Monte San Giorgio
Country
Italy,
Switzerland
Inscribed in
2003
Criterion
(viii)
The conservation outlook for this site has been assessed as "good" in the latest assessment cycle. Explore the Conservation Outlook Assessment for the site below. You have the option to access the summary, or the detailed assessment.
The pyramid-shaped, wooded mountain of Monte San Giorgio beside Lake Lugano is regarded as the best fossil record of marine life from the Triassic Period (245–230 million years ago). The sequence records life in a tropical lagoon environment, sheltered and partially separated from the open sea by an offshore reef. Diverse marine life flourished within this lagoon, including reptiles, fish, bivalves, ammonites, echinoderms and crustaceans. Because the lagoon was near land, the remains also include land-based fossils of reptiles, insects and plants, resulting in an extremely rich source of fossils.
© UNESCO
Summary
2025 Conservation Outlook
Finalised on
11 Oct 2025
Good
Current state and trend of VALUES
Good
Overall THREATS
Overall PROTECTION and MANAGEMENT
Full assessment
Description of values
Exceptional record of marine life from the Triassic Period and important remains of life on land
Criterion
(viii)
Monte San Giorgio is the single best known record of marine life in the Triassic Period, and records important remains of life on land as well. The property has produced diverse and numerous fossils, many of which show exceptional completeness and detailed preservation. The long history of study of the property and the disciplined management of the resource have produced a well-documented and catalogued body of specimens of exceptional quality, and are the basis for a rich associated geological literature. As a result, Monte San Giorgio provides the principal point of reference, relevant to future discoveries of marine Triassic remains throughout the world (World Heritage Committee, 2010).
Sub-Mediterranean type ecosystem supporting both alkaline and acidic woodland and associated fauna and flora.
There is a strong and notable relationship between the underlying geology and morphology of the area and habitat type. Acidic soils (rhyolites) on northern slopes support stands of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa), oak (Quercus petraea) and beech (Fagus sylvatica). The lime-rich soils (dolomites and limestones) on the more southerly slopes support mixed broadleaf woodlands reflecting variation in aspect and micro-climate, most notably thickets of warm-loving sub-Mediterranean trees (UNEP-WCMC, 2011). In the Ticino Canton, the dry limestone sub-soils also support a number of dry meadows with associated plant populations unique to the Italian southern-Alpine zone (Juillerat, 2022). In particular, Monte San Giorgio hosts the only known Swiss populations of Adenophora liliifolia (Valentiet al., 2018; Mangili & Marazzi, 2021; Viglezio, 2021-2022) a critically endangered species, and of the rare Iris graminea (InfoFlora, 2024). In addition, the forests and the moist meadows harbor respectively the largest swiss populations of the endangered Veratrum nigrum and Gladiolus imbricatus, both present in only few other locations in Switzerland (InfoFlora, 2024). Monte San Giorgio (including the surrounding lakes) has 109 recorded vertebrate species including 37 Red List species (UNEP-WCMC, 2011). Monte San Giorgio is the only known habitat for Savi’s pine vole (Microtus savii) in Switzerland and the lesser horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus hipposideros) has also been recorded. The area is especially important for breeding reptiles and amphibians with six listed sites of national importance. Invertebrates are less well documented and include 91 mollusc species, 179 species of spiders, ca. 520 species of diurnal butterflies and moths, 54 species of grasshoppers and crickets, ca. 800 species of beetles, 20 species of dragonflies, 151 species of wild bees, 4 species of cicadas and 29 species of hoverflies. The only Swiss population of the endangered carabid beetle species Poecilus koyi viaticus is found on Monte San Giorgio. Here is also present the largest Ticino population of the cicada Cicadetta petryi, which is very rare in Switzerland and shares these habitats with Cicadetta sibillae and Cicadetta montana. The dry south facing slopes of the Ticino meadows have a diverse ground beetle, cricket and grasshopper and spider fauna, a number of which are found only within this region of Switzerland; 193 invertebrate species are listed as National Priority Species. The area also exhibits a number of karst features in the Triassic limestones and dolomites including some 30 caves, often deep, where cave dwelling populations of crustaceans and millipedes are found. In the buffer zone, the Gaggiolo and Laveggio rivers are home to important populations of the threatened crayfish species Austropotamobius italicus; these populations are considered of national importance. Lastly, the Monte San Giorgio area is considered as a ‘mycological sanctuary’; 554 species (in 2002) have been noted, 130 of which are limited to this area of Ticino and five are limited in Switzerland to Meride (in 2008 this list was enlarged to comprise 1,051 species; Riva et al., 2008). This summary is based on updated data available as part of the Swiss nomination (State Party of Switzerland, 2002) and in particular on recent publications and data. (IUCN Consultation, 2024). Monte San Giorgio is therefore of notable importance for biodiversity. In order to protect and develop the particular nature conservation values of the area, specific measures have been put in place for enhancement, restoration and management s, with particular attention to the dry meadows and the mosaic of habitats created by uncultivated land, wooded margins and light woods. For decades, the Canton Ticino has been promoting concrete measures, implemented either through four-year management plans or through management agreements, in order to take measures consistent with the principle of promoting biodiversity. The effectiveness of the enhancement and management measures is checked periodically by monitoring flora and specific faunal groups.
On the Italian side, the study by Zenga E. L. (2017) highlights the following botanical framework, developed from Swiss data and completed with Italian ones: “Using the “Indice Sinonimico della Flora Svizzera” and neighbouring territories, ISFS (Aeschimann and Heitz 2005), it was possible to link the list of (sub-)species to the “Repertorio della Flora italiana protetta” (Ministry of Environment, 2013), the "Lista rossa della Flora italiana 1. policy species“ (Rossi et al. 2013), to the ” Lista rossa delle piante vascolari“ (”infoflora.ch" 2016) and to a database with information on biological form, chorology and synecology of species (Brusa com. pers.). The families with the largest number of species are Asteraceae (131), Poaceae (97), Fabaceae (71), Rosaceae (63), and Lamiaceae (54), represented mainly by herbaceous species of open environments, meadows, and pastures that cover a minority but biologically rich part of the study area.”
Regarding fauna, in addition to the Swiss data previously mentioned, specific and in-depth data for the province of Varese are available from “www.ornitho.it” 2017. Zenga, E. L (2017) points out that: "the fauna is largely dominated by Passeriformes (28) among which Turdidae (5) are the family with the largest number of species. Picids (3), second in number of species, testify to the forest influence on the composition of the avifauna. Of all the species detected the only one to be at risk of extinction is Passer italiae classified as vulnerable for the Italian territory."
This summary is based on data available as part of the Swiss nomination (State Party of Switzerland, 2002 and is updated based on new information (IUCN Consultation, 2024). It is assumed that there will be significant biodiversity values to take account of in the management of the site as a whole.
On the Italian side, the study by Zenga E. L. (2017) highlights the following botanical framework, developed from Swiss data and completed with Italian ones: “Using the “Indice Sinonimico della Flora Svizzera” and neighbouring territories, ISFS (Aeschimann and Heitz 2005), it was possible to link the list of (sub-)species to the “Repertorio della Flora italiana protetta” (Ministry of Environment, 2013), the "Lista rossa della Flora italiana 1. policy species“ (Rossi et al. 2013), to the ” Lista rossa delle piante vascolari“ (”infoflora.ch" 2016) and to a database with information on biological form, chorology and synecology of species (Brusa com. pers.). The families with the largest number of species are Asteraceae (131), Poaceae (97), Fabaceae (71), Rosaceae (63), and Lamiaceae (54), represented mainly by herbaceous species of open environments, meadows, and pastures that cover a minority but biologically rich part of the study area.”
Regarding fauna, in addition to the Swiss data previously mentioned, specific and in-depth data for the province of Varese are available from “www.ornitho.it” 2017. Zenga, E. L (2017) points out that: "the fauna is largely dominated by Passeriformes (28) among which Turdidae (5) are the family with the largest number of species. Picids (3), second in number of species, testify to the forest influence on the composition of the avifauna. Of all the species detected the only one to be at risk of extinction is Passer italiae classified as vulnerable for the Italian territory."
This summary is based on data available as part of the Swiss nomination (State Party of Switzerland, 2002 and is updated based on new information (IUCN Consultation, 2024). It is assumed that there will be significant biodiversity values to take account of in the management of the site as a whole.
Archaeological and mining heritage
The nomination of the property (both the original nomination in Switzerland and the extension into Italy) note associated cultural heritage values of the property. They note archaeological evidence showing human presence since the the Neolithic period, and the most significant archaeological finds dating from the Roman Period. There is an important link to the past mining heritage of the region, in that this led to the first recognition of the fossil remains by scientists. The property and its buffer zone include settlements demonstrating the local culture heritage of the towns, villages and wider region. The key attributes are the archaeological remains (including those now displayed within and beyond the property), which include some sites that are conserved, together with the buildings and settlement patterns of the settlements.
Assessment information
Current threats throughout are considered very low and there is no evidence of damage. The need to carefully manage visitors is recognised within the management plan. With further planned promotion the number of visitors could slightly increase, within sustainable levels and is seen as a positive factor for the site.
Recreational Activities
(Increased visitor numbers)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Outside site
Monte San Giorgio receives approximately 100,000 visitors per annum. Potential impact could include increased erosion and pressure from visitor facilities. The need to carefully manage visitors is recognised within the management plan. For example, the Fossil Museum in Meride has been redeveloped and similar plans were implemented for the museums in Besano and Clivio (Italy). In addition, outdoor educational places distributed throughout the territory have been created (IUCN Consultation, 2020). Also roads/access ways and clearly marked trails targeted at walkers and cyclists (mountain bikers) will help manage visitor impact. Risks are, therefore, considered very low (State Party of Italy, 2010; State Parties of Italy and Switzerland, 2013). The strategic direction of the property is focused on the consolidation of sustainable tourism, and attracting walkers to the mountain who are likely to be appreciative of its natural beauty and conscious of the need to preserve it. There is little prospect of mass tourism on MSG. The number of visitors is currently at a sustainable level, and it is seen as a positive factor for the site (World Heritage Convention, 2023). The levels may increase slightly with anticipated further promotion. (IUCN Consultation, 2024).
Changes in Temperature Regimes
(Climate change and temperature extremes)
Inside site
, Throughout(>50%)
Outside site
The record of marine life from the Triassic Period present in the rock are not directly concerned by climate change. High mountain environments are potentially susceptible to climate change. After a period of 240 million years, the fossils contained in the fossiliferous levels are in an exceptional detail and state of preservation (UNESCO World Heritage Convention, 2023). High mountain environments are potentially susceptible to climate change. However, it is anticipated that the near complete forest cover of Monte San Giorgio should provide resilience in relation to environmental changes (IUCN, 2010). It is assessed that the most at-risk area is limited to the south-facing part of the mountain (IUCN Consultation, 2024).
Geological Events
(Landslides originating from storms and flooding)
Inside site
, Scattered(5-15%)
Outside site
Occasional landslides/instability are noted on the Italian side, however, only of marginal concern to the inscribed property and do not pose a threat to the inscribed values (State Party of Italy, 2010; IUCN, 2010). There is natural fluvial erosion along streams, which serves a potentially valuable role in revealing new fossiliferous exposures (IUCN, 2010): for example, the fossiliferous levels in Val Mara investigated in 2020 and 2023 and published in 2024 and 2025 (IUCN Consultation, 2024).
Unmanaged collecting is recognised as a potential threat. However, currently there is no evidence of damage from unauthorised collecting. There is good local awareness of the importance of Monte San Giorgio which also helps the overall monitoring and protection of the site. The presence of trained/professional guides and some volunteers, local museums and outdoor education places are also considered a deterrent to unauthorised collecting. Threats from fire remain an important point of planning and vigilance.
Other Human Disturbances
(Unmanaged collecting)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Currently there is no evidence of damage from unauthorised collecting though it is recognised as a potential threat. There is a permit system in operation restricting collecting to research excavations. The remote nature of the site and the complexity and expertise required to collect specimens will also limit unauthorised collecting. Strong local awareness of the importance of Monte San Giorgio helps the overall monitoring and protection of the site, and the presence of volunteers, guides (increased during 2022/2023), local museums and outdoor education places deters unauthorised collecting. The threat is considered to be very low.
Fire & Fire Management
(Forest Fire)
Inside site
, Scattered(5-15%)
Forest fire is a potential risk, but it is recognised and addressed in the forest management strategies that are in place. The potential threat to attributes of OUV is assessed as very low, but threats to associated biodiversity values may be higher.
Involvement of stakeholders and rightsholders, including indigenous peoples and local communities, in decision-making processes
Key stakeholders are involved in the site and its management. Governing authorities at local, cantonal (CH) and regional (I) levels are part of the management structures for the site (Monte San Giorgio, 2018) and contribute financially to the delivery of the management plan. The local museum of Besano and the Visitor Centre of Clivio as well as the Museum of fossils from Monte San Giorgio in Meride are central to the presentation of the site and provide an important connection between local communities, visitors and the site. On the Swiss side, the Museo Cantonale di Storia Naturale of Lugano plays a fundamental role, since it is also responsible for the excavation campaigns. Trained guides and some volunteers are involved in the management of the site (State Parties of Italy and Switzerland, 2013; State Party of Italy, 2010). The 20th anniversary of the inclusion of the Swiss side in the WHL (2003-2023), the 100th anniversary of the scientific excavations on the Swiss side (1924-2024) allowed the local population to actively participate in the events and the different aspects of the site and to consolidate cooperation with museums and universities. The valorisation of important scientific excavation sites in Switzerland and Italy has increased the awareness of the Outstanding Universal Value of the site by the local population, the local economy and the local organization. The organization of the first "Pitch Day" and the follow up “Unperfect Forum” constitute a virtuous effort to involve civil society, companies and key stakeholders in the management of specific projects. Continuous scientific excavations and research projects, following a specific research plan, are in place and planned on an annual basis in progress (IUCN Consultation, 2024). This work is anticipated to continue over time.
Legal framework
This is a transnational site with a national legal framework operating in both the Swiss and Italian components of the property. In Switzerland, the landscape of Monte San Giorgio is identified on the ‘Federal Inventory of Landscapes, Sites and Natural Monuments’ which encompasses the core World Heritage site and its buffer zone. In Italy, the World Heritage site and its buffer zone lie within a Landscape Protection Zone recognised within national law. The palaeontological heritage (considered to be the equivalent to cultural heritage) is the property of the state and regulated by national law requiring permits for collecting.
Governance arrangements
As a transnational property, governance arrangements include both two national level approaches, based on the relevant national legal frameworks and planning systems, and an overall transnational collaboration. The latter includes a Transnational Board which has progressively strengthened its effectiveness over time, as well as a management plan that is reviewed and updated, and supporting scientific structures. There is extensive engagement of local government and stakeholders in the governance arrangements. The positive results achieved are an indicator of effectiveness.
Integration into local, regional and national planning systems (including sea/landscape connectivity)
The site is well integrated into the local planning system. In Switzerland, Monte San Giorgio is identified within the Canton Development Plan as a Landscape Protection Zone and is similarly recognised in relevant Development Plans as a Nature Reserve. The fossil remains are specifically protected by the ‘Cantonal law on nature protection (2001)’ of Ticino Canton which requires a permit for any collecting (IUCN, 2002; State Party of Switzerland, 2002). In Italy, regional, provincial and local legislative frameworks are in place to protect the integrity of Monte San Giorgio and were considered effective at the time of inscription. It is also noted that the municipalities of Besano, Porto Ceresio and Viggiù applied for additional palaeontological ‘restraint’ in 2007 (IUCN, 2010; State Party of Italy, 2010; Monte San Giorgio, 2018).
Boundaries
The boundaries were considered effective at the time of inscription and extension. The core site follows the outcrop of Middle Triassic rocks on both the Swiss and Italian sides. In Switzerland, the buffer zone is coincident with the Landscape Protection Zone. In Italy, the buffer zone relates to geomorphological and man-made features around the base of the mountain (IUCN, 2002, 2010; State Party of Switzerland, 2002; State Party of Italy, 2010). In its Decision 34 COM 8B.6, the World Heritage Committee encouraged the State Party of Switzerland to bring forward a minor boundary modification proposal to accommodate the anticipated minor changes to the boundaries of the property and its buffer zone (World Heritage Committee, 2010). No minor boundary modification proposal has been submitted to date. Detailed attribute mapping and further analysis is foreseen in the programme agreement 2025-2028 between the Swiss Confederation and the Canton of Ticino. Detailed attribute mapping (Italy) is also part of an agreement between Regione Lombardia and the Comunità Montana del Piambello 2024-2025 (IUCN Consultation, 2024).
Overlapping international designations
N/A
Implementation of World Heritage Committee decisions and recommendations
In response to 34 COM 8B.6, the State of Conservation report (State Parties of Italy and Switzerland, 2013) confirmed the establishment of appropriate management commitment on the Italian side, the establishment of a Transnational Board, the development of sustained financial resources and measures to achieve consistent transnational management and identity. In 2013, the World Heritage Centre and the Advisory Bodies took note of the collaboration between the State Parties of Italy and Switzerland to ensure effective management of the transboundary property, and recommended them to urgently ensure that the Transnational Board become operational as soon as possible (World Heritage Committee, 2013). The Transnational Board (TNB) met infrequently in 2014 and 2015. As such, joint projects advanced slowly and with difficulties. In 2014, a new transboundary agreement was presented based on the ‘Accordo quadro tra la Confederazione Svizzera e la Repubblica italiana per la cooperazione transfrontaliera delle collettività ed autorità regionali e locali’.’ (The Swiss Federal Council; the Government of Italy, 1993). A transboundary agreement ‘Intesa tra la Regione Lombardia e la Repubblica e Cantone Ticino per il riconoscimento del Comitato Strategico Transnazionale per il bene del Patrimonio mondiale del Monte San Giorgio’ was drafted in 2023 with the involvement of the federal, cantonal and the management bodies. In 2023 the agreement was presented to and approved by the managing authorities, the Transnational Board and the Transnational Scientific Commission of Monte San Giorgio. Canton Ticino submitted the document to the Lombardy Region (Italy) to coordinate its signature (IUCN Consultation, 2024).
Climate action
The management approach for the site recognizes climate change as a factor, noting that the attributes of OUV are relatively less sensitive to climate change, whilst the important biodiversity values are more vulnerable. Site management is considering natural disasters, landscape change and fire risks. The integrated management system currently in place includes a targeted assessment of the causes and effects of climate change and links international documents (Climate Change and World Heritage, 2007) with federal reports by the UFAM 2017 (National Report on “Climate Change Risks and Opportunities”). Individual risks for the OUV are assessed, and responsibilities are indicated. Specific actions include, for example, the annual management of dry meadows and the continuous monitoring of the results, which has been carried out for decades (as specified in the chapter “Sub-Mediterranean type ecosystem supporting both alkaline and acidic woodland and associated fauna and flora”), in order to protect and develop the particular nature conservation values of the area (IUCN Consultation, 2025).
Management plan and overall management system
Following the addition of the Italian extension in 2010, a Transnational Management Plan was developed (its development being funded as an EU INTERREG III Project) and is governed by a Strategic Transnational Board. It identifies the values and objectives for the site and is used to guide the decisions made in managing, developing and promoting Monte San Giorgio. A Transnational Scientific Commission was formed at the beginning of 2014. In Switzerland, management of the property is coordinated by both the Foundation of Monte San Giorgio and the Ticino Canton, at a local, cantonal and federal level. In Italy, the signing of the Convention of Monte San Giorgio (in 2008 and renewed in 2012) brought together relevant Italian parties (from a national to local level) to undertake the objectives of the Transnational Management Plan. The Convention is managed by the ‘Commission for Planning and Management of the Monte San Giorgio UNESCO Site’ with the Comunità Montana del Piambello taking on a co-ordination role (State Party of Italy, 2010; IUCN, 2002, 2010; State Parties of Italy and Switzerland, 2013). A revision of the transnational management plan has been undertaken in the programmatic agreement between the Swiss Confederation and the Canton of Ticino and is in place. The project leader was the Canton of Ticino and the project ended in 2022 (World Heritage Convention, 2023). The Comunità Montana del Piambello led the work for the Italian component. The University of Milan led work to update the Management Plan of the Monte San Giorgio World Heritage site, funded by the Ministero della Cultura and the Comunità Montana del Piambello. Through a document signed in 2024, the Ministero della Cultura (through the Soprintendenza Archeologia, belle arti e paesaggio per le province di Como, Lecco, Monza-Brianza, Pavia, Sondrio e Varese), the Regione Lombardia, and the Comunità Montana del Piambello, commit to coordinate and collaborate, each within the scope of its competencies, for the protection, conservation and enhancement of the areas on the Italian side falling within the UNESCO Transnational Site of Mount San Giorgio (Italy-Switzerland) (IUCN Consultation, 2024).
Law enforcement
The legal framework on inscription and extension was considered appropriate, and continues to be regarded as effective. It is supported and enforced through local plans, local staff, guides and volunteers and supported, where necessary, at the federal level (IUCN, 2002; 2010; State Party of Italy, 2010; Monte San Giorgio, 2018).
Sustainable finance
In Switzerland, sustained funding has been secured from several sources including the Swiss Confederation, the Ticino Canton, the Foundation of Monte San Giorgio, the Fonds Paleontologique Bernhard Peyer, local municipalities, as well as income from tickets, tours and sales from the Fossil Museum of Monte San Giorgio. Some minor contributions have been made by local businesses. Since January 2020, there has been more substantial financial commitment, including a total of CHF 1,893,445 in funding from the Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN) for 2020-2024. In addition, the Ticino Canton finances the Foundation with CHF 80,000 per year and the municipalities with CHF 63,000 per year for the museum management and activities (IUCN Consultation, 2020). This funding has been already confirmed at federal, cantonal and local level for the period 2025-2028 (IUCN Consultation, 2024).
In Italy, funding sources include the Commission for Planning and Management of the Monte San Giorgio UNESCO site (a €60,000 endowment) and the support of approved bodies, assistance of third parties and wider sponsorship. Projects, ongoing and delivered, supporting the key targets of the management plan have secured an important figure from a mix of national, regional and local sources. Provision of funding is focused on specific projects and objectives while still allowing significant resources to be available. Since 2020, resources for €4,072,193 (EU 2,000,000 – Ministero della Cultura € 80,812 - Ministero della Transizione Ecologica € 880,000 – Regione Lombardia € 231,020 – Comuni e Comunità Montana del Piambello € 880,361) have been allocated to projects within the Italian part of Monte San Giorgio (, which have for example financed the creation of the Diffused Museum of Monte San Giorgio EU INTERREG V-A 2014-2020 PROGRAMME). The memorandum of understanding (signed in 2024) between the Ministero della Cultura, Regione Lombardia, and the Comunità Montana del Piambello is an important step to achieve effective coordination of the entities responsible for managing the site, facilitating integration between the various interventions and optimising the use of resources (IUCN Consultation, 2024).
In Italy, funding sources include the Commission for Planning and Management of the Monte San Giorgio UNESCO site (a €60,000 endowment) and the support of approved bodies, assistance of third parties and wider sponsorship. Projects, ongoing and delivered, supporting the key targets of the management plan have secured an important figure from a mix of national, regional and local sources. Provision of funding is focused on specific projects and objectives while still allowing significant resources to be available. Since 2020, resources for €4,072,193 (EU 2,000,000 – Ministero della Cultura € 80,812 - Ministero della Transizione Ecologica € 880,000 – Regione Lombardia € 231,020 – Comuni e Comunità Montana del Piambello € 880,361) have been allocated to projects within the Italian part of Monte San Giorgio (, which have for example financed the creation of the Diffused Museum of Monte San Giorgio EU INTERREG V-A 2014-2020 PROGRAMME). The memorandum of understanding (signed in 2024) between the Ministero della Cultura, Regione Lombardia, and the Comunità Montana del Piambello is an important step to achieve effective coordination of the entities responsible for managing the site, facilitating integration between the various interventions and optimising the use of resources (IUCN Consultation, 2024).
Staff capacity, training and development
In Switzerland, the Foundation of Monte San Giorgio employs a site manager responsible for coordinating management projects and promoting and disseminating information about the site. A museum director, two assistants and two deputies on call are responsible for the development and management of the museum (Convention 2016-2019 Ticino Canton – Monte San Giorgio Foundation). Further support is provided by Museo cantonale di storia naturale (State Parties of Italy and Switzerland, 2013), which coordinates scientific research activities and carries out excavations. In Italy, a site manager has been established to coordinate the goals of the management plan. Further support is provided by the community of Piambello (State Parties of Italy and Switzerland, 2013). There are also trained official guides associated with the site and some volunteers. Training of new 26 official guides was completed through the Second Transnational Guide Course on Monte San Giorgio held in 2023. In 2024, refresher courses on various aspects were held, as well as a training course on the village of Meride, in which 10 people took part. The site has a total of 48 trained guides (IUCN Consultation, 2024).
Education and interpretation programmes
There is an established and growing educational, interpretation and awareness raising programme. Tours and open days have been hosted for the general public and educational activities involving schools (from kindergarten to university specialist groups) in laboratories, guided tours, excursion and excavations. Accesses to the Museum of fossils from Monte San Giorgio (CH) have substantially increased in the period 2021-2024, with a great involvement of both the population and the visiting public. The degree of appreciation, which is constantly monitored and tends to increase, is between very good to excellent (Fondazione del Monte San Giorgio, 2024). Thanks to an existing partnership with the City of Mendrisio (2025), a new exhibition and workshop wing has been added to the Museum of fossils in Meride, and there are plans to further expand the permanent exhibition. In addition, there are also the accesses to the Cantonal Museum of Natural History in Lugano which remained at a high level. Since the reopening, the exhibition in Meride designed by architect Mario Botta - among the most visited museums in Canton Ticino - has been enriched with different paper and multimedia materials like as audio guides for adults (Vandelli and Furrer, 2015) and for kids (Zulliger, Furrer, Ortelli and Plebani, 2018), 3D animation (Codoni, Furrer, Scheffold, and Vandelli, 2015), interactive model (Furrer and Zulliger, 2016), virtual reality (Zulliger, Landi, Furrer and Albisetti, 2019a; Albisetti and Zulliger 2023), augmented reality reconstructions (Zulliger, Landi, Furrer and Albisetti, 2019b) and mixed reality experiences (Albisetti, Zulliger, 2024), all-age educational short films (Romano, Furrer and Zulliger, 2016; Furrer and Zulliger, 2016), excavations and quarries maps (Furrer, 2016a; Furrer, 2016b), paper guides for adults (Furrer, Vandelli, 2014), educational / scientific articles (Beardmore, Albisetti, Zulliger and Furrer 2018; 2019; 2020), paper guides for kids (Zulliger, Furrer, Ortelli and Plebani, 2020) and other publications for children and adults have been published (see references). A dedicated web site (Albisetti and Zulliger, 2019) for the principal stakeholders of the museum (schools/students, academic staff, visitors, families, media and institutions etc.) has been established (Museo dei fossili, 2019). The offer of the swiss and Italian museums spread over the territory (project Museo Diffuso) is continuously being expanded. The Transnational Hiking Trail was inaugurated in 2013. The trail has been improved with the opening of educational areas in the woods like the panoramic terrace of Val Mara in Meride (Switzerland, 2019) and the didactic teaching station Aula di Carpanee near the excavation site Acqua del Ghiffo (Albisetti, Rusconi and Fumagalli, 2022). In 2025 a section of the trail was further enhanced with the creation of an experiential path called ‘On the tracks of the fossils’, realised in cooperation with the Scuola Universitaria Professioanale della Svizzera Italiana (SUPSI). These outdoor stations have an important character of identity for the population and visiting public, they improve understanding of the values of the property and contribute to its protection.
On the Italian side, thanks to the renewed commitment of the Ministry for Ecological Transition (formerly the Ministry of the Environment), there is activity mainly aimed at schools. Various maintenance and improvement works have been carried out on the geopaleontological trail (Italian side) by extending its route (Italy 2009, 2013, 2019). The Clivio Museum has undergone several structural and exhibition improvements, equipping it with technology appropriate to its role as a local natural history museum (Italy 2020, 2023). The Besano Fossil Museum is continuously visited by local schoolchildren and others (also with laboratory experiences and field trips). The reorganisation of the exhibition and space is in progress. In Rio Ponticelli, at the historic excavation site, reception facilities have been improved (Italy, 2019). An updated transnational map has recently (2024) been published (Italy-Switzerland, Interreg V-A). The organization of the first "Pitch Day" and the followup “Unperfect Forum” (2025) of Monte San Giorgio made it possible to share at a specific time all the activities in progress at the site, the operators and the state of scientific research on the Italian side. During the Forum was presented a project with the support of Soprintendenza ai Beni Archeologici, the Fondazione Istituto dei Ciechi and the Università degli Studi di Milano with infrastructural arrangement, signage, tactile guide and a special cast of Lariosaurus, to facilitate access of the paleontological excavation Ca' del Frate to motor disabled, blind and visually impaired people (IUCN Consultation, 2024).
On the Italian side, thanks to the renewed commitment of the Ministry for Ecological Transition (formerly the Ministry of the Environment), there is activity mainly aimed at schools. Various maintenance and improvement works have been carried out on the geopaleontological trail (Italian side) by extending its route (Italy 2009, 2013, 2019). The Clivio Museum has undergone several structural and exhibition improvements, equipping it with technology appropriate to its role as a local natural history museum (Italy 2020, 2023). The Besano Fossil Museum is continuously visited by local schoolchildren and others (also with laboratory experiences and field trips). The reorganisation of the exhibition and space is in progress. In Rio Ponticelli, at the historic excavation site, reception facilities have been improved (Italy, 2019). An updated transnational map has recently (2024) been published (Italy-Switzerland, Interreg V-A). The organization of the first "Pitch Day" and the followup “Unperfect Forum” (2025) of Monte San Giorgio made it possible to share at a specific time all the activities in progress at the site, the operators and the state of scientific research on the Italian side. During the Forum was presented a project with the support of Soprintendenza ai Beni Archeologici, the Fondazione Istituto dei Ciechi and the Università degli Studi di Milano with infrastructural arrangement, signage, tactile guide and a special cast of Lariosaurus, to facilitate access of the paleontological excavation Ca' del Frate to motor disabled, blind and visually impaired people (IUCN Consultation, 2024).
Tourism and visitation management
Visitor numbers of 100,000 per annum are estimated and there is a clear awareness of the tourism value of the site with a growing provision for visitors. Since the re-opening of the Fossil Museum in Meride (2012), statistics have been systematically recorded. There is no specific tourism management plan; however, the Transnational Management Plan has a number of identified projects specifically aimed at supporting and managing visitors. At a local level, Mendrisiotto and Basso Ceresio Tourism Organisation is represented on the Monte San Giorgio Foundation and there has been increasing local, regional, national and international media coverage of the activities within the site. Visitor impacts are managed to minimise harm through provision of visitor facilities, information and managed access such as guided tours (State Party of Italy, 2010; WCMC, 2011; State Parties of Italy and Switzerland, 2013).
Sustainable use
There is no overall assessment of resource sustainability. Site management, however, adopts a sustainable approach to collecting. Permit controlled collecting ensures the fossil resource (which is finite in extent) is excavated in controlled circumstances providing maximum scientific and educational gain from any collecting activity. Permits are issued to recognised research institutes only (IUCN, 2002; 2010; State Party of Switzerland, 2002; State Party of Italy, 2010). No excavations could take place on the Swiss side in 2015 and 2016 due to financial restrictions. Since 2017, excavations on the Swiss side have resumed. An updated list of fossil excavations can be found online (Albisetti, Furrer 2025). On the Italian side, excavations have not taken place recently. The Italian side considered the assessment of the size of the fossils deposited at the museums and collections in Lombardy a priority step. The project funded by the Ministero della Cultura is in an advanced stage of implementation and is currently underway.
Monitoring
The necessity for a formal condition monitoring programme is recognised (IUCN, 2010), and is implemented in the Transnational Management Plan which is in place. Management bodies, local museums and guides do provide constant monitoring, making unauthorised excavations difficult. There is a continuous monitoring system, both quantitative with numerous performance indicators assessed annually by the Canton and the Confederation, and long-term qualitative monitoring of site management and governance, conservation status, education and participation. A detailed report is drawn up and delivered on an annual basis to Canton Ticino and the Swiss Federal Office for the Environment. Ongoing monitoring of compliance with national regulations in relation to palaeontological heritage is assured through the relevant national authorities. The successful ongoing research effort associated with the site, and lack of evidence of unauthorised excavation, indicate that the management system is appropriate and maintaining the OUV.
Research
There has been a long history of research excavation associated with the site which continues today. It is fully supported by the management plan and established management structures. Since 1994, excavations have re-examined classic fossiliferous levels (Cava Inferiore, Cava Superiore, Kalkschieferzone, Cassina beds) and investigated the Sceltrich new fossil horizon (e.g. Stockar &; Garassino, 2013; Renesto &; Stockar, 2018; Pieroni & Stockar, 2020). Excavations and associated research continue to widen understanding of vertebrate palaeontology (in particular fish, e.g. Lombardo et al., 2012; López-Albarello and Sferco, 2019; Renesto et al., 2021), refined dating (Stockar et al., 2012a) and modelling of basin evolution (Stockar et al., 2013) and the study of new fossil groups, including insects (e.g. Bechly & Stockar, 2011; Montagna et al., 2019; Montagna, Magoga & Magnani, 2024), radiolaria (Stockar et al., 2012b) and crustaceans (Larghi et al., 2020; Pasini et al. 2020). Data on reptiles finds on the new fossiliferous horizon in Val Sceltrich were published in 2025 (Renesto, Magnani, 2025). There is ongoing research on fossil material of Monte San Giorgio (MSG) in the collection of the Paleontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich (PIMUZ), the Museo Cantonale di Storia Naturale di Lugano (e.g. Spiekman et al. 2019) the Università degli Studi di Milano and the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano. Thanks in particular to the palentological excavations by the Museo cantonale di storia naturale in Val Mara in 2020 and 2023, which resulted in the discovery of hundreds of insects, including many unique in the worl: Monte San Giorgio is a world reference site for insect evolution (Montagna, Magoga, Stockar and Magnani, 2024; Montagna, Magnani and Magoga, 2025). Overall, research is collaborative, linking universities and museums from across Switzerland and Italy and more widely, on specific projects, with institutions from around the world (e.g. López-Arbarello et al. 2016; Magnani, Stockar & Lourenço, 2022)). Undergraduate and postgraduate study of vertebrate palaeontology has also been possible (State Parties of Italy and Switzerland, 2013; State Party of Switzerland, 2002; State Party of Italy, 2010). A Transnational Scientific Commission was formed at the beginning of 2014. The fossiliferous preparation conducted in recent years mainly by the Cantonal Museum of Natural History in Lugano and external contractors will be further enhanced. At the Museum of fossils in Meride (CH), a new palaeontological didactical and scientific preparation/conservation laboratory will be in operation from summer 2025. An updated list of scientific publications and excavations can be found online (Albisetti, Furrer, Magnani 2025).
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats outside the site
Monte San Giorgio is relatively remote and protected within its buffer zone. The site is, therefore, not assessed as subject to significant threats from beyond the site’s boundary and buffer zone.
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats inside the site
No formal management effectiveness assessment has been conducted for the site. The management approach was considered effective on inscription (World Heritage Committee, 2003) and extension (World Heritage Committee, 2010) with the request to develop a cooperative transnational approach. In 2020, Foundation Monte San Giorgio initiated and successfully completed a project with the aim of establishing an Integrated Management System (IMS) for the site, which is now in place (IUCN Consultation, 2020), including in 2023 and on transnational level the climate change, the risk and disaster management and capacity building UNESCO strategies (World Heritage Convention, 2023).
The protection and management of Monte San Giorgio is effective overall, and is being sustained. There is cooperation between the Swiss and Italian components of the site at national, regional and local levels. There is overall commitment from local and regional government to the successful implementation of the management plan which is in place. Funding regimes appear to provide sufficient support but there will remain the need to ensure long-term sustained financial resources. Support for the conduct of scientific excavations and research, as well as the development of the interpretation and education programme, have generated a considerable research and interpretation output, and are adding to the expression of the Outstanding Universal Value of the site.
Good practice examples
The excavation and research programme continues to provide an excellent example of sustainable management of a finite fossil resource in a remote area. Direct participation of students and professors from schools in the region in the design and implementation of projects for the Museum and the heritage site of fossils and the Monte San Giorgio site. This approach could be applied at other similar localities. The constitution and involvement of working groups within the management body on the project plans and programmatic objectives, with the participation of the main stakeholders of the site, guarantees involvement with a considerable project dynamic.
Exceptional record of marine life from the Triassic Period and important remains of life on land
Good
Trend
Stable
There is currently no evidence of damage to the site’s fossil resource. Collecting is carefully and appropriately managed through a permit system that supports collaborative research excavations which continue to add to the understanding of the site’s geology and palaeontology, and are generating internationally significant new discoveries. As a result, the site’s geological values are in a good and stable state. (State Parties of Italy and Switzerland, 2013, IUCN Consultation, 2024).
Assessment of the current state and trend of World Heritage values
Stable
Monte San Giorgio continues to provide an exceptional resource for understanding the geological history and the evolution of life through the Middle Triassic Period. There is currently no evidence of damage to the site’s fossil resource. Collecting is carefully and appropriately managed through a permit system. There is a considerable and continuing research output as a result of coordinated research excavations and there is an ongoing programme of site investigation and the development of interpretative facilities and initiatives. The site is, therefore, considered in a good state and stable.
Assessment of the current state and trend of other important biodiversity values
Low Concern
Stable
The significant biodiversity values of the site are inferred to be intact but show signs of being under pressure. The current situation of Lilyleaf ladybell (Adenophora lilifolia) in Monte San Giorgio (the only known population in Switzerland and thus considered critically endangered) is very precarious. Research on this population is ongoing (since 2017), in particular, censuses were conducted (Marazzi & Mangili, 2021) and a Master's thesis was performed (Viglezio, 2021-2022). The population’s reproductive success appears to have been declining in the last two decades. Total population was surveyed in 2019 and consisted of 996 plant stems, 37.4% of A. liliifolia’s habitat could play a role in reproductive success (Mangili & Marazzi, 2021). Research was carried out in 2022 on the rare and endangered plant Danthonia alpina, of which Monte San Giorgio hosts the largest population in Switzerland (Jullierat 2022). In the period 2022-2024, some populations on Monte San Giorgio of 2 nationally and cantonally threatened and priority plant species (Inula hirta and Gladiolus imbricatus) were monitored, following InfoFlora's methodology (PopCount; Torriani et al., in preparation).
As part of the programmatic agreements between the Canton and the Confederation, pitfall trap sampling was repeated in 2021 to study carabid communities that had already been surveyed in 1998 and 2004. A total of 17 species were found, including five Red List species, among them Poecilus koyi viaticus, an endangered species whose only Swiss population is found on Monte San Giorgio.
As part of the programmatic agreements between the Canton and the Confederation, pitfall trap sampling was repeated in 2021 to study carabid communities that had already been surveyed in 1998 and 2004. A total of 17 species were found, including five Red List species, among them Poecilus koyi viaticus, an endangered species whose only Swiss population is found on Monte San Giorgio.
Assessment of the current state and trend of other important values
Good
Stable
The important link to the past mining heritage of the region is retained, in that this led to the first recognition of the fossil remains by scientists. At the Tre Fontane Mine location, a historical-scientific reclamation project of an old black shale mine was done comprehensively with the publication of a book that delved into the relationship between mining exploitation and scientific research (Furrer & Albisetti, 2023). The property and its buffer zone include settlements demonstrating the local culture heritage of the towns, villages and wider region. The key attributes are the archaeological remains (including those now displayed within and beyond the property), which include some sites that are conserved, together with the buildings and settlement patterns of the settlements.
Additional information
Water provision (importance for water quantity and quality)
Hydrological systems are important in supporting a range of fresh water habitats and species.
Contribution to education
There is a developing programme for public engagement. Activities for schools are organised. Undergraduate and postgraduate students are involved in excavations and during the realisation of some projects of the museum.
Outdoor recreation and tourism
Main tourism relates to outdoor recreational use – walking and cycling.
History and tradition
There is a long association with scientific study, interpretation and education programmes which have a historical relevance in the development of our understanding of Middle Triassic palaeontology. There is also an association with mining (oil shales) and quarrying for stone (notably Arzo, Saltrio, Viggiù stones) with remnants of industrial development within the site.
Importance for research
There is a long history of research associated with the site, which remains a global centre for research into the Middle Triassic.
The geological interest underpins the key benefits of Monte San Giorgio. It is globally significant to our knowledge and understanding of Middle Triassic palaeontology and continues to contribute to global, national and local research programmes. There are significant opportunities to develop the learning/educational potential of the site as the visitor centres and museums develop over the coming years. The remote montane forests of Monte San Giorgio and its associated wildlife, all influenced by underlying geology, are also paramount among the benefits this area provides to both local communities and visitors. Both the geology and wildlife provide economic benefits to the area acting as a draw for visitors, who contribute to the local economy, and the developing infrastructure of museums and visitor centres which celebrate Monte San Giorgio.
| № | Organization | Brief description of Active Projects | Website |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Monte San Giorgio Foundation (Switzerland) and Commission for Planning and Management of the Monte San Giorgio UNESCO site (Italy) | Development of a network of walking trails, valorisation of historical paleontological excavation sites/mines/quarries and development of a didactical excavation place in Meride. | |
| 2 | Monte San Giorgio Foundation (Meride, Switzerland) and Commission for Planning and Management of the Monte San Giorgio UNESCO site (Italy) | Mapping the main attributes of the World Heritage Site | |
| 3 | Monte San Giorgio Foundation (Meride, Switzerland) | Museum of fossils in Meride (opened 2012) – ongoing development of new exhibition projects, conservation and monitoring of fossil material in place, historical and scientific documentation, cultural mediation and divulgation of knowledge, programme of activities with the involvement of visitors and the general public |
https://www.museodeifossili.ch/
|
| 4 | Monte San Giorgio Foundation (Meride, Switzerland) | Development of a new outdoor didactical path (Meride) with augmented reality stations and with the direct participation of students and professors from schools in the region (e.g. University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, SUPSI). Valorisation of external excavation sites. | |
| 5 | Monte San Giorgio Foundation (Meride, Switzerland) | Scientific and didactical paleontological preparation / conservation of the fossil specimens in the new laboratory in Meride (CH) | |
| 6 | Commission for Planning and Management of the Monte San Giorgio UNESCO Site (Italy) | Clivio Museum and visitor centre – ongoing development – Italy |
https://www.unescovarese.com/code/14977/Clivio-VA-Civico-Museo-Insubrico-di-Storia-Naturale-e-Visitor-Center-Monte-San-Giorgio-UNESCO
|
| 7 | Canton Ticino, Nature and Landscape Office | In order to protect and develop the particular nature conservation values of the area, specific measures have been put in place for enhancement, restoration, management and monitoring, with particular attention to the dry meadows and the mosaic of habitats created by uncultivated land, wooded margins and light woods. |
https://www4.ti.ch/dt/dstm/sst/unp/biodiversita-natura-e-paesaggio/biodiversita-natura-e-paesaggio/natura/biotopi/prati-secchi
|
| 8 | Museo cantonale di storia naturale (Lugano, Switzerland) | Palaeontological excavations and geological investigations throughout the Middle Triassic sequence – ongoing – Switzerland. Scientific paleontological preparation / conservation of the fossil specimens. |
http://www.ti.ch/mcsn
|
| 9 | Municipality of Besano (Italy) | Besano Fossil Museum |
http://www.unescovarese.com/it/14973/Besano-VA-Museo-Civico-dei-fossili http://www.montesangiorgio.org/en/Musei/Museo-dei-Fossili-di-Besano.html
|
| 10 | Municipality of Besano (Italy) | Project to secure the oil shale mine known as the “Piodelle” (Besano) for future accessibility |
https://museodibesano.it/xvi-giornata-nazionale-delle-miniere-dismesse/
|
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