Parc national de Phong Nha-Ke Bang

Country
Viet Nam
Inscribed in
2003
Criteria
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
The conservation outlook for this site has been assessed as "significant concern" in the latest assessment cycle. Explore the Conservation Outlook Assessment for the site below. You have the option to access the summary, or the detailed assessment.
© IUCN/Remco Van Merm
See all information

Summary

2025 Conservation Outlook

Finalised on
11 oct 2025
Significant concern
While the karst landscape and inherent examples of Earth’s history is secure from degradation on a scale that would diminish this value, there is a trend for economic opportunity to overshadow the protection of the karst values represented by the caves. The existing show-caves require remedial works to repair what damage can be repaired and more importantly, they need infrastructure and policy development to minimize damage from visitation. Although in some areas visitation management can be considered highly effective, the opening of additional caves without adequate planning and development controls and opening wild caves in the Strictly Protected Zone for tourism, without developing detailed management prescriptions for those caves, is concerning. The biodiversity values of the forest are being impacted by invasive plants and although recent law enforcement efforts are reported to have led to a significant reduction in offenses, poaching and other illegal activities, unsustainable resource use remains an ongoing threat to the World Heritage site. Also of some concern are the unknown impacts of roads within the site and the loss of large mammals. Nevertheless, important progress has been made in the management and protection framework and the recent extension of the site to include Hin Nam No National Park in Lao PDR will likely improve the conservation outlook in the near future.

Current state and trend of VALUES

Low Concern
The conservation trend for the World Heritage site’s karst landscape values is ‘stable’. There are some concerns regarding increasing visitation and tourism management, that are currently being addressed by several projects, which have been initiated towards reaching sustainability in tourism. The biodiversity values have been diminished by increasing threats. Anthropogenic pressures are high and collection of wild meat, other forest products and livestock grazing persist albeit at a reduced level. There remains a need to distinguish between subsistence practices and intensive operations driven by outsiders. Furthermore, agro-biodiversity values are currently not valorised as part of the landscape and are undermined by restrictive policies. Of concern are the unknown impacts of the roads within the site and the loss of large grazing animals, and the threat posed by invasive species, in particular Bindweed (Merremia boisiana), which is suppressing the floral assembly on a significant scale. Nevertheless, recent studies have confirmed the critical importance of the site within Viet Nam, hosting important species of small mammals and especially bats.

Overall THREATS

High Threat
The site’s geological values are relatively immune from any real threat. However, increased visitation and the associated pressures and inappropriate tourism developments present key threats, partly to the geological values but mostly to the biodiversity values. Quarrying in the buffer zone might become a serious threat, particularly to the scenic values of the area. Biodiversity values of the site are significantly threatened by anthropogenic pressures on the Park boundary and increasing access opportunity via the G20 Road for commercial hunters and forest product gatherers from throughout Viet Nam. Increasing tourism access to remote areas of the site is further disturbing habitat use by significant species of fauna. Another concern is the invasive plant Merremia boisiana, which represents a significant management challenge and a severe threat to the biodiversity of the site, as it covers large areas where it completely smothers other native vegetation. Development of tourism infrastructure within and nearby the National Park borders already resulted in over-tourism and could threaten the Outstanding Universal Values of the property. There has been a commitment shown by the State Party not to pursue any further projects without rigorous assessments and prior notification to the World Heritage Centre, however the potential threat of a cable car development remains high.

Overall PROTECTION and MANAGEMENT

Some Concern
There is an important need to update and streamline the management plan for the World Heritage site to ensure that its development and management is focused on sustaining its OUV and that planning and decision making at all levels of the administrative framework is consistent with the Management Plan. The management of the property is based on a 2013-2025 Strategic Management Plan that is supported by several other operational planning documents. Although the Master plan for tourism up to 2030 has been developed and approved by the Government, the Tourism development planning 2021-2030 with vision to 2050 is still under the assessment process. It is somewhat unclear how the various tourism related plans form part of an integrated strategy. The objective for tourism development according to the Plan is "to ensure that the conservation of the property’s heritage values is supported through tourism development that emphasizes research, learning and awareness-raising about those heritage values". However, the development of Paradise Cave is inconsistent with this, as is the zip-line and aquatic playground development in the Nuoc Mooc Eco/Dark Cave area. Nevertheless, on some areas tourism management can be considered highly effective and the values of the site related to geodiversity are not at high risk. Positive steps can be observed in initiating research to assess tourism capacity of the property and the efficiency of existing tourism operations, as well as plans to develop sustainable cave ecotourism. There have been various management actions in recent years that have led to strengthening law enforcement, improvement of local livelihoods, monitoring and research of wildlife species, as well as raising capacities of National Park and provincial government officials. Biodiversity values, however, continue to be at risk due to diverse threats, including invasive species, particularly Bindweed (Merremia boisiana), illegal logging, livestock grazing and poaching. Issues that are still not being addressed properly include distinguishing customary use rights from intensive hunting, trapping and logging, and integrating high levels of ethnic diversity, cultural landscape values and customary relationships within the management of the site.

Full assessment

Click the + and - signs to expand or collapse full accounts of information under each topic. You can also view the entire list of information by clicking Expand all on the top left.

Description of values

Outstanding karst landforms

Criterion
(viii)
Phong Nha is part of a larger dissected plateau, which also encompasses the Ke Bang and Hin Nam No karsts. The limestone is not continuous but demonstrates complex interbedding with shales and sandstones which, together with the capping of schists and apparent granites has led to a striking series of landscapes ranging from deeply dissected ranges and plateaux to an immense polje. The plateau, which extends into neighbouring Laos, is one of the finest and most distinctive examples of a complex karst landform in Southeast Asia (World Heritage Committee, 2012).

Scientifically significant caves

Criterion
(viii)
Phong Nha-Ke Bang displays an impressive amount of evidence of earth's history. It is a World Heritage site of great importance for increasing our understanding of the geologic, geomorphic and geo-chronological history of the region. The site contains around 140km of known caves making it one of the most outstanding limestone karst ecosystems in the world. The karst formation has evolved over some 400 million years and as such is the oldest major karst area in Asia. The caves demonstrate a distinct series of events which left behind various levels of fossil cave passages (formerly buried and now uncovered palaeokarst); evidence of major changes in the routes of underground rivers; changes in the solutional regime; deposition and later re-solution of giant speleothems and unusual features such as sub-aerial stromatolites. There is evidence of at least one period of hydrothermal activity in the evolution of this ancient karst system (World Heritage Committee, 2012).

Spectacular diversity of cave types

Criterion
(viii)
The long and complex karst formation process has led to the creation of not only underground rivers but also a variety of cave types, including dry caves, terraced caves, suspended caves, dendritic caves and intersecting caves (World Heritage Committee, 2012).

Ongoing development of ecosystems

Criterion
(ix)
The World Heritage site hosts many important ecological and evolutionary processes both above and below the ground, particularly as the isolation of the caves from one another provides opportunity for speciation of cave fauna. Its cave ecosystems and habitats are unique with high levels of endemism and adaptations displayed by cave-dependent species (World Heritage Committee, 2015). The guano deposits of some 40 species of bats found in the forests and caves provide important ecosystem benefits for invertebrate, fish and bird populations and the nine species of primates, which occur in the forests, help spread seeds within the site. The site and its connectivity with the Him Nam No, Phou Hin Poon and the Nakai-Nam Theun National Biodiversity Conservation Areas in Laos provides opportunity for many rare and endangered South-east Asian species to move across the landscape, thus facilitating opportunity for ongoing evolutionary processes (Worboys, 2012).

Habitat diversity

Criterion
(ix)
The World Heritage site includes globally significant ecosystems within the Northern Annamites Rainforests and Annamite Range Moist Forests priority ecoregions. With a forest cover estimated to reach 94%, including 84% primary forest, it is one of the largest remaining relatively intact moist forests on karst in Indochina (World Heritage Committee, 2015).
The vast majority (almost 75%) of the Phong Nha-Ke Bang (PNKB) area is covered by tropical dense moist evergreen forest on limestone below 800 m.a.s.l., however, there are another 10 recognized vegetation types including low tropical limestone montane evergreen forest above 800 m.a.s.l., tropical dense moist evergreen forest on hills above 800 m.a.s.l., low tropical montane forest on hills above 800 m.a.s.l., tree/shrub savannah on limestone, tree/shrub savannah on hills, riverine forest, bamboo forest, two types of degraded forest and a small area of cultivated land (State Party of Viet Nam, 2003).

Floral diversity

Criterion
(x)
The World Heritage site is home to over 2,700 species of vascular plants, including 133 globally threatened plant species and over 400 species endemic to Vietnam (World Heritage Committee, 2015), as well as one endemic to the site (Hopea hongayanensis, CR). The floral assemblage, being centrally located is transitional between the northern and southern floristic zones of the country; it includes a wide diversity of families. There are 38 species listed in the Red Data Book of Vietnam Plants and 25 species were listed in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants although with new species continually being discovered this data needs to be updated. There is also a 50km2 forest (on limestone) of about 2,500 Calocedrus rupestris (EN) and Calocedrus macrolepis (VU) trees, most of which are 500–600 years old (State Party of Viet Nam, 2003; UNEP-WCMC, 2011). The area also holds important agro-biodiversity values that have co-existed and co-evolved with wider floral diversity.

Significant species of fauna

Criterion
(x)
The World Heritage site is home to over 800 species of vertebrates, including 38 animal species endemic to the Annamite range. Several new species to science have recently been found, including cave scorpions, spiders, fish, lizards, snakes and turtles, and more species are likely to be discovered. Significant mammals include the endangered Large-antlered Muntjac (Muntiacus vuquangensis), Clouded Leopard (Neofelis nebulosa), and the critically endangered Saola (Pseudoryx nghetinhensis), as well as important populations of primates, including Hatinh langur (Trachypithecus hatinhensis) (EN) endemic to Vietnam and Lao PDR, the black form of the Hatinh langur, sometimes considered as a separate species, Red-shanked Douc Langur (Pygathrix nemaeus) (EN) and the largest remaining population of White-cheeked Gibbon (Nomascus siki) (CR) (World Heritage Committee, 2015). Other primates include the Pygmy Slow Loris (Nycticebus pygmaeus) (EN), Northern Pig-tailed Macaque (Macaca leonine), Stump-tailed Macaque (Macaca arctoides), Assamese Macaque (Macaca assamensis) and Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta). The Laotian Rock Rat (Laonastes aenigmamus) has been recorded at the site. Other smaller mammals include Sunda Pangolin (Manis javanica) (CR), Smooth-coated Otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) (VU), Owston’s Civet (Chrotogale owstoni) (EN) and the recently discovered Annamite Striped Rabbit (Nesolagus timminsi) (EN). Ten species of bat which occur here are listed in the IUCN List of Threatened Species. Significant birds include 15 species which are listed in the Vietnam Red Data Book and 20 in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. They include two species of pheasant, Siamese Fireback (Lophura diardi) and Annamite Crested Argus (Rheinardia ocellata). There are various hornbills; Wreathed Hornbill (Rhyticeros undulatus), Rufous-necked Hornbill (Aceros nipalensis), Brown Hornbill (Anorrhinus austeni) and Great Hornbill (Buceros bicornis), while other uncommon birds found are the Chestnut Necklaced Partridge (Tropicoperdix charltonii), Red-collared Woodpecker (Picus rabieri), the recently rediscovered endemic Sooty Babbler (Stachyris herberti), Short-tailed Scimitar Babbler and the Bar-bellied Pitta (Hydrornis elliotii). Significant reptiles and amphibians include 18 species that are listed in the Vietnam Red Data Book and 6 that are listed in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Among these are the Chinese Three-striped Box Turtle (Cuora trifasciata) (CR) and Keeled Box Turtle (Cuora mouhotii) (EN). The 72 fish species quoted in the nomination include four locally endemic including Chela qaungbinhensis, but 162 additional species have subsequently been identified (UNEP-WCMC, 2011).

Assessment information

High Threat
The site’s geological values are relatively immune from any real threat. However, poor visitor management and inappropriate tourism developments present problems, although they might not significantly impact the geological values. The caves of the site are significant and spectacular, however, poor management of the show-caves is damaging those caves and surrounding areas. Quarrying in the buffer zone might become a serious threat, particularly to the scenic values of the area. Biodiversity values of the site, however, are significantly threatened by poverty on the Park boundary and increasing access opportunity via the G20 Road for commercial hunters and forest product gatherers from throughout Viet Nam. Increasing tourism access to remote areas of the site is further disturbing habitat use by significant species of fauna. One of the greatest concerns is the invasive plant Merremia boisiana, which represents a significant management challenge and a severe threat to the biodiversity of the site, as it covers large areas where it completely smothers other native vegetation. Additional concerns also rise from the over-dependency on revenue from tourism, where loss of funding due e.g. the Covid-19 outbreak and natural disasters such as heavy rainfall, could strongly affect both site protection and management, as well as income for local communities.
Water-borne & other effluent Pollution, Garbage & Solid Waste, Air-borne Pollutants, Energy Emissions
(Pollution from air, water and solid waste)
High Threat
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
The rapidly expanding tourism activity has provided opportunity for more boat operators transporting tourists within the site. While the operation of motors within caves has been stopped there is still the risk of fuel and oil being spilled inside the caves. Overcrowding during peak seasons has caused problems for the environment such as garbage and water pollution (Truong, 2022; Le et al. 2025). Plastic bags, bottles and cans as well as cigarette butts and other non-biodegradable refuse are a major problem along most visitor access pathways to and within the caves. Much of it eventually makes its way into the watercourses. Many activities at the PNKBNP are self-guided experiences, where tourists participate in activities such as trekking, cave exploration, or primary forest hikes on their own. This raises concerns regarding the extent to which pollution by visitors can be monitored effectively (Le et al. 2025).

The increase in the number of visits to caves and the diversification of cave related tourism activities with highly varied levels of visitor supervision warrants the threat of pollution affecting both the caves and the adjacent waterways and forest to assessed as high concern. Increasing population pressures exist in the immediate borders outside the National Park. Agricultural cultivation and associated spraying of pesticides are likely to have a negative impact on the water quality of nearby rivers as has the illegal disposal of solid waste (IUCN Consultation, 2020b). Additionally, the construction of a coal-fired thermal power plant in Vinh Son village, Quang Dong commune, Quang Trach district, 40 km northeast of Phong Nha-Ke Bang with a capacity of 3,600 MW is assessed as potentially polluting air and water in the area (Truong, 2022).
Roads, Trails & Railroads
(Access roads )
Low Threat
Inside site
, Scattered(5-15%)
Outside site
The construction and subsequent use of the Ho Chin Min Highway/Route 20 link road have been identified as threats to the Park’s integrity and values. The road was completed several years back (as of 2020), and while there has been no study published on the impact of the construction and subsequent use of the road, the State Party's 2019 State of Conservation report details the violations detected by the checking stations controlling the roads. The large mammal survey report appended to the State of Conservation report, suggests that the increased use of the road may be a significant contributor to the loss of the elephant population, which was once found in the Park (State Party of Viet Nam, 2019). This report also notes that the roads within the site "make it easier for local residents to access the remote parts of PNKB NP for illegal hunting, forest products collecting, etc." (State Party of Viet Nam, 2019).
Logging, Harvesting & Controlling Trees
(Illegal logging)
High Threat
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
The lack of access to economic opportunities for local communities combined with improving vehicle access both within the province and the country means that illegal timber gathering remains difficult to eliminate. In its 2019 State of Conservation Report the State Party advises that measures to detect and prevent illegal logging have been highly successful. However, as the population in the buffer zone has been growing, there remains an ongoing threat of illegal logging should vigilance by the Management Board decrease (UNESCO and IUCN, 2018).
Mining & Quarrying
(Limestone quarrying)
High Threat
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
The illegal quarrying of limestone is widespread throughout the buffer zone and is impacting the area’s natural and aesthetic values. A clear system for local communities to legally quarry rock outside areas that impact the OUV of the site needs to be developed and enforced by authorities. The ongoing quarrying of limestone right next to the National Park borders poses high concern for the scenic values of the protected site (IUCN Consultation, 2020b). The local communities need access to limestone and a properly regulated system of quarrying stone within the buffer zone (or, preferably, from an area(s) proximal to but outside of it) could help to avoid an expensive aesthetic remediation process. Failure to address this issue in view of the rapidly increasing buffer zone population (UNESCO and IUCN, 2018) indicates a need to elevate the threat level from low to high.
Changes in traditional ways of life and knowledge systems that result in negative impact
(Displaced ethnic groups and economically marginalised local communities)
High Threat
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
Several ethnic minority communities living in the Phong Nha-Ke Bang (PNKB) area were, in line with wider national policies, resettled in new areas upon creation of the Park and apart from these communities living within the Park, a number of other ethnic minority communities live in its buffer zone. In all, a total ethnic minority population of some 11,000 (GFA, 2006) have customary relationships with the forest of the PNKB area.
Population growth in the region is rapid and poverty is widespread, with many people dependent upon the exploitation of forest products as part of their livelihoods (UNEP–WCMC, 2011).
The lack of assured and sustainable income generation activities creates pressure on these communities to exploit resources and values that are sought to be protected through the World Heritage site. The low income of a large number of families living within the buffer zones means that wildlife poaching and other extractive activities will continue until other sustainable opportunities to support livelihoods are assured.
Management policies support local involvement in tourism, enforcement and management of the site and community engagement in management has been strengthened. However, the livelihoods of people in some areas of the buffer zone have not improved so they remain dependent on exploiting the forest in whatever way they can (State Party of Viet Nam, 2019).
Recreational Activities
(Increasing tourism and associated impacts)
High Threat
Inside site
, Scattered(5-15%)
Park visitation has grown from a few thousand people in 1995 to almost 1 million in 2019. From 2019 to the end of October 2020, the total number of visitors to the National Park was more than 1.2 million (decrease is evident due to Covid-19 in 2020) (State Party of Viet Nam, 2023). The site's management plan includes an estimate/target of 3.5 million visitors by 2030. With the “Ecological tourism, resort and recreation at Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park until 2030” project, Quang Binh Province expects to create a breakthrough in attracting tourism development investment and effectively promoting the values of this World Natural Heritage site. The State Party of Viet Nam (2023) reported it is in the process of assessing the exploitation and development of tourism, as well as visitor capacity, in the caves, with the aim to propose sustainable management solutions for visitation. The initial development of the tourism product was focused on providing access to the show-caves (Phong Nha, Tien son and Paradise Caves), where problems of pollution and damage to speleothems and biodiversity has been significant. Remedial measures including training for staff and tourist guides, bans on the use of motor boats and fuel lights in the caves, and establishing waste collection systems have been undertaken (UNEP–WCMC, 2011). These measures have been variably successful with some areas being rated highly effective in visitation management (IUCN Consultation, 2025). In recent years, the development of the tourism product has expanded beyond the show-caves to include adventure caving experiences, kayaking into caves, mud bathing in caves, an extensive and expanding system of zip-lines and an aquatic playground in the Nuoc Mooc Eco-trail/Dark Cave area. The 2018 Mission considered that the development of thrill-seeking activities inside the site, which do not contribute to the understanding of its globally significant World Heritage values or its conservation should not be permitted (UNESCO and IUCN, 2018). Due to the current management structure of the National Park, there are concerns of conflicts of interest between the National Park and the provincial government's interest in developing tourism (IUCN Consultation, 2020b). A proposed cable car to Hang En, which was a major concern to the 2018 Reactive Monitoring Mission, has since been abandoned (UNESCO, 2019), but the Mission report further notes concern regarding the planned development of mass tourism in the administrative zone and urbanization of the buffer zone. “The Project on ecotourism, resort and entertainment in Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park, period 2021-2030” aims to promote and call for investment in developing tourism in a scientific and sustainable manner, ensuring harmony of interests of businesses, local people and the State. By 2030, Phong Nha – Ke Bang National Park aims to become an adventure tourism center in Asia, a leading destination for exploring and experiencing nature in Vietnam with a synchronous, modern infrastructure system, diverse, high-quality tourism products, sustainable tourism development associated with community benefits, in which typical products are cave exploration; research, study of biodiversity, indigenous culture and archaeological relics (State Party of Viet Nam, 2024).

Furthermore, the tourism development and payments for forest environmental services (PFES) programs aim to improve local livelihoods in combination with tourism. However, disparities in implementation have meant that central areas, such as Xuan Tien Village, have benefited significantly from tourism revenue, whereas remote areas, such as Rao Con village have not yet had the opportunity to participate in income-generating tourism activities. As a result, the gap between the livelihoods of the two villages has widened, exacerbated by inappropriate distributions of the financial budget (the Phong Nha fee). Moreover, the lack of participation in the policy by local residents has meant the PFES has had little effect on their livelihoods (Van Mai and Kim, 2020).

Recreational Activities, Other Human Disturbances
(Encroachment for collecting NTFPs and increasing tourism access)
Low Threat
Inside site
, Widespread(15-50%)
The analysis of the results of 2018 large mammal survey in PNKB-NP shows that the abundance of Tiger, Asiatic Black Bear, Dhole, Asian Elephant, Gaur, Large-Antlered Muntjak and Saola has been seriously reduced (State Party of Viet Nam, 2019). It states that elephants are already gone and are unlikely to return due to the disruption by the Route 20 /Ho Chin Min Highway link-road (and other roads within the site) and further asserts that the other six mammals will also be lost from the World Heritage site soon unless urgent conservation measures are undertaken. It notes that illegal hunting with guns is well controlled and that there is an increased effort to prevent the use of snares, but raises the concern of the passive disturbance of sensitive wildlife species resulting from the increasing encroachment by humans into the heart of the core area for non-timber forest product (NTFP) collecting and tourism, citing in particular the Saola population known to inhabit the area around Son Doong Cave (State Party of Viet Nam, 2019). While there have also been efforts made in banning illegal wildlife from local menus, offerings of wildlife meat in local restaurants persists (IUCN Consultation, 2020b).
Invasive Non-Native/ Alien Species, Problematic Native Species
(Infestation by Merremia boisiana)
Invasive/problematic species
Chromolaena odorata
Mimosa diplotricha
Lantana camara
Imperata cylindrica
Other invasive species names
Merremia boisiana
High Threat
Inside site
, Widespread(15-50%)
The management plan for the World Heritage site notes that several invasive alien species are present in the site. The State Party reported in January 2017 that the invasive plant species Merremia boisiana, which is regarded as native to Viet Nam, is of great significance and had invaded and occupied an area of over 4,000 ha causing biodiversity loss and affecting the entire ecosystem (UNESCO and IUCN, 2018). In 2022, the Provincial People's Committee issued a plan to implement a project “Investigation of the distribution, assessment of invasiveness and eradication of Merrimia boisiana in the National Park” (State Party of Viet Nam, 2023). To continue to control the Merrimia boisiana species sustainably, Quang Binh PPC will include the content of controlling the Merrimia boisiana species in the World Heritage Management Plan of Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park for the period 2025-2030, with a vision to 2050, and continue to
prioritize including it in the activities of the Sustainable Forestry Development Programs in the new period with appropriate control measures (State Party of Viet Nam, 2024).
Hunting, Collecting & Controlling Terrestrial Animals
(Commercial and subsistence hunting)
High Threat
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Commercial and subsistence hunting remains a major threat to the biodiversity of the site. Since 2015, there has been a concerted effort to improve law enforcement and community engagement in forest protection and conservation activities (State Party of Viet Nam, 2021, State Party of Viet Nam, 2023). One of the most recent projects has formed 11 community-based trap removal patrol teams. It is planned that the project will solve trapping activities in the National Park by 2025 (State Party of Viet Nam, 2023). Enhanced patrolling combined with awareness-raising had in previous years resulted in a significant reduction in illegal logging and hunting activities (UNESCO and IUCN, 2018). The UNESCO and IUCN Mission report concluded that the data did not clearly demonstrate that the effectiveness of law enforcement is increasing as the decrease in offenses being recorded coincides with a decrease in patrol effort (UNESCO and IUCN, 2018). Despite this, the Mission noted the many measures that the Management Board has taken to support law enforcement activity including the various livelihood improvement programmes in the buffer zone, the provision of training to strengthen the enforcement capacity of Forest Rangers, and stepping up disciplinary action against its own employees to correct and discourage misbehaviour. Despite these significant efforts to moderate the threat of hunting to the site's OUV, a 2018 'Survey of large mammals in PNKB-NP and its buffer zone' concludes that: “The most serious threat to the large mammal species in PNKB NP is un-controlled wildlife hunting /snaring in buffer zone and village-close part of core zone of PNKB NP. Other less serious threats include significant reduction of prey animal sources of Tiger and Dole” (State Party of Viet Nam, 2019). This comment about the significant reduction of prey animals is indicative of a high level of hunting activity persisting.
Other Human Disturbances
(Over-dependancy on revenue from tourism )
Low Threat
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
There are concerns regarding the over-dependency on revenue from tourism for the Park, the Provincial government as well as for the local population. Sudden disruptions of the system, such as the Covid-19 outbreak, and heavy rainfall (October 2020), with the absence of visitors to the area posed increased pressures to the National Park and diminished already-made efforts made by the Park management to provide alternative sources for income. Heavy rainfall flooded about 25% of the Park, induced landslides, and affected the OUV of the site (State Party of Viet Nam, 2021). The overall situation led to livelihoods crisis for people dependent on tourism activity, increasing pressure on forest resources (State Party of Viet Nam, 2023).
Changes in Precipitation & Hydrological Regime
(Flooding and landslides resulting from heavy rainfall)
High Threat
Inside site
, Widespread(15-50%)
Heavy rainfall flooded about 25% of the Park, induced landslides, and affected the OUV of the site (State Party of Viet Nam, 2021) and affecting the lives of communities in the whole province. An Emergency Assistance request to mitigate damage to the property following the October 2020 rainfall was approved in May 2021.This event demonstrates the potentially igh threat from other climate change related extreme weather events.
Terrestrial Animal Farming, Ranching & Herding
(Livestock grazing)
Low Threat
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Outside site
There have been concerns regarding the encroachment of livestock, especially buffalo and cows into the property from the buffer zone, whose grazing affects the landscape and tourism (State Party of Viet Nam, 2024). The State Party has been enhancing efforts to monitor, manage and mobilize people not to increase the number of herds and livestock, raise awareness of environmental protection, and not to arbitrarily graze livestock and livestock in the forest area of Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park.
High Threat
Development of tourism infrastructure within and near the National Park borders already resulted in over-tourism and could threaten the Outstanding Universal Values of the Property. There has been a commitment shown by the State Party not to pursue any further projects without rigorous assessments and prior notification to the World Heritage Centre, however there are concerns that if a cable car was to be developed, this would result in a high threat on the key attributes from the construction itself and the pressure from visitation among other potential impacts.
Recreational Activities
(Tourism infrastructure)
High Threat
Inside site
, Scattered(5-15%)
The World Heritage Committee had raised concern about a proposal for the development of a cable car to provide access to Son Doong Cave and the State Party has decided not to proceed with a cable car project to either Son Doong Cave or to Hang En Cave, both of which would have resulted in inappropriate mass tourism development in a remote area of the site (UNESCO and IUCN, 2018; UNESCO, 2019). Furthermore, the State Party has committed not to pursue any tourism infrastructure projects without proper environmental impact assessments nor without previously informing UNESCO and IUCN (State Party of Viet Nam, 2023). Nevertheless, the potential impact from a cable car and associated infrastructure and visitation pressure remains high.
Involvement of stakeholders and rightsholders, including indigenous peoples and local communities, in decision-making processes
Mostly Effective
With the establishment of the National Park in 2001, the local communities have been affected by the prohibition of access to forest resources and, in some cases, relocation. This has led to some impacts, notably for ethnic minorities, resulting from the loss of forest-dependent livelihoods. However, the Quang Binh Provincial People’s Committee has indicated that there is a possibility of reviewing the regulations to allow ethnic minorities to continue some customary practices (UNESCO and IUCN, 2018). Moreover, based on the Directive on conservation and promotion of the World Heritage values from 2020, the province has understood the need to cooperate with “entire people” on conservation of the site (State Party of Viet Nam, 2023). This is of particular interest when considered also in conjunction with the Strategic Management Plan, which states that “nothing in this document is intended to diminish in any way their (ethnic minority groups) rights, either legally recognized or customarily”. Some local communities receive government subsidies to compensate for the loss of access to forest resources, but still suffer food shortages both as a result of access restrictions and the limited availability of agricultural lands which, given the high proportion of local people dependent on agriculture and the increasing demand for food both from a growing population and a growing number of visitors, is a major concern for the community. An Action Plan, which has engaged local people in systematic patrolling to reduce poaching and other infringements, has been combined with a series of awareness raising activities, such that the number of people involved in the illegal exploitation of natural resources, has decreased while the number of people involved in forest protection has increased. A project run by the Park in cooperation with the Forestry University on providing solutions for sustainable use of natural resources has contributed to increasing the income of local people by creating new jobs. In parallel with this strategy, the Management Board has implemented various livelihood improvement programmes for villages in the buffer zone by introducing alternative income generating activities such as bee-keeping, animal husbandry, vegetable cultivation, and communal forestry. 29 forest protection groups in 8 communes of the buffer zone have been established alongside 21 village conservation groups that form forest protection patrols (State Party of Viet Nam, 2023).

The Quang Binh PPC implemented the Sustainable Forest Management and Biodiversity Conservation Project (VFBC) in the core and buffer zones of Phong Nha – Ke Bang National Park with activities to improve the capacity of the Management Board and improve the livelihoods of people in the buffer zone. With support from the VFBC Project, the Park Management Board has developed a Key Species Monitoring Plan in Phong Nha – Ke Bang National Park (8 key species in the IUCN Red List); established and effectively operated 11 community-based trap removal patrol teams. The staff participating in the management and protection of Heritage is increasingly strengthened through the maintenance and use of contracted forest protection staff from local people from programs and projects such as the "Agreement on payment for greenhouse gas emission reduction in the North Central region (ERPA)" according to Decree No. 107/2022/ND-CP dated December 28, 2022 of the Government and the "Sustainable forestry development program for the period 2021-2025" according to Decision No. 809/QD-TTg dated July 12, 2022 of the Prime Minister, attracting the participation of 50 buffer zone communities in forest management and benefiting from livelihood support activities from this source (State Party of Viet Nam, 2024).

The 2018 Reactive Monitoring Mission report noted that all members of the Management Board are government officials and even though many activities for the involvement of local communities have been conducted, there is no formal mechanism in place to ensure the participation of a wider group of stakeholders in the management of the site and makes recommendations to rectify this (UNESCO and IUCN, 2018). There are also strong cultural and economic ties to populations bordering the National Park on the Lao side. Such communities should also be involved in activities where possible (IUCN Consultation, 2020b). Currently, two policies have been implemented: the tourism development and payments for forest environmental services (PFES) programmes. Although PNKB NP has devoted much time to the tourism development policy, with some success, disparities in implementation have meant that central areas, such as Xuan Tien Village, have benefited significantly from tourism revenue, whereas remote areas, such as Rao Con village have not yet had the opportunity to participate in income-generating tourism activities. As a result, the gap between the livelihoods of the two villages has widened, exacerbated by inappropriate distributions of the financial budget (the Phong Nha fee). Moreover, the lack of participation in the policy by local residents has meant the PFES has had little effect on their livelihoods (Van Mai and Kin, 2020).

More recently, the Park Management Board organized a multi-sectoral dialogue forum with authorities at all levels and stakeholders to discuss and agree on management solutions for livestock grazing in the Heritage area. The parties signed a Cooperation Agreement on the consensus to establish a Multi-Stakeholder Dialogue Forum and a Multi-Sectoral Consultative Council for the Sustainable Development of the World Natural Heritage of Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park, contributing to enhancing the effectiveness and participation of stakeholders in resolving issues arising in the management process of the World Natural Heritage of Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park (State Party of Viet Nam, 2024).
Legal framework
Some Concern
Designated as a Nature Reserve in 1986, Phong Nha - Ke Bang became a National Park in 2001. A Management Board, established in 1994, is responsible for protection of forest resources and biodiversity. Cave conservation and tourism services are the responsibility of the Tourism Centre under the Management Board. The site is also included in the Special National Heritage List (2009), and the Special Use Forest system (1999). It is effectively protected by a number of national laws and government decisions, which prohibit any action that may have a significant impact on the site's OUV, therefore the legal framework would seem to be strong (World Heritage Committee, 2012). The operational bodies with powers of control and management are found across various responsible executive departments, and decisions on heritage-related questions are made at the following levels, according to the importance of the decisions: 1) Prime Minister’s office; 2) The Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism; 3) The Quang Binh Provincial People’s Committee; 4) The Management Board of Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park. The main operational responsibilities reside in the power of the Provincial People’s Committee including the decision-making on the important development issues and budget allocation, while implementation of technical activities is carried out by the Management Board, which controls human resources for operation of the property. Major projects and important directives are issued at the national level, through Prime Ministerial Decisions. There is evidence of a flaw in this structure in that two such decisions regarding the planned development of mass tourism in the administrative zone and the urbanization of the buffer zone are inconsistent with maintaining the site's OUV and there is no procedure for the integration of Environmental Impact Assessment in the planning process. Development and proposed development which is inconsistent with the management plan has resulted in the 2018 Reactive Monitoring Mission expressing the need for the State Party to establish an official mission statement to set an institutional vision that emphasizes the primary management objective of maintaining the OUV of the site (UNESCO and IUCN, 2018). Such an official mission statement may be unlikely, given the recent approval of a Master Plan for the development of tourism in Phong Nha – Ke Bang until 2030, which holds little indication for a change in directions (IUCN Consultation, 2020b). Currently, central ministries and branches are researching and consulting the Prime Minister to adjust the Master Plan for the construction of Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park, Quang Binh province until 2030 to preserve and develop Phong Nha -Ke Bang National Park comprehensively, in accordance with practical requirements and in accordance with current legal regulations (State Party of Viet Nam, 2024).
Governance arrangements
Some Concern
Quang Binh province has recently focused on stabilizing the organizational structure of the Management Board of Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park, however the board still faces difficulties and problems regarding the organizational model of the Forest Protection Department according to the provisions of the Forestry Law and Decree No. 01/2019/ND-CP of the Government (State Party of Viet Nam, 2024). The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development has a Plan to develop legal documents in 2024, including the content
of amending Decree No. 01/2019/NDCP of the Government. In the coming time, the Provincial People's Committee will continue to propose to the Government, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, and the Ministry of Home Affairs to consider
and provide guidance to resolve difficulties in the organizational model of the Management Board of National Park. At the same time, the Management Board will develop a project to improve the organizational structure, functions, and tasks of the unit to ensure compliance with regulations (State Party of Viet Name, 2024).

Following the socio-economic development plan for the period 2016-2020, Action plan for international integration in the period of 2019-2023 and Annual plan of foreign activities of the province, the Quang Binh province in Viet Nam has been cooperating with Khammuone province in Lao PDR on biodiversity conservation in the bordering area between Phong Nha National Park - Ke Bang and Hin Nam No National Park (Phong Nha – Ke Bang National Park World Heritage Site, 2012). Recently an extension nomination was granted and the site is now a transnational property, which can be considered an important step in strengthening the overall integrity of the area.



Integration into local, regional and national planning systems (including sea/landscape connectivity)
Mostly Effective
The National Park is embedded in the planning of Quang Binh province for the period 2021-2030, with a vision to 2050 with the aim of preserving and developing Phong Nha -Ke Bang National Park comprehensively, in accordance with practical requirements and in accordance with current legal regulations (State Party of Viet Nam, 2024).

Following the socio-economic development plan for the period 2016-2020, Action plan for international integration in the period of 2019-2023 and Annual plan of foreign activities of the province, the Quang Binh province in Viet Nam has been cooperating with Khammuone Province in Lao PDR on biodiversity conservation in the bordering area between Phong Nha National Park - Ke Bang and Hin Nam No National Park (State Party of Viet Nam, 2021). The authorities of the two provinces have included the content of cooperation in conservation and promotion of biodiversity values and outstanding values of the two National Parks in the working program and the Minutes of the high-level talks of the two provinces in 2023 and 2024. Accordingly, the two provinces will continue to cooperate in preserving and promoting the values of Phong Nha – Ke Bang National Park and Hin Nam No National Park. In 2025 an extension nomination aiming to become the first transboundary World Natural Heritage site in Southeast Asia was accepted by the Committee.

Boundaries
Mostly Effective
In 2015 and 2025 boundary modifications have been approved to ensure a larger more intact ecosystem that offers additional protection to the water catchments, which are critical to the integrity of karst landscapes. The first extension increased the size of the existing site by some 46% and is part of the same karst plateau, covering largely undisturbed forest. The buffer zone encircled the entire extended site to the north, east and south to further strengthen integrity. The land immediately adjacent to the site is either designated as forest protection area or watershed protection zone.

In 2025, site was extended to include the Him Nam No National Park in Lao PDR to further improve connectivity with the karst landscape.

The property now totals an area of 217,447 ha with a buffer zone of 295,889 ha. The overall length of the HNN NP boundary is 245.0 km, out of which 72 km is congruent with the country border between Laos and Vietnam and is defined by 15 boundary markers. On most of this stretch, the boundary crosses an almost inaccessible forest area along the watershed of the Central Annamite Mountain Range. The buffer zone of Hin Nam No NP is congruent with the border between Laos and Vietnam on a length of 25.7 km, which is defined by 11 markers. The length of Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park and its buffer zone that is congruent with the border between Laos and Vietnam is 53.3 km and 134.2 km respectively. The former is defined by 8 markers, and the latter by 42 boundary markers. The total length of the shared boundary between Hin Nam No and Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Parks, which is entire congruent with both countries’ national shared border is 187.5 km. The total length of the shared buffer zone boundaries of the parks is 97.7 km. Of the 171.4 km of the Hin Nam No National Park’s boundary inside Lao PDR, 37.9 km (15.5%) follows the Xe Bang Fai River or the Nam Ngo River. In this case, the boundary is delimited either over the deepest part or in the middle of the river. Most of the remaining 133.5 km (54.5%) of the boundary follows the base of a karst cliff or traverses foothills of this mountainous landscape (Lao PDR, 2025).

In regards to Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park the People's Committee of Quang Binh province issued a Decision in 2023 on approving the buffer zone dossier in Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park with the goal of determining the boundary scope, location, and area of the buffer zone in Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park in accordance with the land use status of people in Doong village,
Tan Trach commune, Bo Trach district to stabilize people's lives and minimize impacts on resources in the area. Accordingly, the buffer zone area in Phong Nha -Ke Bang National Park in Doong village is determined to be 55.5 hectares. On September 4, 2024, the Provincial People's Committee also issued Official Dispatch No.4241/VPUBND-TH on the policy of supporting funding for the
implementation of the project of Marking the boundary of the buffer zone inside Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park in Doong village, Tan Trach commune, Bo Trach district (State Party of Viet Nam, 2024).
Overlapping international designations
Data Deficient
None
Implementation of World Heritage Committee decisions and recommendations
Some Concern
The World Heritage Committee's concern regarding a cable car development in the area of Son Doong Cave and Hang En Cave were resolved when the Committee welcomed advice that 'the State Party has no intention to build a cable car to the Son Doong and Hang En caves or any other similar project within the property' (UNESCO, 2019). The World Heritage Committee and IUCN have both previously expressed concerns about the threat of road developments in Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park (Worboys, 2012) and this threat has not been adequately resolved as there has been no documented research to assess the impact of the now completed roadworks. The serious concern about use of the completed road has been partially resolved by the establishment of a number of ranger stations and checkpoints at key points of the road(s) (State Party of Viet Nam, 2019). The World Heritage Committee’s concern about the tourism infrastructure development has been addressed with the State Party’s response noting no infrastructure will be done in or near the caves to avoid the impact on OUV (World Heritage Committee, 2023).
Climate action
Data Deficient
The State Party of Viet Nam (2023) reported it has developed a Plan on implementing the national strategy on climate change to 2025 in Quang Binh Province, which is waiting for approval. The Park notes that climate monitoring weather stations and a climate disaster database in the Park will form a response to climate monitoring (Phong Nha – Ke Bang National Park World Heritage Site, 2012).
Management plan and overall management system
Some Concern
The main documents upon which management of the property is based are a 2013–2025 Strategic Management Plan Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park World Heritage Site, supported by the 2010–2020 Sustainable Tourism Development Plan, the 2013–2020 National Park Operational Management Plan and the Buffer Zone Development Plan (State Party of Viet Nam, 2021; Phong Nha – Ke Bang National Park World Heritage Site, 2012). The Strategic Management Plan provides planning for the World Heritage property and the surrounding region. It is unclear whether the National Park Management Plan 2020-2040 has been adopted, but the State Party of Viet Nam (2023) noted that heritage values still need to be integrated into this plan. Following the evaluation of the re-nomination and extension of the World Heritage site in 2015, the World Heritage Committee requested the State Party to revise the Sustainable Tourism Development Plan, reflecting the site’s extension and to ensure an integrated and environmentally sensitive approach to tourism. The World Heritage Committee kept reiterating its request for the State Party to revise the Sustainable Tourism Development Plan (World Heritage Committee, 2019, World Heritage Committee, 2021; World Heritage Committee, 2023). A Master Plan for the Development of Tourism in Phong Nha – Ke Bang until 2030 was approved by the State Government (2017). There are severe concerns about its implementation, proposing 2,500ha of additional tourism site development in adjacent Park communes. There is little indication that the Plan will be implemented in line with the expressed conservation missions outlined in earlier plans (IUCN Consultation, 2020b). There are concerns in terms of the Park’s management structure. While the resources' management lies within the responsibilities of the Management Board of the Park, income from touristic activities and from environmental fees paid by visitors entering the strictly protected zone are administered by the Treasury House of the Province, which then returns revenues to the Park based on budget estimations and conservation proposals made. The Tourism Centre Unit, though functionally under the National Park Management, is however also able to access financing directly with the Treasury House. It is therefore difficult for the National Park Management to control touristic developments in the area, which may be under greater influence of the provincial government (IUCN Consultation, 2020b). Furthermore, the division of the National Park into three different functional zones holds dangers in that touristic developments in the Administrative and Service Area are made justifiable and that these can be facilitated easier (IUCN Consultation, 2020b). Although only recently inscribed as a transboundary property, collaboration with Him Nam No in Lao PDR on forest protection, monitoring and management of natural resources is ongoing. The two parks signed a Memorandum of Understanding in 2023, enhancing cooperation in diverse areas, such as research planning, knowledge exchange, sharing of law enforcement, and capacity development.

The Strategic Management Plan for the period 2013 - 2025 for Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park and the Operational Management Plan for the period 2013 - 2020 for Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park have expired or are about to expire and many contents are no longer suitable or do not meet the practical and legal requirements for effective management.

The policy of developing a World Natural Heritage Management Plan for Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park is underway along with a decision on allocating from the Planning Capital source of the provincial budget in 2024 to provide funding for the Management Board of Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park to develop a World Natural Heritage Management Plan for Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park, period 2025 - 2030, vision to 2050. Currently, the Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park Management Board is coordinating with relevant departments, branches and localities to implement the next steps according to current regulations, expected to be completed in 2025. In addition, Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park Management Board has organized an assessment of the effectiveness of conservation management work through the use of the Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool (METT-4). The METT-4 management performance monitoring tool helps the Park Management Board analyze risks and collect information on status and trends in protected areas. From there, it aims to propose solutions to improve management to maintain and increase forest cover and conserve biodiversity in Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park (State Party of Viet Nam, 2024).
Law enforcement
Some Concern
The State Party advised in December 2014 of a series of measures to combat poaching and illegal activity within the World Heritage site, however, at the time of IUCN's evaluation in 2015, concerns remained regarding a lack of funding, staffing and capacity (IUCN, 2015). In 2017 and again in 2019 the State Party reported further measures to enhance law enforcement within the site, including the establishment of strategically located ranger stations and checkpoints, engagement with village based forest protection groups, collaboration with relevant local agencies to enhance forest protection measures and an extensive programme of community education and awareness activities in parallel with strong stance on pursuing the prosecution of violators. This strategic approach, combined with a livelihood improvement programme, has resulted in a significant reduction in the number of violations. Despite this, the 2019 State of Conservation report by the State Party also notes that forest fires, which do occur in the site, are mainly due to slash-and-burn agriculture, honey collection and the carelessness of those who engage in illegal tourism activities and that illegal exploitation of NTFPs continues due to high market demand and the lack of employment in parts of the buffer zone (State Party of Viet Nam, 2017 and 2019). Furthermore, illegal grazing within the site boundaries remains an issue (State Party of Viet Nam, 2024).

As of 2024, the Forest Protection Department of Phong Nha – Ke Bang National Park has 11 forest protection stations, 02 Mobile Forest Protection Teams, 02 Professional Departments. There are 02 Ranger Stations with barriers in charge of controlling the eastern and western gateways of the National Park. To strengthen the protection of the area adjacent to the core zone of Hin Nam No National Park (Lao PDR), Quang Binh province has approved the policy of establishing Con Roang Ranger Station under Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park Ranger Department to ensure better implementation of forest management and protection tasks in the border area, adjacent to Hin Nam No National Park (State Party of Viet Nam, 2024). The effectiveness of these measures remains to be evaluated.
Sustainable finance
Data Deficient
The current annual allocation of funds by the State Party for management of the World Heritage site is unknown. The Master Plan for tourism development until 2030 states a target of 8200 billion VND to be generated from touristic activities in and adjacent to the National Park borders (IUCN Consultation, 2020b). The State Party of Viet Nam (2021) reported 376 VND were earned from tourism activities. The policy of developing a World Natural Heritage Management Plan for Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park is underway along with a decision on allocating from the Planning Capital source of the provincial budget in 2024 to provide funding for the Management Board of Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park to develop a World Natural Heritage Management Plan for Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park, period 2025 - 2030, vision to 2050.
Staff capacity, training and development
Mostly Effective
From 2015 to 2018 there has been an extensive programme of training provided to Forest Protection Unit Rangers in the areas of enforcement and biodiversity monitoring (State Party of Viet Nam, 2019). The State Party of Viet Nam (2021) reported that the Park staff and Quang Binh province participated in several training workshops focused on the improvement of wildlife protection capacity for law enforcement forces, mitigation of natural disaster risks, and improvement of professional skills and expertise in relic management. Furthermore, the provincial government and Park staff participated in a study tour in Europe to gather experience about transboundary World Heritage Management, and tourism management in karstic cave ecosystems (Transboundary Conservation Specialist Group, 2024; Common Wadden Sea Secretariat, 2024). Park staff has also been trained in using spatial monitoring and reporting tool (SMART) for monitoring purposes, including conversion of SMART desktop to mobile system, application of drone devices, and ArcGIS (State Party of Viet Nam, 2023). The Provincial People's Committee has also directed the development and approval of the Job Position Project and Financial autonomy project in the period 2025-2030. Planning, training and coaching are focused on improving the quality of the National Park staff. In addition, departments, branches, sectors and units have actively coordinated with training institutions in the province to organize training courses to improve professional capacity for those participating in tourism activities, and basic skills in developing community tourism for people (State Party of Viet Nam, 2024).


Education and interpretation programmes
Mostly Effective
From 2015 to 2018 the Board has conducted 25 environmental interpretation sessions for about 700 school students and youth union members in the buffer zone communes in collaboration with village forest protection teams; implemented an education and training programme on nature conservation, developed education skills for teachers and school students in secondary schools in the buffer zone; integrated the knowledge and information about the site into the teaching curriculum for grades 6, 7, and 8; organized writing contests to introduce PNKB NP as a natural World Heritage site promoted the development of school posters for secondary school students in the buffer zone communes; produced and installed 150 panels to communicate the values of forests and call for wildlife protection and forest fire management (State Party of Viet Nam, 2019). The educational activities continued throughout the 2020s, raising awareness of the local population on wildlife, forest protection, and control and prevention of invasive alien species (State Party of Viet Nam, 2021, State Party of Viet Nam, 2023).
Tourism and visitation management
Some Concern
The 2013-2020 National Park Management Plan's objective for tourism development was to ensure that the conservation of the site’s heritage values is supported through tourism development that emphasizes research, learning and awareness-raising about those heritage values. It details the activities/requirements to meet this objective as the development of: a Tourism Monitoring and Management Programme; a Site Visitor Management Plan for any cave to be used for tourism activity; a water-based tourist product in the park and Buffer Zone; a concept plan for tourism operations in the Botanical Garden, Bamboo Valley, the Gao Forest and U Bo Peak; interpretation material for the Phong Nha Visitor Centre; site-specific interpretation plans and materials for priority sites; site interpretation tailored to reach the various audiences that visit the property including the construction of a visitor interpretation centre; allowing only guides certified to be knowledgeable about cave protection and safety to lead groups into the caves; environmental and social impact assessments together with an impact mitigation plan for any tourism development in the park particularly if the development or activity involves a cave; a sustainable project working towards the privatization of the Park’s (2,500 ha) Tourism Centre. In 2018 (with 75% of the planning period lapsed), progress towards meeting the plan's objective for tourism development was inadequate. Recently, several projects have been initiated towards reaching sustainability in tourism. The State Party of Viet Nam (2023) reported about an implementation of “Sustainable exploitation and development of cave tourism resources in Quang Binh province” project, the results of which have informed the Quang Binh tourism development planning document for 2021-2030, including a vision to 2050. Another project, “Evaluating the tourist capacity of some caves in Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park“, aims to synthesize the information on cave tourism (State Party of Viet Nam, 2023). A project on “ecotourism, resort and entertainment” in the National Park aims to inform sustainable tourism development by, among other issues, re-evaluating the 18 existing routes and ecotourism sites, as to improve the quality of cave tourism and reduce pressure on the environment (Word Heritage Committee, 2023). The noted Tourism development planning in the Quang Binh provincial master plan for the period of 2021-2030, with a vision to 2050 has been finalized, however, it is awaiting opinion of the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism (State Party of Viet Nam, 2023). The overall Master plan for the development of Phong Nha - Ke Bang national tourist area to 2030 was approved by the Government. This Master plan together with the Tourism development planning document, the ecotourism-focused project, and investment in the development of the tourist urban area, aim to integrate management, conservation and promotion of World Heritage values (State Party of Viet Nam, 2023).

Quang Binh Provincial People's Committee has coordinated with the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment to develop project documents, commit and be ready to arrange counterpart funds to implement the Project "Promoting wildlife conservation and responsible nature-based tourism for sustainable development in Vietnam". Quang Binh province has also ordered a state-level scientific research project on “Assessing the tourism capacity of some caves in Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park”. The project is chaired by the Institute of Geology under the Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology and will be put into application in 2025 (State Party of Viet Nam, 2024).

With reports about over visitation in some areas, associated pollution and the lack of monitoring of tourist groups and their activities, further efforts are needed to ensure that tourism activities do not have a negative impact on the property's OUV (Le et al. 2025; Truong, 2022). If the above plans are implemented effectively and visitation is aligned with the results from the carrying capacity study, tourism management is likely to improve. However, it will be critical to align the development of tourism with the protection of the OUV as "by 2030, Phong Nha – Ke Bang National Park aims to become an adventure tourism center in Asia, a leading destination for exploring and experiencing nature in Vietnam with a synchronous, modern infrastructure system, diverse, high-quality tourism products, sustainable tourism development associated with community benefits, in which typical products are cave exploration; research, study of biodiversity, indigenous culture and archaeological relics" (State Party of Viet Nam, 2024). Furthermore, it is somewhat unclear how the various tourism related plans form part of an integrated strategy.
Sustainable use
Some Concern
Past reports indicate several problems pertaining to sustainable use. One report indicates that the collection of certain plant species has ceased only because they can no longer be found and the abundance of certain fauna (pigs, binturong and primates) has noticeably declined (UNEP-WCMC, 2011). The impact of inappropriate lighting, inadequate site hardening and lack of behavioural control has caused significant damage to the Phong Nha and Tien son caves (Pers. obs., 2013; Trinh et al., 2018). The development of a mass tourism product (Paradise Cave) in the Strict Ecotourism Zone was in itself inappropriate, lacking behavioural control and leading to overcrowding. The development of the Nuoc Mooc Eco Trail area as an aquatic playground along with the development zip-lines and cave mud bathing all severely challenges a commitment to sustainable use. Furthermore, the World Heritage Committee observed that "Environmental Impact Assessments must be undertaken and complied with to ensure that any infrastructure and tourism developments being considered within the property and adjacent areas do not adversely affect the Outstanding Universal Value of the Property". The Worboys report (2012) additionally recommends that the Management Board be formally accountable for approval or non-approval of such assessments. A major sustainable use challenge concerns inadequate protection of customary use rights and equitable resource management planning.

Although progress has been made in this regard (see involvement of stakeholders above), there is no indication that customary forest use areas are currently effectively mapped out or recognized. Subsistence use and traditional agriculture is conflated with external pressures without adequate regulatory protection mechanisms (Larsen and Nguyen, 2012), although the Provincial People’s Committee has recently indicated that there is a possibility of reviewing the regulations to allow ethnic minorities to continue some customary practices. This is of particular interest when considered in conjunction with Section 1.8.2 of the Strategic Management Plan, which states that nothing in that document is intended to diminish in any way the customary rights of ethnic minority groups (UNESCO and IUCN, 2018).

Furthermore, there is an ongoing problem regarding livestock and grazing in the buffer zone and in parts within the property.
After consulting with local authorities of 13 communes and 3 districts in the buffer zone of Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park in 2024, Phong Nha -Ke Bang National Park Management Board issued a Plan on managing livestock and livestock grazing activities in adjacent areas and within the forest area of Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park (hereinafter referred to as the Plan). The plan includes activities, mobilizing local people to properly carry out livestock and animal grazing activities according to the provisions of law; Reviewing and making specific statistics to monitor and have control measures, minimizing the impact of livestock and animals on the outstanding global value of World Heritage, at the same time, research and propose zoning areas for livestock and pets suitable to natural conditions and the specific socio-cultural and religious characteristics of local communities, ensuring stable life, security, order, social safety and ensuring environmental sanitation and natural landscapes. After issuing the plan, local authorities of the buffer zone communes and the Forest Protection Department of Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park worked together to
drastically and synchronously handle the situation of livestock grazing that affects the landscape, environment and tourism activities. In the Doong village area of Tan Trach commune, based on a Plan for implementation and has conducted inspections and
statistics of the entire number of buffaloes and cows in the village, organized propaganda to mobilize people not to buy more cattle for breeding to increase the herd due to mechanical factors, and required reporting to the Forest Protection Department when there is a change in the number of cattle (decrease/increase in number due to natural reproduction). Support funding for building fences to
demarcate livestock grazing areas for villagers to prevent livestock from entering the forests of Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park (State Party of Viet Nam, 2024).
Monitoring
Mostly Effective
The introduction of wildlife monitoring using the spatial monitoring and reporting tool (SMART) in 2017 has been a significant step forward. Apart from SMART, monitoring tools include GIS mapping and camera trap surveys, allowing the identification and protection of high biodiversity areas and early warnings for natural disasters (State Party of Viet Nam, 2023). In 2021 and 2022, the Park Management Board conducted two surveys of photo traps, the analysis of which showed existence of 32 mammal species and 35 bird species (State Party of Viet Nam, 2023). Furthermore, the Park coordinated the development of a monitoring plan to monitor changes in the population status and distribution range of eight key species in the Park; namely, Brown-shamed Douc (Pygathrix nemaeus), Ha Tinh Langur (Trachypithecus hatinhensis), Southern White-cheeked Gibbon (Nomascus siki), Asiatic Black Bear (Ursus thibethanus), Southern Serow (Capricornis milneedvrardsii), Annamite Striped Rabbit (Nesolagus timminsi), Grey Peacock-pheasant (Polyplectron bicalcaratum), and Silver pheasant (Lophura riycthemera). It is planned to carry out regular annual monitoring activities for these species. A project focusing on the distribution, assessment of invasiveness and eradication of Merrimia boisiana in the National Park, is pending approval by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (State Party of Viet Nam, 2023).
Research
Mostly Effective
Research projects on biodiversity and cave systems has been regularly ongoing, and the State Party of Viet Nam (2021) reported about the implementation of many scientific projects. For example, those on the distribution of Calocedrus rupestris, the impact of invasive species, and a test plan to eradicate Merremia boisiana invasive species. The Management Board has been cooperating with various domestic and international scientific institutions in conducting research on geology of the caves, tourism elements, and geoheritage values. Mapping of cultural values in addition to flora (2,952 species of plants added to a database), fauna (1,395 species of animals in a database), endangered species, invasive species, hydrology, geology, heat and rain, and topography, have all been completed. Also, 404 caves have been detected and surveyed.
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats outside the site
Some Concern
Previous site assessments identified the property's significant external threats to be: the demand for illegal timber and non-timber forest products combined with a nearby impoverished community that is willing and able to access the site in order to supply the demand and the improved access to and within the site; lack of protection of customary user rights and a clear co-management strategy (UNEP-WCMC, 2011; Larsen, 2008; Larsen and Nguyen, 2012). Significant progress has been made on many fronts, most notably on establishing a transboundary site to more effectively protect the karst system and various projects to enhance relationships between the management authority and local communities. Nevertheless, further work is needed and time will tell to what extent the various programmes developed will improve overall management effectiveness. Problems regarding unsustainable resource use and access to the site for grazing remain issues to be fully addressed, while ensuring local communities benefit sufficiently from the protected area.
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats inside the site
Some Concern
The Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park Management Board is the government agency directly responsible for implementing the management plan for the World Heritage site. The majority of the Board's human resources are allocated to the Forest Protection Unit (FPU) and Tourism Centre, and the Board collaborates with other relevant agencies to enhance forest protection and engages with local communes to participate in management through an action plan developed to minimize violations of forest protection legislation in and around the site. To a very large extent, the management plan for the site is focused on a system of zoning by functional areas and also by proposed tourism use. There are three functional areas: a Strictly Protected Area, an Ecological Restoration Area and an Administrative and Service Area. Overlaying the functional system is a Tourism Use system designated to cater for: High Volume tourism; Nature and Heritage tourism; Strict Ecotourism; Community Benefit Tourism; Tourism Infrastructure Zone; and the Plan provides detailed tourism management objectives and requirements for each of these zones. Importantly, each functional area can have one or more tourism use zones and parts not zoned for tourism use at all. Concerns expressed in previous assessments about effective management have been variably addressed. In recent years, there has been a strong focus on training and development of FPU staff focusing on practical skills and technology application in forest protection and management and the Management Board has developed local community livelihood supporting initiatives to decrease the pressure of hunting and gathering from the National Park. At the same time, the Board has developed or permitted the development of a range of additional tourism products within the World Heritage site, including new show caves, adventure caving activities, kayaking and aquatic playgrounds associated with an extensive network of zip-lines and the site has been subject to a dramatic and ongoing increase in tourist arrivals projected to reach 3.5 million by 2030. The 2018 Reactive Monitoring Mission noted that the development and management of Paradise Cave is in contradiction to the management plan as are the aquatic playgrounds and zip-lines and concluded that there is a lack of human resource in terms of both numbers and capacity of staff to cope with highly complex issues in managing such a large protected area, particularly concerning the balance between the preservation of the site’s OUV and developing sustainable tourism activities. The Mission also concluded that an enhanced awareness of the requirements and obligations of the World Heritage Convention would lead to a better decision-making process and better coordination between national and local authorities within the development co-ordination framework of the site (UNESCO and IUCN, 2018).

The issuance of the Sustainable Forest Management Plan, the Project "Ecotourism, recreation and entertainment in Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park, period 2021-2030", using the METT-4 management effectiveness monitoring tool and implementing the development of the World Heritage Management Plan demonstrate the efforts of Quang Binh province in implementing the
recommendations of the World Heritage Committee, contributing to the integration of goals and unification of governance vision in the management, conservation and promotion of the values of the Heritage site.

The METT score in 2020 was 102 i.e. 89% in 2020 and no updated assessment has been carried out (State Party of Viet Nam, 2024).
There is an important need to update and streamline the management plan for the World Heritage site to ensure that its development and management is focused on sustaining its OUV and that planning and decision making at all levels of the administrative framework is consistent with the Management Plan. The management of the property is based on a 2013-2025 Strategic Management Plan that is supported by several other operational planning documents. Although the Master plan for tourism up to 2030 has been developed and approved by the Government, the Tourism development planning 2021-2030 with vision to 2050 is still under the assessment process. It is somewhat unclear how the various tourism related plans form part of an integrated strategy. The objective for tourism development according to the Plan is "to ensure that the conservation of the property’s heritage values is supported through tourism development that emphasizes research, learning and awareness-raising about those heritage values". However, the development of Paradise Cave is inconsistent with this, as is the zip-line and aquatic playground development in the Nuoc Mooc Eco/Dark Cave area. Nevertheless, on some areas tourism management can be considered highly effective and the values of the site related to geodiversity are not at high risk. Positive steps can be observed in initiating research to assess tourism capacity of the property and the efficiency of existing tourism operations, as well as plans to develop sustainable cave ecotourism. There have been various management actions in recent years that have led to strengthening law enforcement, improvement of local livelihoods, monitoring and research of wildlife species, as well as raising capacities of National Park and provincial government officials. Biodiversity values, however, continue to be at risk due to diverse threats, including invasive species, particularly Bindweed (Merremia boisiana), illegal logging, livestock grazing and poaching. Issues that are still not being addressed properly include distinguishing customary use rights from intensive hunting, trapping and logging, and integrating high levels of ethnic diversity, cultural landscape values and customary relationships within the management of the site.

Outstanding karst landforms

Good
Trend
Stable
The topography of the World Heritage site provides a high degree of ongoing protection from natural forces, which would damage its geological values. These values have been greatly enhanced by expanding the boundary to include the adjoining Hin Nam No karst in Laos in 2025. The neighbouring provincial authorities of both countries have met many times to develop the co-operative management of the two parks. The transboundary site significantly enhances the protection and integrity of the karst landscape.

Scientifically significant caves

Low Concern
Trend
Deteriorating
Although the relatively recently discovered Son Doong cave, reputedly the largest in the world, is yet to be scientifically evaluated in a formal sense, it is clearly a significant part of the site's karst related values (World Heritage Committee, 2012). As the primary attraction to the Park, the show-caves (Phong Nha, Tien son and Paradise Caves), as well as those caves being accessed for adventure tours, offer the most significant opportunity to present the World Heritage values of the National Park and therefore are scientifically significant (IUCN Consultation, 2020). While the show-caves have been impacted by visitation, the overall scientific significance of caves in the World Heritage site currently remains high. However, visitor management, particularly in the show-caves, could be further improved to avoid further negative impacts on and deterioration of these caves.

Spectacular diversity of cave types

Low Concern
Trend
Deteriorating
Diversity of cave types includes dry, terraced, suspended, dendritic and intersecting caves that do not only have scientific importance, but are significant in terms of its spectacular diversity. The concept of ‘spectacular’ is based upon how people perceive and appreciate a subject's physical attributes. Tourism in Quang Binh Province is focused on the spectacular caves of the World Heritage site with particular focus on the show-caves (Phong Nha, Tien son and Paradise Cave) and increasingly on caves accessed for adventure tours with special focus on Son Doong, Hang En, Pygmy Cave and Dark Cave. Maintaining the ‘spectacular’ aspect of the caves is critical to the sustainability of the tourism industry. It is vital to maintain the OUV and ensure ‘carrying capacity’ is appropriate to maintain the values and integrity of the caves.

Recently, several projects have been initiated towards reaching sustainability in tourism. State Party of Viet Nam (2023) reported about an implementation of “Sustainable exploitation and development of cave tourism resources in Quang Binh province” project, the results of which have informed the Quang Binh tourism development planning document for 2021-2030, including a vision to 2050. Another project, “Evaluating the tourist capacity of some caves in Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park“, aims to synthesize the information on cave tourism (State Party of Viet Nam, 2023). A project on “ecotourism, resort and entertainment” in the National Park aims to inform sustainable tourism development by, among other issues, re-evaluating the 18 existing routes and ecotourism sites, as to improve the quality of cave tourism and reduce pressure on the environment (Word Heritage Committee, 2023). The noted Tourism development planning in the Quang Binh provincial master plan for the period of 2021-2030, with a vision to 2050 has been finalized, however, it is awaiting opinion of the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism (State Party of Viet Nam, 2023). The overall Master plan for the development of Phong Nha - Ke Bang national tourist area to 2030 was approved by the Government. This Master plan together with the Tourism development planning document, the ecotourism-focused project, and investment in the development of the tourist urban area, aim to integrate management, conservation and promotion of World Heritage values (State Party of Viet Nam, 2023).

Ongoing development of ecosystems

High Concern
Trend
Deteriorating
About 94% of the World Heritage site is covered by forests, of which 84% is considered to be primary forest. There is some evidence that road construction within the site may have permanently driven the population of Asian Elephants from the site and its buffer zone and in the absence of an understanding of the potential impact of removing the largest of the browsing mammals from the system on its ongoing development. Similarly, the invasion by Bindweed (Merremia boisiana) is having a substantial but unquantified impact the forest ecosystem. Ongoing assessments are being carried out to determine the severity of threat presented and develop control and removal strategies (UNESCO and IUCN, 2018; State Party of Viet Nam, 2019; 2024; World Heritage Committee, 2023). The surface and underground ecosystems of the site are linked through perennial and ephemeral streams and a complex subsurface riverine system (IUCN, 2015). Concerns exist regarding pollution of watercourses with oil and solid waste (Le et al. 2025; Truong, 2022).

Habitat diversity

Data Deficient
Trend
Data Deficient
The diversity of habitats within the World Heritage site has become uncertain due to the extent of the Bindweed (Merremia boisiana) infestation.

Floral diversity

Data Deficient
Trend
Data Deficient
The noted concerns about illegal resource extraction from the World Heritage site, including elements of its flora, have been moderated by the efforts to prevent such activity but it is known to be ongoing, albeit to a much reduced extent (State Party of Viet Nam, 2019).
While insufficient data is available to assess the current status of the site's floral diversity, the inaccessible nature of large areas of it bode well for the maintenance of floral diversity - except for the threat posed by the invasive Bindweed (UNESCO and IUCN, 2018).

Significant species of fauna

High Concern
Trend
Data Deficient
There are significant data gaps in terms of the populations of animal species. However, empirical evidence points to declines in some species, including pigs, binturong, primates and other prey animals upon which the tiger and dhole are dependent. According to the 2017 State of Conservation report on the site, many large mammal species have not recently been recorded, and the 2015 IUCN evaluation also noted a decline in large mammal species sightings (IUCN, 2015; UNESCO, 2017).
One study (Dang and Nghia, 2018) confirms the presence of 143 mammal species within the site but provides no indication of abundance. Six species of important large mammals (Tiger, Asiatic Black Bear, Dhole, Gaur, Large Antlered Muntjac and Saola) still exist within the site in small to very small populations, while a seventh, the Asian Elephant no longer does (State Party of Viet Nam, 2019).

Results from a survey confirmed that Son Doong Cave is a home for at least six echolocating bat species of five genera and four families: Hipposideridae (Aselliscus stoliczkanus, Hipposideros scutinares), Rhinolophidae (Rhinolophus thomasi), Molossidae (Mops plicatus) and Vespertilionidae (Myotis pilosus and Myotis cf. muricola). Of these five species, H. scutinares and M. pilosus are listed as globally “vulnerable” by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Thong et al. 2022).

Recent studies have uncovered new mammal species across Viet Nam, highlighting the significant biodiversity not only within the region but globally. However, these new species, along with established ones, are currently affected by climate change and human activities, which have led to the decline of certain populations and placed some species at risk of extinction. A study (Nguyen et al. 2024) on the current status and distribution of small mammals from the orders Eulipotyphla, Chiroptera, and Rodentia across Viet Nam protected areas and nature reserves states that Phong Nha - Ke Bang NP (Quang Binh) is a priority site in North Central Viet Nam with a recorded 13 species (Euroscaptor subanura, Cynopterus brachyotis, Rhinolophus episcopus, Rhinolophus siamensis,
Rhinolophus rex, Hipposideros scutinares, Ia io, Harpiocephalus harpia, Myotis pilosus, Scotomanes ornatus, Ratufa bicolor, Petaurista philippensis, Saxatilomys paulinae, and Laonastes aenigmamus). The most important conservation sites for preserving natural ecosystems and caves inhabited by valuable or endemic species include Phong Nha-Ke Bang NP with 14 species, 400–800 m a.s.l.

Although these recent studies do not provide population trends, they highlight the importance of the site for the protection of significant species of fauna and recognise Phong Nha-Ke Bank as a priority conservation site in Viet Nam. Further systematic monitoring data is needed to comprehensively assess the presence and status of significant fauna.


Assessment of the current state and trend of World Heritage values
Low Concern
Data Deficient
The conservation trend for the World Heritage site’s karst landscape values is ‘stable’. There are some concerns regarding increasing visitation and tourism management, that are currently being addressed by several projects, which have been initiated towards reaching sustainability in tourism. The biodiversity values have been diminished by increasing threats. Anthropogenic pressures are high and collection of wild meat, other forest products and livestock grazing persist albeit at a reduced level. There remains a need to distinguish between subsistence practices and intensive operations driven by outsiders. Furthermore, agro-biodiversity values are currently not valorised as part of the landscape and are undermined by restrictive policies. Of concern are the unknown impacts of the roads within the site and the loss of large grazing animals, and the threat posed by invasive species, in particular Bindweed (Merremia boisiana), which is suppressing the floral assembly on a significant scale. Nevertheless, recent studies have confirmed the critical importance of the site within Viet Nam, hosting important species of small mammals and especially bats.

Additional information

Outdoor recreation and tourism
The site offers a range of recreation opportunities which in turn are converted into tourism industry products
Factors negatively affecting provision of this benefit
Habitat change
Impact level - Low
Trend - Increasing
Encroachment of tourists into remote areas is believed to cause disturbance to fauna and flora in these areas.
Contribution to education
The site provides an outstanding opportunity to educate the national and international community about the history of the earth.
Insufficient attention has been given to this issue.
Importance for research
The site's geology and geomorphology contribute to a greater understanding of earth history and geology.
Wilderness and iconic features
The local people maintain cultural ties to the area and its natural resources.
Some local people are being denied access to cultural sites and use of traditional resources.
History and tradition
Archeological sites are present in the Phong Nha Cave.
Water provision (importance for water quantity and quality)
Water catchment protection.
Development of the PNKB-NP tourism product is fully focused on economic outcome with no regard for the opportunity that tourism presents for educating visitors about the site's World Heritage values. The activities provided do contribute to the recreation benefit presented by the site, but there is a high risk of developments attracting thrill seekers rather the environmentally inquisitive audience, which the management plan identifies as being desirable. The site's potential for research opportunity and its cultural significance to local communities are not being adequately realized.

References

№References
1
Common Wadden Sea Secretariat (2024). Delegation from Laos and Vietnam visits Wadden Sea for lessons on transboundary collaboration. [online] Available at: https://www.waddensea-worldheritage.org/delegation-laos-and… [Accessed on 13 January 2025]
2
Dang, N.X. and Nghia, N.X. (2018). Mammal fauna in Phong Nha Ke Bang-Hin Nam No region: the species diversity and conservation significance. Academia Journal of Biology, 40(3).
3
IUCN (2015). World Heritage Nomination – IUCN Technical Evaluation, Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park (Viet Nam). In: IUCN World Heritage Evaluations 2015, IUCN Evaluations of nominations of natural and mixed properties to the World Heritage List. WHC/15/39.COM/INF.8B2. [online] Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, pp.54-65. Available at: <https://whc.unesco.org/document/154674>; [Accessed November 2020].
4
Lao PDR (2025). Executive summary: Nomination 951ter (inscribed extension). Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park and Hin Nam No National Park. Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR). Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/951/documents/
5
Larsen, P.B. (2008). Linking livelihoods and protected area conservation in Vietnam: Phong Nha Kẻ Bàng World Heritage, local futures? In: Galvin M, Haller T, editors. People, Protected Areas and Global Change: Participatory Conservation in Latin America, Africa, Asia and Europe.
6
Larsen, P.B. and Nguyen, M.H. (2012). Rapid appraisal of community participation and benefit-sharing in biodiversity conservation and on relevant lessons to be learned from the Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park Region, GIZ and PPC Quang Binh
7
Le, A. T., BuTowski, L., Quirini-Popławski, Ł., & Nguyen, H. S. (2025). Factors affecting tourist satisfaction in ecotourism: A case study of the Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, Vietnam. Quaestiones Geographicae, 44(2), 77-94.
8
Ly, T.P. and Nguyen, T.H.H. (2017). Carrying Capacity in Vietnamese National Parks: A Case Study of Phong Nha-Ke Bang. Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings, 2017(1), p.157
9
Nguyen, S. T., Kruskop, S. V., Vu, T. D., Ngọc, T. L., Óhida, T., Endo, H., ... & Bui, H. T. (2024). The current distribution and threats of some small mammals with high conservation value from the orders Eulipotyphla, Chiroptera and Rodentia in Vietnam. Academia Journal of Biology, 46(4), 121-144.
10
Phong Nha – Ke Bang National Park World Heritage Site (2012). Strategic Management Plan 2013 to 2025 Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park World Heritage Site. [online] Available at: https://cerec.org.vn/userfiles/file/Protected%20area/Phong%… [Accessed 21 January 2025]
11
State Government (2017). Decision No.2128/QĐ-TTg on approving a master plan for the development of Phong Nha – Ke Bang tourist site, Quang Binh province to 2030. Available at: https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Van-hoa-Xa-hoi/Quyet-din… (Accessed: 10 August 2020).
12
State Party of Viet Nam (2003). Nomination of Phong Nha –Ke Bang National Park as a World Heritage Site. Quang Binh Province, Vietnam. Ministry of Culture, Sport and Tourism, SRVN. https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/951/documents/
13
State Party of Viet Nam (2019). Report of the State Party to the World Heritage Committee on the state of conservation of Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park (Viet Nam). [online] State Party of Viet Nam. Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/951/documents/
14
State Party of Viet Nam (2021). Report of the State Party to the World Heritage Committee on the state of conservation of Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park (Viet Nam). [online] Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/document/185705 [Accessed on 21 January 2025]
15
State Party of Viet Nam (2023). Report of the State Party to the World Heritage Committee on the state of conservation of Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park (Viet Nam). [online] Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/document/198129 [Accessed 21 January 2025]
16
State Party of Viet Nam (2024). Report of the State Party to the World Heritage Committee on the state of conservation of Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park (Viet Nam). [online] Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/951/documents/
17
Thong, V. D., Limbert, H., & Limbert, D. (2022). First records of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from the world’s largest cave in Vietnam. Diversity, 14(7), 534.
18
Transboundary Conservation Specialist Group (2024). Connecting Continents: From Asia to Europe to Share on World Heritage and Transboundary Experiences. [online] Available at: https://www.tbpa.net/news.php?ndx=54 [Accessed on 13 January 2025]
19
Trinh, D.A., Trinh, Q.H., Tran, N., Guinea, J.G. and Mattey, D. (2018). Eco-friendly Remediation of Lampenflora on Speleothems in Tropical Karst Caves. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, vol. 80, no. 1, p. 1-12.
 
20
Truong, D. D. (2022). Community awareness and participation in biodiversity conservation at Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, Vietnam. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 23(1).
21
UNEP-WCMC (2011). Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, Viet Nam. UNEP-WCMC World Heritage Information Sheets. [online] Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC. Available at: < http://world-heritage-datasheets.unep-wcmc.org/datasheet/ou… > [Accessed November 2020].
22
UNESCO (2017). Report on the State of Conservation of Phong Nha –Ke Bang National Park, Vietnam. State of Conservation Information System of the World Heritage Centre. [online] Paris, France: UNESCO World Heritage Centre, pp.2. Available at: <https://whc.unesco.org/en/soc/3629>; [Accessed November 2020].
23
UNESCO (2019). Report on the State of Conservation of Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, Viet Nam. State of Conservation Information System of the World Heritage Centre. [online] Paris, France: UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/en/soc/3901 ;
24
UNESCO and IUCN (2018). Reactive Monitoring Mission Report Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park (Viet Nam). Gland, Switzerland and Paris, France: IUCN and UNESCO World Heritage Centre. [online] Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/951/documents/
25
Van Mai, T. K., & KIM, D. C. (2020). The effects of Vietnam’s tourism development and payments for forest environmental services policies on local livelihoods in Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng national park areas. Geographical review of Japan series B, 93(1), 1-10.
26
Worboys, G. (2012). Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, World Heritage Management Planning Requirements. Mission Report.
27
World Heritage Committee (2003). Decision 27 COM 8C.8. Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park (Viet Nam). In: Report of decisions of the 27th session of the World Heritage Committee (Paris, 2003). [online] Paris, France: UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Available at: <https://whc.unesco.org/en/decisions/703>; [Accessed November 2020].
28
World Heritage Committee (2012). Decision: 36 COM 8E Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park Adoption of retrospective Statements of Outstanding Universal Value (Viet Nam). In: Decisions Adopted by the World Heritage Committee at its 36th Session (Saint Petersburg, 2012). [online] Paris, France: UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Available at: <https://whc.unesco.org/en/decisions/4841>; [Accessed November 2020].
29
World Heritage Committee (2019). Decision 43 COM 7B.12. Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park (Viet Nam). In: Report of decisions of the 43rd session of the World Heritage Committee (Baku, 2019). [online] Paris, France: UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Available at: <https://whc.unesco.org/en/decisions/7476>; [Accessed November 2020].
30
World Heritage Committee (2023). Decision 45 COM 7B.90. Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park (Viet Nam). In: Report of decisions of the Extended 45th session of the World Heritage Committee (Riyadh, 2023). [online] Paris, France: UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/en/sessions/45COM/decisions/; [Accessed January 2025].

Indigenous Heritage values

Would you like to share feedback to support the accuracy of information for this site? If so, send your comments below.

CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.