Ha Long Bay - Cat Ba Archipelago
Country
Viet Nam
Inscribed in
2000
Criteria
(vii)
(viii)
The conservation outlook for this site has been assessed as "significant concern" in the latest assessment cycle. Explore the Conservation Outlook Assessment for the site below. You have the option to access the summary, or the detailed assessment.
Ha Long Bay, in the Gulf of Tonkin, includes some 1,600 islands and islets, forming a spectacular seascape of limestone pillars. Because of their precipitous nature, most of the islands are uninhabited and unaffected by a human presence. The site's outstanding scenic beauty is complemented by its great biological interest. © UNESCO
Summary
2025 Conservation Outlook
Finalised on
11 Oct 2025
Significant concern
Current state and trend of VALUES
High Concern
Overall THREATS
Overall PROTECTION and MANAGEMENT
Full assessment
Description of values
A spectacular seascape of limestone pillars
Criterion
(vii)
Outstanding features of the property include the magnificent towering limestone pillars and associated notches, arches and caves, which are exceptionally well-developed and among the best presented of their type in the world (IUCN, 1994; World Heritage Committee, 2012). These features and the limestone islands and islets rising from the sea in a variety of sizes and shapes form a majestic natural scenery and presenting picturesque, unspoiled nature.
Exceptional scenic beauty
Criterion
(vii)
Repeated regression and transgression of the sea on the limestone karst over geological time has produced a mature landscape of clusters of conical peaks and isolated towers which were modified by sea invasion, adding an extra element to the process of lateral undercutting of the limestone towers and islands (IUCN, 1994; World Heritage Committee, 2012). The property hosts unspoilt and spectacular views of the vegetated islands, marine lakes and limestone towers, with sheer cliffs plunging into the sea, along the eastern and south-eastern coast of the Cat Ba Island (IUCN 2022).
The most extensive and best known example of marine-invaded tower karst in the world
Criterion
(viii)
One of the world’s most important areas of Fengcong (clusters of conical peaks) and Fenglin (isolated tower features) karst. Abundant lakes, occupying drowned dolines, are one of the distinctive features of the Fencong karst, with some appearing to be tidal. Possessing a tremendous diversity of caves and other landforms derived from the unusual geomorphological process of marine invaded tower karst the caves are of three main types: remnants of phreatic caves; old karstic foot caves and marine notch caves (World Heritage Committee, 2012).
Full range of karst formation processes
Criterion
(viii)
The property possesses the most complete and extensive example of its type in the world and provides a unique and extensive reservoir of data for the future understanding of geoclimatic history and the nature of karst processes in a complex environment (World Heritage Committee, 2012). Through an extension to include Cat Ba Archipelago, the property comprises all the stages of the process of sea-inundation of tropical karst as well as three main types of caves (ancient marine notch caves, old karstic foot caves and notch caves). While Ha Long Bay shows the later stages of the sea-inundation process, Cat Ba Archipelago adds important geological values to the property through examples of the terrestrial and intertidal stages, some of which are rare or even unique (IUCN, 2022).
Diverse flora
Ha Long Bay- Cat Ba Archipelago harbours a diverse and endemic flora, including the Ha Long Palm (Livistona halongensis). On Cat Ba Island, Viet Nam's largest limestone island, the property includes around 1,000 hectares of primary tropical forests, as well as mangrove forests (IUCN, 1994; IUCN 2022; State Party of Viet Nam 2021).
Fish
Approximately 1000 fish species are found in Ha Long Bay (IUCN, 1994).
Diverse, threatened and endemic fauna
Cat Ba Island together with Lan Ha Bay is identified as a Key Biodiversity Area. The property hosts important endemic fauna such as Cat Ba Tiger Gecko (Goniurosaurus catbaensis, EN) and Cat Ba Langur (Trachypithecus poliocephalus), which is a Critically Endangered (CE) endemic primate and the flagship species of the property. Other threatened species include the Keeled Box Turtle (Cuora mouhotii, EN), the Asian Small-clawed Otter (Aonyx cinereal, VU), the Mainland Serow (Capricornis milneedwardsii, VU) and the King Cobra (Ophiophagus Hannah, VU) (IUCN, 2022; State Party of Viet Nam, 2021).
Traditional floating villages
The traditional “floating villages” remaining within the property add to the cultural value and unique charm with their vessels, colour schemes and songs and other traditions. The ancient fishing village of Cai Beo in Cat Ba Archipelago is known to be the oldest fishing village in Viet Nam, dating back 7,000 years (Hanoi Eco Tours, 2023).
Archaeological and historical values
Many archaeological sites have been found dating from 25,000 to 3,000 years ago. At Giap Khau (Hon Gai) the evidence suggests occupation by the Hoa Binh Culture 10,000 years ago. Archaeological sites on Tuan Chau, Ngoc Vung, Cai Dam, Dong Naim and Cat Ba islands have yielded so many artefacts that they have been grouped as the Ha Long Culture, typical of the north-eastern coast of Neolithic Viet Nam. Ha Long was a significant port, located on the trade routes between China, Japan, and other southeast Asian countries, and the Bay was the site of three famous battles against Chinese and Mongol invaders. Many island names derive from their unusual shapes: Voi (elephant), Ga Choi (fighting cock) and Mai Nha (roof) (UNEP-WCMC, 2011).
The Cái Bèo archaeological site on Cat Ba Island, is one of the most significant prehistoric sites in Southeast Asia (State Party of Viet Nam, 2021). Dating back over 7,000 years, it provides crucial evidence of an early maritime culture, believed to be an ancestor of the later Hạ Long and Đông Sơn civilizations. The site contains numerous shell middens, pottery fragments and stone tools, indicating a complex fishing and hunter-gatherer society adapted to the coastal environment. Findings from some 77 archaeological sites covering around 18,000m2 shed light on early human adaptation to marine resources and the development of trade networks in the region (Wang et al., 2022).
The Cái Bèo archaeological site on Cat Ba Island, is one of the most significant prehistoric sites in Southeast Asia (State Party of Viet Nam, 2021). Dating back over 7,000 years, it provides crucial evidence of an early maritime culture, believed to be an ancestor of the later Hạ Long and Đông Sơn civilizations. The site contains numerous shell middens, pottery fragments and stone tools, indicating a complex fishing and hunter-gatherer society adapted to the coastal environment. Findings from some 77 archaeological sites covering around 18,000m2 shed light on early human adaptation to marine resources and the development of trade networks in the region (Wang et al., 2022).
Assessment information
Overall, the value of the property related to marine invaded tower karst is in relatively good condition at present, although there are attributes that are impacted by past, current and potential future threats, especially caves and marine lakes. The key impacts are on the overall management of the site and the aesthetic values of the property. Mass tourism use and the subsequent need for infrastructure and developments in support of tourism have considerably increased and pose a very high threat to the property. Current planning and management responses need to be re-evaluated regularly to cope with this increase given the projections of continued increases in the number of tourists. Residential occupation of the property is relatively concentrated; however, concerns have been raised regarding the consultation and free, prior and informed consent to any relocation schemes, particularly from floating villages. The relevant authorities are making a genuine effort through better planning, regulation, education, promotion and direct management intervention to improve the aquaculture and fishing activities and reduce their impact on marine species and biodiversity in the property, although poaching, exploitation of marine resources and forest products, overfishing are still significant threats, especially to other important biodiversity values of the property. It is important to maintain a focus on water quality both within and outside the property. Waste management systems need to be put in place and their use monitored, especially for solid waste and garbage and effluent pollution from industry. Pollution, mining and natural resource extraction as well as development for tourism and industry continue in areas adjacent to the property and are significantly impacting on a number of the values and require continuous monitoring.
Residential Areas
(Human population within the property)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
The impacts from the number of people living inside the boundaries of the World Heritage property, primarily in boats, has been noted as a possible threat to the values of the property (World Heritage Committee, 2003, 2009). The 2013 IUCN Reactive Monitoring mission to Ha Long Bay found that the number of residents was decreasing as a result of planned re-settlement of houseboat owners to the mainland. These results were confirmed by the 2018 IUCN Advisory Mission (IUCN, 2018) and the evaluation of the re-nomination and extension to include Cat Ba Archipelago (IUCN, 2022). Other improvements include limiting the number and improving the standard of houseboats, and improving waste management (IUCN, 2013).
Water-borne & other effluent Pollution, Garbage & Solid Waste
(Water pollution (including solid waste) )
Inside site
, Widespread(15-50%)
Outside site
Potential sources of water pollution previously noted by Committee decisions include industrial developments outside the property e.g. the Coc Sau coal mine, the Cam Pha cement factory and the Cai Lan port. The 2013 mission considered that all three developments appeared to be running according to high environmental standards and monitored levels of water pollution are well below the limits required by national environmental standards but that on-going monitoring is required to ensure water quality with in the property is not affected by these developments. However, the 2018 mission expressed considerable concerns over the release of wastewater from mines directly into the river (IUCN, 2018). If the latter mission findings are true, the State Party's reported plans to not close coal mines until 2030 raises great concerns (State Party of Viet Nam, 2019). While Nui Beo open-pit coal mine has been closed (State Party of Viet Nam, 2022), an action programme was launched in 2023 to end industrial activities by 2030 including through closure of power plants, cement plants and mines in Ha Long, Cam Pha areas (State Party of Viet Nam, 2024; UNESCO, 2024).
Pollution from other sources have also been identified, including boats discharging oil and black and grey water. In the Ha Long Bay - Cat Ba Archipelago Nomination file, the State Party of Viet Nam (2021) identified oil pollution a serious threat to the property.
Land based sources and boats have also been identified as sources of solid waste, plastics, and other forms of pollution, which are increasingly noted in the property. These pollution issues remain a serious concern for the property (State Party of Viet Nam 2021; World Heritage Committee, 2023, 2024) and no improvements in water quality have so far been detected, possibly due to continued discharge from industry and fishing boats, tankers and cargo ships passing through the property (IUCN 2022). While they may not have a physical impact on the limestone karst, these pollutants contribute to a reduction in environmental values of the site and visitor experience and is contrary to “exceptional scenic beauty” values (IUCN, 2015). A coordinated national approach is needed to effectively address in particular solid waste and garbage.
Pollution from other sources have also been identified, including boats discharging oil and black and grey water. In the Ha Long Bay - Cat Ba Archipelago Nomination file, the State Party of Viet Nam (2021) identified oil pollution a serious threat to the property.
Land based sources and boats have also been identified as sources of solid waste, plastics, and other forms of pollution, which are increasingly noted in the property. These pollution issues remain a serious concern for the property (State Party of Viet Nam 2021; World Heritage Committee, 2023, 2024) and no improvements in water quality have so far been detected, possibly due to continued discharge from industry and fishing boats, tankers and cargo ships passing through the property (IUCN 2022). While they may not have a physical impact on the limestone karst, these pollutants contribute to a reduction in environmental values of the site and visitor experience and is contrary to “exceptional scenic beauty” values (IUCN, 2015). A coordinated national approach is needed to effectively address in particular solid waste and garbage.
Fishing, Harvesting & Controlling Aquatic Species
(Unsustainable fishing methods and aquaculture development)
Inside site
, Scattered(5-15%)
Outside site
Aquaculture developments surrounding the property, and inside certain areas of the property, affect the water quality. The provincial master plan for aquaculture provides for delimitation of legal and non-legal fishing zones, seasonal bans on fishing, and improvements in fishing methods such as reduction in the unsustainable use of cages and gill nets (IUCN, 2013). Dynamite fishing and other destructive fishing methods are banned and can be prosecuted under the 2010 Aquaculture Master Plan. Purse seining is restricted within the property to an area of 10 ha only. Since 2011 the property has been subdivided into three zones to regulate different levels of fishing activity (IUCN, 2013). However, with increasing human population pressures, aquaculture in areas adjacent to the property is also likely to become a more significant threat and enforcement of the master plan is important to limit any impacts (IUCN, 2018).
According to the State Party of Viet Nam (2021), aquaculture including snout otter clam farming exploiting sandy beaches on Cat Ba Island, shrimp and fish farming in swamps and lakes, fish cages, as well as destructive fishing methods and overexploitation offshore and in coastal waters especially impacting lobster, rockfish and oyster, continue to be a threat. The anchoring of a large number of boats within Cat Ba Archipelago also impact on corals and other marine habitats. The Cat Ba Archipelago extension includes about one-third of the world’s marine lakes, and although banned since 2018, aquaculture and impoundment has affected these lakes, which form part of the property’s geological values that are part of the OUV (IUCN 2022).
According to the State Party of Viet Nam (2021), aquaculture including snout otter clam farming exploiting sandy beaches on Cat Ba Island, shrimp and fish farming in swamps and lakes, fish cages, as well as destructive fishing methods and overexploitation offshore and in coastal waters especially impacting lobster, rockfish and oyster, continue to be a threat. The anchoring of a large number of boats within Cat Ba Archipelago also impact on corals and other marine habitats. The Cat Ba Archipelago extension includes about one-third of the world’s marine lakes, and although banned since 2018, aquaculture and impoundment has affected these lakes, which form part of the property’s geological values that are part of the OUV (IUCN 2022).
Commercial & Industrial Areas
(Commercial development and landfill activities)
Inside site
, Localised(<5%)
Outside site
Commercial development projects and landfill activities in the areas surrounding the property have previously raised serious concern in regards to threats to the values of the property (World Heritage Committee, 2009). Threats from continued sea reclamation projects narrowing tidal flats and shrinking mangrove forests was highlighted in the Ha Long Bay - Cat Ba Archipelago Nomination file (State Party of Viet Nam, 2021). The development outside the site visually encroaches on the spectacular seascape of exceptional scenic beauty. Significant development continues to occur within the buffer zone and while it is understood these developments are subject to Environmental Impact Assessments the scale of development was viewed as inappropriate by the 2018 IUCN Advisory Mission, which notes that it severely impacts the landscape, visual amenity and access. Continued development in the area requires monitoring of impacts on the property, regulation of use and regulation of threats. Threats and pressures on the OUV have been raised, including from industrial development activities in the catchment area of rivers entering into the property, and continues to cause concern (UNESCO, 2021).
Recreation & Tourism Areas
(Tourism infrastructure development)
Inside site
, Widespread(15-50%)
Outside site
Tourism numbers are consistently high at the site with total annual visitor numbers reaching almost 4 million up in 2017 with an increase mainly from the international market and the majority being day visitors (IUCN, 2018). Development of tourism facilities within the boundaries of the property has previously been noted to be causing pressure on the property and increasing tension between communities and park management (World Heritage Committee, 2007-2013). Tourism is regulated under strong national legislation and a host of national and provincial regulations, and guided by a tourism management plan for the property. The 2013 IUCN Reactive Monitoring mission and the 2018 IUCN Advisory Mission found that the development and implementation of the tourism management plan has led to improvements in enforcement of regulations, visitor services, tour boat operations, safety and security and waste management but there are still major concerns about impacts from the level of tourism and resulting infrastructure. Enforcement of regulations is essential to avoid renewed/increasing impacts (see also "potential threats" below). The National Tourism Strategy is focussed on growth and increasing tourism and has been supported by recent announcements of significant government financial investments in infrastructure to support such increases (Das, 2019).
Threats to the OUV from development activities have continued, with eight new large infrastructure and tourist facilities along the coastline of Ha Long city completed or under construction, without informing the World Heritage Centre as required by the Operational Guidelines of the World Heritage Convention, and without information on whether potential impacts on the OUV have been assessed (UNESCO, 2024). A similar trend of large tourism and urban development is also noted on Cat Ba Island including golf courses and the enormous Amatina project with several resorts, marinas, casino, amusement park that will transform the southern coast of the island (NDA Group 2020; Mongabay, 2019; IUCN 2022). The World Heritage Committee continues to express its concern regarding the expansion of tourism infrastructure, particularly in the absence of a comprehensive carrying capacity study, tourism strategy, and Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA). A Reactive Monitoring mission will be undertaken to the property in 2025 to assess the overall state of conservation, including the expansion of tourism and urban infrastructure development (UNESCO, 2024).
Threats to the OUV from development activities have continued, with eight new large infrastructure and tourist facilities along the coastline of Ha Long city completed or under construction, without informing the World Heritage Centre as required by the Operational Guidelines of the World Heritage Convention, and without information on whether potential impacts on the OUV have been assessed (UNESCO, 2024). A similar trend of large tourism and urban development is also noted on Cat Ba Island including golf courses and the enormous Amatina project with several resorts, marinas, casino, amusement park that will transform the southern coast of the island (NDA Group 2020; Mongabay, 2019; IUCN 2022). The World Heritage Committee continues to express its concern regarding the expansion of tourism infrastructure, particularly in the absence of a comprehensive carrying capacity study, tourism strategy, and Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA). A Reactive Monitoring mission will be undertaken to the property in 2025 to assess the overall state of conservation, including the expansion of tourism and urban infrastructure development (UNESCO, 2024).
Recreational Activities
(Increasing levels of tourism)
Inside site
, Widespread(15-50%)
There are specific threats to the site from the increasing levels of tourism within the property. In Ha Long Bay visitor numbers to the property increased from 3,924,043 in 2017 to 4,062,215 by November 2019, while the number of tourist boats reduced slightly from 533 in 2016 to 505 in 2019 by increasing the capacity of the boats (UNESCO, 2021). According to The Travel, Ha Long Bay was ranked fourth out of the 10 most visited natural wonders of the world with at least 2.6 million annual visitors (Loan, 2023).
It is reported that Cat Ba received 1 million visitors in the first half of 2023, which is a 111% increase compared to the same period in 2022 (Hai Phong Portal, 2023). Overall, threats from mass tourism therefore continue to be of serious concern with reports of visitor numbers increasing to over 4 million tourists in Ha Long Bay, an additional 2.5-2.7 million yearly visiting Cat Ba Archipelago (Mongabay, 2019). Over 1,000 tour boats are operating within the property and some caves within the property have been impacted by tourism activities, receiving up to 10,000 visitors per day (IUCN 2022).
The increase creates incremental pressure on available tourist facilities as well as on the environment (Mackay, 2020). The tourism industry in Viet Nam continues to rank amongst the fastest-growing in the world (Das, 2019). The growing number of visitors and the impacts from boats, waste and activities on the values of the property are of concern.
Sustainable tourism development activities include improving efficiency of cruise ship management, enhancing quality of visitor services, diversifying tourism products, developing specific and high-quality tourism products, coastal tourist routes (in the buffer zone), improving efficiency of destination management, and increasing awareness of heritage values. An entrance fee policy has been developed to focus on good experience instead of total proceeds. Ha Long Bay Management Department advised Quang Ninh Province (responsible for Ha Long Bay) and Hai Phong City (responsible for Cat Ba Archipelago) to extend the existing ecological carrying capacity analysis conducted for Ha Long Bay to the entire property, in view of finalizing the Sustainable Tourism Development Strategy. Priority solutions under this strategy include developing an Integrated Visitor Management is being developed (UNESCO, 2024). Until these measures are effectively implemented however, the overall threat from increasing tourism and the associated impacts on key attributes remains high.
It is reported that Cat Ba received 1 million visitors in the first half of 2023, which is a 111% increase compared to the same period in 2022 (Hai Phong Portal, 2023). Overall, threats from mass tourism therefore continue to be of serious concern with reports of visitor numbers increasing to over 4 million tourists in Ha Long Bay, an additional 2.5-2.7 million yearly visiting Cat Ba Archipelago (Mongabay, 2019). Over 1,000 tour boats are operating within the property and some caves within the property have been impacted by tourism activities, receiving up to 10,000 visitors per day (IUCN 2022).
The increase creates incremental pressure on available tourist facilities as well as on the environment (Mackay, 2020). The tourism industry in Viet Nam continues to rank amongst the fastest-growing in the world (Das, 2019). The growing number of visitors and the impacts from boats, waste and activities on the values of the property are of concern.
Sustainable tourism development activities include improving efficiency of cruise ship management, enhancing quality of visitor services, diversifying tourism products, developing specific and high-quality tourism products, coastal tourist routes (in the buffer zone), improving efficiency of destination management, and increasing awareness of heritage values. An entrance fee policy has been developed to focus on good experience instead of total proceeds. Ha Long Bay Management Department advised Quang Ninh Province (responsible for Ha Long Bay) and Hai Phong City (responsible for Cat Ba Archipelago) to extend the existing ecological carrying capacity analysis conducted for Ha Long Bay to the entire property, in view of finalizing the Sustainable Tourism Development Strategy. Priority solutions under this strategy include developing an Integrated Visitor Management is being developed (UNESCO, 2024). Until these measures are effectively implemented however, the overall threat from increasing tourism and the associated impacts on key attributes remains high.
Hunting, Collecting & Controlling Terrestrial Animals, Gathering, Harvesting & Controlling Terrestrial Plants & Fungi, Logging, Harvesting & Controlling Trees, Fishing, Harvesting & Controlling Aquatic Species
(Illegal hunting, collection and harvesting of plants and animals)
Other targeted species names
Cat Ba Gecko; Keeled Box Turtle
Inside site
, Throughout(>50%)
Outside site
Pressures from illegal hunting, collection and especially forest exploitation on Cat Ba Island (State Party of Viet Nam, 2021) is impacting on the exceptional scenic beauty of the property. Hunting of wildlife by snares, traps, nets and guns has had a dramatic impact on the wildlife such as porcupines, civets, squirrels, turtles, snakes, frogs and birds, bringing the Mainland Serow (Capricornis milneedwardsii) to the brink of local extinction and a 97% population decline of the Cat Ba Langur (Trachypithecus poliocephalus) since the 1960s, although conservation efforts have halted langur poaching in recent years. Other terrestrial resources exploited include timber, fuel wood, honey, bamboo shoots, edible roots, ornamental and medicinal plants, while some rare species, such as the Cat Ba Gecko (Goniurosaurus Catbaensis) and Keeled Box Turtle (Cuora mouhotii), are subject to overexploitation for the international pet trade (IUCN, 2022).
The most significant potential future threat relates to mass tourism and the continued rapid increase in the number of tourism related infrastructure and development. Tourism is projected to grow in coming years with a proposed airport, highway improvements, wharf access for large foreign vessels, significant residential and holiday accommodation, amusement parks, golf courses and other related infrastructure being planned or under construction. Equally careful management of the surrounding areas and its biodiversity is needed to maintain an appropriate setting for the core areas of the property. Climate change impacts on the ecological and geological values of the site are not fully understood and need further monitoring and research.
Residential Areas, Commercial & Industrial Areas
(Cumulative impacts of potential further urban and/or industrial development, including transportation corridors and continued development of housing and urban areas)
Outside site
Developments outside the property have and continue to be a cause for concerns in regard to potential impacts and threats on its values. Any proposed developments will require a thorough assessment of potential cumulative impacts prior to any approval decision being taken. (IUCN 2018; UNESCO 2021, 2023, 2024).
Recreational Activities
(Potential inappropriate tourism developments)
Inside site
, Scattered(5-15%)
Outside site
With tourism numbers continuing and predicted to significantly increase (Hampton et al., 2018), the challenge remains to ensure tourism activities, levels and developments remain appropriate to maintaining the OUV of the property. Visitors to the site continue to comment on how crowded the property is and the degradation of water quality, which is lowering visitor experience. Degradation of OUV continue to be a threat to the site including overcrowding in caves (IUCN 2022) and as new areas within the property are being opened for tourists. Appropriate enforcement of regulations is essential to avoid inappropriate developments in unspoiled areas e.g. the proposed Bai Dong Island resort (Quang Ninh Province, 2013), new large infrastructure and tourist facilities along the coastline of Ha Long City (UNESCO 2024) and large scale resorts including marinas, casino, amusement park, zip lines and golf courses on Cat Ba Island (NDA Group 2020; Mongabay, 2019; IUCN 2022).
The national government needs to be refocused towards growing yield from visitors versus numbers of visitors. Accreditation of operators (of vessels) also need to be implemented and enforced, with opening up of new areas confined to accredited operators to ensure the existing situation is not perpetrated (IUCN Consultation, 2020).
The national government needs to be refocused towards growing yield from visitors versus numbers of visitors. Accreditation of operators (of vessels) also need to be implemented and enforced, with opening up of new areas confined to accredited operators to ensure the existing situation is not perpetrated (IUCN Consultation, 2020).
Shipping Lanes
(Increase in shipping traffic)
Outside site
At the time of the inscription of the property, construction of the Cai Lan port was noted as posing a potential threat to the property (IUCN, 1994; World Heritage Committee, 1995) and subsequently in Committee decisions (World Heritage Committee, 1996, 1998). The port has now been completed and while measures are in place to minimize the environmental impact of its operation (IUCN, 2013) it remains unclear if the completion and operations of the port will lead to an increase in shipping related traffic through the property.
The continued development and expansion of large ports around the property is a cause of concern and poses great potential threats to the property. The 18km long Lach Huyen International Port being developed on Cat Hai Island next to Cat Ba Island is designed to handle large container vessels (IUCN 2022; Seatrade-Maritime 2023). Although located outside the buffer zone, it is likely that the construction will cause much disturbance in terms of dredging, release of pollutants and heavy metals accumulated in sediments, and a large increase in cargo ships passing through the property in the future.
There are already today a large number of cargo ships, passenger ships and fishing boats passing through the property on a daily basis, causing pollution, oil spills, turbidity, collisions and noise (State Party of Viet Nam 2021; IUCN 2022; World Heritage Committee, 2023, 2024). Due to the geography with many limestone islands, and often foggy weather, and the increasing sizes of nearby ports a large number of vessel collisions occurs in and around the property, often causing oil and chemical spills (State Party of Viet Nam 2021).
The continued development and expansion of large ports around the property is a cause of concern and poses great potential threats to the property. The 18km long Lach Huyen International Port being developed on Cat Hai Island next to Cat Ba Island is designed to handle large container vessels (IUCN 2022; Seatrade-Maritime 2023). Although located outside the buffer zone, it is likely that the construction will cause much disturbance in terms of dredging, release of pollutants and heavy metals accumulated in sediments, and a large increase in cargo ships passing through the property in the future.
There are already today a large number of cargo ships, passenger ships and fishing boats passing through the property on a daily basis, causing pollution, oil spills, turbidity, collisions and noise (State Party of Viet Nam 2021; IUCN 2022; World Heritage Committee, 2023, 2024). Due to the geography with many limestone islands, and often foggy weather, and the increasing sizes of nearby ports a large number of vessel collisions occurs in and around the property, often causing oil and chemical spills (State Party of Viet Nam 2021).
Involvement of stakeholders and rightsholders, including indigenous peoples and local communities, in decision-making processes
The level of consultation on issues related to the property with local communities is unclear, especially given ongoing concerns in regard to relocations, which is likely to have impacted on the relationships with local communities. Measures have been introduced in an effort to improve waste management, better control of the numbers and standards of house boats in floating villages, stricter accreditation of house boat owners and residents, and beneficial State-supported opportunities for fishermen to change career and re-locate to the mainland (IUCN, 2013; State Party of Viet Nam, 2019). However, concerns remain regarding the consultation and free, prior and informed consent to these relocation schemes. In Ha Long Bay, all of the previously existing floating villages (about 2,000 people) within the property have already been removed and in Cat Ba Archipelago there is currently a large relocation scheme being implemented to move 80% of the population, leaving only 260 family members to continue aquaculture in designated areas, which might have large implications for their cultural identity (IUCN, 2022).
Legal framework
The Cat Ba Archipelago extension to Ha Long Bay largely comprises Cat Ba National Park (IUCN Category II), a legally designated protected area. Both Ha Long Bay and the Cat Ba Archipelago hold the status of “National Special Scenic Sites,” with their terrestrial areas classified as “Special-use forest.” Additionally, the Ha Long Bay Management Board is in the process of establishing a Marine Protected Area (MPA) for the site. However, the protection status of the Long Chao Island group in the south of the property is not clear apart from the fact that it is controlled by the military (IUCN, 2022).
Ha Long Bay - Cat Ba Archipelago is safeguarded under multiple laws and decrees, including the Cultural Heritage Law, the Law on Forestry, the Law on Biodiversity, the Fisheries Law, the Law on Environmental Protection, and the Tourism Law. Any activities with the potential to significantly impact the sites require formal approval from the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism, as well as other relevant ministries (State Party of Viet Nam, 2021).
In 2018, regulations on fisheries in Ha Long Bay were reinforced, imposing restrictions on boat sizes and prohibiting harmful fishing practices, including aquaculture in marine lakes. While certain challenges remain, national legal protections appear to be generally sufficient for parts of the extension, particularly the areas covered by Cat Ba National Park and the islands within Ha Long Bay. However, weaknesses have been identified in law enforcement, particularly concerning poaching and illegal resource extraction (IUCN, 2022).
Ha Long Bay - Cat Ba Archipelago is safeguarded under multiple laws and decrees, including the Cultural Heritage Law, the Law on Forestry, the Law on Biodiversity, the Fisheries Law, the Law on Environmental Protection, and the Tourism Law. Any activities with the potential to significantly impact the sites require formal approval from the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism, as well as other relevant ministries (State Party of Viet Nam, 2021).
In 2018, regulations on fisheries in Ha Long Bay were reinforced, imposing restrictions on boat sizes and prohibiting harmful fishing practices, including aquaculture in marine lakes. While certain challenges remain, national legal protections appear to be generally sufficient for parts of the extension, particularly the areas covered by Cat Ba National Park and the islands within Ha Long Bay. However, weaknesses have been identified in law enforcement, particularly concerning poaching and illegal resource extraction (IUCN, 2022).
Governance arrangements
Ha Long Bay - Cat Ba Archipelago is governed by the government with the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism directly responsible for conservation of the property. At the provincial level, Ha Long Bay is managed by the Quang Ninh Province People’s Committee and Cat Ba Archipelago by the Hai Phong City People’s Committee (State Party of Viet Nam, 2021). Locally, Ha Long Bay is managed by the Ha Long Bay Management Board and Cat Ba Archipelago by the Cat Ba Archipelago Natural Heritage Management Board. Within Cat Ba Archipelago, the Cat Ba National Park, Cat Ba Bay and the Cat Ba Biosphere Reserve are managed by the respective Management Boards (IUCN, 2022). The coordination and joint management between Ha Long Bay and Cat Ba Archipelago remain unclear, and there appears to be limited coordination between the Provincial authority and the central government (Mackay, 2020). In addition, it is also noted that decisions by the provincial government tend to be driven by economic concerns and rarely consult people on the ground.
Integration into local, regional and national planning systems (including sea/landscape connectivity)
Site planning occurs at the provincial level and there is very little coordination with the central Government. The site level planning is integrated into port and road infrastructure planning at the provincial level although there is a need for increased consideration of the impacts on the site. There does not appear to be much integration into planning systems beyond the provincial level, in particular as related to tourism but also relevant to road and infrastructure development and commercial activities in areas immediately adjacent to the property. Some improvement appears to be underway in this regard in terms of coordination with Cat Ba Archipelago, which falls under the administration of a different province.
Boundaries
The park boundaries largely contain and protect the landscape and the areas required to maintain the values of the property. The property includes all of the components that provide the framework for its aesthetic and geological values but there is still a need to expand the buffer zone of the property to effectively address impacts on its values from outside the boundaries and limit impacts from development that is occurring (Mackay, 2020; IUCN, 2022). The State Party intends to submit a proposal for minor boundary modification by February 2025 (UNESCO, 2024) and additionally, the World Heritage Committee has requested the State Party to provide guidance on any outstanding boundary issues (World Heritage Committee, 2024).
Overlapping international designations
Although the property includes the core zone of the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve and the majority of the buffer zone, the boundaries of the property do not align with the Biosphere Reserve buffer zone. Furthermore, none of the boundaries of the property, the Biosphere Reserve or the Cat Ba National Park fully align. There remains a need to further understand the existing management structures of the overlapping designations and their effectiveness.
Implementation of World Heritage Committee decisions and recommendations
The State Party continues to respond constructively to the Committee’s requests and the relevant authorities are making genuine efforts to address any concerns raised through better planning, regulation, education, promotion and direct management intervention to improve management and address issues raised in Committee decisions and recommendations (IUCN, 2013; IUCN, 2018). The relevant authorities continue to make efforts to improve the management of tourism in the property and to address the concerns of the World Heritage Committee, as the impact of mass tourism and tourism developments have been a recurring topic in the State of Conservation reports of the property since 1995, which was reconfirmed by the 2018 Advisory mission and reports since the extension of the property to include Cat Ba Archipelago (IUCN, 2018, 2021; UNESCO 2021, 2023, 2024). However, concerns remain regarding the continuation of infrastructure development without a clear and strategic approach to planning and the assessment of potential impacts from both individual and cumulative development projects (UNESCO, 2024). In addition to tourism and tourism infrastructure development, pollution and boundary issues are also frequently occurring topics in many World Heritage Committee decisions and recommendations (UNESCO 2021, 2023, 2024).
Climate action
Ha Long Bay - Cat Ba Archipelago is increasingly vulnerable to climate change-related threats, including sea level rise, storms, erosion and sedimentation, which impact biodiversity and ecosystem stability, economy and livelihoods. Additionally, global phenomena such as El Niño have led to significant events like coral bleaching in the past. To address these challenges, the Vietnamese government has established a Disaster Prevention Committee at multiple levels, ensuring emergency response readiness. Local authorities have put in place dyke protection teams, search and rescue operations, and oil spill response mechanisms. Climate change preparedness is being integrated into provincial and city-level strategies, with annual training provided for rescuers in Cat Ba to enhance response capabilities (State Party of Viet Nam, 2021). However, it is not clear how potential impacts of climate change on the OUV are being addressed or mitigated.
Management plan and overall management system
The current management system includes a wide range of management plans covering various issues, including the Management Plan of Ha Long Bay - Cat Ba Archipelago 2021–2025. However, concern remains over the absence of an integrated management approach for the property as a whole. As noted by the World Heritage Committee (2024), it is important to ensure that the various plans for the property, including a new Master Plan for 2025-2035 (Vision to 2050) and the updated Management Plan, are coordinated and provide a solid legal basis and management framework to address the key threats to the property. It is also of concern that the Ha Long Bay Management Board and the Cat Ba Archipelago Natural Heritage Management Board do not seem to have the authority or decision power to influence tourism development plans. The State Party has undertaken a Management Effectiveness Evaluation and further plans are underway for a visitor management plan and assessment of the sites carrying capacity as follow up to this process with both of these expected to support a revised management plan for the property (State Party of Viet Nam, 2019; Mackay, 2020). Some progress on management has been reported by the State Party but progress is limited and further work is needed.
Law enforcement
There is a need to ensure strict planning conditions and enforcement are in place to address the impacts of inappropriate development in the buffer zone and areas surrounding the property. Law enforcement in regards to the limitations placed on aquaculture and illegal fishing, as well as poaching and illegal collection requires strengthening (IUCN, 2022). In particular, enforcement of operational matters in the property, like waste management and management of grey and black water is needed (IUCN, 2015). Tourism boat licenses need to ensure legal enforcement of environmental management provisions.
Sustainable finance
Financing and revenue generation needs to be reformed to increase the income from purchase of tickets and access to facilities and activities, especially from foreign tourists. There is currently a lack of an appropriate benefit sharing system with local people. Management is constrained by budgetary levels and limited coordination between the Provincial authority and the central government. Commercial concessions requiring tourism operators to contribute more to funding the costs of management in the property could be a way forward. More tourist revenue could be contributed directly toward enhancing management capacity and effectiveness, including training, capacity building and modernisation of technical equipment and monitoring, management and planning systems (IUCN, 2022).
Staff capacity, training and development
The Ha Long Bay Management Board and Cat Ba Archipelago Natural Heritage Management Board have wide-ranging roles and responsibilities for protecting and promoting the natural values of the World Heritage property. The Boards are relatively well sourced by funds from the provincial and central governments, although there is a need for more technical equipment and training in how to use these, as well as capacity building to strengthen management and ensure that management effectiveness indicators are built into the planning, monitoring and evaluation of the property (IUCN, 2013; Mackay, 2020). The Boards are hindered in enforcing regulations and conducting other management functions within the property by its dependence on other government agencies (IUCN, 2013) and need a greater degree of independence, increased authority and decision-making power to effectively conduct its day-to-day management activities as well as its enforcement roles (Mackay, 2020). Numerous decisions by the World Heritage Committee have previously noted the need for increased support and capacity building for staff of the Ha Long Bay Management Authority (World Heritage Committee, 2004, 2006).
Education and interpretation programmes
A limited amount of visitor information is available and mostly relies on individual tourism operators providing information. There is no standard information provided and no quality control of the information that is provided by individual tourism operators. Social networks have been increasingly used to share information in regard to the property and there has been an expansion of printed material available with a focus on cooperation and tourism management (State Party of Viet Nam, 2019). “Disseminating information, educating and raising awareness of the tourists and communities about environmental conservation and environment; doing promotion and marketing so as to attract tourists” is listed as one of the areas of responsibility of Cat Ba National Park (State Party of Viet Nam, 2021), however, information of the extent, content and effectiveness is very limited.
Tourism and visitation management
The management of mass tourism is an area of great concern, with over 1,000 tour boats already operating within the property, and a management plan that is dominated by the promotion rather than management of tourism (IUCN 2022). A request has been made to extend the existing ecological carrying capacity analysis conducted for Ha Long Bay to the entire property. A ‘Plan for sustainable tourism development of Ha Long Bay’ is also under development, but it is unclear how this will meet the needs for sustainable tourism management of the entire property, including Cat Ba Archipelago (State Party of Viet Nam, 2024). Large-scale tourism resorts and other development projects that have been constructed and are planned in the buffer zone of the property continue to pose a major threat and require increased management efforts (UNESCO, 2024). Furthermore the issue of waste management related to tourism requires a national level coordinated response.
Sustainable use
The most significant threat comes from the continued rapid growth in and management of tourism. Planned infrastructure that will make visiting the site easier (e.g. a planned international airport, highway improvements that will reduce the travel time from Hanoi, larger wharf facilities) will mean tourism management is increasingly important (IUCN, 2018). The prospect of further large-scale tourism development will likely increase demands for natural resources ranging from freshwater to seafood and forest specialties, putting pressure on wildlife and rare marine species from illegal collection, poaching and over exploitation (State Party of Viet Nam, 2021; IUCN, 2022).
Monitoring
Limited monitoring is evident in regards to the values of the property or on-going impacts. Some monitoring of water quality issues resulting from recommendations from previous committee decisions and concern around industrial development has occurred. Overall there is a large focus on tourism and seemingly little attention is given to the monitoring, evaluation and protection of the OUV and other biodiversity values or mitigation of threats to these.
Research
Some monitoring programmes are in place in regards to water quality and potential impacts from development in surrounding areas. An IUCN (2015) report provides some useful information. Further detailed information on water quality is also provided in the nomination of Ha Long Bay - Cat Ba Archipelago as a World Heritage Site (State Party of Viet Nam, 2021). However, it is recommended that targeted research on the OUV, biodiversity and the threats to OUV is undertaken, particularly to investigate the impacts of climate change and other emerging threats.
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats outside the site
The Ha Long Bay and Cat Ba Archipelago Management Boards have very limited authority and capacity to address threats from outside the site, which mainly are linked to both solid waste and water pollution industrial and tourism infrastructure and development.
Effectiveness of management system and governance in addressing threats inside the site
The management system and governance of the Ha Long Bay - Cat Ba Archipelago face challenges in effectively addressing threats inside the site. While the Ha Long Bay and Cat Ba Archipelago Management Boards have broad responsibilities and receive funding from provincial and central governments, they lack sufficient technical equipment, training and capacity-building support. Their ability to enforce regulations is further constrained by reliance on other government agencies, limiting their decision-making power and operational independence. Strengthening management capacity and governance structures is essential to improving enforcement and effectively mitigating threats.
Improvements to management and a willingness to address issues raised by the Committee in decisions and recommendations are noted. However, management has been unable to keep pace with the rapid growth in tourism numbers and management of tourism infrastructure and development impacting the property. There has been marked improvement guided by a management plan and requests for input from experts. Management limitations have been characterized by funding constraints, poor law enforcement and poor cooperation and support from local authorities stemming from a lack of autonomy of the Management Boards. Efforts are being undertaken to improve this situation, but ineffective protection and management is still a cause of concern.
Good practice examples
The protection of the Cat Ba Langur on Cat Ba Island has been a notable conservation success. Once on the brink of extinction, with fewer than 50 individuals in the early 2000s, intensive conservation efforts—including strict protection measures, anti-poaching patrols, habitat restoration, and community engagement—have helped stabilize and gradually increase the population. The establishment of the Cat Ba Langur Conservation Project, in collaboration with local authorities and international organizations, has played a crucial role in safeguarding this critically endangered species. While challenges remain, ongoing conservation efforts have significantly improved the langur’s chances of survival.
A spectacular seascape of limestone pillars
High Concern
Trend
Deteriorating
The natural value of the majestic natural scenery presenting a picturesque seascape of limestone pillars for which the property was inscribed is affected by a number of threats. Many of these threats are anthropogenic in nature and while they are considered to be largely manageable, many of them such as high levels of tourism, crowded visitation areas and pollution from a lack of waste management are having a direct impact on the spectacular seascape (IUCN, 2022).
Exceptional scenic beauty
High Concern
Trend
Deteriorating
Levels of tourism, waste management issues (water quality and solid waste) and large-scale developments in surrounding areas are widely reported to be impacting on and degrading the exceptional scenic values of the site (IUCN, 2018; UNESCO, 2021, 2023, 2024). A better balance between the provision of visitor access and the maintenance of the OUV of the property is urgently needed.
The most extensive and best known example of marine-invaded tower karst in the world
Good
Trend
Data Deficient
The geological value and attributes of the marine-invaded tower karst, for which the property was inscribed, are reported to be in good condition and threats are considered manageable. Very few of the threats identified impact directly on this value. However, there is limited data available to assess whether the karsts themselves are being impacted by threats such as pollution, groundwater abstraction and climate change.
Full range of karst formation processes
Low Concern
Trend
Stable
Although the majority of the attributes that convey the karst formation processes value remain in good condition, some attributes have been impacted by anthropogenic threats, including mass tourism degrading caves or aquaculture and impoundment impacting marine lakes (IUCN, 2022). Aquaculture in marine lakes is now banned, but the impact of high visitor numbers in caves still needs to be assessed and addressed. The potential impact of other threats like ocean acidification on the property remain largely unknown.
Assessment of the current state and trend of World Heritage values
Deteriorating
The World Heritage values of Ha Long Bay - Cat Ba Archipelago are under increasing pressure, with key attributes experiencing deterioration. The state and trend of the site’s exceptional scenic beauty and spectacular limestone seascape values are both of high concern, as they face degradation from mass tourism, waste management issues and large-scale developments. While the geological values remain in good condition, there is insufficient data to assess the impacts from potential threats such as pollution, acidification and climate change. However, certain attributes, such as caves and marine lakes, have been affected by human activities. Overall, effective management actions are needed to manage the ongoing threats and ensure the long-term preservation of the site's OUV.
Assessment of the current state and trend of other important biodiversity values
Critical
Deteriorating
The biodiversity values of Ha Long Bay - Cat Ba Archipelago are under significant pressure, with several key species at risk of local extinction. The populations of the Cat Ba Tiger Gecko and Mainland Serow are critically low, while the Cat Ba Langur remains highly endangered, despite conservation efforts stabilising its numbers (IUCN, 2022). Marine biodiversity is also threatened, with bivalves and crustaceans nearing local extinction due to overexploitation. Human activities, including deforestation, aquaculture, tourism and infrastructure, have severely impacted and fragmented habitats including forests, marine lakes, tidal flats, mangrove forests and coral ecosystems. While some conservation measures, such as wastewater management and solid waste collection, have been introduced, pollution from industry, tourism and marine traffic continues to degrade water quality. Illegal hunting, poaching and overexploitation further threaten wildlife, particularly species targeted for food, medicine and the pet trade. Without stronger enforcement and restoration efforts, biodiversity values are expected to continue declining (IUCN, 2022).
Assessment of the current state and trend of other important values
High Concern
Data Deficient
The relocation of floating villages from the Ha Long Bay - Cat Ba Archipelago World Heritage Site could carry significant social and cultural implications. These communities, historically dependent on fishing and marine-based livelihoods, face major disruptions to their way of life. Relocation often leads to economic hardship, as many villagers struggle to transition to land-based occupations. Additionally, their deep-rooted cultural traditions, including unique knowledge of marine ecosystems, communal living structures, and spiritual connections to the sea, risk being lost. It might also affect social cohesion, as communities that have lived together for generations may be fragmented. Furthermore, relocation policies can sometimes fail to fully consider the perspectives and needs of affected populations, leading to resistance, marginalisation or difficulties in adapting to new environments. Balancing environmental conservation with the rights and well-being of these communities requires inclusive planning, sustainable livelihood alternatives and efforts to preserve their cultural heritage.
Additional information
Collection of medicinal resources for local use,
Outdoor recreation and tourism,
Natural beauty and scenery
The ongoing benefits of tourism development, facilitating visitation to the site and the delivery of health and recreation, also include revenue raising, which in turn contributes to management, conservation and research and promotion of the values of the property.
Waste management issues and overcrowding in some areas, with frequent reports of collisions between tourist boats, are deteriorating visitor experience.
Fishing areas and conservation of fish stocks
The property provides ecosystem services for people living adjacent to the site, most notably the provision of valuable fisheries and aquaculture to the surrounding communities.
The majority of the families that previously benefited from aquaculture within the property have now been relocated out of the park with only a few locations still operating within the boundaries, primarily for tourism and education. This has limited the benefits from the property. However, it is still playing an important role as a source location for fisheries and other adjacent aquaculture.
Importance for research
The property provides an opportunity for research and monitoring into both biological, social and cultural values. However, there is very little if any work being undertaken and no baseline data is available against which to assess impacts, both positive and negative. Further work is needed to implement activities that can take full advantage of the research and subsequent knowledge, opportunities presented by the site.
History and tradition,
Cultural identity and sense of belonging
The floating villages of Ha Long Bay - Cat Ba Archipelago, including Cai Beo, Vietnam’s oldest fishing village, providing strong cultural identity and sense of belonging for the people still living there. The Cai Beo archaeological site on Cat Ba Island is one of Southeast Asia’s most significant prehistoric sites, dating back over 7,000 years. It provides crucial evidence of an early maritime culture, believed to be an ancestor of the Ha Long and Đông Sơn civilizations. The bay’s history as a key trade hub and battleground, along with its uniquely named islands, adds to its rich archaeological, historical and cultural heritage.
In Ha Long Bay, all of the previously existing floating villages (about 2,000 people) within the property have been removed and in Cat Ba Archipelago there is currently a large relocation scheme being implemented to move 80% of the population, leaving only 260 family members to continue aquaculture in designated areas, which might have large implications for their cultural identity (IUCN 2022). Concerns have also been raised regarding the consultation and free, prior and informed consent to these relocation schemes.
The natural features of Ha Long Bay assume significant importance in Vietnamese culture and add this adds to the broader values of the park noted in its inscription to the World Heritage List. The natural phenomena encompassed in the property provide a significant draw-card to a huge and ever-increasing number of international and domestic tourists. With tourism come the benefits of income generation through employment and investment in local communities as well as the promotion of livelihoods linked directly to the property and indirectly through goods and service provision. However, to date these benefits have not been fully shared or supported for local communities and would benefit from further attention and efforts. The property provides significant ecosystem services, most notably the provision of valuable fisheries and aquaculture to the surrounding communities. The property also delivers significant ongoing possibilities for research and education.
| № | Organization | Brief description of Active Projects | Website |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | IUCN | The U.S. government, in partnership with the provincial (Quang Ninh) People’s Committee, launched the Ha Long Bay Alliance in 2014. Funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), the alliance aims to improve environmental management and foster stronger cooperation and communication among stakeholders to address some of the impacts from high levels of visitation and rapid regional industrialization. |
https://www.iucn.org/content/vietnam-ha-long-bay-alliance
|
| 2 | JICA | Improving coordination and exchange of information, experience and technology | |
| 3 | Leipzig Zoo | The mission of the Cat Ba Langur Conservation Project is to conserve biodiversity of the Cat Ba Archipelago and restore the Cat Ba Langur population to long-term sustainable levels together with the local community using diverse measures like field-work, anti-poaching teams, education programs and support for the National Parks and the government. The project work on general biodiversity conservation of the Cat Ba Archipelago in northeast Vietnam, with a particular focus on the Critically Endangered Cat Ba Langur (Trachypithecus poliocephalus). This endemic limestone specialist primate is only found on Cat Ba Island and the second most endangered primate in the world. The project conduct field-work, support the conservation activities of Cat Ba National Park and established village-level citizen based anti-poaching teams. Furthermore it also provide ecological literacy education programs for children in all the local schools and provide migratory bird protection support for the Forest Protection Department. |
https://www.facebook.com/catbalangur/about
|
References
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