Komodo National Park

Country

Indonesia

Inscribed in

1991

Criteria

(vii)

(x)

The conservation outlook for this site has been assessed as "significant concern" in the latest assessment cycle. Explore the Conservation Outlook Assessment for the site below. You have the option to access the summary, or the detailed assessment.

These volcanic islands are inhabited by a population of around 5,700 giant lizards, whose appearance and aggressive behaviour have led to them being called 'Komodo dragons'. They exist nowhere else in the world and are of great interest to scientists studying the theory of evolution. The rugged hillsides of dry savannah and pockets of thorny green vegetation contrast starkly with the brilliant white sandy beaches and the blue waters surging over coral. © UNESCO

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Summary

2025 Conservation Outlook

Finalised on

11 Oct 2025

Significant concern

The aesthetic values of the exceptional landscapes and seascapes remain well-preserved and largely intact. The Komodo dragon was listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species in 2021 and is therefore considered to be of high concern, however its population status since 2018 has remained stable with monitoring and patrolling in place. Overall, there is a legal, governance and management framework in place, however this could be further strengthened and the absence of a long term monitoring programme for the marine environment means that information on the status of, and threats to, marine biodiversity within KNP remains limited. Whilst noting that the government is fully committed to effectively planning and managing the proposed expansion of tourism as part of the prioritisation of KNP and the wider Flores Island as a high-priority tourism destination, concerns remain regarding the potential negative impacts of tourism pressure on the World Heritage values if these are not effectively planned and managed, and there is a need for a proactive, strategic and whole-of-government approach to tourism planning and management. In future, climate change related threats (e.g. coral bleaching, sea level rise) also have the potential to impact coral reefs and marine biodiversity, as well as alter fire regimes in the tropical savannahs and forests that constitute Komodo dragon habitat. In conclusion, the expiry of the 25-year Master Plan for KNP in 2025 offers a clear opportunity for the government to review the existing and emerging threats to the property, and to ensure a strategic approach to effectively plan and manage existing and emerging threats and challenges to the OUV and ensure the effective long-term management of KNP into the future.

Current state and trend of VALUES

Low Concern

The exceptional landscapes and seascapes found within the property and their beauty remain well-preserved and largely intact. The Komodo dragon was listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species in 2021 and is therefore considered to be of high concern, however its population status since 2018 has remained stable with patrolling in place, as has other terrestrial biodiversity including the yellow-crested cockatoo and Komodo dragon prey species. The absence of a long term monitoring programme for the marine environment means the current status of marine biodiversity within KNP is unclear, however the government reports it is addressing marine pressures including illegal fishing and boat anchoring, and there are projects addressing plastic pollution. In future, climate change related impacts (e.g. coral bleaching, sea level rise) have the potential to impact coral reefs and marine biodiversity, as well as alter fire regimes in the tropical savannahs and forests that constitute Komodo dragon habitat. Whilst the government is committed to effectively planning and managing the proposed expansion of tourism, this has the potential to negatively impact the World Heritage values in future if not effectively managed.

Overall THREATS

High Threat

The identification of KNP and its wider setting as a high-priority tourism destination has raised various concerns regarding the threat of planned expansion of tourism services and infrastructure on the OUV (such as the Komodo dragon, marine environment and scenic values) if not effectively planned and managed. Other current threats include population pressure, climate change related extreme temperatures and weather events, and marine related issues such as plastic pollution. Whilst previously identified threats such as destructive and illegal fishing practices, and poaching, appear to be in the process of being addressed by management authorities and are therefore lower threats, data remains lacking for some. In light also of the fourth global coral bleaching event in 2024, the potential climate change related threats of coral bleaching and sea level rise remain high.

Overall PROTECTION and MANAGEMENT

Some Concern

Komodo National Park has an active management agency, a management-planning system, a current 25-year management plan (expiring in 2025), adequate boundaries and a solid legal framework. Monitoring of key terrestrial species such as the Komodo dragon and its prey species continues, with monitoring, patrolling and staff capacity-building efforts being implemented in KNP. Marine management efforts to address challenges such as illegal fishing and marine anchoring are being strengthened, however a comprehensive marine monitoring framework remains to be implemented. With the prioritisation of KNP and the wider Flores Island area as a high-priority tourism destination, there is a need for a proactive, strategic and whole-of-government approach to tourism planning and management that will ensure the OUV of the property is not negatively impacted and that it is effectively protected and managed. With the expiry of the 25-year Master Plan in 2025, there is now a clear opportunity for the government to take a strategic approach to develop the next management plan to effectively address existing and emerging threats and challenges to the OUV for the future of KNP.

Full assessment

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Description of values

Values

World Heritage values

Superlative natural beauty

Criterion

(vii)

Komodo National Park encompasses unquestionably one of the most dramatic landscapes in all of Indonesia. It is a landscape of contrasts between starkly rugged hillsides of dry savanna, pockets of thorny green vegetation, brilliant white sandy beaches and blue waters surging over coral. The clear blue waters and stunning coral reefs demonstrate exceptional natural beauty that is even more remarkable as a counterpoint to the dominant lushness of vegetation, which characterizes vast areas of forested Indonesia. An irregular coastline characterized by bays, beaches and inlets separated by headlands, often with sheer cliffs falling vertically into the surrounding seas, reported to be amongst the most productive in the world, adds to the stunning natural beauty of landscapes dominated by contrasting vegetation types, providing a patchwork of colours (World Heritage Committee, 2013).

Komodo Dragon

Criterion

(x)

Komodo National Park contains the majority of the world’s wild population of the Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis). In 2021, the species was listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Jessop et al, 2021) following its previous status as Vulnerable (WCMC, 1996). It is the largest and heaviest of the world’s lizards. The species is widely known for its impressive size, fearsome appearance, ability to prey on large animals, and a tolerance of extremely harsh conditions. The population is distributed across the islands of Komodo, Rinca, Gili Motang, Padar, Nusa Kode and some coastal regions of western and northern Flores (World Heritage Committee, 2013; Purwandana et al., 2014; Jones et al., 2020).

Marine biodiversity

Criterion

(x)

Located at the juncture of two continental plates, Komodo National Park constitutes the “shatter belt” within the Wallacea Biogeographical Region, between the Australian and Sunda ecosystems. It has been identified as a global conservation priority area, comprising unparalleled terrestrial and marine ecosystems. The rich coral reefs host a great diversity of species, notable marine mammals include blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) and sperm whale (Physeter catodon) as well as 10 species of dolphin, dugong (Dugong dugon) and five species of sea turtles (World Heritage Committee, 2013). There are 385 species of hard corals found in the area and over 1,000 species of reef fish have been recorded (Beger & Turak, 2005). The property has been identified as one of the richest marine diversity sites in the Indo-Pacific. It also includes important habitat and migration routes for at least 14 species of cetaceans (Kahn et al., 2000), as well as for manta ray (Manta alfredi) (Dewar et al., 2008; Germanov & Marshall, 2014).

Terrestrial biodiversity

Criterion

(x)

Assessment information

Threats

Current Threats

High Threat

The current threats to KNP include tourism pressure following the identification of KNP as a high-priority tourism destination and concerns that various planned activities and infrastructure have the potential to impact on the OUV; as well as population pressure related impacts such as resource use; climate change related extreme temperatures and weather events; and marine related issues such as plastic pollution.

Recreation & Tourism Areas

(Tourism and increased visitation)

High Threat

Inside site

, Scattered(5-15%)

Outside site

Komodo National Park and the Labuan Bajo Flores region have been identified by the President of Indonesia as one of five high-priority tourism destinations in Indonesia (State Party of Indonesia, 2023a), and an Integrated Tourism Master Plan for KNP and Labuan Bajo Flores (ITMP) has been developed (PT Inacon Luhur Pertiwi, 2023).

Following third party concerns related to tourism development in KNP in 2021 and 2022, including e.g. a reported "Jurassic Park" mass tourism development on Rinca Island and a 2020 Ministerial Decree removing the requirement for Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) within KNP, the World Heritage Committee raised concerns and requested a UNESCO/IUCN Reactive Monitoring mission which visited the property in March 2022 (UNESCO 2021, 2023). The 2022 mission report, and 2021 and 2023 UNESCO/IUCN State of Conservation reports to the World Heritage Committee, clearly emphasise the need to ensure that tourism is developed sustainably and does not negatively impact the OUV of the property, and that any potential development projects that may impact on the OUV must require EIAs, which the State Party confirmed to the mission and in subsequent reporting to the Committee. The mission report and 2023 Committee Decision also emphasise the need for a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of tourism development within the property and its wider setting prior to the approval of individual projects, including private tourism concessions, to allow the government to take an informed strategic decision regarding tourism development beyond individual projects and in the specific context of the World Heritage values (UNESCO and IUCN, 2022; UNESCO 2021, 2023).

In the 2024 State Party report to the Committee, the government reiterates its commitment to a sustainable tourism approach, outlines various measures being implemented to manage tourism including new visitor regulations (e.g. ticketing, seasonal closures) and co-funding for a 2024-2029 GEF-UNDP project, and provides the completed SEA of potential impacts on the OUV including a review of the policies, plans and programmes of the ITMP (State Party of Indonesia, 2023b; 2024). The SEA outlines tourist numbers recorded by the Office of KNP for 2010 to 2021, where the highest visitation to KNP was 221,703 people in 2019, followed by a drastic decline during COVID-19, and a recovery to 27,628 people in 2021 (2,963 international; 24,665 domestic). With no restrictions, the number of tourists is projected to reach 283,686 people in 2030 (152,072 domestic; 131,614 international) and 479,240 people by 2045 (274,189 domestic; 205,051 international) (State Party of Indonesia, 2023b). Importantly, the SEA provides an overview of potential impacts on the property and its OUV, and highlights various potential impacts of planned tourism services and infrastructure on attributes such as the Komodo dragon, coral reefs, marine fauna and aesthetic values, including both major impacts and cumulative impacts (State Party of Indonesia, 2023b). Noting also that past research has recorded changes in the morphology and behaviour of Komodo dragons exposed to high visitation (Ardiantiono et al., 2018), it remains critical that the findings of the SEA are implemented in a way that tourism development is carefully planned and managed by the authorities to ensure a sustainable tourism approach which supports the livelihoods of local communities, whilst ensuring there is no negative impact on the OUV. There is an opportunity for the government to position KNP and the wider area as a world class sustainable tourism destination that effectively protects the World Heritage values.

Logging, Harvesting & Controlling Trees, Fishing, Harvesting & Controlling Aquatic Species

(Population pressure)

Other targeted species names

Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis) and numerous species of fish including sharks.

High Threat

Inside site

, Scattered(5-15%)

Outside site

The 2023 SEA for KNP states that the population of West Manggarai Regency in 2022 was recorded at 263,687 people, with 56,527 (21%) in the Komodo regency. It states that community settlements and their social interaction are closely correlated with the ecological balance and the presence of Komodo dragons in KNP. Development of settlements can affect the Komodo dragon's habitat and animal migration patterns. Humans entering the territory of Komodo increase the risk of conflict and attacks. High population growth clearly impacted the condition of the forests in KNP. Economic demand in fishing businesses has created increased needs for fishery products, which in turn has provoked illegal fishing activities in the KNP area. This is especially true for capture fisheries because of the good selling prices. Population growth and increasing demand for fishing grounds ultimately increase the pressure on KNP. The SEA also states that problems regarding population growth and spatial planning of the administrative area of East Nusa Tenggara are getting more complicated with the increasing population needs and limited available land which lead to land conversion of several conservation areas. Also, that measures to strengthen environmental protection are needed in order to provide directions for social and environmental protection for communities around conservation areas. The SEA also outlines that settlements in KNP pose one of the highest cumulative impacts on the OUV, and that population increase and migration pose a threat to Komodo dragon habitat both within KNP and in residential areas outside the property (e.g. land conversion, habitat fragmentation), potential increased hunting of prey species, birds or reptiles (State Party of Indonesia, 2023b).

Research from 2004 noted that KNP ecosystems cannot sustain the growing population’s increasing wants and needs indefinitely, with key resource utilization issues including over-fishing of reef resources, destructive fishing practices, poaching, cutting forests for firewood, and shortage of freshwater supplies (Erdmann, 2004). These threats were also a major theme in the Master Plan (p.18, 2000). The website of the management agency has presented incidents of poaching and wildlife smuggling where perpetrators have been apprehended (KSDAE, 2020a). Third party information also report a doubling of fishing within the property between 2018 and 2019, with some fishing boats being observed in the "no take" zone. It is not known whether these were fishermen from outside the property or from villages within the property. Attempts to reduce tourist boats have also led to an increase in illegal fishing activities (IUCN consultation, 2020). However, in its 2022 state of conservation report to the World Heritage Committee, the government stated that protection and surveillance efforts for the marine environment continue in collaboration with national and regional law enforcement agencies, and that the rate of infringements, specifically poaching and illegal fishing, had significantly decreased compared to previous years (State Party of Indonesia, 2022; UNESCO, 2023). Whilst exact numbers and current levels of these pressures are not reported, the State Party has also noted its continued commitment to address these threats, including through land and marine patrolling as well as a new 2024-2029 GEF/UNDP IN-FLORES project (State Party of Indonesia, 2024).

Shipping Lanes

(Boat anchoring)

High Threat

Inside site

, Localised(<5%)

Whilst the KNP regulations prohibit anchoring in water shallower than 30m, stakeholders and community observations report that such behaviour is not always observed. It is recalled that increasing cases of anchor damage from boats bringing divers have been reported in the past (Mous et al., 2007) as well as reports of private boats drifting onto the reef causing damage (IUCN consultation, 2020). The 2000 Master Plan outlined means of providing solid, safe anchorages that would not damage reefs, but information is limited. The 2022 Reactive Monitoring mission considered the need to strengthen marine tourism management (UNESCO and IUCN, 2022; UNESCO, 2023), and the State Party in 2023 reported commitments to strengthen marine management, and in 2024 reported the implementation of an additional 21 moorings for boats and a further commitment to financial investment in marine management measures for the property (State Party of Indonesia, 2023a; 2024). The 2023 SEA also noted that anchoring has the potential to impact marine ecosystems such as coral and sea grass (State Party of Indonesia, 2023b), so whilst recognising the positive progress in establishing new moorings within KNP, in the absence of detailed information on the current impact of marine anchoring and the planned expansion of tourism (see tourism threat), this is considered to remain a high threat if not effectively managed. There is a clear opportunity for the government to use its current priority to ensure sustainable tourism in KNP to implement strong and effective measures that ensure the threat of marine tourism including anchoring is effectively addressed.

Changes in Physical & Chemical Regimes, Changes in Temperature Regimes, Changes in Precipitation & Hydrological Regime

(Extreme temperatures and weather events)

High Threat

Inside site

, Scattered(5-15%)

Outside site

Climate change is highlighted in several management documents including the 2020-2024 Strategic Plan for KNP (MOEF, 2020), the 2023 ITMP in the context of climate change resulting in high vulnerability of KNP to sea level rise (PT Inacon Luhur Pertiwi, 2023), and the 2023 SEA for KNP. The 2023 SEA identifies climate change as one of four strategic sustainable development issues, with a high risk of hydrometeorological disasters (landslides, floods), abrasion, tsunamis, tidal waves and sea level rise. It states that the projection of temperature increase in the area surrounding the World Heritage site is around 0.8°C from 2013 to 2045, most of which is caused by human activities, emission from motor vehicles, energy use and other activities. Additionally, it is noted that the majority of the site is marine, which is susceptible to a rise in sea surface temperatures resulting in deoxygenation, and that increased ambient temperature will cause heat stress to Komodo dragons. Specifically regarding the attributes of OUV, it is also stated that reptiles and birds are especially vulnerable to climate change, that an increase in tourism activities also contributes to increased carbon emissions and climate change, and a key recommendation is to develop action plans for mitigation and adaptation to the risk of climate change in order to protect the sustainability of the OUV (State Party of Indonesia, 2023b).

Coral bleaching has been observed within KNP in the past and will continue to be a threat in the future due to increasing sea-surface temperatures. A related risk is the acidification of seawater due to increased carbon dioxide levels, which will inhibit the formation of calcium carbonate, the basic substance forming the skeleton of corals, calcareous algae, molluscs, echinoderms and crustaceans. Extreme weather events will also impact on the terrestrial habitat through increased frequency and intensity of storms. There have been some suggestions that the Komodo reefs are not as susceptible to bleaching as many others in the world (Lamb, 2018; and some online diving accounts). Whilst not specific to KNP, during the fourth global coral bleaching event in 2024, Reef Check Indonesia reported that bleaching took place in the West and East of Nusa Tenggara (Reef Check, 2024).

In 2021, the Komodo dragon was listed as Endangered on the basis that this species occurs in eight subpopulations, with a total adult population estimated to contain fewer than 1,400 individuals, no individual subpopulation contains more than 500 individuals, and climate modelling suggests a rate of decline over 40 years from 2010 which may exceed 30% (equating to a decline in excess of 20% across a two-generation period of 30 years), although long-term monitoring on Komodo and Rinca have not yet recorded any declines in occupancy (Jessop et al., 2021).

Garbage & Solid Waste

(Marine litter and plastic pollution)

Data Deficient

Inside site

, Extent of threat not known

Outside site

Marine litter and in particular plastic pollution, is a globally recognised major concern in marine environments. Marine litter and plastic pollution could be dangerous for both marine fauna and the ecosystems of KNP (Germanov et al., 2019), and is reported in the 2020 'Outline for the Future Marine Management of the Komodo National Park World Heritage Site' report as a key pressure and concern for the OUV (appended to State Party of Indonesia, 2022). The 2023 SEA highlights that an increase in tourism can lead to an increase in waste such as plastic which can potentially harm marine animals, and that 2021 research reported 131 types of plastic waste found at Padar Island (State Party of Indonesia, 2023b). Some impacts on Komodo dragons have also been reported (Plastic pollution coalition, 2016; Makur 2019). In 2015, Indonesia was listed second among the top 20 countries that mismanaged plastic waste (Jambeck et. al, 2015). A 2021-2030 project to address plastic waste in KNP also states that the residents of Komodo currently face the challenge of inadequate waste management and an overwhelming tide of ocean plastic washing onto their beaches from local rivers and the Indian Ocean (MBRC, 2025), and tourism operators raise plastic waste as a concern (Komodo Island Tour, 2025). The Komodo Island Tour website states that plastic pollution is having a negative impact on the rich biodiversity of KNP. It states that plastic debris can be found on the park's beaches and in its waters, threatening the health of marine animals and ecosystems, and that one of the biggest challenges in addressing plastic pollution in KNP is the high volume of tourists that visit the area. Many tourists bring single-use plastics such as water bottles and food packaging, which can quickly add up to a significant amount of waste. In addition, the lack of infrastructure for waste management in the area means that much of this plastic waste ends up in the ocean (Komodo Island Tour, 2025). No detailed information is available.

Water-borne & other effluent Pollution

(Household sewage and small-scale agricultural run-off)

Data Deficient

Inside site

, Localised(<5%)

Outside site

Indications of potential nutrient enrichment and eutrophication were detected within traditional use zones of the Komodo east region in the past. This may be indicative of sewage, organic rubbish or animal waste enrichment from Komodo village (Harvey and Yusamandra, 2010). According to the Master Plan 2000, 'pollution inputs are increasing due to lack of appropriate waste disposal methods for sewage and trash, oil/fuel spills in marine environment, and runoff from fertilizers and pesticides'. Although no specific data appear to be available, the 2023 SEA states that settlements within KNP will indirectly impact the survival of marine animals as a result of disposals of household waste and non-biodegradable solid waste, so this remains of concern if not effectively planned and managed (State Party of Indonesia, 2024), however it is unclear whether this also relates to sewage. There is no information on agricultural run-off.

Fishing, Harvesting & Controlling Aquatic Species

(Blast and cyanide fishing)

Data Deficient

Inside site

, Scattered(5-15%)

Outside site

Destructive fishing practices (cyanide, blast fishing, reef gleaning or 'meting') and over-exploitation have in the past been reported as major threats to KNP reef habitats (Master Plan, 2000; Mous et al., 2004; Pet-Soede, 2012; WWF 2013). As reported by Pet (1999), in 1996 before there was any routine patrolling program, blast fishing was considered as one of the major concerns for hard corals. Noting earlier reports of destructive fishing methods (Lamb, 2018; WWF, 2019) and that the 2020 UNESCO marine workshop report 'Outline for the Future Marine Management of the Komodo National Park World Heritage Site' listed illegal fishing practices (e.g. dynamite or poison fishing and poaching) as a key pressure and concern for the OUV of the marine environment (appended to State Party of Indonesia, 2022), others argue that this threat has diminished or has been addressed (Wonderful Indonesia, 2019). There appears to be both very limited reporting of such practices in the media (Antara, 2021) and no comprehensive assessment available. Recalling that the establishment of a patrolling program was considered to have initially appeared effective in limiting this practice (IUCN consultation, 2020), as outlined in other sections, the State Party is continuing patrolling efforts and reporting a reduction in illegal fishing practices, as well as a commitment to further strengthen marine management. This therefore appears to have improved, however in the absence of information is considered to be data deficient.

Potential Threats

High Threat

The predominant potential threats facing the site are climate change related threats of coral bleaching and sea level rise. Furthermore, a change in temperature or precipitation regimes will alter vegetation composition that will alter resource availability (e.g. prey or shade) that could decrease Komodo dragon populations.

Changes in Physical & Chemical Regimes

(Coral bleaching)

High Threat

Inside site

, Widespread(15-50%)

Outside site

Coral bleaching events were observed in Indonesia in 1997 and 2009-2010 (Habibi et al. 2007; Ampou 2011). However, the coral communities in KNP did not bleach during these events most likely due to the strong currents in the area (Salm et al., 2007). Bleaching has been observed within the National Park though some observers believe these reefs are less susceptible to bleaching than many others (Lamb, 2018; and some online diving accounts). Coral bleaching will continue to be a threat in the future due to increasing sea-surface temperatures as well and the through-flow (Arlindo) across the Lesser Sunda area that brings with it a warmer water mass. Another potential risk is the acidification of seawater due to increased carbon dioxide levels, which will inhibit the formation of calcium carbonate, the basic substance forming the skeleton of corals, calcareous algae, molluscs, echinoderms and crustaceans. Whilst not specific to KNP, during the fourth global coral bleaching event in 2024, Reef Check Indonesia reported that bleaching took place in the West and East of Nusa Tenggara (Reef Check, 2024).

Climate change is identified in the 2020-2024 Strategic Plan for KNP (MOEF, 2020) as well as the 2023 ITMP in the context of climate change resulting in high vulnerability of KNP to sea level rise (PT Inacon Luhur Pertiwi, 2023). The 2023 SEA for KNP identifies climate change as one of four strategic sustainable development issues, with a high risk of hydrometeorological disasters (landslides, floods), abrasion, tsunamis, tidal waves and sea level rise. It states that the projection of temperature increase in the area surrounding the World Heritage site is around 0.8°C from 2013 to 2045, most of which is caused by human activities, emission from motor vehicles, energy use and other activities. Additionally, it is noted that the majority of the site is marine, which is susceptible to a rise in sea surface temperatures resulting in deoxygenation. A key recommendation is to develop action plans for mitigation and adaptation to the risk of climate change in order to protect the sustainability of the OUV (State Party of Indonesia, 2023b).

Changes in Precipitation & Hydrological Regime

(Sea level rise)

High Threat

Inside site

, Extent of threat not known

Outside site

It is predicted that global climatic change through temperature increases, then sea level rise will have direct and indirect impacts on the habitats and biodiversity, including on the Komodo dragons (Jones et al., 2020).

The 2023 ITMP notes climate change resulting in high vulnerability of KNP to sea level rise (PT Inacon Luhur Pertiwi, 2023). The 2023 SEA for KNP identifies climate change as one of four strategic sustainable development issues, with a high risk of hydrometeorological disasters (landslides, floods), abrasion, tsunamis, tidal waves and sea level rise. It states that the projection of temperature increase in the area surrounding the World Heritage site is around 0.8°C from 2013 to 2045, most of which is caused by human activities, emission from motor vehicles, energy use and other activities. Additionally, it is noted that the majority of the site is marine, which is susceptible to a rise in sea surface temperatures resulting in deoxygenation. A key recommendation is to develop action plans for mitigation and adaptation to the risk of climate change in order to protect the sustainability of the OUV (State Party of Indonesia, 2023b).

Changes in Temperature Regimes, Changes in Precipitation & Hydrological Regime

(Habitat shifts in key vegetation communities)

Low Threat

Inside site

, Extent of threat not known

Change in temperature or precipitation regimes will alter vegetation composition that will alter resource availability (e.g. prey or shade) that could decrease Komodo dragon populations (Jones et al., 2020).

In 2021, the Komodo dragon was listed as Endangered on the basis that this species occurs in eight subpopulations, with a total adult population estimated to contain fewer than 1,400 individuals, no individual subpopulation contains more than 500 individuals, and climate modelling suggests a rate of decline over 40 years from 2010 which may exceed 30% (equating to a decline in excess of 20% across a two-generation period of 30 years), although long-term monitoring on two big island of Komodo and Rinca have not yet recorded any declines in occupancy (Jessop et al., 2021).

Fire & Fire Management

(Fire)

Low Threat

Inside site

, Widespread(15-50%)

Outside site

The habitats of Komodo dragons are in dry savanna and pockets of thorny green vegetation, which are vulnerable to fire. With increasing population and the onset of climate change this will also increase the threat to Komodo dragons due to the likelihood of increased fire intensity (Erdmann, 2004). The management authority has reported recent incidents of fire caused by arson, saying that the savannah of KNP is vulnerable to this threat (KSDAE 2020b). However, there is little evidence of increased frequency or severity of fire in KNP over recent decades (IUCN consultation, 2020). In 2022 the State Party reported that Fire Care Community groups have been established to allow local residents to participate in routine joint patrols (UNESCO and IUCN, 2022).

Protection and management

Assessing Protection and Management

Involvement of stakeholders and rightsholders, including indigenous peoples and local communities, in decision-making processes

Mostly Effective

There are a variety of community awareness and outreach activities, ranging from environmental lectures at local high schools to village information meetings, to a campaign that builds local pride in KNP and an awareness of its values. Other programmes include facilitation of community-based management of fishing grounds in the surrounding waters of KNP and a community consultative council. The website of the management authority contains various reports about community consultation (e.g. KSDAE 2019). In its 2024 state of conservation report to the World Heritage Committee, the government states that it has developed the 'Badan Peduli Taman Nasional Komodo' as an inclusive stakeholder forum which integrates communities and professional organisations to improve the management of KNP. It is stated the forum is expected to strengthen alliances among stakeholders, foster mutual understanding, and enhance joint collaboration efforts on conservation programs within KNP (State Party of Indonesia, 2024).

Legal framework

Mostly Effective

There are several laws and regulations that provide the legal framework and determine the management and protection of KNP, which are outlined in the 2000-2025 Management Master Plan (Master Plan, 2020) and the 2023 Periodic report (State Party of Indonesia, 2023c), including the Act on Conservation of Biological Resources and their Ecosystems (National Law No.5, 1990), the Fisheries Law (National Law No. 9, 1985), the Government Regulation concerning Natural Resources Tourism in the Use Zone of National Parks, Community Forest Parks and Natural Resources Parks and Government Regulation on Conservation Areas. Park Zoning regulations were issued by the Ministry of Forestry in 2001 and the District Manggarai Regulation No. 11 of 2001. The latter is a local law that regulates the use of fishing gear in the District of Manggarai and inside KNP, specifically banning all fishing gears that are potentially destructive. The issue is not whether the laws are adequate but whether they are being effectively enforced.

In 2021, third party concerns were raised regarding a 2020 Ministerial Decree which exempts tourism infrastructure in KNP from EIA requirements (July 13 2020. Decree No. S.576/KSDAE/KK/KSA.1/7/2020 concerning “The exemption of EIA for the construction of tourism infrastructure in Komodo National Park”) (UNESCO and IUCN, 2022). The State Party has since confirmed that EIA's will required (e.g. UNESCO, 2023a).

Governance arrangements

Mostly Effective

The governance of KNP is implemented through the Directorate General of KSDAE and Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MOEF), including the KNP Office. There is a 25-year Master Plan for the Management of KNP (2000-2025) which is implemented via five-year Management Plans (Master Plan, 2000), and a five-year Strategic Plan for KNP (2020-2024) (MOEF, 2020). The 2020-24 Strategic Plan includes the realisation of good governance reforms within the Directorate General of KSDAE as a target activity, as well as implementation of good governance reforms within the KNP Office Conservation Area Management Activities, and mainstreaming good governance with reference to principles of openness, accountability, effectiveness and efficiency, rule of law, justice, and participation (MOEF, 2020). Governance is also identified as one four strategic sustainable development issues related to the property in the 2023 SEA, which specifically refers to security management, lack of management skills, enhancement of local commodity potential and entrepreneurial skills, and which states that the increasing focus of the governments in the ASEAN region in developing ecotourism infrastructure and promoting sustainable tourism practices is expected to encourage growth in the tourism market, necessitating good governance (State Party of Indonesia, 2023c).

Integration into local, regional and national planning systems (including sea/landscape connectivity)

Some Concern

There is a 25-year Master Plan for the Management of KNP (2000-2025), which is implemented via five-year Management Plans (Master Plan, 2000), and a five-year Strategic Plan for KNP (2020-2024) (MOEF, 2020). It is however unclear how the property is integrated into broader regional and national planning systems. The area is part of the Coral Triangle Initiative program. In recent years, there has been confusion over government policy for KNP given the conflicting statements issued by the Ministry of Environment, the President and the provincial tourism agency pertaining to a potential closure of Komodo Island and a $500 entry fee (Jakarta Post 2019a, Fullerton 2019). The 2024 State Party report highlights that the 2023 Integrated Tourism Master Plan for Komodo National Park and Labuan Bajo Flores (ITMP) and the 2023 Strategic Environmental Assessment, are incorporated into public policies regarding tourism development in the West Manggarai region (State Party of Indonesia, 2024). A holistic and integrated approach to management across the different agencies remains important.

Boundaries

Mostly Effective

The boundaries of KNP were established when the park was gazetted in 1991 and based on the park zoning (2001). Most of the marine borders are not physically marked which creates confusion on their location and challenges with respect to enforcement. In the past there have been numerous discussions and recommendations regarding extension of the property and to ensure a clear zoning plan for its management. In 2019, the management authority carried out a public consultation on zoning within the property (KSDAE, 2019). The current zoning was established in 2020 through a Ministerial Decree (212/KSDAE/SET.3/KSA.0/11/2020) (Komodo National Park, 2025) and is available on the KNP website. In 2023, a review of the current zonation was requested by the World Heritage Committee following concerns that earlier amendments in 2012 (e.g. from wilderness areas to utilization zones) increased the potential for tourism development within the property (UNESCO, 2023). A summary is outlined in the 2022 UNESCO/IUCN Reactive Monitoring mission report (UNESCO and IUCN, 2022). In its 2024 state of conservation report, the government states that a timely review of the zoning refinement will be conducted, with assurances that current and future zoning adjustments will not adversely affect the OUV (State Party of Indonesia, 2024).

Overlapping international designations

Mostly Effective

The Komodo Biosphere Reserve and National Park was recognised as a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in 1977 (UNESCO, 1977). The Biosphere Reserve was rezoned in 1999 and expanded in 2014 following a 2013 Periodic Review, extending the site to the western part of Flores Island. The biosphere reserve zonation areas are:
core area(s) 173,300 ha; buffer zone(s) 288,353 ha and transition zone(s): 656,350 ha (UNESCO and IUCN, 2022). The World Heritage Site Manager also manages this designation/programme (State Party of Indonesia, 2023c). From available data it is unclear whether there is a partial or total overlap.

Implementation of World Heritage Committee decisions and recommendations

Mostly Effective

Komodo National Park was most recently brought into the Reactive Monitoring process of the World Heritage Convention with a request to report to the Committee in 2021 (before that in 2002), following third party concerns regarding proposed tourism development within the property and its wider setting (Labuan Bajo and Flores island), and joint UNESCO/IUCN State of Conservation reports have been provided to the Committee in 2021, 2023 and 2025 (UNESCO, 2021 and 2023; the 2025 report remains in production at the time of the assessment), as well as a joint UNESCO/IUCN Reactive Monitoring mission in 2022 (UNESCO and IUCN, 2022). In these reports, concerns have been raised that the upgrade of the ranger station at Loh Buaya on Rinca Island continued in parallel to the updated EIA being undertaken, instead of halting works until the EIA was completed (UNESCO, 2023), however overall, the State Party has responded to various Committee requests including the commitment to ensure a sustainable tourism approach for the property and its wider setting, to strengthen marine management, and to complete a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) that informs management decisions (State Party of Indonesia, 2024).

Climate action

Some Concern

Climate change is identified in the 2020-2024 Strategic Plan for KNP (MOEF, 2020), in the 2023 ITMP in the context of climate change resulting in high vulnerablity of KNP to sea level rise (PT Inacon Luhur Pertiwi, 2023). The 2023 SEA for KNP also identified climate change as one of four strategic sustainable development issues, with a high risk of hydrometeorological disasters (landslides, floods), abrasion, tsunamis, tidal waves and sea level rise (State Party of Indonesia, 2023b). Overall, it is however unclear to what degree the issue is being addressed in the overall protection and management of the property.

Management plan and overall management system

Mostly Effective

Komodo National Park is managed through the Directorate General of Forest Protection and Natural Conservation of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MOEF). There is a 25-year Master Plan for the Management of KNP (2000-2025), which is implemented via five-year Management Plans (Master Plan, 2000), and a five-year Strategic Plan for KNP (2020-2024) (MOEF, 2020). Noting that the Master Plan is expiring in 2025, there is also an opportunity for the government to ensure that the new plan effectively responds to threats and challenges and ensure effective management of the property moving forwards.

Law enforcement

Some Concern

The 2022 State Party report to the Committee outlines that patrol and surveillance efforts
continue in collaboration with national and regional law enforcement agencies, and that the rate of infringements, specifically poaching and illegal fishing, has significantly decreased compared to previous years (State Party of Indonesia, 2022). In its latest 2024 report to the Committee, the State Party reports various land and marine patrols and law enforcement capacity-building trainings to ensure the protection of terrestrial and marine ecosystems within KNP, including floating ranger station patrols (11 in 2022, 6 in 2023, 1 in 2024), land and marine patrols (79 annually in 2022-2024), two law enforcement trainings (2022, 2023), two human wildlife-conflict trainings (2022,2023), as well as one each of intelligence, scuba diving and civil servant investigation trainings (State Party of Indonesia, 2024).

Sustainable finance

Some Concern

The 2023 Periodic Report for KNP states that the annual budget for KNP is provided by the federal government to the MOEF. Funding source (donation/grants) opportunities are open to all agencies but at the time the park did not receive any other funding sources. The park's annual budget is not equal to the park's revenue collected each year, and it cannot use the budget collected from tourism directly. The report also states that the available budget is acceptable but could be further improved to fully meet management needs, and that existing funding sources are not secure (State Party of Indonesia, 2023c). The 2024 State Party report to the World Heritage Committee also states the government's commitment to co-financing the 2024-2029 GEF/UNDP IN-FLORES Project investing in the Komodo dragon and other threatened species, and in relation to tourism planning notes that projected tourism numbers are essential to generate economic benefits for the people of Labuan Bajo and Flores Island (State Party of Indonesia, 2024).

Staff capacity, training and development

Some Concern

The 2023 Periodic report states that human resources are inadequate for management needs and that KNP urgently requires capacity building to improve current and future human resources (State Party of Indonesia, 2023c). In 2024, it is reported that KNP employs 94 staff members who are entrusted with a wide range of responsibilities from managerial to technical roles and with diverse educational qualifications, and is projected to recruit an additional 16 employees to further strengthen management functions (State Party of Indonesia, 2024). The same report outlines various staff capacity building trainings between 2022-24 including on law enforcement, human-wildlife conflict, intelligence, scuba diving and civil servant investigations.

Education and interpretation programmes

Data Deficient

There are a variety of community awareness and outreach activities, ranging from environmental lectures at local high schools to village information meetings, to a campaign that builds local pride in the Park and an awareness of its values. Examples of some of these sessions are posted on the website of the management authority (KSDAE 2019). The 2023 Periodic report states that there is no specific program on heritage education and awareness for any targeted groups and that programs are urgently needed to enhance the public's awareness of the site as a World Heritage property (State Party of Indonesia, 2023c).

Tourism and visitation management

Serious Concern

Komodo National Park and the Labuan Bajo Flores region have been identified as one of five high-priority tourism destinations in Indonesia (State Party of Indonesia, 2023a), and an Integrated Tourism Master Plan for KNP and Labuan Bajo Flores (ITMP) has been developed (PT Inacon Luhur Pertiwi, 2023).

Following third party concerns related to tourism development in KNP in 2021 and 2022, including e.g. a reported "Jurassic Park" mass tourism development on Rinca Island and a 2020 Ministerial Decree removing the requirement for Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) within KNP, the World Heritage Committee raised concerns and requested a UNESCO/IUCN Reactive Monitoring mission which visited the property in March 2022 (UNESCO 2021, 2023). The 2022 mission report, and 2021 and 2023 UNESCO/IUCN State of Conservation reports to the World Heritage Committee, clearly emphasise the need to ensure that tourism is developed sustainably and does not negatively impact the OUV of the property, and that any potential development projects that may impact on the OUV must require EIAs, which the State Party confirmed to the mission and in subsequent reporting to the Committee. The mission report and 2023 Committee Decision also emphasise the need for an SEA of tourism development within the property and its wider setting prior to the approval of individual projects, including private tourism concessions, to allow the government to take an informed strategic decision regarding tourism development beyond individual projects and in the specific context of the World Heritage values (UNESCO and IUCN, 2022; UNESCO 2021, 2023).

In the 2024 State Party report to the Committee, the government reiterates its commitment to a sustainable tourism approach, outlines various measures being implemented to manage tourism including new visitor regulations (e.g. ticketing, seasonal closures) and co-funding for a 2024-2029 GEF-UNDP project, and provides the completed SEA of potential impacts on the OUV including a review of the policies, plans and programmes of the ITMP (State Party of Indonesia, 2023b; 2024). The SEA outlines tourist numbers recorded by the Office of KNP for 2010 to 2021, where the highest visitation to KNP was 221,703 people in 2019, followed by a drastic decline during COVID-19, and a recovery to 27,628 people in 2021 (2,963 international; 24,665 domestic). With no restrictions, the number of tourists is projected to reach 283,686 people in 2030 (152,072 domestic; 131,614 international) and 479,240 people by 2045 (274,189 domestic; 205,051 international) (State Party, 2023b). Importantly, the SEA provides an overview of potential impacts on the property and its OUV, and highlights various potential impacts of planned tourism services and infrastructure on attributes such as the Komodo dragon, coral reefs, marine fauna and aesthetic values, including both major impacts and cumulative impacts (State Party, 2023b). Noting also that past research has recorded changes in the morphology and behaviour of Komodo dragons exposed to high visitation (Ardiantiono et al., 2018), it remains critical that the findings of the SEA are implemented in a way that tourism development is carefully planned and managed by the authorities to ensure a sustainable tourism approach which supports the livelihoods of local communities, whilst ensuring there is no negative impact on the OUV.

In summary, the State Party has expressed a clear commitment to ensuring sustainable tourism management and has completed the SEA as part of this process. Noting the potential impacts of tourism on the property, it therefore remains critical that effective planning and management decisions are now implemented to ensure that any expansion of tourism safeguards the OUV of the property. There is an opportunity for the government to position KNP and the wider area as a world class sustainable tourism destination that effectively protects the World Heritage values.

Sustainable use

Data Deficient

Training of reef fishers in pelagic fishing techniques and fish processing methods, supply of materials for pelagic fishing (including ice boxes, nylon, artificial bait, and small boats), technical and operational assistance for fisher’s groups (kelompok nelayan), and development of Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) in offshore waters to the North of Komodo National Park have been conducted (Mous et al. 2004). Recent media reports about high visitation, canvassed closure of Komodo Island (Jakarta Post 2019), the area being one '10 more Balis' (Jakarta Post 2019b), a $500 entry fee (Fullerton 2019), and expanded airport capacity give rise to concern about whether tourist numbers are being sustainably managed.

Monitoring

Mostly Effective

Monitoring of key species within KNP remains underway including of the Komodo dragon (in collaboration with the Komodo Survival Program (KSP)) and yellow-crested cockatoo, as well as regular land and marine patrolling, digital data collection and community engagement. Several programs are also in planning that will further reinforce monitoring of Komodo dragon prey species including rusa deer (Rusa timorensis), Asian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), and wild boars (Sus scrofa) (State Party of Indonesia, 2024).

There is a history of marine monitoring for the property (see previous Outlook assessments). Although some marine monitoring is reported through programmes such as Reef Check Indonesia (IUCN Consultation, 2025), limited information is currently available regarding the monitoring of coral reefs and other marine biodiversity in KNP, and there remains a need for a comprehensive marine monitoring programme for the property. In this regard, the 2022 UNESCO/IUCN Reactive Monitoring mission highlighted the need to strengthen marine monitoring and management measures for the property, including to incorporate a marine monitoring programme into the core management of the property (UNESCO and IUCN, 2022; UNESCO, 2023). The government remains committed to strengthening its marine monitoring and management including through co-financing of the IN-FLORES project and creation of an Ecosystem Rehabilitation Plan ensuring the long-term planning of marine wildlife monitoring in KNP (State Party of Indonesia, 2024).

Research

Some Concern

In its 2023 Periodic report, the government reported that there is a small amount of research in the World Heritage property which is not planned, and that KNP will work to create a 'Five-Yearly Research Roadmap Document', and that research results are shared with local communities and partners but there is no active outreach to national or international agencies (State Party of Indonesia, 2023c).

Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats outside the site

Some Concern

The management system appears to be mostly effective in addressing threats from outside the property, however limited information is available regarding some matters, and concerns have been noted regarding increased population pressure, with limited information on the pressures of marine tourism and management (such as boat anchoring), where marine management is currently in the process of being strengthened. There are also various concerns regarding the potential impacts of the planned expansion of tourism services and infrastructure in the wider setting of the property (Flores island) which may impact negatively on the OUV if not effectively planned and managed.

Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats inside the site

Some Concern

Overall assessment of protection and management

Good practice examples

An example of best practice is the adoption of green/blue labels, as the Green Fins certification, or collaboration with local research organisation Komodo Survival Programme (KSP). The Green Fins initiative aims to protect and conserve coral reefs through environmentally friendly guidelines that promote a sustainable diving and snorkelling industry. The Green Fins initiative has developed a comprehensive set of guidelines to encourage best practices for an environmentally friendly scuba diving sector known as the Green Fins Code of Conduct.

State and trend of values

Assessing the current state and trend of values

Superlative natural beauty

Low Concern

Trend

Stable

Komodo National Park is a landscape of contrasts between starkly rugged hillsides of dry savanna, pockets of thorny green vegetation, brilliant white sandy beaches and blue waters surging over coral, unquestionably one of the most dramatic landscapes in all of Indonesia. The beauty of these outstanding landscapes and seascapes has been well-preserved with some impacts to the seascape. Whilst there is low concern over the current status of this value, there is some concern regarding the prioritisation of KNP and the Labuan Bajo area as a high priority tourism destination and the potential impacts of planned expansion of tourism infrastructure and services, as outlined in the 2023 ITMP (PT Inacon Luhur Pertiwi, 2023), on the aesthetic values of the landscapes and white sandy beaches if not effectively assessed, planned and managed (State Party of Indonesia, 2023b).

Komodo Dragon

High Concern

Trend

Stable

Komodo National Park contains the majority of the world’s wild populations of the Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis), which are distributed across the islands of Komodo, Rinca, Gili Motang, Padar, Nusa Kode and some coastal regions of western and northern Flores. In 2021, the species was listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, on the basis that it occurs in eight subpopulations, with a total adult population estimated to contain fewer than 1,400 individuals, no individual subpopulation contains more than 500 individuals, and climate modelling suggests a rate of decline over 40 years from 2010 which may exceed 30% (Jessop et al, 2021). For this reason, the status is being assessed as high concern. However, the population is reported to be stable over the last six years (2,897 individuals (2018), 3,022 (2019), 3,163 (2020), 3,303 (2021), 3,156 (2022), and 3,396 (2023)), and with regular land and marine patrolling, digital data collection and community engagement (State Party of Indonesia, 2024). However, there are reports of changes in the lizard's morphology and behaviour in areas subjected to high tourist visitation (Ardiantiono et al., 2018), and the proposed expansion of tourism through the prioritisation of KNP as a high priority tourism destination has high potential to impact Komodo dragon habitat and behaviour if not effectively planned and managed (State Party of Indonesia, 2023b).

Marine biodiversity

Data Deficient

Trend

Data Deficient

The rich coral reefs of Komodo host a great diversity of species, and the strong currents of the sea attract the presence of sea turtles, whales, dolphins and dugongs. In the absence of a long term marine monitoring programme and limited recent data available on the status of marine biodiversity, it remains difficult to rate the current status of this value. In recent years, the State Party is reporting improvements in addressing marine management including illegal fishing and boat anchoring, and given there are internationally funded projects addressing plastic pollution, these issues appear to persist, however details remain unclear. Noting also that the fourth global coral bleaching event in 2024 affected other coral reefs in Indonesia, there is also potential for climate change related coral bleaching and sea level rise to impact the marine values in future, as well as tourism services and infrastructure if these are not effectively planned and managed.

Terrestrial biodiversity

Low Concern

Trend

Stable

Fauna recorded in the park are characteristic of the Wallacean zoogeographic region with seven species of terrestrial mammal, including an endemic rat (Rattus rintjanus) and the crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis) and 72 species of birds, such as the lesser sulphur-crested cockatoo (Cacatua sulphurea), the orange-footed scrub fowl (Megapodius reinwardt), and noisy friarbird (Philemon buceroides) (World Heritage Committee, 2013). The lesser sulphur-crested cockatoo has suffered sharp population declines across Indonesia due to intensive trapping for the international pet trade. However, new research indicates that KNP, alongside and indeed because of preserving its Komodo dragons, is succeeding in protecting a significant population of Indonesia’s rarest cockatoo species (Reuleaux et al., 2020). According to 2023 monitoring data, the population of yellow-crested cockatoos has remained stable over the past seven years (782 in 2017; 811 in 2018; 883 in 2019; 1,032 in 2020; 955 in 2021; 1,031 in 2022; and 931 in 2023) (State Party of Indonesia, 2024). Several programs will further reinforce existing management initiatives and monitoring of prey species including rusa deer (Rusa timorensis), Asian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), and wild boars (Sus scrofa), who's population trends remain stable with stringent protection measures actively implemented and enforced to ensure the long-term sustainability of their populations (State Party of Indonesia, 2024).

Summary of values

Assessment of the current state and trend of World Heritage values

Low Concern

Stable

Additional information

Benefits

Understanding benefits

Outdoor recreation and tourism,

Natural beauty and scenery

The Komodo dragon, the stunning landscapes and the beautiful reefs have attracted people to visit the property. The Park serves as a place for sustainable development of eco-tourism both on land and in the sea. The site offers tourism activities which are significant to local, regional and international communities. Visitation is increasing and the site provides an opportunity for recreation in a beautiful natural setting.

Fishing areas and conservation of fish stocks

Pelagic fisheries, seaweed culture and grouper mariculture are three profitable alternative livelihood programs that are being introduced to residents in and around the Park.

Importance for research,

Contribution to education

The site provides an outstanding opportunity for education and awareness for the local, national and international community about regional biodiversity and a charismatic reptile. It also provides an important site for research as a result of its position within the active volcanic 'shatter belt' between Australia and the Sunda shelf. The property is identified as a global conservation priority area, comprising unparalleled terrestrial and marine ecosystems.

Summary of benefits

The benefits from KNP are extremely significant. The property provides livelihoods for local communities, and to international operators and staff through tourism initiatives. Thousands of people enjoy diving and snorkelling in the beautiful biodiverse waters of the property. Thousands experience the sight of the Komodo dragon. The property is a globally important centre for marine biodiversity, providing fishery resources inside and outside the site. There is also a rich cultural connection of the local communities to the Komodo dragon.

Projects

Compilation of active conservation projects

№	Organization	Brief description of Active Projects	Website
1	Burung Indonesia	BirdLife Partner	https://www.birdlife.org/partners/indonesia-burung-indonesia/
2	Plasticman Institute	Coastal Clean-up and its sustainability waste management system	https://plasticman-institute.org/
3	Komodo Survival Program	Komodo Survival Program (KSP) is an Indonesian-based non-profit organization established on 9 March 2007. The organization has the mission to provide sound information on wildlife biology to help devising management and conservation plans for the Komodo dragon and its natural habitat. KSP also helps developing local expertise for improving general knowledge on the biology of this endangered species and providing support for local efforts to protect the species.	https://www.komododragon.org
4	Taronga Conservation Society Australia	In 2012 Taronga commenced a partnership with the Komodo Survival Program (KSP). KSP is expanding their community conservation initiatives, with support from Taronga, to include community awareness programs, habitat patrols, and establishing alternative livestock management practices to reduce conflict between people and Komodo Dragons.	https://taronga.org.au/conservation-and-science/partnerships/komodo-survival-program
5	Greensboro Science Center	The Komodo Dragon SSP (Species Survival Plan) was established in 2002. The current AZA (Association of Zoos and Aquariums) captive population has grown to more than 126 dragons maintained at 63 AZA institutions. Through the active participation and hard work of member institutions, funding support from these institutions also has been instrumental in aiding wild Komodo dragon conservation in Indonesia. The Greensboro Science Center is an active supporter of the conservation fund. The main purpose of the KSP is to conduct monitoring activities to determine the population status of dragons, document any threats and recommend appropriate conservation measures to the Indonesian Government. Their work has provided important data in regard to demography, recruitment, dispersal and other vital information on the ecology of these magnificent reptiles. They have also worked very diligently to create community awareness of dragon ecology and conservation and the importance of the species in their ecosystem.	https://greensborosciencecenter.wordpress.com/2017/12/28/the-komodo-dragon-ssp-and-dragon-conservation/
6	Diving operators	The Dive Operators Collaboration of Komodo (DOCK) is dedicated to the Komodo National Park and its Marine Environment. Our Ethic is one of Safety, professionalism, and environmental and social sustainability. Our members have agreed to stricter guidelines to ensure that our operations are compliant with international best practice, and above and beyond the required standards in this vibrant and rapidly developing destination. Our environmental activism focuses on monitoring and protecting the marine environment on which our business’s depend. Social outreach to the communities in and around the Komodo National Park with strong collaboration with local and national government and organizations which share the same value and mission. Frequent and ongoing awareness raising programs and activism for waste management.	https://www.diveoperatorskomodo.com/
7	MBRC the Ocean Foundation (NGO) / Indonesian Waste Platform (NGO)	The residents of the islands of West Flores and Komodo currently face the double challenge of an inadequate waste management system and an overwhelming tide of ocean plastic washing onto their beaches from local rivers and the Indian Ocean. MBRC the Ocean gives the local communities an alternative to incinerating their waste. By providing garbage bags for their daily waste, the residents can separate their household waste into recyclables and non-recyclables directly at home, disposing of them in the waste bins provided in central locations by MBRC. The waste is collected on a regular basis and stored in the cleaning hub’s storage facility. In addition, equipment is provided by MBRC to clean up, collect and recycle waste found on the beach and coastlines. Every Friday a cleanup event is organised, employing waste collectors and using volunteers, including children from the local schools. By active involvement in cleaning their local beaches, the locals gain a greater sense of responsibility and understanding of the plastic waste problem. The collected waste is gathered, sorted, counted, weighed and placed in the cleaning hub’s storage facility and then transported by sea to Java, where the closest certified recycling company is situated. The waste collection and recycling programme is underscored by regular information briefings held at the cleanups. To raise awareness on waste, recycling and sustainability MBRC has introduced an educational program in the local schools, supporting the local communities so that they can understand the impact of plastic waste on the marine environment and on their lives. Currently active in seven locations on the islands, the aim is to expand to involve 200 communities in the archipelago by 2030.	https://sdgs.un.org/partnerships/mbrc-ocean-cleaning-hub-indonesia

References

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Indigenous Heritage values

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