Los Glaciares National Park
Country
Argentina
Inscribed in
1981
Criteria
(vii)
(viii)
The conservation outlook for this site has been assessed as "good with some concerns" in the latest assessment cycle. Explore the Conservation Outlook Assessment for the site below. You have the option to access the summary, or the detailed assessment.
The Los Glaciares National Park is an area of exceptional natural beauty, with rugged, towering mountains and numerous glacial lakes, including Lake Argentino, which is 160 km long. At its farthest end, three glaciers meet to dump their effluvia into the milky grey glacial water, launching massive igloo icebergs into the lake with thunderous splashes. © UNESCO
Summary
2020 Conservation Outlook
Finalised on
13 Jan 2022
Good with some concerns
Current state and trend of VALUES
Low Concern
Trend
Deteriorating
Overall THREATS
Overall PROTECTION and MANAGEMENT
Full assessment
Finalised on
13 Jan 2022
Description of values
Exceptional natural beauty modeled by ongoing glaciation
Criterion
(vii)
Los Glaciares National Park is situated in the Argentine part of Southern Patagonia. The landscape is modeled by longstanding and ongoing glaciation against the backdrop of some of the most spectacular Andean peaks, such as the Fitz Roy (Chaltén) and the Torre. Extensive glacial lakes, such as the renowned Argentino and Viedma Lakes, contrast with massive glaciers fed by some of the largest inland ice fields in the world (World Heritage Committee, 2014; UNEP-WCMC, 2011). The natural beauty attracts visitors from around the world.
Geological, geomorphic and physiographic phenomenon caused by the advance and retreat of the glaciations
Criterion
(viii)
Los Glaciares National Park owes its name to the countless glaciers covering roughly half of the property. The vast South Patagonian Ice Field, the most extensive South American relict of the glaciological processes of the Quaternary Period feeds many of these glaciers, while there are also impressive glaciers independent of the main ice field. The property is thereby an outstanding example of geological, geomorphic and physiographic phenomena caused by dynamic glaciation during the Pleistocene epoch of the Quaternary, as well as ongoing neoglaciations in the Holocene (World Heritage Committee, 2014; UNEP-WCMC, 2011). These events have modeled the landscape and may be recognised by the lacustrine basins of glacial origin, the moraine systems deposited on the plateaux, or by more recent systems pertaining to the current valleys with its spectacular glacier tongues. The arguably most spectacular visual feature are several glaciers calving into the icy and milky waters of the huge Lake Argentino. These include the famous Perito Moreno Glacier, which blocks a narrow channel formed by Lake Argentino thereby temporarily raising the water level. This in turn causes regular thunderous ruptures of the glacier tongue into the lake (World Heritage Committee, 2014).
Natural forests and steppes with noteworthy fauna and flora
While better known for its extraordinary scenic beauty and striking glaciation, Los Glaciares boasts a remarkable landscape diversity encompassing a large altitudinal gradient of more than 3,000 metres and very diverse ecosystems. The property is in particular noteworthy for its forests and steppes. The forests are dominated by various species of Southern Beech (Nothofagus sp.). Charismatic mammals include puma (Puma concolor) and the elusive and endangered Patagonian huemul or South Andean deer (Hippocamelus bisulcus). The avifauna includes the iconic Andean condor (Vultur gryphus, NT), the torrent duck (Merganetta armata, LC) in the fast-flowing clear mountain creeks, and the charismatic Magellanic woodpecker (Campephilus magellanicus, LC) (World Heritage Committee, 2014).
Massive freshwater reservoir
The property is part of an enormous, largely pristine freshwater reservoir comprised of vast ice fields and glaciers on both sides of the international border between Argentina and Chile (World Heritage Committee, 2014; UNEP-WCMC, 2011).
Assessment information
From a conventional protected area perspective, the national park faces considerable threats despite the relatively remote location and sparse population density of Southern Patagonia. Intensive past livestock grazing, introduced plants and mammals, feral livestock, climate change, fires and poorly controlled tourism development and poaching have caused significant impacts on the steppes and forests, parts of which were described as severely degraded even in the nomination dossier (State Party of Argentina, 1981).
Livestock Farming / Grazing
(Livestock grazing)
Inside site
, Widespread(15-50%)
Outside site
Cattle and sheep grazing have been modifying the native steppes and forests long before the World Heritage inscription (State Party of Argentina, 1981) with detrimental effects on native flora, fauna and habitat quality. Perilake and wet-meadows (mallines) are also disturbed by trampling and grazing, leading to loss of vegetation cover and soil, water pollution and affecting water retention capacity. This in turn favors exotic species establishment and affects species that use those ecosystems, such as nesting birds like Rallus antarticus (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019; Testoni, 2018). While some areas have since been naturally recovering, pressure continues to exist, including in some areas from feral cattle (World Heritage Committee, 2014). Feral cattle is considered one of the most serious conservation problems, as it affects 20% of the World Heritage site (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019; Testoni, 2018). The threat is ranked as high due to the potential effects on the exceptional natural beauty and on the other important biodiversity values of the site.
Invasive Non-Native/ Alien Species
(Invasive alien and feral species)
Inside site
, Widespread(15-50%)
Outside site
The main non-native mammal species within the site include populations of cattle (Bos taurus) and feral equines (Equus caballus), European hare (Lepus europaeus) and American mink (Neovison vison). Invasive American mink is a severe threat to endangered waterbird populations, such as the torrent duck (Merganetta armata). Mink has a proven acute impact on the Hooded Grebe (Podiceps gallardoi), a critically endangered specialist of highland plateau lakes in Patagonia where a single mink attack can deplete up to 4% of the global population (Fasola and Roesler, 2018). Likewise, the invasions of exotic fish represent a significant loss of biodiversity for the site. Native species are completely excluded from some sectors (Testoni, 2018). In the Santa Cruz river basin, whose headwaters are located within the site, four exotic salmonids species have been registered: chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and brown trout (Psalm trutta).The presence of the diatom algae (Didimosphenia geminata) in some water bodies represents the main conservation problem of these environments, mainly affecting their quality (Testoni, 2018). Invasions caused by exotic plants, such as Rosa rubiginosa, constitute one of the most relevant conservation problems of the site.
Habitat Shifting/ Alteration
(Increasing summer temperatures and droughts increasing fire risks and effects on glaciers in the longer term)
Inside site
, Throughout(>50%)
Outside site
Climate change is causing the majority of the glaciers in the national park to recede with the notable exception of the Perito Moreno Glacier which continues to grow.
According to available climatic models, a significant change in regional average temperatures and precipitation patterns could lead to important changes in river dynamics (Villalba et al., 2017). Annual average temperature increase (especially in the summer) has had an effect on the position of the regional snow line, forcing its elevation. This has caused a general retreat of most of the Patagonian glaciers (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019).
In 2015, the Viedma glacier showed the highest recoil rates over the last 40 years (Lo Vecchio et al., 2018).
Bosson et al. (2019) predicts complete glacier extinction in 8 to 21 of the 46 World Heritage sites analyzed by 2100, depending on the climate scenario. Projections of glacier evolution in Los Glaciares National Park illustrate the slow response time of large glaciers. The low accumulation area ratio (AAR) values (<50%) modeled for the glaciers in this site at the end of the 21st century indicate a strong imbalance between the remaining large ice volume and climatic conditions and thus the continuation of ice loss beyond 2100 (Bosson et al., 2019).
Higher summer temperatures coinciding with decreasing precipitation increases the vulnerability of native steppes and forests to wildfires (World Heritage Committee, 2014).
According to available climatic models, a significant change in regional average temperatures and precipitation patterns could lead to important changes in river dynamics (Villalba et al., 2017). Annual average temperature increase (especially in the summer) has had an effect on the position of the regional snow line, forcing its elevation. This has caused a general retreat of most of the Patagonian glaciers (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019).
In 2015, the Viedma glacier showed the highest recoil rates over the last 40 years (Lo Vecchio et al., 2018).
Bosson et al. (2019) predicts complete glacier extinction in 8 to 21 of the 46 World Heritage sites analyzed by 2100, depending on the climate scenario. Projections of glacier evolution in Los Glaciares National Park illustrate the slow response time of large glaciers. The low accumulation area ratio (AAR) values (<50%) modeled for the glaciers in this site at the end of the 21st century indicate a strong imbalance between the remaining large ice volume and climatic conditions and thus the continuation of ice loss beyond 2100 (Bosson et al., 2019).
Higher summer temperatures coinciding with decreasing precipitation increases the vulnerability of native steppes and forests to wildfires (World Heritage Committee, 2014).
Tourism/ Recreation Areas
(Massive and growing tourism numbers)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Outside site
Around 700,000 tourist visited the site in 2019 (IUCN Consultation, 2020b), compared to less than 80,000 in the early 1990s (UNEP-WCMC, 2011). Even though infrastructure expansion has mostly been occurring outside the World Heritage site, the visual impacts are striking nevertheless (UNEP-WCMC, 2011). There is a major mismatch between tourism growth and corresponding planning and management (Auditoría General de la Nación, 2015; Despouy, 2015; Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019).
Negative impacts derived from tourism have been detected in the site in recent years, such as; the increasing use by tourists and residents of spontaneous trails; progressive damage to soil and vegetation; pollution of water courses; excessive use of some areas, such as the Perito Moreno Glacier area (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019).
Negative impacts derived from tourism have been detected in the site in recent years, such as; the increasing use by tourists and residents of spontaneous trails; progressive damage to soil and vegetation; pollution of water courses; excessive use of some areas, such as the Perito Moreno Glacier area (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019).
Hunting and trapping
(Poaching)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
Historically, there has been intense hunting of puma (Puma concolor), fox (Lycalopex culpaeus, L. griseus) and guanaco (Lama guanicoe). Ranches continue to operate in the surroundings of the site and both retaliation killings of predators and poaching of guanaco continues to be reported (IUCN, 2014). Hunting of huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus) from the roads and trails is circumstantial, specially in the area of influence of Provincial Route No. 41, both within the protected area and beyond its northern boundary (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019). This is a low threat from a World Heritage perspective due to the focus on landscape beauty and geological values.
As elsewhere in Patagonia, demand for real estate for secondary homes, investment or tourism development is high and rising and could further impact on the site's exceptional natural beauty. Construction of hydropower dams on the Santa Cruz River, which originates in the World Heritage site, would fundamentally modify one of the last free-flowing major rivers in Argentine Patagonia and possibly affect the iconic Lago Argentino. This, along with the climate change impacts, pose a serious threat to the extraordinary landscape beauty, the the glaciers surface and the freshwater reservoir.
Dams/ Water Management or Use
(Dam construction)
Outside site
Past plans to construct a hydropower dam on the La Leona River caused concerns about the water level of Lago Viedma and anticipated changes to sensitive habitats along its shore (BirdLife International, 2017). In 2012, the hydropower plans on the La Leona River appeared to have been abandoned. There is, however, ongoing and major concern about the construction of major dams on the formerly free-flowing Santa Cruz River, known as La Barrancosa-Condor Cliff hydropower complex. Controversial planning of these major dams raised public concern and press attention. Construction was suspended until 2017 due to the lack of environmental impact assessment (Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación, 2016). Possible effects on glaciers´ dynamic, in particular glaciers calving, constitutes a potential risk. The hydraulic decoupling between the Argentino Lake and the artificial reservoir located upstream of the river and the possible impact of the maximum level of operation of the dam (La Barrancosa) on the dynamics of glaciers remains uncertain (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019; IANIGLA, 2017; IUCN Consultation, 2020a). While outside of the World Heritage site, the reservoir could reach into the site according to some scenarios, thereby affecting the level of the iconic Argentino Lake and consequently both sensitive aquatic and coastal habitats but also one of the major tourism attractions. A rise in the lake level would accelerate the retreat of the glaciers in the context of global warming, as the glaciers would melt faster in contact with the waters and would slide towards the lake at a greater speed (IUCN Consultation, 2020a). The annual advance of Perito Moreno Glacier front typically leads to an ice-dam formation, which is a complex process, and there is a feedback mechanism between the Glacier and Argentino Lake that primarily controls the oscillations of the glacier front around the otherwise quite stable position (Lenzano et al. 2018).
Housing/ Urban Areas, Tourism/ Recreation Areas
(Real estate development)
Outside site
Real estate development in the contiguous national reserve, which serves as a de facto buffer zone, is an increasing risk due to the tourism boom and demand for secondary homes in Patagonia. In addition to conversion of habitat and disturbance (BirdLife International, 2017), it could cause important visual impacts. Currently, El Chaltén municipality is requesting the degazettement of 200 hectares of the current World Heritage site in order to extend the urban area. This would ultimately lead to the downsizing of the protected area. Civil society organizations submitted a note to Santa Cruz Provincial Government, requesting the withdraw of the initiative. The organizations expressed their concern regarding potential environmental impacts of urban encroachment, such as soil erosion, spontaneous opening of new trails; inadequate waste management and non-authorized wood extraction (ACEN, 2020). The threat is ranked as high, as it would potentially impact on the beauty of the overall landscape as well on other important biodiversity values.
Past livestock grazing, introduced plants and mammals, feral livestock, climate change, fires and poorly controlled tourism development and poaching have been causing and continue to cause significant impacts on the steppes and forests. Nonetheless, those current threats remain limited from the perspective of the specifically recognized World Heritage values. However, climate change and the possible construction and future operation of a large hydropower dam poses a high threat to the glaciers, and it might directly affect the iconic Argentino Lake. Therefore, overall threats are considered to be high.
Management system
The management plan was updated in 2019 (the previous version had been developed in 1997). It defines technical and operative guidelines for the conservation and management of the site. In 2002, a local Advisory Commission was established made up of representatives of national, provincial and municipal entities, NGOs, the Chamber of Commerce, the Association of Tourist Guides, a Scout Group and others. However, currently the Advisory Commission is not operative, therefore there is no formal communication channel between managers and the community (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019).
Effectiveness of management system
Management effectiveness assessments carried out between 2011 to 2019 indicate that average management is basic, with minor deficiencies (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019). Main challenges identified for the site are: development and implementation of planning tools; knowledge and record of tourism indicators (trends, experiences and quality of the offer); knowledge about cultural, physical and biological aspects; databases; long-term environmental impact management; budget and staff; public participation (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019).
Boundaries
The site does not have a cadastral survey inscription. However, the national park boundaries have been in place for decades and are known to local inhabitants (World Heritage Committee, 2014). There are some legal question marks surrounding the exact legal land tenure status of the El Chaltén settlement within the site, as well as about the jurisdiction of some other, relatively small areas (Auditoría General de la Nación, 2015). On the other hand, there is uncertainty about the legal instrument to apply for the definition of the eastern boundary in the Rio de las Vueltas area (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019).
Integration into regional and national planning systems
The national park is an integral part of the national protected areas system. In terms of landscape integration, a new project aims at establishing a 75 km binational hiking trail between Villa O’Higgins (Chile) and El Chaltén (Argentina). The trail would be established in the northern part of the World Heritage site (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019). The project is promoted by the Santa Cruz Province Tourism Secretary; the National Tourism Service of Chile (SERNATUR) in the Aysén Region and Villa O´Higgings and El Chaltén Chambers of Tourism (El Mediador 2020, El Chaltén 2019; Telam 2019).
Relationships with local people
There is some tension between nature conservation and tourism development which at times results in conflicts between the national management agency APN and actors at the provincial and local level. Similarly, livestock husbandry on adjacent private land regularly causes conflict when livestock enters the national park (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 1997). A Local Advisory Commission was operative between 2004 and 2007, based in El Calafate. Given the complexity of the urban areas linked to the site, it was not fully representative. However, currently the Advisory Commission is not operative (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019).
Legal framework
Los Glaciares National Park is a unit of the National System of Protected Areas in Argentina (Law No. 22.351). Created in 1937 (Law No. 13.895) its current boundaries were defined in 1971 (National Law No. 19.292), including the division of the area into a national park and a national reserve, as is common on Argentina (World Heritage Committee, 2014).
Law enforcement
Ongoing reports of some poaching are one example of indications of limited law enforcement capacity. The Park's current organizational structure presents some challenges in order to meet the demands of an effective management and enforcement. The current staff structure is insufficient to manage a protected area of such large extension, with two large urban nuclei and different public use modalities. The increase of visitors and the new trends in public use demand for a greater efficiency in processing the permits, as well as in the tasks of control, surveillance, conservation, communication and education (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019).
Implementation of Committee decisions and recommendations
Recent World Heritage Committee Decisions related to this site only included the adoption of the retrospective Statemenet of Outstanding Universal Value (World Heritage Committee, 2014) and clarification of the site's boundaries through the Retrospective Inventory (World Heritage Committee, 2012).
Sustainable use
The major use of the national park is tourism, the management of which has some deficits and is not in line with the large and increasing visitor numbers in the summer of the Southern Hemisphere (Auditoría General de la Nación, 2015; Despouy, 2015; UNEP-WCMC, 2011; Martin et al., 2001).
Sustainable finance
During the last decade and up to 2016, the national park´s budget was composed by National Government allocations plus 5 percent of the income derived from visitor´s access fees. This mechanism changed from 2017 onwards, resulting in a significant reduction of the park´s financial capacity. The budget received in 2019 was considered insufficient for managing the area and implementing the operative plan (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019).
Staff capacity, training, and development
Argentina has an advanced curriculum development for rangers considered exemplary in the region. Although a capacity building plan has not been developed for the site, a survey of training needs has been carried out. Trainings delivered up to this date partially meet the needs identified by the staff (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019).
Education and interpretation programs
In 2008 an innovative non-formal education program was developed and implemented in coherence with the Santa Cruz Provincial Education Curricula. Since 2016 the site has a Comprehensive Environmental Education Plan that guides the formal and non-formal education activities with the neighboring communities (Administración de Parques Nacionales, Plan de Gestión 2019).
Tourism and visitation management
Highly seasonal tourism is the major use of the national park with annual visitor number regularly exceeding half a million over the last years (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2015). Infrastructure (hotels, lodges, campgrounds, hiking and horse trails, mountain huts, tour boat and glacier hike facilities) is well developed. However, there are some deficits in the management of the balance between nature conservation and tourism promotion (UNEP-WCMC, 2011). Non-authorized use of spontaneous trails and circuits in remote areas by residents and tourists has been identified (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019). Auditoría General de la Nación (2015) noted an absence of up-to-date and approved public use plans. Long-term and systematic monitoring of visitors, authorized trails and areas use and tourism impacts is lacking (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019).
Monitoring
The inventory and status of glaciers is monitored by the Argentine Institute of Nivology, Glaciology and Environmental Sciences (IANIGLA) in coordination with the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development, as mandated by the Law No. 26,639 / 2010. Santa Cruz river sub-basin is being monitored. Some priority native species are being monitored, such as the torrent duck (Merganetta armata), the Patagonian Huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus), the guanaco (Lama guanicoe) and neotropical birds (through the Neotropical Birds Census). The status and distribution of some exotic invasive species, such as Lupinus polyphyllus and Didymosphenia geminata, are also being tracked (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019).
Research
Between 2016 and 2018, 21 research projects on glaciers, biodiversity and geology of the region were carried out in the site (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019). Regular studies of the glaciers are conducted as part of a national governmental effort in addition to a wealth of academic research, much of which is published in peer-reviewed journals. Partial inventories of fauna exist, with a focus on birds (see for example BirdLife, 2017) and longstanding work of the endangered huemul deer within a national programme dedicated to this species recognized as a "national monument" in Argentina. While there are neither integrated, on-going research programs for the national park nor research facilities, a Regional Office of the National Parks Administration provides scientific support for management (World Heritage Committee, 2014; UNEP-WCMC, 2011).
Protection and management of the national park has some deficits in terms of the lack of adequate public use planning and management despite growing mass tourism in some parts of the World Heritage site (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2015; 2019). Nevertheless, it is important to understand that large areas of the site are remote and hardly accessible and thereby naturally protected. Challenges remain in terms of law enforcement and tourism management.
Assessment of the effectiveness of protection and management in addressing threats outside the site
Some Concern
The National Park Administration is responsible for the management of both the actual national park and the adjacent national reserve effectively serving as a buffer zone for the World Heritage site despite not formally being recognized as such under the World Heritage Convention. The persistence of major severe threats, including the recent installment of two large dams that could affect both the glaciers and the Argentino Lake, as well as the increasing tourism pressure, suggest that several challenges persist to attain the effective management of the site.
Assessment of the current state and trend of World Heritage values
Low Concern
Trend
Deteriorating
The overall concern is ranked low from a narrow World Heritage perspective as neither the grandeur of the landscape nor its extraordinary geological values are significantly threatened at the moment. Steady tourism growth in the absence of adequate planning and management has been resulting in a deteriorating trend. It can be argued that climate change casts a shadow on the future of glaciation as protected today. At the same time, glaciation has been dynamic at all times and the current status represents a geological snapshot only.
Assessment of the current state and trend of other important biodiversity values
Low Concern
Trend
Stable
The natural steppe and forest vegetation was in a degraded state even at the time of World Heritage inscription from fires and livestock grazing (State Party of Argentina, 1981). Despite partial natural recovery, tourism pressure, exotic species, feral livestock and fires continue to put pressure on flora and fauna (UNEP-WCMC, 2011). Despite concerns about anticipated impacts from climate change, the ice fields and glaciers continue to constitute a major and high-quality freshwater reservoir.
Additional information
Outdoor recreation and tourism,
Natural beauty and scenery
The national park attracts and inspires more than half a million of tourists per year. In the last 3 years the park received around 700,000 visitors. The latest available figures are 662,000 (2017); 687,190 (2018) and 771,521 (2019) (IUCN Consultation, 2020b).
Fishing areas and conservation of fish stocks,
Livestock grazing areas
Regulated, recreational fishing takes place, but plays no meaningful role in food provision. Large areas of what is today the national park and property were grazed by sheep and cattle, the feral cattle still living in the property being one reminder (State Party of Argentina, 1981).
Sacred natural sites or landscapes,
Wilderness and iconic features
The iconic peaks of Fitz Roy or Chaltén and Torre attract climbers and other outdoor enthusiasts from around the world. The name Chaltén is of indigenous origin; the highest peak of the area Chaltén continues to be considered a sacred mountain in indigenous cosmovision.
Importance for research
The massive glaciers and ice fields of Patagonia are subject to important research, including on climate change (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, n.d.). The site´s ecosystems are home to endangered and threatened species of fauna and flora, thus being relevant for research (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019).
Water provision (importance for water quantity and quality)
The vast transboundary ice fields and glaciers are a major freshwater reservoir (UNEP-WCMC, 2011). The World Heritage site overlaps to a large extent with the Southern Patagonian Ice Field, with approximately 2420 glaciers (National Glacier Inventory, 2018). About 10% of the area is occupied by western sectors of the Lakes Viedma and Argentino. In addition, innumerable temporary and permanent water courses that are located inside the park. The waters of the tributaries of the Viedma and Argentino lakes provide drinking water to the towns bordering the site, while Comandante Luis Piedrabuena and Puerto Santa Cruz (both towns located further East) obtain their water from intakes on the Santa Cruz river, to which the lakes previously contributed (Administración de Parques Nacionales, 2019).
Tourism-related income,
Provision of jobs
Park management and, more importantly, tourism generates income and employment opportunities (UNEP-WCMC, 2011).
Besides globally significant conservation values under the World Heritage Convention, the site conserves - and permits the natural regeneration of - important remnants of Patagonian forests and steppes. Water stands out as an overarching environmental service and benefit whereas tourism has developed into a pillar of the local economy.
References
| № | References |
|---|---|
| 1 |
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| 2 |
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| 17 |
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| 19 |
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| 20 |
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| 21 |
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| 24 |
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