially the Permanent Preservation Areas-APP and Legal Reserve-RL for compliance with the forest legislation (Mesquita et al., 2011; Campanili et al., 2015).
Relationships with local people
Relationships between the managers of the protected areas within the World Heritage site, indigenous people, and marginalized squatters have often been tense and confrontational. After serious confrontations, a portion of Monte Pascoal National Park was returned to the indigenous Pataxó. Advisory Councils for each of the 3 national parks within the World Heritage site have been designed in an attempt to provide a mechanism for discussion. Unless local communities reach living conditions reducing their precarious dependence on the scarce remaining forest, it is difficult to envision a solution to this grave conflict (UNEP-WCMC, 2011). The relationships with local communities continue to be strained (IUCN Consultation, 2017).
Legal framework
The legal framework for the World Heritage site is built from a series of declarations of the 8 conservation units that make up the property. These include: (1) Sooretama Biological Reserve established by Federal Decree in 1943; (2): Monte Pascoal National Park established by Federal Decree in 1973; (3) Vale do Rio Doce Natural Reserve established in 1973 (formerly the Linhares Forest Reserve); (4) Una Biological Reserve designated by Federal Decree in 1983; (5) Pau-Brasil CEPLAC Experimental Station designated by Decree in 1993; (6) Pau-Brasil National Park designated by Federal Decree in 1998; (7) 1998: Veracel (formerly VeraCruz) Station, a private Natural Heritage Reserve, received legal protection under Resolution 240 of the National Environmental Council (CONAMA) which also prohibited logging the forest; and, (8) Descobrimento National Park established by Federal Decree in 1999 (UNEP-WCMC, 2011).
New protected areas were established in the World Heritage site region - Serra das Lontras National Park (11.336 ha), Wildlife Refuge of Una (2007 - 23.262 ha) and Rio dos Frades (2007 – 894 ha), Extractive Reserves of Cassuruba (2009 - 100.767 ha), Corumbau (2000 - 89.596 ha) and Canavieiras (2006 - 100.646 ha). Existing Parks had their areas increased – Pau Brasil (+ 7.381Ha) and Descobrimento (+ 1.548 ha). New private reserves were also established (IUCN Consultation, 2017). In the area of the site in Espírito Santo, for example, three private reserves were established covering almost 3,000 hectares, expanding the connection between Linhares Forest Reserve and Sooretama Biological Reserve.
New protected areas were established in the World Heritage site region - Serra das Lontras National Park (11.336 ha), Wildlife Refuge of Una (2007 - 23.262 ha) and Rio dos Frades (2007 – 894 ha), Extractive Reserves of Cassuruba (2009 - 100.767 ha), Corumbau (2000 - 89.596 ha) and Canavieiras (2006 - 100.646 ha). Existing Parks had their areas increased – Pau Brasil (+ 7.381Ha) and Descobrimento (+ 1.548 ha). New private reserves were also established (IUCN Consultation, 2017). In the area of the site in Espírito Santo, for example, three private reserves were established covering almost 3,000 hectares, expanding the connection between Linhares Forest Reserve and Sooretama Biological Reserve.
Law enforcement
The enforcement of the management plans of individual component protected areas and their buffer zones has been weakening. One reason is the shortage of staff and financial resources in all government levels. More attention must also be given for the governance structure (IUCN Consultation, 2017). Despite its benefits as an umbrella, the serial approach remains to be translated into a coherent approach to law enforcement on the ground.
Implementation of Committee decisions and recommendations
The inscription decision in 1999 recommended that "the State Party should be encouraged to complete the "Plan of Action for the Atlantic Forest Region" and other initiatives indicated in the IUCN evaluation". There is no documented governmental response to this recommendation.
Sustainable use
The only permitted uses of the site are research, education, and tourism. There are concerns about the sustainability of tourism is some parts of the World Heritage site.
Sustainable finance
Conservation International – Brazil (Conservação Internacional) launched in 2016 an instrument of funding and management of financial resources initially destined to seven federal PAs of the region: Pau Brasil NP, Monte Pascoal NP, Descobrimento NP and Abrolhos NP; Corumbau and Cassurubá Extractive Reserves; and Rio dos Frades Wildlife Refuge. The fund began with a $ 2.1 million grant from the Global Conservation Fund (GCF) and will be applied in the preparation of these PAs for public use, tourism and environmental education (www.icmbio.gov.br/portal/ultimas-noticias/20-geral/8510-parque-do-pau-brasil-ja-pode-ser-visitado).
Staff capacity, training, and development
Information on current staff numbers across the entire World Heritage site is not available.
Education and interpretation programs
While education and interpretation programmes are carried out in many component protected areas of the World Heritage site, the impact of those programs is not known. The Pau Brasil National Park is developing its own Environmental Education Project.
Tourism and visitation management
Since forest conservation is the paramount aim of the reserves, visitation to most of the sites is restricted to certain areas or trails, as at Una, Sooretama and the research stations. The latter encourages ecotourism, ecological researchers and environmental education and Veracel Reserve has a canopy observation platform. The CEPLAC Experimental Station also has an environmental education program but no visitors are encouraged to visit the neighboring Pau-Brasil National Park. The Vale do Rio Doce Reserve has excellent ecotourism facilities. The most visited site is Monte Pascoal National Park. It has a visitors' centre and marked trails up the landmark that gives the protected area its name (UNEP-WCMC, 2011). Pau Brasil National Park was part of a bidding process aimed to give concessions for some of the public use infrastructures already in place in this PA.
Monitoring
Monitoring is an integral part of the work of the research stations in some of the components of the World Heritage site. A coherent and coordinated monitoring programs across the multiple components remain a challenge. Since 1985, The SOS Mata Atlantic Foundation and The National Institute for Space Research (INPE) monitor the Atlantic Forest remnants in all 17 states were it occurs Between 2015 and 2016, of the total area under the Atlantic Forest Law - 130.973.638 hectares (93%) were evaluated. The deforestation in that period was 29.075 ha (IUCN Consultation, 2017).
Research
There are two research stations: the Pau-Brasil CEPLAC Experimental Station, and the Veracel (previously Vera Cruz) Reserve For ecological research to use in its own reforestation programs and to educate the public about the flora and fauna of southern Bahia. Staff from the National Centre for Genetic Resources work there permanently and the station has released considerable information about its forest. All protected areas have some facilities to accommodate visiting scientists. The Una and CEPLAC reserves also function as in situ genetic seed banks. Better coordination and coherence across the multiple components would be highly desirable (UNEP-WCMC, 2011).
Despite undisputed success stories in specific thematic areas in individual component protected areas comprising this serial World Heritage site, the overall protection and management of the site is not yet satisfactory. Most importantly, a coherent and encompassing approach for the multiple components is missing, the underlying conflicts with marginalized local residents could never be fully resolved and the pressures in the broader landscape are increasing even though reduced connectivity have been recognized as a key conservation concern.
Assessment of the effectiveness of protection and management in addressing threats outside the site
Serious Concern
After longstanding historic logging in the entire region, actively promoted through the construction of the coastal highway in the 1970s, what is today the buffer zone of the World Heritage site is under increasingly intense land use, mostly cattle ranching and forest plantations. Fire is but one example of the tangible impacts of this external pressure. Adding to those problems are the small dams built in farms for agriculture and livestock. Nonetheless, the component protected areas help to catalyze projects and initiatives such as the restoration of ecological corridors, aiming at inking the PAs. The MMA Corridor Program II, launched this year is an example (IUCN Consultation, 2017).
Best practice examples
Even though most implementation work remains to be done the approach to integrate different conservation categories and governance arrangements under one umbrella continues to serve as an innovative example.
Assessment of the current state and trend of World Heritage values
High Concern
Trend
Deteriorating
The relatively small remnants of the northeastern portion of the Atlantic Forest jointly comprising this serial World Heritage site are biologically and ecologically isolated. The surrounding landscape is comprised of ever more intensely used pasture, cropland, and timber plantations. Even when disregarding anticipated climate change, a deteriorating scenario appears inevitable, unless more serious efforts are made to counter current trends. Declining trends have also been noted for some key species across the remnants of the Atlantic Forest, such as for example, the jaguar. However, the protected areas comprising the World Heritage site continue to shelter important threatened species and many of these protected areas represent the only ones in the northern portion of the Atlantic forest that still contain large mammals.
Additional information
Importance for research
Given the longstanding and dramatic conversion and degradation of the Atlantic Forest throughout its historically vast range, the World Heritage site is highly valued as a site for research in the last remaining patches of this forest type. The remnants are indispensable for the increasing restoration efforts.
Outdoor recreation and tourism,
Natural beauty and scenery
The protected areas of the Discovery Coast form attractive areas containing forest, water courses, other natural and cultural landscapes, associated with numerous beautiful beaches that are already a major tourist destination in Northeast and Southeastern Brazil.
Conservation and the production of knowledge are seen as important benefits produced by these last major remnants of the northeastern Atlantic Forest, both at the national and international level. At least three protected areas already carry out actions or programmes of tourism and/or reception of visitors: Veracel (Veracruz) Station; Pau Brazil National Park and Linhares Forest Reserve. Other PAs such as the Discovery National Park and Mount Pascoal National Park have high potential to increase the importance of recreation and tourism. The protected areas of the Extreme South of Bahia are close to Porto Seguro, one of the biggest tourist destinations in Brazil, and the Abrolhos Complex, one of the key biodiverse areas of coral reefs and whale watching (humpback whale) in the South Atlantic.
| № | Organization | Brief description of Active Projects | Website |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Veracel Research Station | Monitoring of medium and large sized mammals through use of camera traps in the Veracel Reserve. Management and conservation of the Harpy Eagle in the Veracel Reserve. New proposals for public use of the Veracel Reserve. |
http://www.veracel.com.br/rppn-estacao-vercel/
|
| 2 | Conservation International | Atlantic Forest Protection Fund (supported by the Global Conservation Fund) to start in 2018. |
http://www.conservation.org
|
| 3 | Floresta Viva | Atlantic Forest Biome restoration. Among other projects in the southern Bahia territory |
http://www.florestaviva.org.br/
|
| 4 | Reflorestar Program | The program is an initiative of the state government of Espírito Santo and aims to promote the restoration of the hydrological cycle through the conservation and recovery of forest cover, with the generation of opportunities and income for the rural producer, stimulating the adoption of sustainable use of soils. |
https://www.es.gov.br/programa-reflorestar
|
| 5 | Linhares Forest Reserve | Monitoring of biodiversity; seedling production; and environmental education activities. |
http://www.vale.com/brasil/PT/initiatives/environmental-social/natural-reserve/Paginas/default.aspx
|
References
| № | References |
|---|---|
| 1 |
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|
| 2 |
Alvarez Ariane. 2010. Camera-trapping survey of the endangered red-billed curassow Crax blumenbachii in the Atlantic Forest, Brazil. The Rufford Small Grants Foundation Final Report
|
| 3 |
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| 4 |
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| 5 |
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| 6 |
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| 8 |
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| 9 |
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| 11 |
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|
| 12 |
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| 13 |
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| 14 |
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| 15 |
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| 16 |
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| 17 |
IUCN, 2011. Preliminary ‘hot-list’ of the terrestrial biodiversity World Heritage sites most threatened by climate change.
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| 18 |
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| 19 |
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|
| 20 |
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|
| 21 |
Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade. http://www.icmbio.gov.br/portal/mosaicosecorredoresecologic…. Assessed August 2017.
|
| 22 |
Joly, C.A; Metzger, J.P.; Tabarelli, M. (2014) Experiences from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest: ecological findings and conservation initiatives. New Phytologist (2014) 204: 459-473
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| 23 |
Lamas, Ivana R.: Crepaldi, M.O e Mesquita, C.A.B. (Org), 2015. Uma rede no corredor: memórias da Rede de Gestores das Unidades de Conservação do Corredor Central da Mata Atlântica. Belo Horizonte: Conservação Internacional, 2015.
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| 24 |
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| 25 |
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| 26 |
Lourenço-de-Moraes, R. et al. (2019). Climate change will decrease the range size of snake species under negligible protection in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest hotspot. Scientific reports. (2019) 9:8523 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44732-z
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| 27 |
MAB, 2012. MAB Biosphere Reserve Directory.
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