The Dolomites
Country
Italy
Inscribed in
2009
Criteria
(vii)
(viii)
The conservation outlook for this site has been assessed as "good with some concerns" in the latest assessment cycle. Explore the Conservation Outlook Assessment for the site below. You have the option to access the summary, or the detailed assessment.
The site of the Dolomites comprises a mountain range in the northern Italian Alps, numbering 18 peaks which rise to above 3,000 metres and cover 141,903 ha. It features some of the most beautiful mountain landscapes anywhere, with vertical walls, sheer cliffs and a high density of narrow, deep and long valleys. A serial property of nine areas that present a diversity of spectacular landscapes of international significance for geomorphology marked by steeples, pinnacles and rock walls, the site also contains glacial landforms and karst systems. It is characterized by dynamic processes with frequent landslides, floods and avalanches. The property also features one of the best examples of the preservation of Mesozoic carbonate platform systems, with fossil records. © UNESCO
Summary
2020 Conservation Outlook
Finalised on
04 Dec 2020
Good with some concerns
Current state and trend of VALUES
Low Concern
Trend
Deteriorating
Overall THREATS
Overall PROTECTION and MANAGEMENT
Full assessment
Finalised on
04 Dec 2020
Description of values
Spectacular mountain landscape
Criterion
(vii)
The Dolomites are widely regarded as being among the most attractive mountain landscapes in the world. Their intrinsic beauty derives from a variety of spectacular vertical forms such as pinnacles, spires and towers, with contrasting horizontal surfaces including ledges, crags and plateaux, all of which rise abruptly above extensive talus deposits and more gentle foothills. A great diversity of colours is provided by the contrasts between the bare pale-coloured rock surfaces and the forests and meadows below. The mountains rise as peaks with intervening ravines, in some places standing isolated but in others forming sweeping panoramas. Some of the rock cliffs here rise more than 1,500 m and are among the highest limestone walls found anywhere in the world. The distinctive scenery of the Dolomites has become the archetype of a “dolomitic landscape” (World Heritage Committee, 2009). This serial World Heritage site comprises a diversity of landscapes that are spectacular not only because of their physical characteristics, but which also responds to natural changes in light to create views of great natural beauty (IUCN, 2009).
Extremely varied limestone formations
Criterion
(viii)
The Dolomites are the classic site for the development of mountains in dolomitic limestone. The area presents a wide range of landforms related to erosion, tectonism and glaciation. The quantity and concentration of extremely varied limestone formations is extraordinary in a global context, including peaks, towers, pinnacles and some of the highest vertical rock walls in the world (World Heritage Committee, 2009). The World Heritage site also contains interesting glacial landforms, as well as karst systems. A further key feature is the dynamic nature of the landscape creating frequent landslides, floods, and avalanches (IUCN, 2009).
Geological and fossil values of international significance
Criterion
(viii)
The geological values are of international significance notably the representation of a large part of the Mesozoic Era in a continuous manner, as well as some sequences of earlier and later stratigraphy. The property contains important reference areas for the Triassic period and one of the best examples of the preservation of Mesozoic carbonate platform systems, including accompanying fossil records of reef-building organisms (notably the evidence of Mesozoic carbonate platforms, or “fossilized atolls"). As a whole, the Dolomites permit the accurate reconstruction of the evolution of a passive continental margin and successive phases of continental collision and evolution over more than 250 million years (World Heritage Committee, 2009; IUCN, 2009).
Long history of geological studies
Criterion
(viii)
The scientific values of the site are also supported by the evidence of a long history of study and recognition at the international level. Pioneering studies on stratigraphy, mineralogy, sedimentology and paleontology have been undertaken in the Dolomites by leading geologists since the 18th century (World Heritage Committee, 2009; IUCN, 2009).
Faunal diversity
The World Heritage site includes areas of national and regional importance for faunal biodiversity. The fauna is very diverse due to the great number of different habitats, altitudinal levels and the region’s pivotal biogeographic location. A gradual recolonisation of remote areas by large carnivores is occurring, and has been facilitated by a diminishing human use and disturbance of both valley lands and alpine pastures. This has encouraged the return of animals such as bear (partially reintroduced) and lynx, previously killed to protect livestock (IUCN, 2009).
Plant diversity
The site includes areas of national and regional importance for plant biodiversity. The flora of the Dolomite region includes c. 2,400 plants. Not all the species are represented in the property, however some component protected areas included in the site host a very high plant biodiversity: the national Park of the Dolomiti Bellunesi alone has 1,350 species, a quarter of Italy’s flora, and 55 forest types (IUCN, 2009).
Assessment information
Activities and infrastructures linked to tourism represent a high threat to the site’s Outstanding Universal Value in some areas. Many other human activities represent a low threat but if added together they could be of some concern. It is very important to evaluate the cumulative effects of all the human activities on the components of this serial site. Pressures for further winter tourism infrastructure has increased as the 2026 Winter Olympic Games will be hosted in Milan-Cortina d'Ampezzo, and the building of new ski tracks and lifts is already ongoing. Climate change, with the occurrence of severe weather events, has become a tangible threat.
Hunting and trapping
(Hunting in some areas (Bolzano province))
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Outside site
Hunting is permitted in the area, but is well managed (IUCN, 2009; State Party of Italy, 2009). Hunting represents a traditional activity, is subject to strict planning and is reserved for local residents only (State Party of Italy, 2017).
Logging/ Wood Harvesting
(Limited forest exploitation (sanitary cuttings))
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Outside site
The intensity of these forestry activities is low and commonly limited to individual trees. However, no legal prohibition of clear cuttings exists. This is a low threat for the landscape value of the site and its biodiversity (IUCN, 2009). In October 2018, many forest stands across North-Eastern Italy were significantly damaged by the Vaia storm (Chirici et al., 2019).
Roads/ Railroads
(Roads (not open to the public))
Inside site
, Scattered(5-15%)
Outside site
There are few public roads crossing small parts the property, but many other roads and tracks are present. These are used for the limited forestry and hunting (only in Bolzano province) activities and to supply the mountain refuges (IUCN, 2009). These roads represent a low threat to the site’s biodiversity.
Tourism/ visitors/ recreation
(Existing and future tourism infrastructure)
Inside site
, Scattered(5-15%)
Outside site
The Dolomites are a very important touristic destination within the Alps. Current visitors numbers in the Dolomites region are estimated at 10 million annually (State Party of Italy, 2017). Important touristic infrastructure surrounds the components of the site. Tourism facilities and activities are at the limits of tolerance for a natural World Heritage site in some of the component parts of the site (e.g. Marmolada, component 2 and Tre Cime, part of component 5). Tourism infrastructure also has significant impacts within the buffer zone. Further infrastructure development can have a high potential to affect the landscape and the superlative beauty of the site, as well as its biodiversity (IUCN, 2009; State Party of Italy, 2009). The recently adopted Overall Management Strategy (2016) includes “management and containment of existing tourism facilities within the WHS” as one of its strategic goals (State Party of Italy, 2017). Further infrastructures are being built, related to the FIS Alpine World Ski Championship that will be held in Cortina d’Ampezzo from 7th to 21st February 2021 (https://www.cortina2021.com/en/) and the 2026 Winter Olympic Games in Milan and Cortina d'Ampezzo (https://www.dolomiti.it/en/cortina/news/2026-winter-olympics-cortina-and-the-dolomites-win/), which are so far confined outside of the buffer zones, but already affect the landscape significantly. The Italian association for mountaineering assessed very negatively the building of these new ski tracks and ski lifts (https://www.cai.it/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/50_Cs_Cantieri_Cortina_MondialiOlimpiadi.pdf). Projects for further ski lifts are being considered that may bring to the building of the largest network for ski mass tourism in Europe (e.g., https://www.repubblica.it/cronaca/2020/01/10/news/le_dolomiti_in_seggiovia_o_sugli_sci_parte_il_progetto_del_grande_carosello_-245352320/). The exact map of the forthcoming new ski lifts is not known yet, but it has been anticipated that they would pass close to some of the areas of the site (e.g., between Settsass and Col di Lana: https://www.skiforum.it/skinews/838-progetto-carosello-cortina-arabba-civetta.html)
Habitat Shifting/ Alteration, Storms/Flooding
(Extreme storms, wind storms, floodings and related hydrogeological risk)
Inside site
, Widespread(15-50%)
Outside site
In recent years there is a significant increase in extreme weather events, such as windstorms, heavy and localized rain and thunderstorms. Abnormal temperatures have also been documented in the Dolomite area. One of the effects is the increase in landslides and rockfalls (Paranunzio et al., 2016). A catastrophic wind storm hit the whole Dolomites region between the 26th and 30th of October, 2018, which has been called "Storm Vaia". It was an exceptional weather event which has no analogues in the historical record of this region, and compromised severely the landscape by tearing down millions of trees (Chirici et al., 2019).
Forests in several components of the site were affected; floodings, landslides and rock falls also occurred as a consequence of the storm Storm Vaia, but did not seriously affect the environments above the treeline, nevertheless, the landscape of vast parts of the Dolomites is changed dramatically.
Extreme weather events, such as Vaia, are now demonstrated to be a tangible threat for the Dolomites area. Wind storms may only affect the landscape, but floodings and landslides, triggered by extreme weather and/or rising temperatures, have the potential to modify also the geological value if they would hit localized geosites.
Forests in several components of the site were affected; floodings, landslides and rock falls also occurred as a consequence of the storm Storm Vaia, but did not seriously affect the environments above the treeline, nevertheless, the landscape of vast parts of the Dolomites is changed dramatically.
Extreme weather events, such as Vaia, are now demonstrated to be a tangible threat for the Dolomites area. Wind storms may only affect the landscape, but floodings and landslides, triggered by extreme weather and/or rising temperatures, have the potential to modify also the geological value if they would hit localized geosites.
Currently, there are only very low potential threats, with the exception of climate change will result in significant reduction and eventual loss of glaciers with the site in the future.
Earthquakes/ Tsunamis
(Possible seismic activities)
Inside site
, Not applicable
Outside site
The Dolomites in Friuli and the Sinistra Piave (left Piave bank) are known to be particularly active. This area is part of the western edge of the Friuli seismogenic system and is subject to widespread, frequent earthquakes with a magnitude of < 3. Occasionally, stronger earthquakes have been recorded at the edges of this system (8th October 1986, M = 3,1) (CPTI11). Seismic activities could lead to large scale landslide phenomena, which could potentially affect the landscape and geomorphology linked attributes (State Party of Italy, 2009).
Temperature extremes
(Glacier and permafrost melting due to global warming)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
The glaciers and permafrost melting could become a potential threat for the values related to the superlative beauty of the site.
Climate change has been recognized as a significant and increasing factor (State Party of Italy, 2014).
Some recent studies have confirmed that significant reduction has already occurred in some glaciers, e.g. the Marmolada glacier, which has seen a reduction of 30% in its volume between 2004-2014. The same study concludes that the Marmolada glacier is predicted to disappear by 2050 (Santin et al., 2019).
Climate change has been recognized as a significant and increasing factor (State Party of Italy, 2014).
Some recent studies have confirmed that significant reduction has already occurred in some glaciers, e.g. the Marmolada glacier, which has seen a reduction of 30% in its volume between 2004-2014. The same study concludes that the Marmolada glacier is predicted to disappear by 2050 (Santin et al., 2019).
Activities and infrastructures linked to tourism represent a high threat to the site’s Outstanding Universal Value in some areas. Many other human activities represent a low threat but if added together they could be of some concern. It is very important to evaluate the cumulative effects of all the human activities on the components of this serial site. Further winter tourism infrastructure is already being built in view of the hosting of the 2026 Winter Olympic Games by Milan-Cortina d'Ampezzo. Extreme weather events are a tangible threat for the landscape. Potential threats are currently low, with the exception of climate change which will result in significant reduction and eventual loss of glaciers with the site in the future.
Management system
The Foundation Dolomiti-Dolomen-Dolomitis-Dolomites UNESCO was established on the 13th May 2010 as the institutional mechanism for co-ordinated management of the nine separate component sites of the serial World Heritage Property. The nine component sites are found within five provinces and three separate Regions (Friuli Venezia Giulia, Trentino Alto Adige and Veneto) (IUCN, 2011). This management structure integrates most stakeholders and coordinate all different regions/provinces and local governance structures.
Effectiveness of management system
The Overall Management Strategy was finalized in 2016 (OMS, 2016) and is expected to have positive effects on the overall management effectiveness. So far, the Foundation Dolomites UNESCO was able to promote the geological values of the World Heritage site, as proved by the long list of promotional and educational activities (https://www.dolomitiunesco.info/activities/?lang=en). There is, however, a concern about the way scientific advice is provided to the Foundation. The board of directors of the Foundation is made of representatives of the provinces in which the components of the site are located. The board of directors then nominates the scientific committee, which is supposed to "provide consultancies on the matters of competence of the Foundation" (translated from https://www.dolomitiunesco.info/la-fondazione-dolomiti-unesco/lo-statuto/). However, nominated by the board of directors, the Committee might lack independence. At present, none of the members of the scientific committee have a scientific background in geology (https://www.dolomitiunesco.info/consulenti-e-collaboratori-2/), which is also of some concern.
Boundaries
The World Heritage site includes all areas that are essential for maintaining its Outstanding Universal Value.
Integration into regional and national planning systems
The regional management system is integrated into the overall management strategy (OMS, 2016).
Relationships with local people
In the recently adopted Overall Management Strategy (OMS, 2016) the role of local communities, local authorities and other stakeholders is planned and a list of actions and strategic lines is considered. Up to now, 59 municipality and 19 other common ownerships (Mountain communities, “Regole” or “Magnifiche Comunità” and Natural Park Authority) are involved as members in the Board of Supporters, a formal structure of the Foundation Dolomites UNESCO (OMS, 2016). Local authorities and stakeholders are actively involved in the development of the guidelines for the sustainable tourism strategy and other functional networks (Management Progress report 2013, 2015; Guideline for Tourism, 2014; #Dolomites2040, 2015).
Legal framework
The existing legal framework is considered effective (IUCN, 2011). However, in regards to some threats (especially tourism development), some concerns remain.
Law enforcement
Law enforcement is considered effective overall and the UNESCO Dolomites Foundation constantly monitors regulatory changes promoted by the regions and provinces (IUCN Consultation, 2020).
Implementation of Committee decisions and recommendations
The adopted overall management strategy (OMS, 2016) seems to respond positively to the requests and recommendations made at the time of the inscription (World Heritage Committee, 2009).
Sustainable use
The sustainable tourism strategy was completed in 2015 and formally adopted in 2016 as part of the Overall Management Strategy (OMS, 2016). However, concerns are now being expressed over increasing pressure for additional infrastructure development related to the winning of the 2026 Winter Olympic Games by Cortina d'Ampezzo.
Sustainable finance
The Foundation currently has an annual turnover of around 1,2 million Euro. Activities are implemented on the basis of a plan approved by the Administration Board. One third of the total budget (400.000 Euro) is guaranteed by the contributions of the founding members (Provinces and Regions in which the World Heritage site is located). Two thirds are covered by project-related funding both public and private (European Union, Ministries, Local authorities, private sponsors) and by the contribution of the Supporters of the Foundation (48.500 Euros in 2019) (IUCN Consultation, 2020).
Staff capacity, training, and development
In 2019, 6 staff members (a manager and 5 employees) worked for the management body (Foundation Dolomites UNESCO). Staff members have an opportunity to attend different relevant courses (State Party of Italy, 2017; IUCN Consultation, 2020).
Education and interpretation programs
A number of educational and awareness raising materials and activities were prepared following the inscription of the site on the World Heritage List (IUCN, 2011). A training program on management of world natural heritage is being implemented and research programs in collaboration with universities and institutes are ongoing (Management progress report, 2015). Numerous educational activities involving local communities are regularly organized by the Fondazione Dolomiti and are presented on their website: https://www.dolomitiunesco.info/le-attivita/ (Accessed 07 August 2020).
Tourism and visitation management
The sustainable tourism strategy was completed in 2015 and formally adopted in 2016 as part of the Overall Management Strategy (OMS, 2016). However, at this stage it is impossible to evaluate its effectiveness. A study (EURAC, University of Ca' Foscari) is being finalised to monitor tourism flows with the aim of verifying the effects of the sustainable tourism plan adopted. A number of activities, such as traffic management on scenic roads around the most touristic areas, were implemented since the adoption of the OMS.
On the other hand, current development of new ski lifts and ski tracks, and additional forthcoming projects, mostly in the area of Cortina d'Ampezzo and related to the 2026 Winter Olimpic Games is of potential concern.
On the other hand, current development of new ski lifts and ski tracks, and additional forthcoming projects, mostly in the area of Cortina d'Ampezzo and related to the 2026 Winter Olimpic Games is of potential concern.
Monitoring
A monitoring system is included in the Overall Management Strategy (OMS, 2016) and is being implemented. Recently a common platform for monitoring of the site has been developed, starting with biodiversity data (http://biostreamportal.net).
Research
There are some research institutes involved (EURAC; University of Udine, University of Trento, IUAV of Venice, Ca' Foscari; University of Ferrara) in different researches and projects related to the World Heritage site (Management progress report, 2015).
The necessary measures to establish an overall management system for the entire serial World Heritage site have been implemented and resulted in the adoption of the Overall Management Strategy (OMS, 2016). While the adoption of this important framework document was an important step, it will be crucial to effectively implement it and to ensure that the necessary resources are also available for the implementation of the sustainable tourism strategy and of the monitoring system foreseen by the OMS.
Assessment of the effectiveness of protection and management in addressing threats outside the site
Mostly Effective
The Overall Management Strategy (OMS 2016) includes an interpretative model addressing not only core and buffer areas but also transitional areas connecting the different component sites of the site and is mostly effective.
Best practice examples
Tourism is a particularly important and complex factor in the Dolomites, and the UNESCO Dolomites Foundation is supported by a team of researchers using a range of innovative and complementary methods. The goal is to understand the behaviour, expectations and opinions of visitors to the Dolomites, but also to see the potential and critical issues in relation to tourism; to provide the right tools that help plan and manage our heritage in a way that is both sustainable and consistent with the guidelines of the Overall Management Strategy. The process of collecting data from various sources and creating a network of specialists from the institutes concerned has once more underlined the status of the Dolomites as a global laboratory. https://www.dolomitiunesco.info/understanding-current-tourism-to-plan-for-the-future/?lang=en
The #Dolomitesvives initiative was undertaken to reduce traffic pressure and was presented as a best practice in several academic contributions (Scuttari et al., 2019).
There are other numerous examples of best practices, such as for example:
https://www.dolomitiunesco.info/unesco-dolomites-study-for-managing-access-to-the-most-crowded-places/?lang=en
The #Dolomitesvives initiative was undertaken to reduce traffic pressure and was presented as a best practice in several academic contributions (Scuttari et al., 2019).
There are other numerous examples of best practices, such as for example:
https://www.dolomitiunesco.info/unesco-dolomites-study-for-managing-access-to-the-most-crowded-places/?lang=en
Assessment of the current state and trend of World Heritage values
Low Concern
Trend
Deteriorating
The conservation of the site’s landscape and its outstanding natural beauty have been somewhat affected by tourism activities and infrastructure, particularly in the vicinity of certain components of the site. Climate change, and the impact of extreme weather events on the landscape, add to human activity as a threat. The landscape of the site has been modified in the last few years because of these factors. The geological values of the site are instead currently well preserved and will most likely be maintained in the foreseeable future.
Assessment of the current state and trend of other important biodiversity values
Low Concern
Trend
Stable
Different activities linked to tourism as well as other activities (sanitary cuttings, hunting) affect the site’s fauna and flora (Mission report, 2011). The impact of these activities, within the property, seems to be minimal (State of the Conservation of the Property, 2017); however, it is still too early to evaluate the trend for these values. The wind storm Vaia caused serious damage to the forests of the Dolomites, but the outlook for the mountain ecosystems after the storm was assessed to be positive by a panel of experts (Zanella et al., 2019).
Additional information
Outdoor recreation and tourism
The Dolomites are one of Italy´s main tourist attractions and an iconic international tourism destination.
Importance for research
The Dolomites have along history of being important research areas for geological processes.
Given the importance of the area for tourism, it also represents a laboratory for social sciences in the field of tourism management, stakeholder engagement and regional development (see e.g. Della Lucia, 2017).
Given the importance of the area for tourism, it also represents a laboratory for social sciences in the field of tourism management, stakeholder engagement and regional development (see e.g. Della Lucia, 2017).
The Dolomites are one of Italy´s main tourist attractions and an iconic international destination. The site also is an important area with a long history of geological research.
References
| № | References |
|---|---|
| 1 |
Annual Budget 2016, Fondazione Dolomiti UNESCO (http://www.dolomitiunesco.info/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/B…)
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| 2 |
Annual Budget 2019: https://www.dolomitiunesco.info/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/…
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| 3 |
Augusto Zanella, Jean-François Ponge, Anna Andreetta, Michaël Aubert, Nicolas Bernier, et al.. Forest Biodiversity, Soil Functions and Human Behavior - A case study: the October 29 2018 catastrophe in North-East Italian Alps. 2019. ⟨hal-02342793v4⟩
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| 7 |
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| 8 |
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| 10 |
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| 11 |
Nomination of the Dolomites for inscription on the WHL, Province di Belluno, Bolzano, Pordenone, Trento, Udine, 2008.
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| 12 |
OMS 2016, Overall Management Strategy 2016, Fondazione Dolomiti UNESCO (http://www.dolomitiunesco.info/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/D…
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| 13 |
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| 14 |
Santin, I., Colucci, R.R., Zebre, M., Pavan, M., Cagnati, A., Forte, E. (2019). Recent evolution of Marmolada glacier (Dolomites, Italy) by means of ground and airborne GPR studies. Remote Sensing of Environment, Volume 235, 15 December 2019, 111442. Available online at: <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.111442>; [Accessed 07 August 2020].
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| 15 |
Scuttari, A. Isetti, G., Habicher, D. (2019). “Visitor Management in World Heritage Sites: Does overtourism-driven traffic management affect tourist targets, behavior and satisfaction? The case of the Dolomites UNESCO WHS (Italy)”. In: Pechlaner, H., Innerhofer, E., Erschbamer, G. (eds.). “Overtourism – Tourism Management and Solutions”, pp. 187-205, London and New York: Routledge, ISBN: 9780367187439.
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| 16 |
State Party of Italy (2014). Periodic report.
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| 17 |
State Party of Italy (2017). State of the Conservation of the Property, 2017, Fondazione Dolomiti UNESCO
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| 18 |
WORLD HERITAGE NOMINATION – IUCN TECHNICAL EVALUATION, THE DOLOMITES (ITALY) – ID No. 1237 Rev, IUCN 2008Mission Report. Reactive monitoring mission, The Dolomites (Italy), IUCN, 2011
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