Lorentz National Park
Country
Indonesia
Inscribed in
1999
Criteria
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
The conservation outlook for this site has been assessed as "significant concern" in the latest assessment cycle. Explore the Conservation Outlook Assessment for the site below. You have the option to access the summary, or the detailed assessment.
Lorentz National Park (2.35 million ha) is the largest protected area in South-East Asia. It is the only protected area in the world to incorporate a continuous, intact transect from snowcap to tropical marine environment, including extensive lowland wetlands. Located at the meeting-point of two colliding continental plates, the area has a complex geology with ongoing mountain formation as well as major sculpting by glaciation. The area also contains fossil sites which provide evidence of the evolution of life on New Guinea, a high level of endemism and the highest level of biodiversity in the region.
© UNESCO
Summary
2020 Conservation Outlook
Finalised on
02 Dec 2020
Significant concern
Current state and trend of VALUES
Low Concern
Trend
Deteriorating
Overall THREATS
Overall PROTECTION and MANAGEMENT
Full assessment
Finalised on
02 Dec 2020
Description of values
Graphic evidence of tectonic collision and uplift strata and the geomorphological effect of the last glacial and post-glacial periods
Criterion
(viii)
The geology and landforms of Lorentz National Park display graphic evidence of Earth’s history. Located at the meeting point of two colliding continental plates, the area has a complex geology with ongoing mountain formation as well as major sculpting by glaciation and shoreline accretion. Lorentz National Park is close to the line of collision between the Australian and Pacific tectonic plates and the high mountains of Lorentz provide graphic evidence of the collision and major uplift arising from the collision, including the highest mountains of New Guinea. There is also clear evidence of post glacial shorelines (State Party of Indonesia, 1999; World Heritage Committee, 2013). Graphically illustrating the geomorphological effect of the last glacial and post-glacial periods, the mountains show all the classical glacial landforms including lakes and moraines. Furthermore, there are five small remnant glaciers. While all five glaciers are retreating rapidly under present climatic conditions, no other tropical glacier fields in the world exhibit glacial evolution as well as those in Lorentz National Park. There is also no better example in the world of the combined effect of collision of tectonic plates and the secondary major sculpting by glacial and post-glacial events (World Heritage Committee, 2013).
Fossil evidence of post Pleistocene mammal extinctions.
Criterion
(viii)
Fossils, particularly from the Pleistocene and Holocene are evidence of post Pleistocene mammal extinctions. These fossil sites are exceptionally valuable as the main sources of evidence of mammal species that have only recently become extinct (State Party of Indonesia, 1999).
A centre of on-going ecological and biological evolution
Criterion
(ix)
Lorentz National Park provides evidence of highly developed endemism in both plants and animals, especially for the higher altitudes of the mountains, as expected in a region combining on-going uplift and climatic warming (World Heritage Committee, 2013). The major mountain building uplift to form the central cordillera of the large island of New Guinea is believed to have played a major role in driving relatively rapid biological evolution of species, especially of mammal and bird species. New Guinea is the centre of diversity of the highly distinctive tree kangaroo group with 15 of the recognized 17 taxa being confined to New Guinea. Lorentz is primary habitat for two species, including the most recently discovered and most unusual species, the ground inhabiting Dingiso, Dendrolagus mbaiso. The world famous Birds of Paradise evolved in Australia but underwent major evolutionary radiation in New Guinea to the point where they now have species represented across almost the full altitudinal range on the island. Similarly, the honeyeaters show evidence of a major radiation (State Party of Indonesia, 1999).
Diversity of habitats
Criterion
(x)
Lorentz, with altitudes ranging from 4884 metres to sea level and below, incorporates the greatest altitudinal range, and hence habitat diversity, on the island of New Guinea, indeed the Australian continental plate – from tropical ice cap to tropical sea - making it a globally unique attribute. Furthermore, this transect comprises a continuum of protected intact habitats. Habitats range from limited areas of alpine zone to the very extensive lowland coastal wetlands and mangrove systems.
Diversity of species
Criterion
(x)
Notwithstanding the limited extent of survey, Lorentz has been clearly established as an area of great species diversity. Leading mammalogists describe it as being the most important area in the Australo-Pacific region for mammal diversity. It also contains major representation of two Endemic Bird Areas (EBA’s) with a total of 45 restricted range species and 9 endemic species recorded. A transect survey in 1997, ranging from sea level to 4,000 metres recorded a very impressive 274 species, including 5 globally threatened species. Lorentz provides habitat for no less than an estimated 18 species of the spectacular and distinctly New Guinean ‘Birds of Paradise’ group (State Party of Indonesia, 1999).
Rich montane flora with many endemic species and species with overlapping Gondwana and Asian links.
Criterion
(x)
Lorentz contains a substantial area of alpine, sub-alpine and montane habitat, the most extensive in New Guinea, which exhibits a rich diversity of plants which include many local endemics and many relictual Gondwanan species, including Gondwanan conifers with close relatives in temperate Gondwanan fragments in Tasmania, New Zealand and Chile. E.g. Dacrycarpus sp. and Papuacedrus sp.. The Rhododendron group of plants with recognized Asian links, has a centre of diversity in New Guinea with many local endemics and the group is well represented in Lorentz, including the world’s smallest Rhododendron, R.saxifragoides (State Party of Indonesia, 1999).
Assessment information
The very large size, remoteness, rugged terrain, cold mountain climates and labyrinthine waterways and wetlands in the lowlands together with a low population density has meant that the greater part of the park remains in an intact condition. Most of the park and its OUV have no identifiable threats in the short term. Most other current threats such as illegal logging and hunting of wildlife are either manageable or not yet critical, although more information is needed on the level of poaching in the property. However, emerging threats are now evident. Some of those threats, in the absence of assertive management intervention, risk escalating to major threats. Road construction is a likely precursor to other associated serious direct and indirect threats, especially in the current period of pause in the implementation of the mitigation action plan for the Habema-Kenyam road, which was constructed despite signficiant concerns for its impact on the OUV.
Hunting and trapping
(Poaching of reptiles, mammals and birds for the pet trade)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
There is reportedly a steady trade in poaching and sale of Boelen’s python for the pet trade (comments in workshops for Strategic Planning). Other species of reptiles, mammals and birds may also be subject to intensive poaching, though data is absent (IUCN, 2014). The 2014 IUCN moniotring mission noted that there are indications in the media that a lot of wildlife species from Papua are being traded on markets in Java and Sumatra. In 2016, nearly 4,000 Pig-nosed turtles were confiscated by airport authorities in one week in both Jakarta and Timika (a well-known regional hub for the trade of wildlife species from Papua, located adjacent to the property), the majority of which is known to come from Lorentz National Park (IUCN Consultation, 2017). The State Party has reported of an absence of large-scale poaching from the property and that hunting occurs only on small scale by local communities for traditional use and cultural ceremonies (State Party of Indonesia, 2016, 2018). However, this may be a reflection of a weakness in the monitoring programme in the property. Preventive measures have nevertheless been increased, including routine patrols and awareness raising campaigns.
Roads/ Railroads
(Roads through the property)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Outside site
The Lake Habema road, constructed prior to listing of the park and the only road in the park at that time, has had demonstrable impacts on the environment including siltation of streams, illegal logging, and introduction of alien fish (UNESCO/IUCN, 2008). Construction of the Wamena – Habema – Kenyam road continued, with some reporting of damages to peat bogs and a glacial moraine. The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of this road was revised to consider IUCN's World Heritage Advice Note on Environmental Assessement, and approved by the Governor of Papua Province in 2015. The revised EIA concludes that significant environmental impacts from the road might potentially affect the property and the WH Committee considered the road to represent significant risk to the fragile alpine ecosystem (World Heritage Committee, 2017). However in 2018, the State Party reported the road to have already been completed and opened for public use (State Party of Indonesia, 2018) alongisde the implementation of a mitigation action plan for the road. Due to security concerns in the area however, the implementation of the mitigation action plan was halted (State Party of Indonesia, 2020), raising concerns of the impact the road has and is having.
Invasive Non-Native/ Alien Species
(Introduction of exotic/alien species of fish and water hyacinth)
Inside site
, Scattered(5-15%)
In Indonesia, introduction of alien species, especially fish, is sometimes promoted without any assessment of its potential environmental impact. For example the exotic fish Tilapia sp was reportedly introduced to Lake Habema in the park, which resulted in unnamed native species of fish and crustaceans to disappear (State Party of Indonesia, 1999). In the lowlands, deliberate introductions of invasive freshwater fish species are reported from the park and have the potential to seriously impact the native species such as Barramundi (idem). District governments have development programs that help distribute tilapia to villages located inside the property, which has the potential to cause substantial irreversible damage (IUCN Consultation, 2017). Current and proposed road construction in the highlands will facilitate access to pristine glacial lakes and to the headwaters of most rivers in the park and so potentially expose these to the risk of alien species introduction (IUCN Consultation, 2017). Water hyacinth is another reported invasive (IUCN Consultation 2014), and is notoriously problematic once it becomes established.
Other
(Nothofagus dieback disease)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Dieback of Nothofagus has been observed in the property for many years. It has long been speculated that this may have been caused by road construction, and research into the causes of the dieback disease is ongoing. The State Party has reported that its 2019 monitoring study along the Habema-Kenyam road found no correlation between fungal disease prevalance and distance to the road but that further analyses are being conducted on additional parameters (State Party of Indonesia, 2020). Instead, the State Party has given attacks from woodboring beetles and forest fires as the cause of Nothofagus tree death (State Party of Indonesia, 2020). Noting that many scientific communities have identified clear links between dieback and road construction (e.g. Dieback Working Group, 2020), further studies are clearly needed to fully understand the cause.
War, Civil Unrest/ Military Exercises
(On-going civil unrest involving Indigenous communities)
Inside site
, Scattered(5-15%)
Outside site
Since the formal integration of Papua into Indonesia in the 1960’s, there has been a demand for independence amongst certain factions of the Papuan society, leading on occasions to civil unrest, including within Lorentz National Park. Such challenges have seen implications on the conservation of the property, such as the suspension of the implementation of mitigation action plans for the Habema-Kenyam road (State Party of Indonesia, 2020). The civil unrest represents a serious constraint on development of trust and free movement of personnel in the mountainous regions of the park and hence constrains park management and also greatly limits the important tasks of community development, scientific survey and research in the highlands region of the park (UNESCO/IUCN Mission Report, 2008). Work has been done to map out the land claims of tribes around Lorentz National Park, which provides an opportunity to establish collaborative management with the communities in and around the property. The High Court ruling No.35 of 2012 that upholds that tribal forests (Hutan Adat) are not State lands, is yet to be translated into law, and currently lacks a legal framework for its implementation (IUCN Consultation, 2017).
Impacts of climate change are now evident in the form of late stage melting of the remaining glaciers in the park and it is expected the glaciers will disappear within another 10-15 years. The impact is not just physical but also on the biodiversity of the property as species are likely to move towards higher elevations. People are also likely to be affected. Further road construction in the lowlands and beyond the property remain the greatest potential threat.
Habitat Shifting/ Alteration
(Climate change is causing rapid melting of glaciers)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
As well as the obvious ongoing melting of the last of the glaciers in Lorentz National Park, the last on the island of New Guinea, future climate change has serious potential to impact on the park environment (Klein & Kincaid, 2006; Thompson, 2010). Climatic warming threatens the biodiversity of the alpine environment that includes many local endemic, rare and threatened species, and has the potential to render the sub-alpine/montane plateau of the park suitable for subsistence agriculture, leading to a migration to this landscape with associated implications for the park and its OUV. Several small ‘pioneer’ villages are located in this landscape just above 3,000 metres asl, including 18 km west of Lake Habema, within the property. Sea level rise associated with climate change has the potential to significantly impact on the vast coastal wetlands of the park. The nature of the impact is unknown without an understanding of the dynamics of coastal processes and rivers. Much of what is mapped as coastal lowland is flooded forest at or only slightly above sea level, hence a rise in sea level of one metre would have regional scale implications (IUCN Consultation, 2017).
Oil/ Gas exploration/development, Mining/ Quarrying
(Risk of mining tailings polluting marine environment)
Outside site
There continues to be agitation at the local and provincial level to allow exploration for oil, gas and metals (gold, copper) in parts of the park. This in part is driven by the knowledge of a geomagnetic anomaly detected by airborne exploration in the east of the park (UNESCO/IUCN, 2008). Impacts from active mining to the west of the park (the Freeport mine) remain a potential risk, in particular through the contamination of the marine environment by mine tailings (IUCN Consultation, 2014).
Logging/ Wood Harvesting
(Logging and agricultural development in the lowlands)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
The local government has reportedly indicated potential interest for oil palm development in the inner coastal lowlands towards the foothills of the park. Oil palm development has already commenced in similar terrain east and west of the park (IUCN Consultation, 2014) and may lead to further development pressures.
Roads/ Railroads
(Road construction)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Outside site
As is evidenced by the relatively small amount of road construction already within the park, road construction represents a real threat to the park and its values. As with many tropical regions of the world, roads are the precursor of many associated developments and have been described as ‘the beginning of the end’ for tropical forest. Proposals for major new roads on the lowlands of the park have been articulated by the military and by district governments. Whilst there appears to be no active promotion of such roads, they remain a serious potential threat to the park. Ad hoc settlement can develop along roads and so construction of roads in the lowlands of the park can be expected to attract unplanned suburban development and exploitation of the surrounding forests, hence the seriousness of this threat. The Habema-Kenyam road appears to be a part of a larger national infrastrucure development project under the President's initiative called the Trans-Papua Highway (State Party of Indonesia, 2018). This will likely lead to direct loss of rainforests and may have a large impact on the integrity and connectivity of the property with its wider ecosystem (Laurance, 2019).
Housing/ Urban Areas
(Urban development)
Outside site
Satellite imagery indicates that there is significant urban development at the town of Kenyam, the capital of Nduga District, which is near the World Heritage site. Such development may lead to further road developments in close proximity to, and potentially inside, the World Heritage site, as well as a growth in the local population and an increased risk of poaching and other illegal activities.
The very large size, remoteness, rugged terrain, cold mountain climates and labyrinthine waterways and wetlands in the lowlands together with a low population density has meant that the greater part of the park remains in an intact condition. Most current threats such as illegal logging and hunting of wildlife are either manageable or not yet critical, although more information is needed on the level of poaching in the property. However, emerging threats in the absence of assertive management intervention, risk escalating to major threats. Road constructions pose direct threats but are also likely precursor to other associated serious direct and indirect threats. The desire of district governments to provide development services to their communities is likely to put significant pressure on the property from further proposals for road construction and other developments. Impacts of climate change are now evident in the form of late stage melting of the remaining glaciers in the park and it is expected the glaciers will disappear within another 10-15 years.
Management system
A park specific Bureau for management of Lorentz was established in 2006 and is headquartered in Wamena, a highland town north of the park. The Bureau is a unit of the Jakarta-based Department of Forestry and is therefore not integrated into the autonomous Papua Province administration. The low echelon of the Lorentz National Park Bureau within the Indonesian governmental structure hampers its ability for coordination and negotiation with other government agencies of a higher echelon level, such as district Forestry Offices (IUCN, 2014). The 2018 zonation scheme for the property allows for activities within the property that may potentially impact the OUV of the property such as roads, cultivation and airport construction (State Party of Indonesia, 2020).
Effectiveness of management system
It is increasingly evident that the management of the park is failing and ineffective in any form of field management. In 2008 it was found that none of the Wamena staff had ever been to the park. More recent reports have been very critical of the management effectiveness. The ineffectiveness of the park management represents a serious threat to maintenance of the values of the park.
The establishment of a collaborative management mechanism is a positive step, however, park management remains hampered by a lack of capacity to address the threats on the ground (IUCN, 2014). The implementation of the mitigation action plan for the Habema-Kenyam road and the monitoring of its impact have been postponed in the face of political unrest.
The establishment of a collaborative management mechanism is a positive step, however, park management remains hampered by a lack of capacity to address the threats on the ground (IUCN, 2014). The implementation of the mitigation action plan for the Habema-Kenyam road and the monitoring of its impact have been postponed in the face of political unrest.
Boundaries
Substantial lengths of the boundary have been marked with concrete markers but the extent of marking in the highlands is unknown. Some more populated areas were marked by local cooperative in the early 2000’s. Much probably remains unmarked.
Integration into regional and national planning systems
The on-going issue of the road construction is illustrative of the apparent lack of integration of the park into the national, provincial and local government planning systems. Local government websites promote development of oil palm within the park without any reference to the World Heritage status of the site or even of its location within a national park.
Relationships with local people
Whilst the nomination of Lorentz was supported by the local traditional owners, the post listing relationship between the Wamena based management and the traditional owners has been very weak and appeared to be deteriorating at the time of the 2011 UNESCO/IUCN reactive monitoring mission (UNESCO/IUCN, 2011). The 2014 IUCN mission was aware of indications that the situation may be improving, but was unable to confirm this (IUCN Consultation, 2014). There has developed a fundamental divergence of opinion between central government and the traditional owners about who owns the land. Local people, particularly traditional owners, are not fully involved in management of the park (UNESCO/IUCN, 2011). However, the 2014 IUCN mission noted that a collaborative mechanism has been established, which is pending formalization by ministerial decree (IUCN, 2014). Local communities are also being involved in a review of the zonation of the property, which was ongoing in 2016 (State Party of Indonesia, 2016). Until the above-mentioned new mechanism is proven to be effective, the situation remains of serious concern.
Legal framework
The legal framework for management of national parks in Indonesia is robust.
Law enforcement
Law enforcement is weak, owing to the vast size of the property, its relative inaccessibility, and low staffing levels.
Implementation of Committee decisions and recommendations
The World Heritage Committee has made many decisions and recommendations on Lorentz, but until recently only few had been implemented. Notably, despite the Committee had considered that the construction of the Habema-Kenyam road through the property posed significant risk to for the fragile alpine environments of the property (World Heritage Committee, 2017). In 2019 however, the Committee noted with utmost concern the update from the State Party that the road had now been completed and opened for public use (World Heritage Committee, 2019). The Committee has also requested the State Party to invite an IUCN mission since 2017 but this has still not taken place (World Heritage Committee, 2017; 2019). The efforts undertaken by the State Party to improve patrolling in the site is positive (World Heritage Committee, 2019).
Sustainable use
Local indigenous communities undertake subsistence hunting but are mostly dependent upon subsistence agriculture. No studies have been undertaken to identify long-term impacts, however, social changes are leading to changes in traditional natural resources management and hunting methods, which in turn may result in a more significant impact on the park’s biodiversity (IUCN Consultation, 2014).
Sustainable finance
The Central Government’s budget allocation for the property has increased by 65% from IDR 9.7 billion in 2011 to IDR 15 billion in 2014. However, given the vast area of the property (2.3 million hectares), the current budget allocation is still insufficient (IDR 6,403 or US$ 0.56 per hectare) to deal with the complexities on the ground. Furthermore, the biggest proportion of the budget (75%) is allocated for support costs, including infrastructure, office and staffing costs (IUCN, 2014).
Staff capacity, training, and development
Additional staff has been hired with a diverse educational background, including agriculture, law, and social sciences. Strong efforts have been made in 2013 to improve staff capacities, including by providing training to 24 staff members on topics such as GIS and conflict resolution, among others. However, the limited number of staff and inadequate capacities still remain a key challenge in monitoring and managing the property (IUCN, 2014).
Education and interpretation programs
Some education programs appear to have been conducted but it is difficult to assess their effectiveness. Working with traditional communities will need specific culturally appropriate education programs. These should be designed in collaboration with anthropologists. However, such approaches are currently absent (IUCN Consultation, 2014).
Tourism and visitation management
Tourism is very limited, comprising mountaineering focused on Carstenz Pyramid in the west and Mt. Trikora in the east plus bird tours to the Lake Habema area in the north east. Freeport mine has provided major assistance (construction of a mountain top airstrip) in establishing the village of Tsinga as a fly-in base for mountaineering with the operation directly benefiting the villagers.
Monitoring
SMART patrols have been undertaken in the property since 2016, covering 600,000ha in total over the 2016-2018 period (State Party of Indonesia, 2020). Patrols only cover the lowlands due to the challenging terrain of the property. This is nevertheless a major improvement compared to previous times when no monitoring mechanism existed until recent times (IUCN, 2014)
Research
Studies into the Nothofagus dieback disease is being undertaken, with recent research focussing along the Habema-Kenyam road through the property (State Party of Indonesia, 2020). Further research is however required. There is no information on any other research being undertaken within the property.
The large size, remoteness, rugged, mountainous terrain and labyrinthine waterways of the lowlands ensure that for the foreseeable future most of the park is to a certain extent self-protecting. However, the highlands are now coming under increasing threat and management is ill-prepared to deal with the threats. Ineffectiveness of management, including ineffective engagement with the traditional owners of the park and the absence of a monitoring mechanism (which should engage traditional owners) to identify threats fairs poorly for protection of the park and its values. The contruction of the Habema-Kenyam road despite the findings in the EIA and the WH Committee's decisions, and the further absence of monitoring its impact is concerning.
Assessment of the effectiveness of protection and management in addressing threats outside the site
Some Concern
Given the large size, remoteness and rugged terrain in much of the park, the park is to a large degree self-buffering and requires limited management intervention outside the park. Park management has improved slightly since 2016 when SMART patrols were introduced, albeit being restricted to a limited lowland parts of the property. There is a constant threat of invasive and exotic species being introduced, especially fish, which warrants management intervention outside the park. There is also a need to monitor the development trends outside the park. The political situation and uncertain security in the area further complicates management efforts both within and outside the property.
Assessment of the current state and trend of World Heritage values
Low Concern
Trend
Deteriorating
The remoteness, extreme topography and low population density of much of Lorentz National Park means there are currently few threats to World Heritage values in those areas. The presence of highly endemic and for the greater part still undescribed entomological fauna shows that the highlands are still intact, as these are mostly very specialized species depending on the endemic flora and rare habitats. However, much funding is made available to all districts in the Province of Papua to speed up development. The tract of alpine/sub-alpine and montane landscape of the property stretching along the central cordillera is vulnerable and under threat along with the WH values associated with it as a result of the road constructed through the World Heritage site despite the likely damages foreseen to the OUV and in the absence of any implementation of mitigation measures. With the road also being associated with the Trans-Papua Highway, threats associated with roads are expected to accelerate. However in the absence of monitoring data, its extent of impact cannot be measured at present. The current rapid melting of the glaciers in Lorentz is an indicator of global climate change but may also be a local indicator of the increasing inhabitability of the extensive sub-alpine/montane zone of the park and hence the likely future escalation of threat from settlement to this important landscape.
Additional information
History and tradition
There is a rich Indigenous culture in Lorentz. Some tribes share aspects of their culture as a part of minor tourism activities. The Asmat tribe in the lowlands makes significant income from the sale of their world famous wood carvings; not dependent on tourism.
Outdoor recreation and tourism
Tourism remains very minor although there is great potential. Mountaineers are focused on Carstenz Pyramid as one of the ‘ 7 peaks of the world’. Some bird watching tours occur in the Lake Habema part of the park but logistics are problematic and security can be a concern. Both mountaineering and birdwatching have great potential if logistic and security issues can be overcome. There is potential for various forms of adventure tourism.
Importance for research
Much of Lorentz remains unexplored and has high potential for discovery of new species of plants and animals. The large altitudinal range and pristine nature of the park enhances potential for major expansion of natural history knowledge.
Lorentz National Park possesses great potential for scientific exploration and could support a series of major expeditions. Expansion of scientific knowledge would enhance the potential for increasing benefits flowing from specialized tourism, especially mountaineering and birdwatching. Cultural tourism has untapped potential but Indigenous culture is undervalued externally and being eroded by outside influences.
| № | Organization | Brief description of Active Projects | Website |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | WWF-Indonesia | Are implementing some projects. They have assisted the national park with the development of zonation and a collaborative management mechanism. |
https://www.wwf.id/en/
|
| 2 | YBAW (Yayasan Bina Adat Walesi) based in Wamena | Mapping of tribal territories (Hutan Adat) | |
| 3 | Burung Indonesia | Identification of IBAs and KBAs in Papua and West Papua | |
| 4 | Papua Insects Foundation | General inventory of the insect species, including the endemic fauna |
www.papua-insects.nl
www.sugapa.org
|
References
| № | References |
|---|---|
| 1 |
De Vos, R. (2020). Three new Arctiinae species from Lake Habbema (Lorentz National Park) in Papua, Indonesia (Lepidoptera: Erebidae). SUGAPA digital 12(2): 112-123.
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| 2 |
Dieback Working Group (2020) https://www.dwg.org.au/about-dieback/phytophthora-dieback/. Acccessed 12 August 2020.
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| 3 |
IUCN (1999). World Heritage Nomination - IUCN Technical Evaluation, Lorentz National Park (Indonesia). [online] Available at: <http://whc.unesco.org/document/154684>;.
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| 4 |
IUCN (2014). Reactive Monitoring Mission to the Lorentz National Park World Heritage site (Indonesia), 11 to 18 March 2014. [online] Available at: <http://whc.unesco.org/document/136459>;.
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| 5 |
IUCN Consultation. (2017). IUCN World Heritage Confidential Consultation: Lorentz National Park, Indonesia
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| 6 |
Klein, A.G. and Kincaid, J.L. 2006. Retreat of glaciers on Mt. Jaya, Irian Jaya determined from 2000 and 2002 IKONOS satellite images. Journal of Glaciology, 52(176):65-79.
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| 7 |
Laurance, W. (2019) A Highway Megaproject Tears at the Heart of New Guinea’s Rainforest. Yale Environment 360. https://e360.yale.edu/features/a-highway-megaproject-tears-…. Accessed 12 August 2020.
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| 8 |
Michael L. Prentice and S. Glidden (2010) Glacier crippling and the rise of the snowline in western New Guinea (Papua Province, Indonesia) from 1972 to 2000
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| 9 |
State Party of Indonesia (1999). Nomination of Lorentz National Park as a World Heritage site. Indonesia.
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| 10 |
State Party of Indonesia (2016) Report of the State Party to the World Heritage Committee on the state of conservation of Lorentz National Park (Indonesia).
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| 11 |
State Party of Indonesia (2018) Report of the State Party to the World Heritage Committee on the state of conservation of Lorentz National Park (Indonesia).
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| 12 |
State Party of Indonesia (2020) Report of the State Party to the World Heritage Committee on the state of conservation of Lorentz National Park (Indonesia). [online] Available at: <http://whc.unesco.org/document/181439>;. [Accessed 12 August 2020].
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| 13 |
Thompson, L. (2010). Saving Indonesia’s ice climate record is a race against time. EarthSky [online] Available at: <http://earthsky.org/earth/lonnie-thompson-saving-indonesias…;.
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| 14 |
UNESCO/IUCN (2008). Reactive Monitoring Mission to the Lorentz National Park World Heritage site (Indonesia), 26 March to 8 April 2008. [online] Available at: <http://whc.unesco.org/document/100745>;.
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| 15 |
UNESCO/IUCN (2011). Reactive Monitoring Mission to the Lorentz National Park World Heritage site (Indonesia), 24 January to 3 February 2011. [online] Available at: <http://whc.unesco.org/document/106930>;.
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| 16 |
World Heritage Committee (2013). Decision 37 COM 8E Adoption of retrospective Statements of Outstanding Universal Value. Lorentz National Park (Indonesia). In Report of decisions of the 37th session of the World Heritage Committee (Phnom Penh, 2013). [online] Available at: <http://whc.unesco.org/en/decisions/4964>; [Accessed 13 August 2020].
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| 17 |
World Heritage Committee (2017) Decision 41 COM 7B.29. Lorentz National Park (Indonesia). In Report of decisions of the 41st session of the World Heritage Committee (Krakow, 2017). [online] Available at: <http://whc.unesco.org/en/decisions/7031>; [Accessed 13 August 2020].
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| 18 |
World Heritage Committee (2019). Decision 43 COM 7B.9. Lorentz National Park (Indonesia). In Report of decisions of the 43rd session of the World Heritage Committee (Baku, 2019). [online] Available at: <https://whc.unesco.org/en/sessions/43com/decisions/>; [Accessed 13 August 2020].
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