Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas
Country
China
Inscribed in
2003
Criteria
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
The conservation outlook for this site has been assessed as "significant concern" in the latest assessment cycle. Explore the Conservation Outlook Assessment for the site below. You have the option to access the summary, or the detailed assessment.
Consisting of eight geographical clusters of protected areas within the boundaries of the Three Parallel Rivers National Park, in the mountainous north-west of Yunnan Province, the 1.7 million hectare site features sections of the upper reaches of three of the great rivers of Asia: the Yangtze (Jinsha), Mekong and Salween run roughly parallel, north to south, through steep gorges which, in places, are 3,000 m deep and are bordered by glaciated peaks more than 6,000 m high. The site is an epicentre of Chinese biodiversity. It is also one of the richest temperate regions of the world in terms of biodiversity. © UNESCO
Summary
2025 Conservation Outlook
Finalised on
11 Oct 2025
Significant concern
Current state and trend of VALUES
High Concern
Overall THREATS
Overall PROTECTION and MANAGEMENT
Full assessment
Description of values
Spectacular landscape beauty dominated by three deep parallel river gorges
Criterion
(vii)
The deep, parallel gorges of the Jinsha, Lancang and Nu Jiang are the outstanding natural feature of the property; while large sections of the three rivers lie just outside the property boundaries, the river gorges are nevertheless the dominant scenic element in the area (World Heritage Committee, 2011a).
Spectacular mountain and karst scenary
Criterion
(vii)
High mountains are everywhere, with the glaciated peaks of the Meili, Baima and Haba Snow Mountains providing a spectacular scenic skyline. The Mingyongqia Glacier is a notable natural phenomenon, descending to 2700 m altitude from Mt Kawagebo (6740 m), and is claimed to be the glacier descending to the lowest altitude for such a low latitude (28° N) in the northern hemisphere. The alpine karst (especially the 'stone moon' in the Moon Mountain Scenic Area above the Nu Jiang Gorge) and the 'tortoise shell' weathering of the alpine Danxia also form outstanding scenic landforms (World Heritage Committee, 2011a).
Outstanding display of major, ongoing geological processes in the evolution of the land surface of Asia
Criterion
(viii)
Some 50 million years of ongoing geological history associated with the collision of the Indian Plate with the Eurasian Plate, the closure of the ancient Tethys Sea, and the uplifting of the Himalaya Range and the Tibetan Plateau is evident in the property; all major geological events in the ongoing evolution of the land surface of Asia. This history is illustrated by the diverse rock types present in the property. The range of karst, granite monolith, and Danxia sandstone landforms in the alpine zone are some of the best examples of their type in the world (World Heritage Committee, 2011).
Convergence of three of the world’s major biogeographic realms and an exceptional diversity of ecological processes
Criterion
(ix)
The dramatic expression of ecological processes in the property has resulted from a mix of geological, climatic and topographical effects. First, the location of the area within an active orographic belt has resulted in a wide range of rock substrates from igneous (four types) through to various sedimentary types including limestones, sandstones and conglomerates. An exceptional range of topographical features - from gorges to karst to glaciated peaks - is associated with the property being at a "collision point" of tectonic plates. Add the fact that the area was a Pleistocene refugium and is located at a biogeographical convergence zone (i.e. with temperate and tropical elements) and the physical foundations for evolution of its high biodiversity are all present. Along with the landscape diversity with a steep gradient of almost 6000m vertical, a monsoon climate affects most of the area and provides another favourable ecological stimulus that has allowed the full range of temperate Palearctic biomes to develop (World Heritage Committee, 2011a).
Part of the biologically and culturally most diverse area in China
Criterion
(x)
The large serial property is situated within the most biodiverse part of China, sometimes referred to as the "Mountains of Southwest China Hotspot" (CEPF, 2002), covering a wide range of natural habitats of the globally significant Hengduan Mountains. CEPF (2002) considers the hotspot to be the "most biologically diverse temperate forest ecosystem in the world". Several characteristics underpin this extraordinary biological wealth, including but not limited to (i) exceptional topographic and climatic diversity and (ii) a location at the juncture of the East Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Tibetan Plateau.
Richest diversity of higher plants in China
Criterion
(x)
CEPF (2002) considers the hotspot to be the "most biologically diverse temperate forest ecosystem in the world". The property supports over 6,000 plant species, as well as a remarkable range of fungi and lichen (IUCN, 2003). The plant species are listed and distributed within 22 recognised vegetation types, which range from the savannah shrublands of the hot, dry valley floors, through both evergreen and deciduous forests, and a wide variety of coniferous forests, to alpine meadows. These diverse vegetation communities contain over 20% of China's higher plants and 2,700 of the site's plants are endemic to China (distributed within 45 endemic genera), while 600 of them are endemic to NW Yunnan; the Three Parallel Rivers Protected Areas contains the type locality for 1,500 of these plants. The history of the site has resulted in marked species differentiation from relict and primitive to highly evolved species, and 8.5% of China's rare and endangered species have been recorded in the area. The site contains more than 200 species of rhododendrons, over 100 species each for gentians and primulas, and many species of lily and orchid, as well as many of the most noted Chinese endemic ornamental plants: gingko, the dove tree, four species of the blue poppy and two species of Cycas. The diversity of conifers is outstanding; in addition to dozens of the main mountain forest trees (Abies, Picea, Pinus, Cupressus and Larix), there are many endemic or rare conifers. There are also around 20 rare and endangered plants which are relict species and survived the Pleistocene glaciations, including the Yunnan yew (IUCN, 2003).
Extensive suite of rate, relict and endangered animals
Criterion
(x)
The property is considered the, or one of the, last stronghold(s) for an extensive suite of rare and endangered plants and animals (World Heritage Committee, 2011a). The area is the most outstanding region for faunal diversity in China (IUCN, 2003).
Two-thirds of the fauna within the nominated site are either endemic, or are of Himalayan-Hengduan Mountain types. The area is believed to support over 25% of China's animal species, many being relict and endangered. Many of China's rare and endangered animals are within the nominated area. Being near the boundaries of the East Asian, Southeast Asian and Tibetan biogeographic realms, the site also acts as a corridor where many species from each realm meet and reach their limits of distribution. Most of the rarer and endangered animals lie in the western part of the site, especially the long, narrow Gaoligong Shan border with Myanmar and the Yunling Mountains between the Lancang and Jinsha Rivers (IUCN, 2003).
Two-thirds of the fauna within the nominated site are either endemic, or are of Himalayan-Hengduan Mountain types. The area is believed to support over 25% of China's animal species, many being relict and endangered. Many of China's rare and endangered animals are within the nominated area. Being near the boundaries of the East Asian, Southeast Asian and Tibetan biogeographic realms, the site also acts as a corridor where many species from each realm meet and reach their limits of distribution. Most of the rarer and endangered animals lie in the western part of the site, especially the long, narrow Gaoligong Shan border with Myanmar and the Yunling Mountains between the Lancang and Jinsha Rivers (IUCN, 2003).
Watershed protection and freshwater biodiversity values
The three rivers which give the property its name are of critical importance for the vast watersheds and their inhabitants and boast a rich and productive freshwater biodiversity (Li et al., 2014; Dudgeon, 2011, IUCN, 2003). Despite the property bearing the direct reference to the rivers in its name, the rivers themselves are regrettably not included in the spatial configuration of the property in any meaningful way, raising questions in terms of the appropriateness of the name.
Rich and diversified cultural heritage
The area has a population of some 800,000 and about 86.6% of the population is from many of the province's ethnic groups, including ethnic Tibetan, Naxi, Bai, Yi, Lisu, Pumi, Nu and Dulonggroups. Among these ethnic groups, the Naxi, Bai, Lisu, Pumi, Nu and Dulong groups are people unique to China. Over thousands of years, these ethnic groups have lived congenially with nature and each has created a distinct conservation culture of their own. In such a setting cultural heritage and nature adapt to and depend on one another in a reciprocal manner, making it possible for them to co-exist in the same geographical dimensions. In a word, the region's rich and diversified cultural heritage has helped highlight Yunnan as a province featuring ethnic cultures (State Party of China, 2003).
Assessment information
A range of current threats to the site (both inside and outside) have been identified, most significantly related to water infrastructure (major hydropower development on all main rivers and related infrastructure), mining (within and near the property), major visitor accommodation and associate infrastructure (tourism infrastructure conflicting with conservation objectives). At present, power transmission projects crossing the property and its buffer zones seem to be the biggest threat. The 2023 Periodic report notes that while tourism has improved local living standards and heritage conservation skills, it may also erode traditional knowledge and practical abilities of ethnic minorities. This remains of some concern. The State Party's strict prohibition of mineral extraction in the property and buffer zones, along with robust monitoring and enforcement against illegal mining, is commendable. Furthermore, the clarified strategies for active/passive restoration of former mining sites should be systematically continued and expanded through ongoing monitoring to guide future conservation efforts. Wildlife trade and poaching has been reduced as a threat due to an effective campaign by Yunnan Province to combat the illegal trade of wild animals and plants (Qingfeng Campaign). Additionally, natural disasters and the invasion of Crofton weed present low threats to the site's OUV.
Changes in traditional ways of life and knowledge systems that result in negative impact, Identity/social cohesion/ changes in local population and community that result in negative impact
(Impacts of major resettlement schemes and tourism development)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
Previous reports highlighted concerns about the loss of traditional customs and knowledge due to resettlement compensation from immigration policies and infrastructure projects. The 2022 SOC and 2023 Periodic reports do not address these issues further. However, the 2023 Periodic report notes that while tourism has improved local living standards and heritage conservation skills, it may also erode traditional knowledge and practical abilities of ethnic minorities. This remains of some concern (State Party of China, 2023). In August 2021, the General Office of the CPC Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council issued the 'Opinions on Further Strengthening the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage'. With the support of national policies and efforts from all concerned parties, the elite traditional ethnic cultures that are closely related to biodiversity conservation, such as the ethnic Naxi Dongba culture and Tibetan sacred culture, have been fully explored through nominating intangible cultural heritage, cultivating ICH transmitter, organizing traditional cultural festivals, establishing culture learning centres, and establishing ecological protection areas for ethnic traditional cultures. Traditional handicrafts, ethnic cultural festivals, sculptures and painting, music and dance performances, and other ethnic cultures have been well protected and transmitted in the region (State Party of China, 2024; IUCN Consultation, 2024).
Previous Reactive Monitoring missions conducted to the property note major resettlement schemes, often associated with dam construction. Besides associated social and cultural impacts, this raises questions in terms of the breakdown of traditional cultural practices and the erosion of associated knowledge in a region, which has an ancient human history and displays a remarkable coincidence of cultural and biological wealth (UNESCO/IUCN, 2006; IUCN, 2013). The Jinsha River stretch near and upstream of Tiger Leaping Gorge with once rich and diverse Naxi, Yi and Tibetan communities is of particular concern now. Interviews in September 2020 revealed that instability imposed by long-term threat of resettlement and new infrastructure projects contribute to life choices of younger generation in local traditional communities, who seek employment in other population centers away from river gorges. A 5-fold increase in expected resettlement compensation also potentially hints to increasing pressure to continue to resettle local communities in order to develop further infrastructure (Standaert, 2020). Similar detrimental effects of "delayed resettlement" deteriorating economies, cultures and community dynamics in areas of planned damming are widely known around the world.
Monitoring the impacts of resettlement schemes is becoming increasingly challenging with activities both of organized NGOs and local activists being suppressed in China. For example, the only independent conservation NGO following issues in Yunnan (Green Watershed) had to dissolve in 2019 and in Longpan dam (TLG) area in early 2017 the leader of the protest from Hutiaoxia Town was prevented by Yunnan authorities from going to International River gathering Conference in Tbilisi and subsequently silenced (footnote 7 to the Letter from locals to the UNESCO WHC, February 2020).
Previous Reactive Monitoring missions conducted to the property note major resettlement schemes, often associated with dam construction. Besides associated social and cultural impacts, this raises questions in terms of the breakdown of traditional cultural practices and the erosion of associated knowledge in a region, which has an ancient human history and displays a remarkable coincidence of cultural and biological wealth (UNESCO/IUCN, 2006; IUCN, 2013). The Jinsha River stretch near and upstream of Tiger Leaping Gorge with once rich and diverse Naxi, Yi and Tibetan communities is of particular concern now. Interviews in September 2020 revealed that instability imposed by long-term threat of resettlement and new infrastructure projects contribute to life choices of younger generation in local traditional communities, who seek employment in other population centers away from river gorges. A 5-fold increase in expected resettlement compensation also potentially hints to increasing pressure to continue to resettle local communities in order to develop further infrastructure (Standaert, 2020). Similar detrimental effects of "delayed resettlement" deteriorating economies, cultures and community dynamics in areas of planned damming are widely known around the world.
Monitoring the impacts of resettlement schemes is becoming increasingly challenging with activities both of organized NGOs and local activists being suppressed in China. For example, the only independent conservation NGO following issues in Yunnan (Green Watershed) had to dissolve in 2019 and in Longpan dam (TLG) area in early 2017 the leader of the protest from Hutiaoxia Town was prevented by Yunnan authorities from going to International River gathering Conference in Tbilisi and subsequently silenced (footnote 7 to the Letter from locals to the UNESCO WHC, February 2020).
Renewable Energy
(Extensive ongoing and planned hydropower development)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
Proposals and construction of multiple large dams on the three rivers that give the site its name have been a cause for major concern for many years. UNESCO (2023) raised significant concerns regarding power transmission projects crossing the property and its buffer zones. The reported completion in 2022 of the Dulong River power transmission project, which crosses a large section of the Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve component of the property and its buffer zone, raises concerns, given that the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) submitted in 2021 had identified impacts during both the construction and operation phases on flora and fauna and on the scenic values of the property, and the Committee subsequently requested the State Party to explore an alternative option that would not impact the OUV (Decision 44 COM 7B.182). It needs to be recalled that the 2013 mission already requested the State Party to avoid the construction of transmission infrastructure within the property and its buffer zone (Decision 44 COM 7B.182). Whilst the State Party’s emphasis on the socio-economic benefits for the local community, and statement that it is ensuring the OUV, are noted, it is unclear whether this project impacts the OUV and what mitigating measures have been taken to address the issues raised in the EIA prior to construction. It is critical that strict measures are implemented to ensure the protection of the OUV throughout the ongoing operation of the line and it is recommended the State Party report on these.
Important concerns regarding cumulative impacts of the proposed power line with the construction of Dulongjiang Highway completed in 2015 within the same component are also recalled. Furthermore, while the State Party reported that no other power or infrastructure projects have been proposed within the property or its buffer zone, the State Party also confirmed via a letter in March 2019 that four other power transmission projects crossing the property and its buffer zones, including two ongoing projects in Deqin County 1) ‘Sancha River first stage and second stage hydropower station transmission and transformation projects’ under construction since April 2018 and 2) ‘110KV Power Transmission and Transformation Construction Project’ in an EIA process at that time. Concerns also continue to remain regarding the potential indirect and cumulative impacts of hydropower and related infrastructure along the three main rivers and tributaries and associated catchments, as detailed in the previous report by UNESCO (2022). Specifically, recalling the importance of the north-south longitudinal connectivity within each valley as an essential passageway for wildlife, and that dams not only constitute physical barriers but interrupt natural flow and flood pulse dynamics, sediment and nutrient transport, and lead to ecosystem fragmentation. The aforementioned SEA provides a strategic approach to assess such development proposals in the context of ensuring the protection of the World Heritage values. In this regard, it is important that any proposed project that may impact the OUV, whether located within the property, its buffer zone or its wider setting, is assessed for its potential impact (including direct, indirect and cumulative impacts on the OUV) in line with the Guidance and Toolkit for Impact Assessments in a World Heritage Context, prior to making any decision that would be difficult to reverse.
Although all hydropower projects are located outside the property and its buffer zone, the visual integrity of the property recognized under criterion (vii) may be strongly affected (IUCN, 2013; WH Committee, 2017) and the dams are likely to have impacts on the complex linkages between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, as well as on wildlife corridors and landscape connectivity (IUCN, 2013). Nujiang River now remains the only river (out of three that gave the property its name) that retains a relatively natural state with hydropower developments being suspended repeatedly in the past (WH Committee, 2019).
Important concerns regarding cumulative impacts of the proposed power line with the construction of Dulongjiang Highway completed in 2015 within the same component are also recalled. Furthermore, while the State Party reported that no other power or infrastructure projects have been proposed within the property or its buffer zone, the State Party also confirmed via a letter in March 2019 that four other power transmission projects crossing the property and its buffer zones, including two ongoing projects in Deqin County 1) ‘Sancha River first stage and second stage hydropower station transmission and transformation projects’ under construction since April 2018 and 2) ‘110KV Power Transmission and Transformation Construction Project’ in an EIA process at that time. Concerns also continue to remain regarding the potential indirect and cumulative impacts of hydropower and related infrastructure along the three main rivers and tributaries and associated catchments, as detailed in the previous report by UNESCO (2022). Specifically, recalling the importance of the north-south longitudinal connectivity within each valley as an essential passageway for wildlife, and that dams not only constitute physical barriers but interrupt natural flow and flood pulse dynamics, sediment and nutrient transport, and lead to ecosystem fragmentation. The aforementioned SEA provides a strategic approach to assess such development proposals in the context of ensuring the protection of the World Heritage values. In this regard, it is important that any proposed project that may impact the OUV, whether located within the property, its buffer zone or its wider setting, is assessed for its potential impact (including direct, indirect and cumulative impacts on the OUV) in line with the Guidance and Toolkit for Impact Assessments in a World Heritage Context, prior to making any decision that would be difficult to reverse.
Although all hydropower projects are located outside the property and its buffer zone, the visual integrity of the property recognized under criterion (vii) may be strongly affected (IUCN, 2013; WH Committee, 2017) and the dams are likely to have impacts on the complex linkages between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, as well as on wildlife corridors and landscape connectivity (IUCN, 2013). Nujiang River now remains the only river (out of three that gave the property its name) that retains a relatively natural state with hydropower developments being suspended repeatedly in the past (WH Committee, 2019).
Recreational Activities
(Major visitor accommodation and associate infrastructure)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
Tourism activities in the property have led to an increase in small businesses operators, which in turn increases pressure on the conservation management of the property and its adjacent areas. However, there is limited cooperation between those responsible for the World Heritage property and the tourism industry to protect the Outstanding Universal Value and increase appreciation and understanding (State Party of China, 2023).
Mining & Quarrying
(Mining)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
The Property and its buffer zone are located at high-elevation regions, and due to environmental and climatic constraints, these regions were closed for natural forest restoration after mining activities were halted. Since 2021, the relevant departments of Yunnan Province have taken measures such as appropriating special funds, building an expert database, and formulating standards and procedures to effectively promote the restoration of post-mining sites in the regions of the property and its buffer zone. Various laws and regulations and supervisory measures are in place for the property and its buffer zone, and no more illegal mining activities may occur (State Party of China, 2022). According to UNESCO (2023) the State Party’s position to strictly prohibit mineral resource extraction in the property and its buffer zone, and corresponding reported monitoring and enforcement, are welcomed, including measures to prevent illegal mining from reoccurring. Similarly, the further clarifications on the approach taken regarding active and passive restoration of former mining sites are welcomed. At this stage, the State Party needs to systematically continue regeneration measures, including to monitor the regenerating sites and inform of future measures.
Hunting, Collecting & Controlling Terrestrial Animals
(Poaching and wildlife trade)
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
Although the current status and trends of wildlife appear to be poorly understood, there are many credible hints at poaching and wildlife trade being severe threats at least in parts of the World Heritage property. Zhang et al. (2008) provide an alarming overview of commercial trade in wildlife in Southwest China. The 2013 Reactive Monitoring mission noted publicly available assessments by TRAFFIC indicating limited management responses to wildlife trade, negative trends reported to the mission in personal communication and a possibly particularly challenging situation near the international border with Myanmar (IUCN, 2013). Since 2020, Yunnan Province has launched a joint campaign to combat the illegal trade of wild animals and plants, known as the Qingfeng Campaign, to crack down on illegal activities that impair wild animal and plant resources, and to resolutely curb illegal hunting, collection, artificial breeding, sale, purchase, transportation, mailing, consumption, uses for business purposes, import and export activities. Especially in biodiversity-rich areas such as western Yunnan and those habitats of migratory birds, efforts are made to strengthen patrols and crackdown on illegal sale and purchase of wild animals, cut off the middle link of illegal wildlife trade, and eliminate end uses (IUCN Consultation, 2024). Through years of rigorous law enforcement and management, the number of wildlife species recorded in the region has significantly increased according to State Party reports. Compared to the time of heritage inscription, the number of higher plants has increased from over 6000 species to 7008 species, an increase of 1008 species; mammals have increased from 173 species to 197 species, 24 species increased; birds have increased from 417 species to 634 species, 217 species increased; amphibians have increased from 36 species to 40 species, 4 species increased (State Party of China, 2024; IUCN Consultation, 2024).
Invasive Non-Native/ Alien Species
(Crofton weed invasion)
Invasive/problematic species
Ageratina adenophora
Inside site
, Extent of threat not known
Outside site
Crofton weed (Ageratina adenophora) is the primary invasive species in the property. By setting up field monitoring platforms and building basic information databases, and through enhancing cooperation with neighbouring countries for transboundary biodiversity conservation, the impact of harmful organisms on humans and the ecological environment is being mitigated (State Party of China, 2023).
Geological Events, Severe Weather Events
(Seismic waves, storms and fires)
Inside site
, Throughout(>50%)
Outside site
Seismic waves and stormy weather may trigger landslides. Measures such as geological monitoring and surveillance have mitigated the impact of these disasters. Thunder lightnings, wild fires and flying flames from the Myanmar side are causes for forest fires in the property. Through installing watch towers, increasing patrol staff and additional satellite hotspot monitoring systems forest fires prevention and control have been very effective (State Party of China, 2023).
Involvement of stakeholders and rightsholders, including indigenous peoples and local communities, in decision-making processes
The institutional arrangement in place involves counties, townships, villages and conservation stations with local residents serving as forest rangers; supervision and evaluation is conducted by the National Forestry and Grasslands Administration (NAFGA). Further progress on the Conservation Management Plan (CMP) includes ongoing consultations involving various administrative levels, experts and the public; a consolidated and ratified version will be shared with the World Heritage Centre. The multiple protected area categories imply involvement of the State Council, NAFGA and the Yunnan provincial government (National Forestry and Grassland Administration, People’s Republic of China, 2022).
Legal framework
The Three Parallel Rivers World Natural Heritage Site consists of two major categories of protected areas: scenic and historic areas and nature reserves. Intact systems of laws and regulations have been promulgated for both the scenic and historic areas and for the nature reserves. These two categories of protected areas are managed in line with their respective legislative systems. The statutory plans for each individual protected area serve as an important foundation for practical conservation management. For the two categories of protected areas, the master plan of a national scenic and historic area is reviewed and ratified by the State Council, whereas that of a national nature reserve by NAFGA, and that of a provincial nature reserve by the government of Yunnan province (State Party of China, 2022).
The legal framework for maintaining the Outstanding Universal Value including conditions of Authenticity and/or Integrity of the World Heritage property as well as the buffer zone provides an adequate basis for effective management and protection. There is adequate capacity/resources to enforce legislation and/or regulation in the World Heritage property. The relevant stipulations in the 'Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Scenic and Historic Interest Areas (2006)', the 'Regulations of Yunnan Province on Management of the Scenic and Historic Interest Areas (1996)', the 'Regulations of Yunnan Province on Protection of the Three Parallel Rivers World Heritage Site (2005)', the 'The Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Nature Reserves (1994)' and 'The Master Plan of the Three Parallel Rivers Scenic and Historic Area (2005-2020)' (Revised) are implemented and observed for the protection, management, research, monitoring and sustainable development of the property. All mining/mineral prospecting activities in the property were halted; monitoring and protection of forest resources and biodiversity have been carried out for long. Forest land and forest cover also increased, and the populations of rare and endangered wild animals and plants have increased significantly; After controlling total tourist visitations and strengthening environmental protection in the scenic area and the communities, the state of environment in the property is well maintained (State Party of China, 2023). In the 'Regulations of Yunnan Province on Protection of the Three Parallel Rivers World Heritage Site (2005)', there are provisions involving respect for the cultural and customs of local ethnic minorities, construction projects should be in harmony with the environment, and residential buildings should maintain the traditional style of the local ethnic group. The government of China is currently establishing the Protected Natural Areas System with National Park as the Mainstay (PNAS-NPM). This involves significant changes in the conservation laws, regulations and policies at the national level and it may take some time for such changes to set in. Within the scope of the Three Parallel Rivers, some protected areas are also actively involved in the establishment of national parks. The Conservation Management Plan and the Management Effectiveness Assessment (see below) will need to be adjusted in accordance with the new conservation laws, regulations, and policies to adapt to the new system of protected areas (State Party of China, 2022).
The legal framework for maintaining the Outstanding Universal Value including conditions of Authenticity and/or Integrity of the World Heritage property as well as the buffer zone provides an adequate basis for effective management and protection. There is adequate capacity/resources to enforce legislation and/or regulation in the World Heritage property. The relevant stipulations in the 'Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Scenic and Historic Interest Areas (2006)', the 'Regulations of Yunnan Province on Management of the Scenic and Historic Interest Areas (1996)', the 'Regulations of Yunnan Province on Protection of the Three Parallel Rivers World Heritage Site (2005)', the 'The Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Nature Reserves (1994)' and 'The Master Plan of the Three Parallel Rivers Scenic and Historic Area (2005-2020)' (Revised) are implemented and observed for the protection, management, research, monitoring and sustainable development of the property. All mining/mineral prospecting activities in the property were halted; monitoring and protection of forest resources and biodiversity have been carried out for long. Forest land and forest cover also increased, and the populations of rare and endangered wild animals and plants have increased significantly; After controlling total tourist visitations and strengthening environmental protection in the scenic area and the communities, the state of environment in the property is well maintained (State Party of China, 2023). In the 'Regulations of Yunnan Province on Protection of the Three Parallel Rivers World Heritage Site (2005)', there are provisions involving respect for the cultural and customs of local ethnic minorities, construction projects should be in harmony with the environment, and residential buildings should maintain the traditional style of the local ethnic group. The government of China is currently establishing the Protected Natural Areas System with National Park as the Mainstay (PNAS-NPM). This involves significant changes in the conservation laws, regulations and policies at the national level and it may take some time for such changes to set in. Within the scope of the Three Parallel Rivers, some protected areas are also actively involved in the establishment of national parks. The Conservation Management Plan and the Management Effectiveness Assessment (see below) will need to be adjusted in accordance with the new conservation laws, regulations, and policies to adapt to the new system of protected areas (State Party of China, 2022).
Governance arrangements
The State Forestry and Grassland Administration is charged with the overall management through exercising a three-tier management system at the province, prefecture (city) and county levels. The property’s OUVs have been well protected by implementing ecological environmental governance, biodiversity conservation and community co-development and co-management. There is coordination between the range of administrative bodies involved in the management of the property, but it could be improved (State Party of China, 2023). Due to the immense expanse and widespread scope of the Three Parallel Rivers (TPR), in an effort to ameliorate the coordination and management of different categories of protected areas within the scope of the heritage site, YFGA officially launched the formulation of the conservation management plan in 2018, which is still underway.
Integration into local, regional and national planning systems (including sea/landscape connectivity)
The multiple protected area categories imply involvement of the State Council, NAFGA and the Yunnan provincial government. Some components of the property are in the process of becoming national parks with strong implications in terms of the legal and policy frameworks, planning and management effectiveness assessment (State Party of China, 2022). Nevertheless, the ongoing threat from hydropower and associated power line developments in the vicinity of the site, which pose a significant threat to the OUV, raises the question to what extent the integration of the World Heritage site and its values is effective in the wieder landscape and associated legal frameworks.
Boundaries
The designation of the property and its buffer zones are adequate and sufficient to maintain the property’s OUVs. The competent management institutions and local communities have knowledge of, and accept, the boundaries of the property and its buffer zones (State Party of China, 2023).
Overlapping international designations
Gaoligonghsan was included in the World Network of Biosphere Reserves (BR) in 2000. Bitahai Lake was included in the List of Wetlands of International Importance in 2004. The World Heritage Site Manager regularly communicates with the Focal Point(s) of the BR and Ramsar site. It is recommended to keep long-term close communication with the Ramsar Convention secretariat and UNESCO, which will facilitate the sustainable development of the protected areas (State Party of China, 2023). From 5 to 10 December 2020, Chinese National Committee for Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB), UNESCO executed its second ten-year assessment of Gaoligongshan UNESCO Man and Biosphere Reserve of Yunnan Province smoothly. A joint expert group of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), the National Forestry and Grassland Administration (NAFGA), and the Chinese Academy of Sciences made a field visit and conducted an on-site assessment. Key outcomes regarding the progress over the past 10 years include: the management and patrol teams have expanded; the populations of the main conservation targets have been sustained or increased; conspicuous achievements were made in science with research institutes and universities at home and abroad; nature and environmental education is rich with distinct features; the interaction of the reserve agencies with the adjacent communities is harmonious, and the income levels of the residents in and around the reserve have increased significantly (State Party of China, 2022).
Implementation of World Heritage Committee decisions and recommendations
In 2022, the State Party submitted a state of conservation report to address the key recommendations from the 2013 IUCN Reactive Monitoring mission. The World Heritage Committee in 2023 (45COM 7B.81) commended the State Party for its unequivocal commitment to strictly prohibit mineral extraction within the property and its buffer zone; appreciated the further clarifications regarding the evolving governance and management framework for the complex serial property; noted that discussions regarding the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) are ongoing, but regrets the limited tangible progress and urges once more the State Party to further improve and finalise the SEA; reiterated its encouragement to the State Party to invite an IUCN Advisory mission to that effect; and raised concerns over the construction of transmission infrastructure within the property and its buffer zones.
The State Party has addressed many recommendations, however key areas still in need of finalisation include the SEA formulation, the Conservation Management Plan (CMP) and the Management Effectiveness Assessment (MEA) system in line with the recommendations of the 2013 mission. Without progress on these fronts the governance arrangements and management system will not be improved in line with the Committee recommendations.
The State Party has addressed many recommendations, however key areas still in need of finalisation include the SEA formulation, the Conservation Management Plan (CMP) and the Management Effectiveness Assessment (MEA) system in line with the recommendations of the 2013 mission. Without progress on these fronts the governance arrangements and management system will not be improved in line with the Committee recommendations.
Climate action
Extreme weather events may pose considerable negative impact on the ecological environment of the property. Through improving joint monitoring and prevention system, strengthening rainfall forecast and monitoring, investigation and inspection, and implementing projects for preventing and controlling potential risks and geological disasters, and projects for water and soil conservancy, the causes for these natural disasters in flood seasons have been effectively addressed (State Party of China, 2023).
Management plan and overall management system
The current management system/plan is only partially adequate to maintain the property’s Outstanding Universal Value and the management system is being only partially implemented through an annual work/action plan (State Party of China, 2023).
Due to the immense expanse and widespread scope of the Three Parallel Rivers (TPR), in an effort to ameliorate the coordination and management of different categories of protected areas within the scope of the heritage site, YFGA officially launched the formulation of the conservation management plan in 2018, which is currently underway. The mainframe work of The Conservation Management Plan of the Three Parallel Rivers World Natural Heritage Site has taken shape. Currently, efforts are made to solicit comments and opinions from the related prefectures and municipalities, experts of related disciplines, and the general public by survey and questionnaire. Based on the solicited comments and public opinions, the CMP will be further revised and finalized, and then submitted to the World Heritage Center after the required review and ratification procedures are completed (State Party of China, 2022). Alongside the CMP, there are also efforts to build the Management Effectiveness Assessment system.
The World Heritage Committee in 2023 in Decision 45COM 7B.81 noted with appreciation ongoing consultations about the Conservation Management Plan (CMP) involving various administrative levels, experts and the public, but reiterated its request to expedite the development of the CMP and Management Effectiveness Assessment (MEA) system in line with the recommendations of the 2013 mission.
Due to the immense expanse and widespread scope of the Three Parallel Rivers (TPR), in an effort to ameliorate the coordination and management of different categories of protected areas within the scope of the heritage site, YFGA officially launched the formulation of the conservation management plan in 2018, which is currently underway. The mainframe work of The Conservation Management Plan of the Three Parallel Rivers World Natural Heritage Site has taken shape. Currently, efforts are made to solicit comments and opinions from the related prefectures and municipalities, experts of related disciplines, and the general public by survey and questionnaire. Based on the solicited comments and public opinions, the CMP will be further revised and finalized, and then submitted to the World Heritage Center after the required review and ratification procedures are completed (State Party of China, 2022). Alongside the CMP, there are also efforts to build the Management Effectiveness Assessment system.
The World Heritage Committee in 2023 in Decision 45COM 7B.81 noted with appreciation ongoing consultations about the Conservation Management Plan (CMP) involving various administrative levels, experts and the public, but reiterated its request to expedite the development of the CMP and Management Effectiveness Assessment (MEA) system in line with the recommendations of the 2013 mission.
Law enforcement
All mining/mineral prospecting activities in the property were halted; monitoring and protection of forest resources and biodiversity have been carried out for long. Forest land and forest cover also increased, and the populations of rare and endangered wild animals and plants have increased significantly as a result. After controlling total tourist visitations and strengthening environmental protection in the scenic area and the communities, the state of environment in the property is well maintained (State Party of China, 2023).
Sustainable finance
Stable government investment has ensured the daily operation of the management agency, but the current financing channels for the property are few, and the available budget is only sufficient to meet basic management needs (State Party of China, 2023). In terms of funding, the main issue is the uneven investment from different localities. Generally speaking, the national-level nature reserves and the ongoing Pudacuo National Park pilot project have received more financial support. However, the government budget investment for some local-level nature reserves is relatively lacking. The site needs to set up dedicated funds and proactively expand financing channels by seeking social support so as to secure long-term, stable, and sufficient financial support (IUCN Consultation, 2024).
Staff capacity, training and development
The management agencies have recruited professional talents for the management, protection, publicity, education and so on. However, giving the vast expanse
and scope of the property, the available human resources are less than sufficient. Various types of training have been organized in the recent years with rich contents and in diverse forms. However, the comprehensiveness of professional expertise needs to be further strengthened, along with the understanding of world heritage values and the site's OUV (State Party of China, 2023; IUCN Consultation, 2024).
and scope of the property, the available human resources are less than sufficient. Various types of training have been organized in the recent years with rich contents and in diverse forms. However, the comprehensiveness of professional expertise needs to be further strengthened, along with the understanding of world heritage values and the site's OUV (State Party of China, 2023; IUCN Consultation, 2024).
Education and interpretation programmes
By using museums, readers (video programs) for popular sciences and the CCTV media, the rich knowledge of geology, geography, biodiversity, ecological environment and so on in the property are displayed and disseminated to the public. Photographic and painting contests, festivals and celebrations with biodiversity themes are used to integrate education with conservation to promote the knowledge and understanding of the young generations towards the property (State Party of China, 2023).
Tourism and visitation management
There is a planned and effective strategy to manage visitors, tourism activity and its derived impacts on the World Heritage property. The Master Plan for the Three Parallel Rivers Scenic Area (2005-2020) (Revision) has made explicit requirements for tourism development goals, development planning, tourist carrying capacity, etc. for the scenic areas. Meanwhile, community development, resident regulation, and environmental protection are integrated into the plan. The management and development activities are implemented in conformity with the Master Plan. Visitor use of the World Heritage property is effectively managed and does not impact its Outstanding Universal Value. In order to regularly monitor tourism management of the property, Diqing Prefecture Government has established the Comprehensive Dispatch and Command Center for Tourism Market Supervision to monitor real-time tourism operation in the property. The Outstanding Universal Value of the property is adequately presented and interpreted.
Since the inception of poverty alleviation, tourism-based poverty alleviation has become instrumental in supporting poor villages with tourism resources to develop the tourism industry and drive the economic growth of the poor in poverty-ridden areas. As such, farmers are alleviated from poverty to prosperity, and the village environment and infrastructure conditions have been improved significantly. Support to local special industries and featured tourism not only promoted the local economic development, but also facilitated the local education development. Community residents in the property have engaged in tourist guides, hotel services, hotel restaurants, transport services, food production, and resources management in the scenic area. This not only diversified the employment channels, but also involved local participation in the scenic area development. The income sources of the community residents increased and their living standard also improved. Meanwhile, the development of scenic tourism has also effectively promoted the development of community culture, raised the literacy of community residents, and enhanced the cultural identity of community residents and community cohesion. Community residents also actively participated in the publicity and education of environmental knowledge of the property to enhance the conservation awareness of tourists and promote the healthy development of community tourism in the nature reserves. As far as resources utilization is concerned in the property, the community residents have not only changed the traditional thinking and the practices of resource utilization, but also effectively promoted the healthy development of ecological and environmental protection in the property.
However, there is limited cooperation between World Heritage property managers and the tourism industry in presenting the Outstanding Universal Value and increasing appreciation. This collaboration should be strengthened (State Party of China, 2023).
The Master Plan for the Three Parallel Rivers National Scenic and Historic Area (2005-2020) (Revised) has put forward clear requirements for the goals of tourism development, development planning of the scenic area, functional layout, visitation capacity, and scale. The regional Tourism Industry Development Plans were also formulated for each component of the scenic area (State Party of China, 2021).
In the Conservation Management Plan, tourism planning and visitation capacity are also included (State Party of China, 2024).
Since the inception of poverty alleviation, tourism-based poverty alleviation has become instrumental in supporting poor villages with tourism resources to develop the tourism industry and drive the economic growth of the poor in poverty-ridden areas. As such, farmers are alleviated from poverty to prosperity, and the village environment and infrastructure conditions have been improved significantly. Support to local special industries and featured tourism not only promoted the local economic development, but also facilitated the local education development. Community residents in the property have engaged in tourist guides, hotel services, hotel restaurants, transport services, food production, and resources management in the scenic area. This not only diversified the employment channels, but also involved local participation in the scenic area development. The income sources of the community residents increased and their living standard also improved. Meanwhile, the development of scenic tourism has also effectively promoted the development of community culture, raised the literacy of community residents, and enhanced the cultural identity of community residents and community cohesion. Community residents also actively participated in the publicity and education of environmental knowledge of the property to enhance the conservation awareness of tourists and promote the healthy development of community tourism in the nature reserves. As far as resources utilization is concerned in the property, the community residents have not only changed the traditional thinking and the practices of resource utilization, but also effectively promoted the healthy development of ecological and environmental protection in the property.
However, there is limited cooperation between World Heritage property managers and the tourism industry in presenting the Outstanding Universal Value and increasing appreciation. This collaboration should be strengthened (State Party of China, 2023).
The Master Plan for the Three Parallel Rivers National Scenic and Historic Area (2005-2020) (Revised) has put forward clear requirements for the goals of tourism development, development planning of the scenic area, functional layout, visitation capacity, and scale. The regional Tourism Industry Development Plans were also formulated for each component of the scenic area (State Party of China, 2021).
In the Conservation Management Plan, tourism planning and visitation capacity are also included (State Party of China, 2024).
Sustainable use
Sustainable tourism development has promoted local economic growth, education, ethnic cultural preservation, and enhanced cultural identity and conservation awareness (State Party of China, 2023). There is a lack of information regarding the management of other sustainable uses.
Monitoring
The Yunnan Provincial Forestry and Grassland Administration (YFGA) conducted several monitoring measures, including the use of satellite images, video surveillance and patrols on the ground, as well as integrated management information systems. The Smart Forestry and Grassland Big Data Center covers the entire site, buffer zone, and areas between Honshan and Haba Snow Mountain subareas. All protected areas in these subareas are integrated into Yunnan’s Protected Natural Areas Integrated Management Information System (iMIS-YPNRs). Both systems, operated by Yunnan Forestry and Grassland Administration (YFGA), complement each other in monitoring elements. Additionally, other institutions conduct various forms of monitoring to ensure effective protection of landscape connectivity and wildlife resources (National Forestry and Grassland Administration, People’s Republic of China, 2022). The relevant authorities, research institutes, and universities and colleges of the State Party have carried out a series of faunal and floral surveys in the areas between the Hongshan and Haba Snow Mountains subareas (State Party of China, 2022). However, research and monitoring activities aiming at management needs or enhancing the understanding of OUVs need to be further improved. It is recommended that the monitoring indicators and standards for monitoring activities in the property be promulgated (State Party of China, 2023).
Research
A large number of research projects on biodiversity conservation have been carried out in the property and research results are shared with local communities and some national agencies. Knowledge about the values and attributes of the World Heritage property is acceptable for most key areas but there are gaps. For instance, the research results may not be directed towards management needs and/or improving understanding of Outstanding Universal Value (State Party of China, 2023).
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats outside the site
A range of current threats to the site (both inside and outside) have been identified, most significantly related to water infrastructure (major hydropower development on all main rivers and related infrastructure), mining (within and near the property), major visitor accommodation and associate infrastructure (tourism infrastructure conflicting with conservation objectives) (UNESCO, 2023). At present, power transmission projects crossing the property and its buffer zones seem to present the biggest threat, especially as the Dulong River power transmission line, which crosses the Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve component of the property and for which an Environmental Impact Assessment identified impacts on the Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) of the property, has been completed and is operational. Furthermore, other power transmission projects crossing the property and its buffer zones have the potential to adversely affect the site's key attributes. The State Party's strict prohibition of mineral extraction in the property and buffer zones, along with robust monitoring and enforcement against illegal mining, is commendable. Furthermore, the clarified strategies for active/passive restoration of former mining sites should be systematically continued and expanded through ongoing monitoring to guide future conservation efforts (UNESCO, 2023). Nevertheless, the threats from water infrastructure on downstream catchments may also be significant. It is critical that an SEA is developed and includes an assessment of indirect and cumulative impacts of both the upstream and downstream catchments of Nujiang, Lancang and Jinsha Rivers, so that the results can inform management and decision making for future developments.
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats inside the site
A range of current threats to the site (both inside and outside) have been identified, most significantly related to water infrastructure (major hydropower development on all main rivers and related infrastructure), mining (within and near the property), major visitor accommodation and associate infrastructure (tourism infrastructure conflicting with conservation objectives) (UNESCO, 2023). At present, power transmission projects crossing the property and its buffer zones seem to be the biggest threat. The 2023 Periodic report notes that while tourism has improved local living standards and heritage conservation skills, it may also erode traditional knowledge and practical abilities of ethnic minorities. This remains some concern (State Party of China, 2023). Due to the complexity of the serial site further clarity is required on governance structures and the finalisation of an SEA and CMP should be prioritised in this regard (UNESCO, 2023).
The National Forestry and Grassland Administration (NAFGA) of China exercises the protection and management of the heritage site through implementing a three-tier management system at the provincial, municipal, and county levels. The national and provincial laws and regulations are strictly observed in management. The competent authorities of the heritage site formulate management measures and develop master plans based on the actual situation and implement protection and management to ensure the protection of the OUVs of the property to its full extent. There is coordination between the range of administrative bodies involved in the management of the property, but it could be improved. Due to the complexity of the serial site further clarity is required on governance structures and the finalisation of an SEA and CMP should be prioritised in this regard. Additionally the site management seems to have limited capacity to address threats originating from outside the site, in particular related to water infrastructure and power transmission projects, which pose significant threats to the property's attributes and values.
Good practice examples
All mineral exploration and mining permits within the property and its buffer zone were revoked, significantly contributing to the conservation of the property’s OUVs. Remarkable achievements in biodiversity conservation include the discovery of new species records and national protected animals, as well as significant increases in the populations of both Yunnan golden monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) and Nujiang golden monkeys (R. strykeri) (State Party of China, 2023).
Spectacular landscape beauty dominated by three deep parallel river gorges
High Concern
Trend
Deteriorating
Overall, the World Heritage property's Outstanding Universal Value has been maintained. All mineral exploration and mining permits within the property and its buffer zone were revoked, significantly contributing to the conservation of the property’s OUVs (State Party of China, 2023). At present, power transmission projects crossing the property and its buffer zones seem to be the biggest threat. 1) The reported completion in 2022 of the Dulong River power transmission project, which crosses a large section of the Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve component of the property and its buffer zone, raises concerns, given that the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) submitted in 2021 had identified impacts during both the construction and operation phases on flora and fauna and on the scenic values of the property, and the Committee subsequently requested the State Party to explore an alternative option that will not impact the OUV (Decision 44 COM 7B.182). It is unclear whether this project impacts the OUV and what mitigating measures have been taken to address the issues raised in the EIA prior to construction. 2) As to 4 other power transmission projects crossing the property and its buffer zones, including two ongoing projects in Deqin County, concerns persist about potential indirect and cumulative impacts on the three main rivers, their tributaries, and associated catchments (UNESCO and IUCN, 2023).
Spectacular mountain and karst scenary
Low Concern
Trend
Stable
The main threats facing the property are not likely linked to the glaciated peals and the scenic land forms of the property. Climate change, affecting WH properties globally, will inevitably affect the glaciers but no data is currently available on the extent of impact at present. Climate change and infrastructure development also may seriously intensify frequency an magnitude of landslides and other geological hazards, a risk, which has not been fully assessed throughout the property. Major landslides seem to be affecting scenery of mountain slopes, albeit the impact is localised (State Party of China, 2023).
Outstanding display of major, ongoing geological processes in the evolution of the land surface of Asia
Data Deficient
Trend
Data Deficient
There has been no evidence to suggest that the geological and geomorphologic values of the property have been diminished at the level of ongoing processes despite major construction projects. As mentioned above, while landslides and earthquakes are part of natural dynamics they may be changed significantly by human intervention such as reservoir construction and filling, along with climate change related impacts. After major landslides upstream from the property in Jinsha River valley in 2018 this value requires further assessment.
Convergence of three of the world’s major biogeographic realms and an exceptional diversity of ecological processes
Low Concern
Trend
Deteriorating
Compared to the last assessment, mining's potential impact has been effectively controlled. All mineral exploration and mining permits within the property and its buffer zone were revoked, significantly contributing to the conservation of the property’s OUVs (State Party of China, 2023). However, the most fundamental concerns stem from the landscape transformation resulting from massive hydropower and water transfer schemes, which remains an ongoing high threat.
Part of the biologically and culturally most diverse area in China
High Concern
Trend
Data Deficient
The north-south connectivity within each valley is crucial as a wildlife passageway. The 4 power transmission projects crossing the property and its buffer zones, including two ongoing projects in Deqin County, not only create physical barriers but also disrupt natural flow, flood pulses, sediment and nutrient transport, leading to ecosystem fragmentation (UNESCO and IUCN, 2023).
Richest diversity of higher plants in China
High Concern
Trend
Data Deficient
Compared to the time of heritage inscription, the number of higher plants has increased from over 6000 species to 7008 species, an increase of 1008 species (State Party of China, 2024; IUCN Consultation, 2024). The reported completion in 2022 of the Dulong River power transmission project, which crosses a large section of the Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve component of the property and its buffer zone, raises concerns, given that the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) submitted in 2021 had identified impacts during both the construction and operation phases on flora and fauna and on the scenic values of the property, and the Committee subsequently requested the State Party to explore an alternative option that will not impact the OUV (Decision 44 COM 7B.182). It is unclear whether this project impacts the OUV and what mitigating measures have been taken to address the issues raised in the EIA prior to construction. It is critical that strict measures are implemented to ensure the protection of the OUV throughout the ongoing operation of the line and it is recommended the State Party report on these (UNESCO and IUCN, 2023).
Extensive suite of rate, relict and endangered animals
Low Concern
Trend
Improving
Some achievements had been made in the conservation of endangered animals in the property. Snow leopards has for the first time been confirmed in the Yunnan province and experts believe that the WH site is an important area corridor and habitat for the snow leopards in the Hengduan Mountains (China Daily, 2024).
Additionally, the population of both Yunnan Snub-nosed Monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) and Nujiang Golden Monkey (R. strykeri) have increased significantly in the region (State Party of China, 2023). In 2021, the first Field Science Observation and Research Station for Yunnan Snub-nosed Monkey in Yunnan was established in Yunling Provincial Nature Reserve. Throughout the year, 5,326 mu of vegetative cover was restored as habitat for the species, and 540,000 spruce, fir and Chinese white pine (Pinus Armandii) trees were planted; The Green Paper on the Protection of Yunnan Snub-nosed Monkey - The Report on the Full Territory Dynamic Monitoring of Yunnan Snub-nosed Monkey were released; and the Full-territory Protection of Yunnan Snub-nosed Monkey Project was selected as one of the “Typical Cases of Ecological Restoration in China at the CBD COP15. Through forty years of unremitting conservation efforts, the populations of Yunnan Snub-nosed Monkey have increased from 17 to 24 groups and the number of individuals has increased from less than 2,000 to more than 3,800 (State Party of China, 2022).
Additionally, the population of both Yunnan Snub-nosed Monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) and Nujiang Golden Monkey (R. strykeri) have increased significantly in the region (State Party of China, 2023). In 2021, the first Field Science Observation and Research Station for Yunnan Snub-nosed Monkey in Yunnan was established in Yunling Provincial Nature Reserve. Throughout the year, 5,326 mu of vegetative cover was restored as habitat for the species, and 540,000 spruce, fir and Chinese white pine (Pinus Armandii) trees were planted; The Green Paper on the Protection of Yunnan Snub-nosed Monkey - The Report on the Full Territory Dynamic Monitoring of Yunnan Snub-nosed Monkey were released; and the Full-territory Protection of Yunnan Snub-nosed Monkey Project was selected as one of the “Typical Cases of Ecological Restoration in China at the CBD COP15. Through forty years of unremitting conservation efforts, the populations of Yunnan Snub-nosed Monkey have increased from 17 to 24 groups and the number of individuals has increased from less than 2,000 to more than 3,800 (State Party of China, 2022).
Assessment of the current state and trend of World Heritage values
Stable
The State Party has effectively reduced the threat from mining by prohibiting mineral resource extraction in the property and its buffer zone, however other infrastructure and development projects related to hydropower and power lines pose significant threats to most of the site's key attributes and associated values. Such landscape transformations and impacts on ecological corridors, ecosystem fragmentation and potential indirect and cumulative impacts on the three main rivers, tributaries and associated catchments and diversity of plants are of high concern. Nevertheless, some achievements have been made especially in regard to the increasing populations of some key species like the Nujiang golden monkey and Yunnan Snub-nosed Monkey. Habitat restoration efforts and improved monitoring is showing positive results.
Assessment of the current state and trend of other important biodiversity values
Low Concern
Improving
Since the time of inscription, mammals have increased from 173 species to 197 species, 24 species increased; birds have increased from 417 species to 634 species, 217 species increased; amphibians have increased from 36 species to 40 species, 4 species increased (State Party of China, 2024; IUCN Consultation, 2024). Landscape transformations from hydropower and power lines developments and associated impacts on ecological corridors, ecosystem fragmentation and potential indirect and cumulative impacts on the three main rivers, tributaries and associated catchments are of concern. The 4 power transmission projects crossing the property and its buffer zones, including two ongoing projects in Deqin County, not only may create physical barriers but also disrupt natural flow, flood pulses, sediment and nutrient transport, leading to ecosystem fragmentation (UNESCO and IUCN, 2023). The impacts on other important biodiversity values is uncertain and further monitoring data is urgently needed to provide a sufficient basis to assess the impacts from future projects.
Assessment of the current state and trend of other important values
Low Concern
Data Deficient
The property's rich and diverse cultural heritage, including traditional knowledge and practices of ethnic minorities, may be affected by tourism development. This remains a concern (State Party of China, 2023).
Additional information
Outdoor recreation and tourism,
Natural beauty and scenery
The renowned mountain area offers attractive options for outdoor recreation and tourism which are actively being developed and promoted (State Party of China, 2003).
Access to drinking water
Three of Asia's most important rivers benefit from the protection the property grants to considerable parts of the watersheds with major benefits ranging from the local to the international level (IUCN, 2003).
Legal subsistence hunting of wild game,
Collection of wild plants and mushrooms,
Fishing areas and conservation of fish stocks,
Traditional agriculture,
Livestock grazing areas
The entire region has a long human history. Use of wild biodiversity, livestock husbandry and small-scale agriculture have all been part of the local livelihood systems at all times. While the use restrictions in protected areas strongly affect these benefits, the protected areas contribute to maintaining the biodiversity and productivity of the broader mountain ecosystem.
Cultural identity and sense of belonging,
History and tradition,
Sacred or symbolic plants or animals,
Sacred natural sites or landscapes
Many mountains, lakes, springs, rivers and individual trees are considered sacred by local communities (Jaeger et al., 2013).
Importance for research
There can be no doubt that large protected areas in China's most biodiverse region is of major scientific interest and importance.
Carbon sequestration,
Soil stabilisation,
Flood prevention,
Water provision (importance for water quantity and quality)
The property contains important forest areas, which provide the full range of corresponding ecosystem services, including but not limited to carbon sequestration, water provision and regulation and soil stabilization.
Many of the tangible ecosystem benefits which traditionally formed part of local livelihood systems are compromised by the use restrictions in the protected areas. Nevertheless, the protected areas contribute to the maintenance of the productivity of the landscape. Traditional communities consider mountains, rivers and many other landscape features sacred. Tourists appreciate the scenic beauty of the mountains, canyons and forests. Tourism in turn comes with income and employment opportunities. From a regional and global perspective, the property contributes to the watershed protection of parts of the headwaters of several of Asia’s mightiest rivers, which provide ecosystem services to millions of downstream users in several countries.
References
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